PART 1: COMPREHENSION: DEFORESTATION

Answer the following questions with reference to the article which follows.

Choose from A to G the answers to the numbered questions.

According to the passage, where is vegetation

01. ... burnt because there is no market for it? ..................

02. ... extremely difficult to regenerate? ..................

03. ... stolen for profit? ..................

04. ... burnt for pastoral purposes? ..................

05. ... almost 50 per cent destroyed? ..................

06. ... in need of police protection? ..................

07. ... in economic competition with grassland? ..................

08/09. ... being destroyed in national parks? .................. ..................

10. ... threatened by a policing action? ..................

11. ... mostly used for firewood? ..................

12. ... the subject of competition between peasants and the timber industry? ..................

A. Asia

B. Amazonia

C. Brazil

D. Vietnam

E. Peru

F. Arizona

G. Bolivia

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DEFORESTATION

A recent report from the United Nations indicates that the world's tropical forests are
vanishing faster than previously thought. Up to 50 million acres a year are disappearing,
almost the area of West Germany, 50 per cent more than expected. The World Resources
Institute, which compiled the report, says that the rising rate of deforestation was "a
tragedy for the biological richness of the earth and an ominous signal for the climatic
conditions of the future." About 100 forest species become extinct every day, with
irreparable loss of part of the world's genetic resources. The report says that deforestation
accounts for a third of the world's emissions of carbon dioxide, the biggest cause of
global warming.

The loss of the forests is largely the result of overpopulation. Hungry landless masses in
Asia compete with commercial logging for the available resources. At the moment, the
landless masses are winning. The overwhelming bulk of the wood and timber of tropical
forests is burnt where it stands. Of that which is extracted, only 17 per cent goes for
industrial use. The rest is used for firewood. The concept of natural forest as spare land
ready for agriculture is predominant. It is the central reality of the deforestation crisis. In
1988, 60 million acres of Rondonia in the Brazilian Amazon was burnt for grazing and
cropland. Billions of dollars worth of timber went up in smoke, wasted because there was
no ready economic market for it. The forest was seen to have more value as agricultural
land than as standing forests to be harvested.

Just how bad the situation is can be revealed by satellite photograph. Such a photograph
of the Amazon basin will reveal hundreds of points of light stretching from Bolivia to the
Atlantic. Each point of light indicates a man-made forest fire at least half a mile wide. In
1988 and 1989, there were at least 15,000 such fires which meant that Brazil sent half as
much carbon into the atmosphere as Japan.

The head of Brazil's environment institute points out: "It's a problem of awareness.
Farmers just don't think of anything but making money, and some regional
administrations support them because they think this is development. In one state,
farmers are killing the rubber tappers. In another, they think only of profits from cattle
ranching. They set fire to nature reserves. They could all think about the environment a
little more." The head of the satellite agency which analyzes the problem on a daily basis
is more blunt. He says: "We know that burning in the Amazon is gigantic. It's time they
showed us a wealthy farmer in handcuffs."

If you want to know what happens when the rain forests are destroyed, the place to go is
Vietnam. During the Vietnam war, the American air force sprayed more than 72 million
litres of herbicides and defoliants over the country, dropping bombs and napalm over
much of the rest. Almost half of Vietnam's landscape is derelict. Since the end of the war

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things have got worse: the country's 60 million people, like most inhabitants of the
tropics, are dependent upon wood for fuel and construction. Demand for fuel and the
clearance of land for agriculture has also destroyed thousands of acres. What the
Vietnamese have discovered is that when the tropical forests go, they go for ever. The soil
is poor. Once the cover is gone, tropical rainstorms wash out the nutrients. In the dry
season, the grass catches fire and saplings are killed. Then more top soil is washed away.
Tropical trees flower unpredictably, and their seeds are difficult to collect and germinate.

