DISTINGUISH
[ P-I 2018 ]
1 High Level Bridge
1 A bridge, which carries the roadway
above H.F.L. of the channel
(including afflex), with appropriate
vertical clearance.
2 Higher cost as compared to
Submersible bridge.
3 Maintenance cost is less than
Submersible Bridge
4 Provided in Higher Category roads
and for important routes. i.e. N.E.,
N.H., S.H.
5 It carries roadway above the highest
flood level of the channel, so there is
no case for interruption to traffic.
[ P -I 2018 ]
2 Friction Slab
1 A Friction slab is normally provided
when Reinforced Earth Wall is
provided behind abutment.
2 A friction slab is used to transfer the
lateral loads due to impact of
vehicles on the barriers (i.e. Crash
Barrier).
3 It is necessary to make detailed
design for the friction slab taking
care of adequate factor of safety
against sliding, overturning etc. in
addition to the structural design of
crash barrier.
4 Width of friction slab depends upon
the design adequacy extending only
for the part of the embankment
width.
5 Typically a friction slab varies from
1500 to 2500 mm width and 250 mm
thick depending on the type of crash
barrier provided.
Submersible Bridge
1 A bridge in which road level of the
channel is over topped during floods.
2 Lower cost as compared to High level
bridge.
3 Required seasonal maintains before and
after monsoon, hence maintenance cost
is higher than High level Bridge.
4 Provided in lower category roads. i.e.
M.D.R., O.D.R. & V.R.
5 Its formation level should be fixed so as
not to cause interruption to traffic for more
than three days at a time nor for more
than six times in a year.
Approach Slab
1 An Approach slab is normally provided
when Concrete wall (i.e. PCC, RCC) is
provided behind abutment.
2 The approach slab is a transition slab of
reinforced concrete laid on immediate
approaches to a bridge with one end
resting on dirt wall /abutment.
3 Approach slabs are designed to bridge
over material that is prone to settlement.
4 Width of approach slab is normally kept
same as width of Bridge.
5 Typically an approach slab varies from
8400 to 12000 mm width and 350 mm
thick depending on the width of bridge.
 6 6
7 It extended over a part of the width
of the approach embankment of a
highway bridge/flyover, to which the
crash barriers are anchored
(doweled).
[ P – I 2018 ]
3 Friction Pile
1 These piles are used to transfer to a
depth of a friction load carrying
material by mean of a skin friction
along the length of piles.
2 Friction piles are used to transfer
loads to a depth of a friction-load-
carrying materials by means of skin
friction along the length of the pile.
3 Such piles are generally used in
granular soil where the depth of hard
stratum is very great.
4 Preferable for Bridge foundations.
5 5
[ P-I 02, ]
4 Nahni Trap
1 A nahni trap is used to collect wash
water from floor, kitchen and Bath
7 It extended over full width of the approach
embankment of a highway or River
bridge, to which the dirt wall is anchored
(doweled).
End Bearing Pile
1 These piles are used to transfer the load
through water or soft soil ground to a
suitable hard bearing stratum.
2 End bearing piles are used to transfer
load through water or soft soil to a
suitable bearing stratum. Such piles are
used to carry heavy loads safely to hard
strata.
3 Such piles are generally used when hard
strata is available at reasonable depth.
4 Multi-storeyed buildings are invariably
founded on end bearing piles, so that the
settlements are minimized.
Gully Trap
1 Gully trap disconnect sullage drain from
the main drainage system
 rooms.
2 It is made of cast Iron with a gravity
at top to exclude the entry of big size
solid. The cover can be removed
cleaning of trap
3 Those type traps have small water
seal
4 Nahni trap is provided in side at the
interior face of the wall in bath and
near kitchen. It forms the starting
point of waste water flow.
5 A nahni trap may serve two to three
connections
[ P- I 03, ]
5 Major Bridge
1 Bridge having a total length above
60.0 m between the inner face of dirt
wall for carrying traffic or other
moving loads is termed as a Major
Bridge
[ P- I 02, ]
6 Liquid Limit
1 The water content at which the soil
changes from liquid state to the
plastic stage is known as liquid limit
2 Up to this limit the soil is in the liquid
form and can flow
3 The shearing strength at this stage
is the small value that can be
measured in laboratory only
4 As the water content reduce the
volume decreases
[ P – II 03, 04,05,07, ]
7 King Post Truss
1 A King post Truss Consist of the
following component
[ i ] Lower Tie Beam
[ii ] Two inclined Principal Rafters
[iii]Two struts
[iv ] King post
2 The lower horizontal Tie Beam
receives the ends of the Principal
Rafters and prevent the wall from
2 Gully trape made of cast iron or stone
ware. Stone ware gully trap is of square
section at top on which C.I. grating is
fitted. It can also fitted in a masonry
chamber
3 A water seal of 60 to 70 mm is usually
provided
4 Gully trap is provided out side at the
external face of the wall. Thus receive
waste water from baths, kitchen s etc and
pass it on to the house drainage system
5 A well design Gully trap may serve two to
three connections from nahni trap
Minor Bridge
1 Bridge having a total length of 6.0 m to
60.0 m between the inner face of dirt wall
for carrying traffic or other moving loads
is termed as a Major Bridge
Plastic Limit
1 The water content at which the soil
changes from Plastic state to the semi
solid state is known as plastic limit
2 Up to this limit the soil having plastic
nature and deform in any shape
