Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical test
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL The halide ions, in solution, can be identified differently based
Equation: Ag+ (aq) + Br- (aq) AgBr (s) cream ppt.
“If you can’t clean your surroundings, then don’t DEFINITION OF FOOD CHAIN
make it dirty.”
– The Fresh Quotes A food chain is the sequence of organisms
through which energy passes, after entering the
ELLO, STUDENTS. How are you this ecosystem, until it reaches the highest trophic
BARRIER REEFS
the shoreline. Depending on the shape of the reef, this area can be This type of reef resembles a fringing reef, but is located further
full of life, including fishes, sea cucumbers, starfish and from the shore and can be much bigger than fringing reefs.
anemones. Barrier reefs are extensive linear reef complexes that parallel a
Crest reef zone – This is the highest point of the reef and shore, and are separated from it by lagoon.
where the waves break over the reef.
Fore or outer reef zone – As the reef wall falls off, the waters A lagoon – as used in the context of coral reef typology – refers
get calmer. Around 30 feet deep, one will generally find the most to a comparatively wide band of water that lies between the shore
populated part of the reef along with lots of different types of coral and the main area of reef development, and contains at least some
species. deep portions.
Atolls
DOES THE CORAL REEF EAT? These circular or horseshoe-shaped reefs encircle a lagoon.
Since polyps need to eat to stay alive, you can think of the coral No apparent landmass is normally associated with an atoll.
reef as eating too. The lagoon has a depth of between 80 and 150 metres and
They eat small animals, called plankton, as well as algae. may be joined with sea water through a number of channels
ORALS ARE related to sea anemones and they all share the
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a) Identify the key personalities in the Berbice (1763), Barbados
(1816), Demerara (1823) and Jamaica (1831) revolts.
b) Explain TWO causes for the revolts identified in ‘a’ above.
c) Describe the nature and consequences of the revolts named
in ‘a’ above.
BERBICE, 1763
CAUSES
The Berbice Revolt was as a result of the mistreatment of the
enslaved population, primarily the harsh punishments and
meagre allocation of provisions. The enslaved population had
meagre rations and whenever there were shortages, they would be
adversely affected.
Multiple-choice practice
MELISSA MCKENZIE c. Small insect which clings to mantas.
Contributor d. Part of a fisherman’s net.
Back we now go to our short story. What Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send
changes have you recognised so far in this questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
teenager?
1. Accept 3 numbers
Defining Diagram:
Three numbers 2. Find the product of the three
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT numbers Product
1. Get the ingredients
The Ingredients such as eggs, 2. Combine the ingredients The Cake 3. Print the product of the three
butter, flour etc. 3. Preheat oven
4. Place the combine numbers
ingredients in baking tin
5. Place baking tin in the
preheated oven
6. Leave cake to bake at
the desired temperature
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Use a defining diagram to answer the following:
Let us now look at a computer related problem. 1. A program is required to read the unit cost and quantity of an
item. Calculate and print the total cost of the item.
2. A program is required to accept a number and to find the
EXAMPLE 1 square of the number. The program should also output the square
A program is required to read two numbers, calculate and print of the number.
their difference.
PROGRAM DESIGN
Steps in drawing the defining diagram using the example
above. When we are solving problems on the computer, this is done
by representing the most efficient solution as an algorithm. This
Reviewing algebra
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE 2. Given that h(x) = 4x2 - 8x - 1 line. A ruler must always be used to join the
above,
M = 2 + 3/2 , 4 + 5/2
Answer: 5/2, 9/2
IN REVIEW
Contributor By plotting the function h(x), find : points. Given the points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2),
Its minimum value. then finding the gradient and midpoint involves
E COMPLETED, last week, the review of The value of x for which h(x) is a substituting into the appropriate formula. This is
EXAMPLE
study with systematic and ongoing practice. Let SOLUTION The value is denoted by m and given two Given the points A(6 , -3) and B( - 4 , 1), find:
us now continue the review of graphs. 2
y = 4x - 8x - 1 points on the slope, it is defined as: (i) the gradient of AB
y m = Increase in the y coordinates (ii) the midpoint of AB
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
GRAPHS Increase in the x coordinates
We will now complete the review of graphs y 31 11 –1 –5 –1 11 31 SOLUTION
with an illustration of the concepts which we Given that the two points are represented by A
(i) Gradient of AB = m = y2 - y1 / x2 - x1
reviewed. (x1 , y1), and B (x2, y2), then the formula is:
GRAPH 2 Substituting the coordinates
1. Given the graph of the function f(x) = 2x2 - m = y2 - y1 / x2 - x1
The minimum value is - 5 m = 1 - -3 /-4 -6 = 1 + 3/-10 = -4/10.