The Americans, given a choice between being green and fighting the Peruvian drug
barons, have chosen, as one would expect, to fight. The weapon to hand is Spike, a close
relative of Agent Orange, the herbicide used in Vietnam. Spike would have carried
deforestation into the densely forested eastern slopes of the Andes. However, the
President of Peru, having made a helicopter flight over the area, called for a scientific
study. He said: "An international scientific team should determine if the proposal is
positive or negative for the environment." He might have added that the Peruvian
peasants and the coca barons can manage their own deforestation quite well without any
help from American herbicides, thank you very much.

It is not only the tropical trees that should fear man's depredations. Even the cactus in the
desert is being uprooted. It seems that the inhabitants of the palatial desert homes of Las
Vegas and Palm Springs require a large cactus as a status symbol, just like a stretch
limousine. The finest of the cacti of Arizona, despite being in protected tourist amenity
areas, are being ripped out of the ground by organised gangs of cactus rustlers. These
Saguaro cacti grow as high as five or six metres and weigh up to four tonnes. Larry
Richards works full time as a cactus cop. He says:

"I grew up on this land. I can tell you, in the last 10 years the Saguaros here have been
thinned out by, oh, maybe half. In the next 10 years another half or more of the rest will
go. These are prime, saleable specimens. It's just a matter of time. There are 120 crooked
dealers active in Arizona. They use lifting equipment and large trucks to transport the
giants instantly to California, about 400 miles away, where black market prices are
highest, about $40 for every foot of stem, and up to $100 for every arm which survives
the move. A fairly ordinary sample can fetch $800. A big one, $15,000. A whole
generation, covering 60 years of growing, is being wiped out." In one case, the cactus
fought back. It fell on top of a young man who was taking pot shots at it with his rifle,
and killed him.

PART 2: PARAGRAPH SEQUENCE: HACKING

Complete the passage with the correct paragraphs. There is one more paragraph than
you need.

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COMPUTERS: FROM HACKING TO CRIME

Known by the name of Bug Hunter, the hacker said he broke into the files for the
pleasure of seeing the welcome, "Good afternoon, HRH Duke of Edinburgh."

01. ..............................

He typed 1234, which turned out to be a testing file with access to all the Prestel code
numbers.

02. ..............................

Hacking started as an intellectual game among fanatical American computer enthusiasts.

They enjoyed cracking the private codes of large business computers and creating more
or less harmless chaos in their files. But now the practice has spread to computer fraud,
and to the reading of confidential information.

03. ..............................

Once a hacker has a genuine user s network identity, he can run up bills for electronic
mail and telexes, and read all the user s private mail. It is almost impossible to detect the
unauthorised use of the service.

04. ..............................

Much more serious than amateur hacking is the professional computer fraud. Millions of
pounds have been stolen from financial institutions through computer fraud, usually by
the illegal transfer of funds to foreign bank accounts.

05. ..............................

Only a fraction of such crimes are reported because companies fear the publicity would
damage customer confidence. And the publicity would be harmful.

06. ..............................

Each computer terminal is the equivalent of a cheque book. Instead of signing the cheque,
with a terminal you authorise it, and the money goes.

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A.

Cases of large-scale mischief caused by hackers are rare. In one case, a hacker succeeded
in entering a word processor used by the Israeli Foreign Minister, and added humorous
sentences to a speech prepared for him. The changes were spotted as he was about to
deliver the speech. In another case, a credit agency with confidential details on 90 million
people discovered that hackers had broken its security codes, and had been exchanging
the passwords on electronic bulletin boards.

B.

Computers have become commonplace. Soon, every home will have one. They will be
easy to use and allow people to shop and study and work at home. We live in
revolutionary times but this is a bloodless revolution.

C.

An accountant explains: "Computer technology makes large scale financial dealing

possible. It is all tied in with buying, selling, making deals and transferring the money.
But security systems have not kept up with the computing systems. Everywhere, there is
the opportunity, if somebody has the urge, to misuse the system. The crimes are
discovered, but the problem is that they are not discovered quickly enough. Even if it is
detected within a few hours, it is too late. The person who has committed the crime has
already left the building and caught a plane."

D.

