Port Operation & Management

Ports Stakeholders
01.Importers & Exporters: They’re the ones who import and export good from a jurisdiction,
especially across a national border from an external source. Importers and exporters are the
defining financial transaction of international trade. So, importers and exporters are the ones
who creating an indirect demand for shipping and ports.

02. Ship operators: When a ship is purchased for importing and exporting goods, a ship
management team is required to maintain and operate the vessels, most management companies
provide the owner or operator with crew on board. They are the ones who making use of all
operations, utilize for commercial purpose. When the ship comes out of the shipyard the
management company takes it over providing technical to the owner. Most ship operators also
offer services like inspection prior to purchase supervision during building crew management
and supply and ship layup solution.

03. Custom authorities: It is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting

tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods including animals transport, personnel effect and
hazardous items into and out of a country. Each county has its own laws and regulations for
the import and export of goods into and out of the country which its custom authorities
enforces.

04. Government: Many government are directly or indirectly involved in port development.
They often use a growth pole argument, to justify the direct financing of basic ports
infrastructure. This growth pole rationale derives from the belief that investment in port assets
have strong direct and indirect multiplier effect on the entire national economy and further that
the commitment of public resource is necessary to encourage coin-investment by the
commercial and industrial sector.

05. Ship agents/agency: ship agent is the designated person or agency that held responsible
for handling shipments and cargo, and the general interest of its customers, at port and harbors
worldwide on behalf of ship-owners, managers and charters. In some part of the world, these
agents referred as port agents or cargo brokers. Responsibilities of shipping agents include,

 Ensuring a berth for the incoming ship

 Arranging for the pilot and the tugs if necessary
 Drawing up the document for the customs and harbor services
 Arranging for the necessary repairs
  Collecting freight cargoes
 Contacting shippers and receivers of the goods
 Organizing the supply, transport and the handling of the goods
 Organizing the necessary contacts with the stevedores

06. Freight forwarders and clearing companies: Typically handle international shipments.
They having additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other documentation
and performing activities, pertaining in to international shipments. Information typically
reviewed by a freight forwarder include the commercial invoice, shipper’s export declaration,
bill of lading and other documents required by the carrier or county of the export, import and
or transshipment.

07. Marine Insurance companies: They covers the loss or damage of ships, cargo, terminal
and any transport or cargo by which property is transferred, acquired or held between the point
of origin and final destination. Cargo insurance is sub branch of marine insurance, though
marine also includes onshore and offshore exposed property.

08. Charters: They are the one who’s doing chartering activities that within the shipping
industry. In some cases, a charter may own cargo and employ a shipbroker to find a ship to
e\deliver the cargo for a certain price called freight rate. Freight rates may be on per-ton-basis
over a certain route. A charter may also be a port without cargo who takes a vessel on charter
for a specified period from the owner and then trades the ship to carry cargoes at a profit above
the hire route or even makes a profit in a rising market by re-letting the ship out to other
charters.

09. Bunker suppliers: In the course of maritime and shipping business, you would have come
across the term BAF which stands for bunker adjustment factor. Bunker is simply the name
given to the fuel that is used to operate ships. Bunkering is the action of supplying a ship with
bunker.

10. Ship chandlers: They are tail dealers who specialize in supplies or equipment for ships
know as ship’s stores. The ship chandler’s business was central to the existence in the social
and political by names of port and their waterfront areas. Today’s chandlers deal more in goods
typical for fuel powered commercial ships such as oil tankers, container ships and bulk carriers.
11. Truck drivers: They provide an essential service to industrialized societies by transporting
finish goods and raw material over land typically to and from manufacturing plant, retail and
distribution centers. Truck drivers are also responsible for mechanical items or issues relating
to the safe operation. Others such as direct sales workers are also responsible for sales and
customer service.

12. Non-vessel-operating-common-carriers/ NVOCC: It is a person or company that

organizes shipments for individual or corporation to get goods from the manufacturer or
producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution.

13. Ship/Marine surveyors: Marine surveyors is a person who conducts inspections,

surveyors, or examinations of marine vessels of assess, monitor and report on their condition
and the products on them as well as inspects damages caused to both vessel and cargo.

14. Chamber of commerce: is a form of business network for example, a local organization
of business whose goal is to further the interest of business. Business owners in towns and
cities form these local societies advocate on behalf of the business community.

15. Shipper’s Council: It is also known as a local organization of shippers which trying to
facilitate the trade services among the country or region.

16. Classification societies: It is a non-governmental organization that establishes and

maintains technical standards, worthiness of sea and vessel for construction and operation of
ships and offshore structures. Society will also validate that construction is according to these
standards and they set technical rules based on experience and research, confirm that designs
and calculation meets these rules, survey ships and structures during the process of construction
and commissioning in periodically survey vessels to ensure that they continue to meet the rules.

17. Shipyards/Dockyards: It is place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts,
military vessels. Cruise lines or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more
associates with maintenance and basic activities that shipyards which sometimes associated
more with initial construction.

18. National planners: When it is coming to the port development projects national planners
playing an important part in it. They are coming up with validate and suitable planning projects
and objectives to the port sector which leads to the productivity.
19. Port employees: From managerial level to the bottom level, well trained and
knowledgeable employees is important. Based on their efficiency port productivity will be
depend on.

20. Competitive ports around the region: Based on the competitive ports around the country
the decision will be taken by the authorities will be depend on. Considering about those ports
facilities and infrastructure, port management should be made decision making in order to gain
the competitive advantage.

21.Reginal governments and principles: In many countries, reginal governments are

facilitating the ports. Those port’s infrastructure and productivity will be depend on the power
of the reginal governments and the principles that they are implementing on their ports.