9x - 5, solve:
The minimum value is at x = 1 m = -25
ii) 2x2 - 9x - 5 = 0 EXAMPLE
The equation of the axis of symmetry is: x = 1. (ii) The midpoint of AB =
iii) 2x2 - 10x - 7 = 0
Find the gradient m of the line joining the M = x2 + x1 /2, y2 + y1 /2 Substituting
We will now begin to review coordinate points A (1 , 2) , B (5 , 4). M = 6 - 4 /2, -3 + 1 /2 = 2 /2 , - 2/2
SOLUTION geometry by considering straight lines on the Since m = y2 - y1 / x2 - x1, substituting M =(1 , -1 )
y = 2x2 - 9x - 5 Cartesian plane with respect to: m = 4 - 2/ 5-1 = 2/4 = 1/2.
x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Exploring the following aspects of a straight Please be sure to substitute in the correct HOMEWORK
line: order.
y 6 –5 – 12 –15 –14 –9 0 13 (1) Given the points A (2 , - 3) and B( 4 , - 5),
Gradient Answer: m = 1/2.
find the values of:
Intercept (a) m( Gradient) (b) M( midpoint)
y=x+2 Midpoint INTERCEPT
Length (2) The line K passes through the points A (6,
x 0 1 2 This is the y: coordinate of the point where
Equation 6) and B (0, - 2).
y 2 3 4 the line cuts the y axis, that is the point (o, y).
This y value is denoted as c. Find: (i) The midpoint of the AB.
Again, let me remind you of the importance of (ii) The gradient of the line K.
GRAPH 1
the theory of graphs, as it is very important to
From the graph: The following is a plot of the points A and B
this topic. (3) The line segment connects the points M
(ii) If 2x2 - 9x - 5 = 0, then x = - 1 or 5 (Points on the Cartesian plane, which will illustrate the
where the curve cuts the x axis). concepts. (1, 8) and N (r, s). If the midpoint of MN is (4,
The Cartesian plane consists of the 5), calculate the values of r and s.
(iii) If 2x2 - 10x - 7 = 0, then you reorganise perpendicular x and y axes.
this equation so that the expression, GRAPH 3
2x2 - 9x - 5 is on one side, that is: (4) Given the points X ( 1 , 0) and Y (- 2 , a ),
2x2 - 10x - 7 = 2x2 - 9x - x -5 - 2 = 0 REMINDERS MIDPOINT if the gradient is 2/3, find a.
(- 10x = - 9x - x and - 7 = -5 - 2) The axes must be properly labelled. Given the points A(x1, y1) & B( x2, y2), then the
2x2 - 9x - x -5 - 2 = 2x2 - 9x - 5 - x - 2 = 0 Appropriate scales should be accurately Have a good week.
midpoint is equal distance from A & B. This
2x2 - 9x - 5 = x + 2 used. point is denoted by M and from the diagram, the
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send
If the scales, with respect to the axes are coordinates of the midpoint are: questions and comments to
2
The solution of the equation 2x - 10x - 7 = 0 given, then they must be used as given. kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
is the same as that of the equation 2x2 - 9x - 5 = The axes usually cross at the point (0 , 0). M = x2 + x1 /2, y2 + y1/2
x+2 The coordinates of a point are always
By plotting the line y = x + 2, and read off the expressed in the form: (x , y).
EXAMPLE
coordinates of the points of intersection with the Points are usually named with capital
curve, then: letters, for example, P(x , y). Find the coordinates of M, midpoint of AB.
x = - 0.6 Or 5.7 Three points are required to draw a straight
Fallacies – Part 2
Contributor
2. SNOB APPEAL
The writer/speaker attempts to convince the
audience that by accepting a claim or
undertaking an action s/he will be higher or
better than others around. This is to pander to
people’s sense of pride and desire to be
considered better than others.
Example: A man of your position and good
looks could never want to drive a Corolla when a
BMW will put you in the right circle, where you
belong.
3. ARGUMENT AD POPULUM Players and coaches of the Kingston Hummingbirds team pose with the trophy after winning the Berger Elite League
(‘TO THE PEOPLE’) title on Saturday.The Hummingbirds beat the Manchester Spurs in the final.
The writer/speaker links the claim or
argument to certain words or objects that are It’s not my fault that the company is overstaffed. be right. In addition, an expert’s authority he looks and talks like Charlie Chaplin?
known to have a strong emotional reaction with They say they are losing money. I don’t know becomes suspect in a case where he/she has
the audience. In so doing, he/she hopes to about that. I have school fees to pay and food to personal reasons for not telling the truth. Another very common fallacy which affects
influence the audience’s opinions and actions. put on the table. Example: I am a parent for 10 years now and, reasoning is the Hasty Generalization. This
Example: If you are a God-fearing and believe me, I know when children are lying. occurs when the writer/speaker draws a
patriotic Grenadian, you cannot support that conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
FALLACIES INVOLVING
party with a clear conscience. Example: My chain was stolen by a Jamaican;
CREDIBILITY (ETHOS) 2. ARGUMENT AD HOMINEN (‘TO THE
therefore, all Jamaicans are thieves.
MAN’)
4. PITY APPEAL 1. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
The writer/speaker attacks the opponent’s A misuse of statistics occurs when a
The writer/speaker tries to deflect attention This is reference to expert knowledge to character rather than the opponent’s argument.
support an argument without sufficient statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some
from the relevant issues in the argument by This is an attempt to discredit the speaker and, cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others,
inciting pity for him/herself. acknowledgement that an authority on one by so doing, deflect attention from the argument.
subject may be unreliable on another, and that a it is purposeful and for the gain of the
Example: I deserve to keep my job. I need to Example: Be honest with me, how can I take
have a job to support my wife and nine children. man who is usually unreliable may occasionally Constable Ralph’s instructions seriously when
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