The hacker made his way into British Telecom's huge Prestel system by using a home
computer. He typed out an experimental line of numbers, all twos, when the computer
asked for a 10-digit identity code. It worked, and the computer asked for a four-digit
password.

E.

Bug Hunter was eventually tracked down and arrested. He was very bitter about being
treated as a criminal. He said: "They should be employing people like me to plug gaps in
the system. I'm disgusted." He was fined £600. A spokesman said: "Security has been
tightened considerably."

F.

There are a number of cases where more than a million has been stolen. These crimes are
easy to carry out because large companies and financial institutions are connected to the
network used by the clearing banks for transfer funds around the world.

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G.

All a hacker needs is a cheap home computer, a modem to link it to the telephone
network, and a basic knowledge of how computers talk to each other. The hacker then
telephones mainframe computer services, such as electronic mail networks, and attempts
to break the security code. Callers have three chances to type in the correct code before
the call is cut off. By typing in a series of educated guesses time after time, hackers can
find their way into a system. They may be helped by people choosing obvious code-
words, such as first names or addresses.

PART 3: COMPREHENSION MULTIPLE CHOICE: TAXATION

Read the passage and answer the questions.

THE ECONOMY: SHADES OF GREY

The London Times reports that a Spanish tax inspector boarded a Mediterranean cruise
ship incognito. He sought to check whether the returns made by the cruise company, in
respect of food and drink consumed, tallied with reality. He put on his brightest holiday
clothes and went aboard. Two things followed quickly. First, his disguise was found to be
inadequate; he was discovered immediately. Secondly, it happened that the ship had a
large number of British holiday-makers aboard. These merry jokers forced him to walk
the plank. While he was swimming around in the water, some of the merrier girls dived in
after him and merrily removed his shorts. We may feel sorry for the poor fellow, who was
only doing his job, but the story does show that tax collectors are as unpopular now as
they were in the days of Robin Hood or George Washington.

Tax inspectors are universally unpopular, not simply because they collect money, but
because they are the greatest of all bureaucrats. They put their little restrictions upon
every aspect of ordinary life. In Britain, if you drive a friend to the station, babysit for the
neighbours, fix a car engine in exchange for a bottle of whisky, or make a pot of jam for
charity, then technically, you have become a part of the shadow economy. The estimates
of the size of the shadow economy vary greatly, from two per cent to 15 per cent of the
national income, the difference in Britain of between four and 54 billion pounds. The best
estimate puts it at around five per cent. One of the reasons for the difference is the
definition which is used. The black economy is only the darkest side of the picture. For
example, the shadow economy runs from voluntary work for charities, to barter between
neighbours, to housework. But it also takes in handling stolen goods, tax evasion, and
working while drawing welfare payments.

One area of growth of the shadow economy in Britain has been household employment,
and services to help the working mother. Clearly, no one pays their window-cleaner by
cheque, not if they want to see him again. But, more importantly, in the last 25 years, as

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married women flooded out to work, they have begun again to do what their
grandmothers did, to pay others to look after their homes and children. This area of home
help has become a deep grey as far as the tax authorities are concerned. In general, the
shadow economy becomes pitch black once money changes hands, in used notes: for
example, when we pay each other for child-minding rather than taking it in turns to run a
playgroup.

While the tax authorities have their beady eye on payment in kind, there may be another
distinction, between regular work on the one hand, and occasional, irregular favours on
the other. Even so, it would seem that moonlighting, the second job, the odd extra
evening work, is what makes up most of the shadow economy. A more useful distinction
lies between the trivial and the substantial. There is a lot of difference between giving
someone a regular lift to the station in the mornings, perhaps in exchange for some help
with the petrol bill, and loaning him a company car which is not declared on his tax
returns.