3 It begins to crumble when rolled in to a
thread of soil of 3.0 mm dia
4 As the water content reduce the volume
decreases
Queen Post Truss
1 A Queen post Truss Consist of the
following component
[ i ] Lower Tie Beam
[ii ] Two inclined Principal Rafters
[iii]Two struts
[iv ] Two Queen post
[ v ] Straining Beam
[vi ] Straining sill
2 Two vertical Post rather than one in king
post are known as queen post member.
The queen post member is tension
 spreading out due to thrust
The inclined principal rafter support
purlins
The strut connected to the tie beam
and principal rafter prevents the
sagging of principal rafter
The King Post Prevents the tie beam
from sagging at its centre of span
The Ridge Beam is provided at the
apex of the roof to provide end
support to the common rafter
The trusses are supported on the
bed block of stone or concrete
embedded in supporting wall so that
the load distributed to a greater area
3 The spacing of King post Limited to
3.0 meters c / c
4 The truss suitable for spans from 5.0
to 8.0 meters
[ P – II 04,08, ]
8 Plastering
1 A thin plastic covering that is applied
on the walls, columns, ceilings and
other building component to form a
smooth and durable surface is
known as plaster.
2 Plaster is applied on masonry wall
surface
3 It is done to protect the external
surfaces against penetration of rain
water and other atmospheric
agencies , give smooth surface and
decorative effect ,to protect against
vermit. To conseal inferior material
or defective workmen ship
4 The mortar joints are racked up to
depth of 20 mm and surface is
cleaned and well wetted. The plaster
layer of suitable mortar with required
thickness is applied.
[ P – II 03,04,06,07,08, ]
9 One way slab
1 The slabs are supported
continuously on two opposite sides
so that loads are carried along one
member , also support to the addition
purlins.
The top of queen posts connected by
horizontal member is known as straining
beam. This beams receives the thrust
from the principal rafter and keep the
junction in stable position.
The Bottom of queen posts connected
by horizontal member is known as
straining sill. This beams counter acts the
thrust from the inclined member known
as strut.
3 The spacing of King post Limited to 5.0
meters
c/c
4 The truss suitable for spans from 8.0 to
12.0 meters
Pointing
1 Finishing of mortar joints of stone
masonry or brick masonry .
2 Pointing is applied in the Masonry joints
3 The external masonry joins are
considered weakest and most
vulneranable sport from which rain water
or dampness enter, to project against
pointing is done
4 The masonry joints are racked up to
depth of 20 mm and surface is cleaned
and well wetted .The filling the joints with
better quality mortar in the desired shape
Two way slab
1 The slabs are supported continuously on
all four sides and have such dimension
so that loads are carried along both
 direction only
2 Most of Loads are transmitted along
the shorter span direction and the
and the slabs act as a one way slab
3 Tendency of slab is to bends in one
direction only
4 The main reinforcement are
provided in the shorter span
direction
5 The steel is provided in the
transverse direction for temperature
and shrinkage effect called
distribution steel
6 In continuous slab at support due to
negative moment extra steel is
required
7 The long span to short span ratio
greater than Two Ly / Lx > 2
[ P – II 03,06, ]
10 Short Column
1 A Column may considered as short
column when both The slenderness
ratios
( Lex / D and Ly / B ) are less than
12
2 Short column fails Primarily due to
material Failure
3 The Buckling effect within Limit
4 Secondary moment has limited
value
5 Generally designs based on the
strength of materials and applied
Load
[ P – II 05,06, ]
12 Pier
1 Intermediate support of deck (
Superstructure) of a bridge
[ P – II 03,05,08 ]
13 GROUTING
1 Grouting Consists of injecting a
more or less pervious material with a
pumpable liquid suspension
emulsion or mortar called grout.
2 The pervious material may be
direction
2 Loads are transmitted along the both
span direction as per span ratio ( Ly / Lx
) and slabs act as a two way slab
3 Tendency of slab is to bends in both
direction
4 The main reinforcement are provided in
the both direction
5 For temperature and shrinkage effect No
extra steel is required
6 When slab simply supported on all four
sides are loaded corners are corn and left
up required extra steel at corner portion
7 The long span to short span ratio Less
than Two Ly / Lx < 2
Long column
1 A Column may considered as Long
column when both The slenderness
ratios
( Lex / D and Ly / B ) are more than 12
2 Long column fails due to material Failure
as well as Buckling Failure
3 The Buckling effect may be predominant
value
4 Secondary moment has Considerable
value
5 A long column designed to resist the
applied loads and the additional bending
moment due to buckling effect
Abutment
1 The end support of deck ( Superstructure) of
a bridge , which also retains earth fill of
approaches behind it
GUNNITING
1 Most effective process of repairing
concrete work which has damaged due to
inferior work or other reasons.
2 It is used for providing an impervious
 natural or man made ( masonary or layer.
concrete ) The grout is usually
injected through holes drilled in to
the material.
3 When grouting masonary or 3 The repairs are carried out in any
concrete the grout holes are usually situation in a short time.
left open. In most cases very thin
grout is injected in stages using an
inflamable packer Epoxy resin or
micro cement is often used.

