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1. Draw the diagram for Turbojet with dual axial compressor and mention its parts.
a-1 From far upstream, where the velocity of the air relative to the engine is the flight velocity,
the air is brought to the intake, usually with some acceleration or deceleration.
1-2 The air velocity is decreased as the air is carried to the compressor inlet through the inlet
diffuser and ducting system.
2-3 The air is compressed in a dynamic compressor
3-4 The air is "heated" by the mixing and burning of fuel in the air.
4-5 The air is expanded through a turbine to obtain power to drive the compressor.
5-6 The air may or may not be further "heated" by the addition and burning of more fuel in an
afterburner.
6-7 The air is accelerated and exhausted through the exhaust nozzle.
5.Write the Isentropic efficiencies for compressor, turbine and nozzle.
6. Define TFSC.
T= Thrust
f= air-fuel ratio
u= flight speed
7. Draw the diagram for High by pass turbo fan and mention its parts.
8. Draw the diagram for simple Turbo prop engine and mention its parts.
9. Draw the diagram for Ram jet and mention its parts
10. Draw the diagram for TSFC Vs Mach no for various gas turbine engines.
13.Draw the Actual and ideal P-V and T-S diagram for Brayton cycle.
14. Draw the Simple T-S diagram for turbo jet engine
15. Draw the Simple T-S diagram for ideal ramjet engine.
16. Draw the T-S diagram for turbo jet engine with after burner
17. Define Compressor isentropic efficiency for Turbojet engine
The efficiency can be defined as the ratio of the useful propulsive energy or thrust
power to the sun of that energy and the unused kinetic energy of the jet.
The latter is the kinetic energy of the jet relative to the earth, namely m(Cj- Ca)2 /2. Thus
The ram efficiency ,. is defined by the ratio of the ram pressure rise to the inlet dynamic head,
namely
Advantages:
I. The power weight ratio of a turbojet is about 4 times that of a reciprocating engine propeller
system.
2. It is simple, easy to maintain, and requires lower lubricating oil consumption. Furthermore,
complete absence of liquid cooling results in reduced frontal area.
3. There is no limit to the power output which can be obtained from a turbojet while the piston
engines have reached almost their peak 'power and further increase will be at the cost of
complexity and greater 'engine weight and frontal area of the aircraft.
4. The speed of a turbojet is not limited by the propeller and it can attain higher flight speeds than
engine propeller aircrafts.
Disadvantages
1. The fuel economy at low operational speeds is extremely poor.
2. It has low take-off thrust, and hence poor starting characteristics.
1. Turboprop engines have a higher thrust at take-off and better fuel economy.
2. The frontal area is less than propeller engines so that the drag is reduced
3. The turboprop can operate economically over a wide range of speed,, ranging from low speeds
where pure jet engine is uneconomical to high speeds of about 800 km/hr where the propeller
engine efficiency is low.
4. It is easy to maintain and has lower vibrations and noise.
. 5.The power output is not limited as in the case of propeller engines
6. The multi-shaft arrangement allows a great flexibility of operation over a wide range of speeds.
Disadvantages
1. The main disadvantage is that at high speeds, due to shocks and flow separation, the propeller
efficiency decreases rapidly, thereby, putting up a maximum speed limit on the engine.
2. It requires a reduction gear which increases the cost and also consumes certain energy
developed by the turbine in addition to requiring more space.
The turboprop engine is widely used in commercial and military aircrafts due to is high flexibility
of operation and good fuel economy.
It is likely to eliminate propeller engines from moderate power and speed aircrafts.
Turbo shaft engine is that which uses whole of the available expansion in a turbine to drive a
propeller coupled to it through a reduction gear. In this arrangement the exhaust gas does not
contribute to the production of thrust. Use of a turbine results in smaller and light weight engine,
with less noise and vibration as compared to a reciprocating engine power plant. This type of
arrangement is used in helicopters.
1. Ram jet is very simple and does not have any moving part. It is very cheap and requires almost
no maintenance.
2. Due to the fact that a turbine is not used to drive the mechanical compressor, the maximum
temperature which can be allowed in ram jet is very high, about 2000"C as compared to about
900C in turbojet. This allows a greater thrust to be obtained by burning fuel at air-fuel ratio of
about l 5 : 1 , which gives higher temperatures.
3. The specific fuel consumption is better than turbojet engines at high speed and high altitudes.
4. There seems to be no upper limit to the flight speed of the ram jet.
Due to its high thrust at high operational speed, it is widely used in high-speed aircrafts and
missiles. Subsonic ram jets are used in target weapons, in conjunction with turbojets or rockets
for getting the starting torque.
The thermal efficiency depends both upon the pressure ratio as well as turbine inlet temperature,
besides being affected by compressor and turbine efficiencies.
37. Define work ratio of the Gas turbine engine.
38. Define Propulsion efficiency.