A large proportion of the shadow economy might not be liable to tax anyway. Small
traders, for example, prefer cash as much to avoid office work as to cut their sales tax.
But, at the bottom end of the scale, even very small cash earnings can cause trouble to the
unemployed. The reason lies in the speed with which unemployment support benefits are
withdrawn if even small amounts of money are earned. Conservative politicians are
always saying that a large proportion of Britain s unemployed are earning a healthy living
in the shadow economy. With three million officially, and four million unofficially, out of
work, they are more likely to be picking at bones rather then living off the fat of the land.

The shadow economy may be essential to the health of the country. Of course, tax
enforcement is necessary, but snooping is not and that is where one loses sympathy with
the Spanish tax inspector. There needs to be a balance which can possibly be achieved by
limiting the state s legal interest in small sums, the taxation of which is more expensive
than the revenue collected.

Select the answer most likely to be correct.

01. Why did the Spanish tax inspector end up in the Mediterranean? .......................

A. He was travelling incognito.

B. The passengers were British.

C. His disguise was penetrated.

D. He was disliked.

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02. Why did the passengers force him to walk the plank? ..............................

A. They were playing at being pirates.

B. The ship was under construction.

C. To prove he was sober.

D. Because he was a tax inspector.

03. Why are tax inspectors so unpopular? .............................

A. They persecute people.

B. They have no sense of humour.

C. They send us forms to fill in.

D. They are petty-minded.

04. When does the grey economy become black? ..............................

A. When people exchange services.

B. When cash changes hands.

C. When people barter goods.

D. When a person handles stolen goods.

05. When a person moonlights, what does he do? .............................

A. Works at night, in the dark.

B. Has a second job, apart from his main work.

C. Works for himself, as self-employed.

D. Runs a nightclub or disco or other entertainment.

06. What are Britain's unemployed most likely to be doing? .............................

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A. Earning a good living in the shadow economy.

B. Eking out a bare living.

C. Being investigated by bureaucrats.

D. Living off the fat of the land.

PART 4: ANGLO-INDIAN VOCABULARY

Answer from the paragraphs A to I.

Which "Indian" word(s)

is more likely to be Portuguese than Indian in origin? 01 . .......................

refers to coloured cloth? 02. ........................ 03. ........................

is in origin more north-western European than Indian? 04. ........................

derive from the name of a place in India? 05. ........................ 06. ........................

refers to something which is not, strictly speaking, properly Indian? 07. ....................

has been confused with a French equivalent? 08. ........................

came from Tamil? 09. ........................ 10. ........................

referred to a covering for the legs? 11. ........................

came into English from French? 12. ........................

became more precise in its meaning? 13. ........................

ANGLO-INDIAN ETYMOLOGY

A. Gingham

This is a kind of stuff, defined in the Draper's Dictionary as being made from cotton yarn
dyed before being woven. The origin of this word is obscure, but it is likely that it
originated in the Indian trade. Still, a Javanese dictionary gives ginggang, a sort of striped
East Indian cotton. The verb ginggang in Javanese means "to separate, to go away" but
this throws no light on the matter, nor can we connect the cloth with that of the name of a
place on the northern coast of Sumatra. On the other hand, the Eastern derivation of the

9
name has been entirely rejected. The right explanation is simply that gingham is an old
English spelling of a town in Brittany, Guingamp, where linen was once manufactured.

B. Bungalow

The most usual class of house that was occupied by Europeans in the interior of India,
being on one storey, and covered by a pyramidal roof, which in the normal bungalow is
of thatch, but may be of tiles without impairing its title to be called a bungalow. In
reference to the style of house, bungalow is sometimes used in contradistinction to the
(usually more pretentious) pucka house; by which latter term is implied a masonry house
with a terraced roof. A bungalow may be a small building of the type which we have
described, but of temporary material, in a garden. The term has been adopted by
Europeans generally in Ceylon and China. The word derives from bangla, which is
probably from the place Banga in Bengal. It is to be remembered that in Hindustan proper
the adjective, of or belonging to Bengal, is constantly pronounced as bangala or bangla.
The probability is that when Europeans started to build houses of this character in Behar
and Upper India, these were called Bangla or "Bengal-fashion" houses.