[ P – II 05, ]
14 CURB KERB
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

[ P – I 08, ]
15 Dedo Skirting
1 Fixed on wall upto lintel level or full 1 Fixed on wall upto 7.5cm to 15cm height.
height as per requirement.
2 It gives pleasing appearance. 2 Purpose of skirting is to prevent walls to
be spoil during cleaning.
3 Walls easily cleaned. 3 Skirting prevents insect to enter through
gap between flooring & wall.
4 Effective registance against
absorption of oil and greese.
5 Sufficient resistance against
dampness so that healthy
environment is obtained.
6 Sufficient resistance to ware,
temperature change, disintegration
with time & decay so that long life is
obtained.
7 The wall surface shall be uniformly and 7 Skirting directly fixed with out backing coat
evenly covered with 10 mm thick
backing in cm 1:4
8 Generally provided on the walls in Bath 8 Generally provided on the walls in Living
,WC , Washing Place, where the wall is room ,BR Etc water effect is very less
offenly in contact with the water

[ P – I 08, ]
16 M25 M35
1 Means Concrete Having 1 Means Concrete Having compressive
compressive strength 25KN/m2 strength 35KN/m2
2 Cement consumption is decided by 2 Cement consumption is decided by mix
mix design & nearly @ 450 kg/m3 design & nearly @ 500 kg/m3
 3 Permissible Bending Stress is 85 3 Permissible Bending Stress is 150
kg/cm2 kg/cm2
4 Direct Permissible Stress is 80 4 Direct Permissible Stress is 90 kg/cm2
kg/cm2

[ P – I 12, ]
17 Pre tentioning
1 The high strength steel tendons are
pulled between Two ends prior to
casting of concrete
2 The tendons are cuts after the concrete
attains the desired strength for the pre-
stressing
3 The pre-stress is transferred to the
concrete from the tendons by Bound
effect between them
4 A pre-stressing bed is required for the
pre-tensioning operation.
5 Pre-tensioning is suitable for the
precast member produce in bulk.
6 Minimum M35 grade of concrete is
required
Post tentioning
1 The concrete is casted with a provision of
duct before high strength tendons are pulled
2 The tendons are placed in duct, stressed and
cuts after the Harding the concrete
3 The pre-compression is transmitted by the
anchorage devices
4 The anchorage Devices and grouting
equipment is required for the post-
tensioning operation.
5 Post-tensioning is suitable for heavy cast-in-
place members.
6 Minimum M30 grade of concrete is required