C. Calico

This cotton cloth, of a reasonably fine texture, occurs in the 17th century in the form
calicut. The word may have come into English through the French calicot, which in turn
comes from Calicut, which in the Middle Ages was the chief city and one of the ports of
Malabar. The fine cotton material of the Malabar coast was mentioned by Marco Polo.
The cotton itself seems to have been brought from the hinterland as Malabar cotton,
ripening during the rains, is not usable.

D. Pyjamas

This word derives from the Hindi pae-jama, literally translated as "leg-clothing", a pair of
loose drawers, tied round the waist. Such a garment was worn by Sikh men and by
Moslems of both sexes. It was adopted by Europeans as comfortable casual clothing and
as night attire. It is probable that the clothing and the word came into English usage from
the Portuguese. Originally, pyjamas sometimes had feet sewn into them and when a
Jermyn St tailor was asked why, he replied, "I believe, sir, it is because of the white ants."
And as a traveller remarked in 1881, "The rest of our attire consisted of that particularly
light and airy white flannel garment, known throughout India as a pyjama suit."

E. Chintz

This, a printed or spotted cotton cloth, is called chint in Hindi, but appears to stem from
the Sanskrit, chitra, meaning variegated or speckled. The French form of the word is
chite, which has suggested the English sheet being of the same origin. But chite is
apparently of Indian origin, whilst sheet is much older than the Portuguese
communication with India. The manufacture and export of chintzes from India to Europe

10
has now ceased. However, in Java and Sumatra, chintzes of a very peculiar kind of
marbled pattern are still manufactured under the name of batik.

F. Veranda

This, referring to an open pillared gallery round a house, is one of the very perplexing
words for which at least two origins may be maintained, both with equal plausibility. One
group consider it to be of Sanskrit origin, barandah, meaning a portico. However, others
point out that verandah with the meaning in question does not belong to the older
Sanskrit, but is found only in comparatively modern works. That the word as used in
England and France was brought by the English from India need not be doubted. But
either in the same sense, or in one closely analogous, it seems to have existed quite
independently in both Spanish and Portuguese. The suspicion must be that the word was
taken to India by the Portuguese and thence re-exported by the English to northern
Europe.

G. Cheroot

This is a cigar, but the term has been appropriated especially to cigars truncated at both
ends, as Indian cigars always were in the old days. The word is Tamil, shuruttu, translated
as a roll of tobacco. In the south, cheroots were chiefly made at Trichinopoly and were
consequently known as Trichies. Grose, in around 1760, speaking of Bombay, whilst
describing the cheroot does not use that word, but another, buncus, which is now entirely
obsolete.

H. Thug

The word is found in Sanskrit and in Hindi where it means a cheat and a swindler, but
during the 19th century is acquired a more specific meaning, referring to robbers of a
particular type who formed a gang and pretended to be travellers, perhaps on business or
on a pilgrimage. They would join other travellers on the road, befriend them and then,
given a suitable opportunity, would strangle them, plunder them and bury their bodies.
The proper name for such people was phansigar, from the word phansi, meaning "a
noose", because they would throw a slip-knot around the necks of their victims.

I. Curry

Curry consists of meat, fish, fruit or vegetables, cooked with a quantity of bruised spices
and turmeric. A little of this gives flavour to a large mess of rice. The word is Tamil in
origin, kari, meaning "sauce". It is possible, however, that the kind of curry found in
restaurants is not of purely Indian origin, but has come down to us from the spiced
cookery of medieval Europe and Western Asia. There is, indeed, no room for doubt that
the capsicum or red pepper was introduced into India by the Portuguese. The Sanskrit
books of cookery, which cannot be of any considerable antiquity, contain many recipes
for curry without this ingredient.

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 PART 1: CLOZE VOCABULARY

From the words listed below, choose the ones which best fit the space, A, B, C or D.

PARROT RUSTLING

Parrots and macaws have become so (01)......... that special varieties of these birds are
(02) ......... up to £9,000 each on the black market in Britain. Macaws from Brazil cost
from £1,000 and parrots from Australia can cost £7,500 a pair.