[ P – I 12, ]
18 Warm Mix Asphalt Hot Mix asphalt
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5 5

[ P – I 12, ]
19 Compaction Consolidation
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5 5
6 6

[ P – I 12, ]
20 Grade-I GSB Grade-III GSB
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[P–I ]
21 Ordinary Concrete
1 Selection of relative proportion of
cement, fine aggregate , coarse
aggregate ,sand and water are
traditional , from past based on past
experience.
2 Traditionally mixes were specified in
terms of fixed proportions of cement
sand and coarse aggregate ( such as
1:2:4 means ,1 part of cement, 2 part
of sand and 4 part of coarse aggregate )
3 Relative proportion is generally
measure by volume
4 The code provides “Nominal mix”
proportion for M5,M7.5,M15 and M20
grade of concrete in term of total mass
of aggregate, proportion of fine
aggregate to coarse aggregate and
volume of water to be used for 50 kgs
mass of cement.
5 Nominal mix concrete is permitted in
ordinary concrete construction , which
does not required concrete grade
higher than M20
6 Costly in compare to Controlled
concrete
Controlled Concrete
1 Economical selection of the relative
proportions of cement,fine aggregate ,
coarse aggregate ,sand and water ( and
admixture If specified ) to achieve
compressive strength with a desired
workability in fresh state and impermeability
as well as durability in harden state.
2 Concrete mix design is an involved process by
some expertise from the mix designer.
3 Relative proportion is measure by mass
4 The code high light that design mix concrete
based on principal of mix design is definitely
preferred than nominal mix.
5 Controlled concrete is permitted for higher
grade up to M80
6 The design mix found yields concrete of the
desired quality and more economical than
nominal mix

[P–I ]
22 Shotcrete Gunniting
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[P–I ]
23 Safe Bearing Capacity Allowable Bearing Pressure
1 Safe bearing capacity means 1 Allowable bearing pressure means net
maximum pressure which the soil loading intensity at which neither soil fails
can carry safely without risk of shear in shear nor there excessive settlement of
failure. the structure
2 SBC is higher than ABP. 2 ABP is lower than SBC.
3 3
 4 4

[P–I ]
24 Mild Steel HYSD Bar
1 1
2 2
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[P–I ]
25 LBM
1 Lean Bituminous Macadam
2 The work consists of construction in
a single course of a 37.5mm or in a
double course of 75 mm thick base /
binder course on a previously
prepared base.
3 Coarser materials used in LBM are
Binder, Coarse agreegate & Fine
aggregates.
4 4
DBM
1 Dense Bituminous Macadam
2 The work consists of construction in a
single course of a 40 to 75 mm thick base
/ binder course on a previously prepared
base.
3 Finner materials used in DBM are Binder,
Coarse agreegate, Fine aggregates &
Filler.
The work should not be carried out during
rainy or foggy weather or when the base
course is damp or wet or during dust
storm or when the atmospheric
temperature in shade is 15 ̊ or less.

[P–I ]
26 Slab Culvert
1 Slab Culvert consist of RCC slab
with or without beams or a stone
slab with or without girders to cover
the span across abutments & piers
2 The deck slab should be designed
as one way slab.
3 The culvert on important highways
should be designed for the work
effect either one lane of IRC class
AA track vehicle or one lane of IRC
class AA wheeled loading.
Slab culvert is cross drainage whose
total length between inner side of dirt
wall is up to 6.0 m
The deck-slab is rested by abutments
and wing-walls are provided to retain
earth work of approaches on both side
All Deck slab design as a one way slab to
Pipe Culvert
1 Pipe Culverts are provided when
discharge of stream is small or when
sufficient headway is not available.
usually one or more pipes of diameter not
less than 60cm are placed side by side
2 Their exact number and diameter
depends upon the discharge & height of
bank.
3 For economic reasons road culverts
should have non pressNP3 confirming to
IS 458-1961.
Provide as a cross drainage where the
discharge is small & there is no defined
channel
The Hume pipes are provided to flow the
water and headwalls at u/s and d/s is
provided to support the earthwork
Hydraulic designs of vent way is required &
 carry Dead load and Live Load with
impact factor
Approach slab is required on both side
Parapet is provided with a 750mm
height
structural design of Hume pipe is decided on
class of pipe and Type of bedding
Approach slab is not required, but minimum
600mm fill over Hume pipe is provided . At
pipe joint CC credlt to be provided
Above road level , the head hall portion is
constructed to up to 750mm height with a
required thickness to serve as a parapet