The demand for parrots, cockatoos and macaws has led to a (03)......... increase in thefts
from zoos, wildlife parks and pet shops. London and Whipsnade zoos are among the
many places from which parrots have been stolen. Some thefts have not been (04).........
in an effort to prevent further (05).......... Parrot rustling, as it is known among bird
fanciers, has increased rapidly in Britain since 1976 when imports and exports of
(06)......... birds became (07)......... controlled.

Quarantine controls, (08)......... with the scarcity of many types of parrots in the wild in
Africa, Australia, Indonesia, and South America, have caused a shortage of birds which
can be sold legally under (09).......... This has sent prices to (10)......... levels.

Working at night and equipped with wire-cutters, nets and substances to dope the birds,
the rustlers are prepared to (11)......... serious risks to capture the parrots they want. At
Birdworld, a specialist zoo, thieves (12)......... two parrots after picking their (13).........
through an enclosure containing cassowaries, The cassowary is a large flightless bird,
related to the emu, which can be extremely (14)........., and has been (15)......... to kill
humans with blows from its powerful legs.

01. A. costly B. extinct C. outlandish D. rare

02. A. raising B. reaching C. lifting D. fetching

03. A. acute B. peak C. sharp D. high

04. A. published B. publicised C. advertised D. told

05. A. happenings B. incidents C. acts D. activities

06. A. unusual B. uncommon C. exotic D. strange

07. A. tightly B. hardly C. toughly D. grimly

08. A. coupled B. doubled C. attached D. accompanied

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09. A. warranty B. guarantee C. licence D. law

10. A. unknown B. unheard C. record D. highest

11. A. sustain B. assume C. take D. make

12. A. thieved B. robbed C. misappropriated D. stole

13. A. way B. road C. path D. lane

14. A. aggressive B. fighting C. bad-tempered D. rough

15. A. heard B. known C. considered D. able

PART 2: CLOZE USAGE

Complete with one word only in each space.

HEALTH AND CIGARETTES

In many Western countries, girls are more (01) ............. to smoke than boys. It's the girls
who want to look "tough and grown-up." The result is that (02) ............. lung cancer in
American men has fallen (03) ............. the first time in 50 years, the disease is
(04) ............. in women. The decrease in the disease among men is attributed to a
decrease in smoking among men (05) ............. the government's first warning of a
(06) ............. between cigarettes and disease in 1964. On the other hand, lung cancer is
now expected to overtake breast cancer (07) ............. the principal fatal cancer among
women. (08) ............. your son or daughter is a non-smoker, there is another good
(09) ............. for rejecting a smoker as a life-long mate. Smokers don't just ruin their own
health by (10) ............. up. They are a menace to (11) ............. Second-hand smoke is
lethal. As the 18th report on smoking by the United States Surgeon General (12) .............
it: "Involuntary smoking is a (13) ............. of disease, including lung cancer, in healthy
non-smokers." (14) ............. to the report, at home, the children of parents who smoke
(15) ............. the effects in their respiratory systems. Smokers make their own kids sick.

PART 3: ERROR RECOGNITION

Most but not all of the following lines contain one error. There may be a spelling or
punctuation or grammatical mistake, a word may be wrongly used, or the line may
contain an unnecessary word. Underline the error. If a line is correct, tick ( ) it.

13
STEEPLECHASING

01. Steeplechasing early began in the eighteenth century as a sport among the fox-hunting

02. gentry. In those days, they raced through the countryside to a place marked by a

03. distant church spire, or steeple. It was a reckless and dangerous sport. By 1830,

04. it became a part of formal racing, and is today an established winter sport. The

05. courses, which there are over 40 in England and nearly 30 in Ireland, have

06. artificial barriers in place of the real ditches, walls, streams and hedges. From

07. October to March, hundreds of steeplechase jockeys, professional and amateur,

08. risk life and limbs. Of all the races in the steeplechasing calendar, the most

09. popular is the Grand National, run over a distance of ten kilometres and forty

10. high jumps. Everyone in the country takes an interest to it and most people

11. seems to buy a sweepstake ticket, or put a pound or two on the horse they think

12. will win. In some years, where the going is especially bad, as

13. much as three-quarters of the horses will not finish the race.