[P–I ]
27 CPM
1 Critical Path Method is activity oriented
2 Direct controlling factor is cost
3 The time estimate for completion of
activities with fair degree of accuracy
4 It is applicable in the construction
project very effectively
PERT
1 Programme evaluation and review technique
method is Event oriented
2 Direct controlling factor is Time
3 The time estimate for completion of activities
not accurate and define
4 It is applicable in pioneering type of projects

[P–I ]
28 Activity
1 Activity is a performance of a task,
Between two Events.
2 Each activity required time, money and
resources and has definable begging
and ending.
3 Activity generally represented by an
arrow headings towards right
4 No activity can start until its
predecessor events is occurs
Event
1 Av events represents begin or completion of
activity or group of activity
2 It consume neither time nor resources
3 An event generally represented by means of
circle, square or triangle with number
enclosed
4 No events can be considered complete until
all activity leading to it has been completed

[P–I ]
29 OPC PPC
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[P–I ]
30 Dead Load Live Load
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[P–I ]
31 Toe Wall Dirt Wall
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3 3
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[P–I ]
32 Sub grade Sub base
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[P–I ]
33 Total Float Free Float
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[P–I ]
34 Pile Foundation Well Foundation
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[P–I ]
35 Wind Load Seismic Load
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[P–I ]
36 River Bridges Fly Overs
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[P–I ]
37 R E Wall R C C Wall
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 3 3
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[P–I ]
38 Cement Concrete Lime Concrete
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[P–I ]
39 Reduced Rate Part Rate
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[P–I ]
40 Percentage Rate Item Rate
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[ P – I, 11 ]
41 Load Bearing Frame Structure
1 Generally used for Ground + Three 1 Generally used for above ground + Three
story multi story building
2 Load is taken by brick/stone 2 Load is taken by Footings + columns
masonary walls
3 Economical compared to frame 3 Costly compared to Load bearing
structure. structure.
4 Plaster is required for finishing. 4 Plaster may or may not required.
Exposed surfaces can achieve.
5 Depth of foundation is shallow 5 Depth of foundation is deep.
6 Field data like SBC not required for 6 Field data like SBC required for structural
design purpose. design.
7 Life span is less compared to frame 7 Life span is more compared to load
structure. bearing structure.

[P–I ]
42 B-1 Tender B-2 Tender
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
[P–I ]
43 Reduce Rate
If the item executed is substandard ,but
does not endanger safety of structure
or spoil architectural view of the
structure and defect is minor and
tolerable and if divisional officer
decided to accept the items, the rate is
paid is know the Reduce Rate
The Reduce rate is permanent and final
rate which can not be raised to Full
Rate in subsequent or final bill
[P–I ]
44 Ridge Pavement
Ridge Pavement have high flexural
strength tensile and can resist high
tensile bending stress because of
Rigidity
Any small depression in the sub base
resisted by bridging the depression of
sub-base
The Sub Base may not required as rigid
pavement quite strong
Normally cement concrete base course
act as a wearing surface
[P–I ]
45 WBM
Part Rate
The majority activity of execution of item are
completed, but some minor activities are yet
to be complete ( eg. Curing period of RCC
work). In this condition , only partly payment
of the item ,except fraction of FR that
required to complete the same is propose for
payment . This Rate is known as Part Rate
The part rate is raised to full rate when the
remaining activity is completed
Flexible Pavement
Flexible Pavement can resist only very small
tensile stress because of Limited Rigidity
Any deformation in the sub grade result in
corresponding change in the surface of the
pavement
A strong and firm sub base is required
Normally bituminous surfacing is used as
wearing surface
BBM