PART 4: WORD FORMATION

Complete with a word formed from those in the list.

John Lennon

Lennon, if he is a symbol of anything, is a symbol of (01) .......... , of play. He believed

you could change the world. If you made the right gesture, a (02) .......... might take place.
His life has become a myth, and high claims are made for him. He said that the Beatles
were better known than Jesus Christ, which seemed to Christian (03) .......... a (04) ..........
and (05) .......... thing to say, but he was probably right. The (06) .......... thing is that, by
his violent death, he seems himself to have been elevated from musician, from supreme
exponent of rock and roll, to the rank of prophet, shaman, myth. His wife, Yoko Ono, still
serves as the (07) .......... of the myth, the keeper of the relics. She says: "He certainly
wasn't a person who kowtowed or tried to preserve himself by shutting up. It's a very
precious thing, I think, very (08).......... : this man who said it in a way for all of us.

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People identified with him because he said the truth, especially the truth they could not
say."

01. CHILD .................02. TRANSFORM ......................03. CHURCH ...................

04. SENSE ................05. RESPONSIBLE .................. ..06. IRONY ............

07. MAID ................. 08. COURAGE ......................

Northern Ireland

For thirty years Belfast, the capital city of Northern Ireland, was divided, torn by
(09) .......... riots, blasted by car bombs, patrolled by armoured cars. A whole (10) ..........
grew up in the city knowing nothing else but what the Irish (11) .......... call "the troubles".
The place suffered not only from violence, but from poverty, low (12) .........., lack of
incentive, lack of a future.

The young complained of (13) .......... by the police and security forces. But the
(14) .......... by terrorists, Catholic or Protestant, could be much worse. The example is
given of one 15-year-old Catholic boy with 85 offences behind him. He fled from
Northern Ireland after being told that the IRA was waiting at his home. Six cushions had
been laid out in his sitting room in(15) .......... for a (16) .......... shooting - elbows, knees
and ankles. This was a country where the concepts of law and order no longer had any
meaning.

09. SECT ......................10. GENERATE ......................11. EUPHEMISM ...............

12. EXPECT ...................13. VICTIM ...................... 14. HARASS ......................

15. PREPARE .................16. PUNISH ......................

PART 5: APPROPRIATE REGISTER

Read the formal letter. Then fill in the gaps using the most appropriate word(s). Use no
more than two words. Do not use any words from the formal letter.

LETTER FROM HOTEL TO CLIENT

Dear Mr Canelli

Thank you for your enquiry about the availability of accommodation and conference
facilities during the last two weeks of October.

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We have one conference room, the Alexandra, available in that period. The Alexandra
will accommodate from 30 to 50 delegates, depending on how many attend.. You can see
a photograph of the room on page four of the enclosed brochure. Naturally, fax and telex
services, as well as secretarial assistance and translation service, are available.

I note from your letter that you expect 25 to 30 delegates to go to the meeting and will
require an equivalent number of double rooms. We advice booking a higher number of
rooms in case more decide to come than you expect. Since the hotel has 300 double
rooms, all with twin beds, we can usually offer rooms on six to four weeks notice during
the off-peak season. If less than four weeks' notice is given, difficulties may arise.

For a group booking such as yours, we offer a business terms discount of 40 per cent of
the total, excluding service charge and VAT, conditional on a minimum stay of five
consecutive nights being booked.

Yours faithfully,

Jim

Here's the hotel's answer. How does it (01)......... you? The brochure has a (02)......... of
the room taken with a wide-angle lens, (03)......... it is probably a lot smaller than you can
(04)......... from the photograph. A lot will depend on the number of people who
(05)..........

The discount sounds good, but as we (06)......... want three nights it won't (07)......... to us.
Perhaps you could get (08)......... them and see if they'll give us some sort of (09)..........

We had better (10)......... our minds pretty soon because they want to know four weeks in
(11)........., and as we plan the conference over Easter they are sure to be rather (12).........
booked.

PART 6: STRUCTURE AND MEANING

Complete with the correct phrases from the list.

THE CASE FOR VEGETARIANISM

(01)........., the vets themselves are (02).........: (03)......... wished to remain anonymous. He
said, "I hardly eat any meat these days, especially not in restaurants. In my opinion, it is
not a wholesome product any more, (04)............. I don't trust many of the producers or
slaughterers I know. There is no effective (05).........." Thus, a meat inspector on an
poultry line has three to five seconds to examine each bird and judge (06).......... One vet
(07)......... admitted that if a tumour is found it is cut out but the rest of the carcass is

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passed as (08).......... (09)......... that the consumer is forcing change. Thus Gallup poll
findings suggest that three million Britons now eat no red meat. In the past five years,
three new anti-meat magazines (10)..........

A involved in meat inspection

B have been launched

C whether or not it is healthy

D speaking up

E sometimes rather worried

F plans for the future

G at least much of it isn't

H ready for eating

I means of policing

J fit for human consumption

K start up

L as far as meat is concerned

M moreover

N one who reported

O it would seem

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 PART 1: COMPREHENSION

01. B 02. D O3. F 04. B 05. D 06. F

07. B 08/09. C, F 10. E 11. A 12. A

PART 2: PARAGRAPH SEQUENCE

01. D 02. E 03. G 04. A 05. F/C 06. C/F

PART 3: COMPREHENSION MULTIPLE CHOICE

01. C 02. D 03. D 04. B 05. B 06. B

PART 4: INFORMATION SCANNING

01. F 02/03. A, E 04. A 05/06. B, C 07. I

08. E 09/10. G, I 11. D 12. C 13. H

PART 1: CLOZE VOCABULARY

01. D. rare 02. D. fetching 03. C. sharp 04. B. publicised

05. B. incidents 06. C. exotic 07. A. tightly 08. A. coupled

09. C. licence 10. C. record 11. C. take 12. D. stole

13. A. way 14. A. aggressive 15. B. known

PART 2: CLOZE USAGE

01. likely, liable 02. while, although 03. for 04. rising, increasing

05. since, after 06. link, connection 07. as 08. If 09. reason

10. lighting 11. others 12. it 13. cause 14. According 15. show

PART 3: ERROR RECOGNITION

01. Omit “early”, or place after “began”. 02. Use “across” instead of “through”.

03. correct 04. correct 05. Needs “of” before “which”.

06. Use “obstacles” instead of “barriers”. 07. correct

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08. Phrase takes singular“limb”. 09. correct 10. in

11. Use plural “seem” to agree with “most people”.

12. Use “when” instead of “where” to indicate time.

13. Use “many” instead of “much” to indicate number.

PART 4: WORD FORMATION

01. childhood 02. transformation 03. churchmen, church-goers

04. senseless 05. irresponsible 06. ironic, ironical

07. handmaiden 08. courageous 09. sectarian 10. generation

11. euphemistically 12. expectations 13. victimisation

14. harassment 15. preparation 16. punishment

PART 5: APPROPRIATE REGISTER

01. strike, look to, sound to 02. snap, shot, snapshot (NOT photo), picture

03. so (NOT and) 04. tell (NOT see), make out

05. turn up (NOT come), take part (NOT participate), show up 06. only

07. apply 08. back to, on to 09. reduction, deal

10. make up 11. advance 12. heavily (NOT fully)

PART 6: APPROPRIATE REGISTER

01. L. As far as meat is concerned 02. E. sometimes rather worried (D)

03. N. one reported 04. G. at least much of it isn’t

05. I. means of policing 06. C. whether or not it is healthy

07. A. involved in meat inspection 08. J. fit for human consumption

09. O. It would seem 10. B. have been launched

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