EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF DURUM

WHEAT (TRITICUM TURGIDUM L.)

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE, RESEARCH DEBRE
BERHAN UNIVERSITY

SET BY : GROUP 4
NAME IDNO.

1) GEBREEGZIABHER NGUSE………………..……….……..DBUR/1988/09
2) WALELIGN WUBET…………………………..……...……..DBUR/2065/09
3) MESERETLINGEREW……………………………….………DBUR/1923/09
4) SINDU MOLLA…………………………………..…….……..DBUR/1945/09
5) ADDISIE KINDIE………………………………….…….……DBUR/1928/09
6) AJANAW TADELE……………………………………….…...DBUR/1920/09

ADVISOR: ETSEGENET HAILEMICHAEL (MSC)

DECEMBER, 2019

DBU, ETHIOPIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank our GOD for giving us the knowledge and
strength in every aspects of our educational carrier and also allows us to reach this
senior research project paper status. Next to this we would like to express a
grateful thanks to our advisor Mr.EtsegenetHailemichael for his critical support,
advice, comment, and suggestion.

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 List of abbreviations
FAOSTAT……………………………. Food and Agricultural
Organizations of the United Nation Statistics

CSA………………………………. Central Statistical Agency

RCBD…………………………Randomize Complete Block Design

ANOVA………………..................Analysis of Variance

LSD …………………………..List Significance Difference

CIMMYT ……………..Centro International de Majoramientio de maize y

trigo

CV…………………………………….. Coefficient Variance

SAS……………………………………. Statistical Analysis Soft Ware

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Table of Contents
I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................. 0
List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTIN ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Back ground ........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................................... 8
1.3. Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.3.2.Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4. Significance study .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.5. The scope of the study ................................................................................................................... 9
1.6. Hypothesis...................................................................................................................................... 9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Origin and distribution of Durum Wheat ......................................................................................... 10
2.2 Botany of durum wheat ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Durum wheat production in Ethiopia ................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Ecological requirements of durum wheat ......................................................................................... 11
2.5 . Effect of planting density on durum wheat ..................................................................................... 11
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS............................................................................................................ 12
3.1. Description of the the study area...................................................................................................... 12
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 12
3.3. Experimental design and treatment .................................................................................................. 13
4. Experimental procedure ....................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Sowing .............................................................................................................................................. 14
5 . Cultural practices..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Watering............................................................................................................................................ 14
5.2 Weeding ............................................................................................................................................ 15
6. Data collection ..................................................................................................................................... 15
7. Data analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 15
4 REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 15

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 List of figures
Figure 1-Field layout…………………………………………..

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 1. INTRODUCTIN

1.1 Back ground

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum), considered one of the major field crops and
Only tetraploid wheat that occurs on large scale cultivation. About five percent of the total
Acreage of durum wheat of the world allocated to it and the global production of about 7/36
million tons (Qadieh Zarinabadi and Ehsanzadeh, 2014). The wheat extraordinary physiological
characteristics of this type of plants to produce a wide range of environments that adapting to
climate and chemical and physical properties of wheat gluten ideal for many different food
products is diversify (Arzani, 2004).
Plant density is one of the key factors instrumental in determining the ability of the crop in the
use of resources. This is particularly wheat production because most systems are controlled
agricultural crops, is of particular importance (Satorre, 1999). The desirable density of plants in
the regions according to climate, soil, planting and figures can vary greatly, resulting in the
relationship between density and yield will vary in different regions of seeding (Qi-Yuan et al. ,
1994). More research into the effect of density on crop yield shows the performance range of the
average density increases and then remains constant and only in very high densities will be
significantly reduced (Ghorbani et al., 2010).Biological Forum – An International Journal 8(2):
297-304(2016) Sharifi-Al
Hosseini 298 Most studies concerning the effect of density on crop yields show to limit the
average increase performance density and then remains constant and only at very high density,its
value will be significantly reduced (Garcia del Moral et al., 2003). But Schillinger (2005)
reported that the concentration had no effect on spring wheat yield in rain fed conditions due to
the spike and number of grains per spike. Number of ears per plant at low densities, reducing the
amount of plants per unit area sustainably compensates.
Staggenborg et al., (2003) found that the optimum density of plants depends largely on
environmental conditions during the growing season. Otteson et al.,(2008) reported that
increasing the number of plants per unit area and seed rate increase in low density, number of
tillers per plant increased. Also, increasing seeding increased the number of ears per square
meter and performance of the main stem and tillers share decreased performance.

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Wheat is one of the major cereal crops grown in the Bale highlands of Ethiopia and this region is
regarded as the largest wheat producer in Sub-Saharan Africa (Efrem et al., 2000). Durum wheat
is the most important wheat species grown in the highlands of Ethiopia (Tesfaye, 1987). It is an
indigenous tetraploid species grown in the country. In Ethiopia, wheat stands fourth in area
coverage. Eighty-one percent of the total land cultivated to grain crops is covered by cereals out
of which wheat accounts for 13.14% of the area (CSA, 2011).There are ample opportunities in
Ethiopia in general and in Bale region in particular in terms of favorable environmental
conditions. Arsi and Bale highlands are regarded as highly suitable regions for wheat production
in Ethiopia and 30.5% wheat production in the country comes from Arsi and Bale regions (CSA,
2008).An estimate 75% durum wheat is grown in Eritrea, Gojjam, Gonder, shewa and Tigray
regions in these durum wheat producing regionsthere are also two major altitude zones .These
are the 1500-1900m zone which suitable for short intermediate season varieties. And the 1900-
2300m zone where intermediate season varieties are grown.
Wheat (triticumsp} is one of the most important cereals cultivated in the world. Ethiopia is the
second largest wheat producer of wheat in Africa next to South Africa (Aravind et al2011.
Bekele Hundie, 2003).in Ethiopia wheat stands fourth in area coverage .durum is the hardest of
all wheat. Its density combined with its high protein content and gluten strength make it the
preferred choice for producing pasta product .Wheat is one of the most important Durum wheat
is indigenous to Ethiopia and it has been cereals cultivated in the world. Ethiopia is the second
under cultivation since ancient time Ethiopia is the second largest wheat producer in the sub-
Saharan Africa. Both bread (TriticumaestivumL.) anddurum (Triticumturgidumvar). ) Durum
wheat’s are important food crops in Ethiopia. According to (CSA 2008) about1, 479,287 hectares
of land were covered by wheat with an expected production of 2.7 million tons of wheat grain.
Durum wheat yields on farmers’ fields in Ethiopia vary from 0.8 t∙ha−1 to 2.5 t∙ha−1 with
average productivity of less than a ton per hectare. Productivity of durum wheat in Ethiopia is
below its potential due to lack of using high yielding improved genotypes, use of suboptimal
production practices and using low levels of fertilizer application. Yield progress in durum wheat
has generally been lower than that of bread wheat. However, Drum wheat grain yields of 5 - 6
t/ha can be obtained with irrigation and use of improved genotypes and better production
practices (CIMMYT 1992).Growth, development and yield of wheat are strongly affected by
poor soil fertility. The problem of nitrogen deficiency is often acute in many areas where soils

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typically have low organic matter contents (Broadbent F.E. 1981). (Mamo, et al 1988) reported
that due to continuous cropping for longer period and low manure and fertilizer inputs, the
nutrient status of Ethiopian soils was generally low and nitrogen was the most limiting nutrient
for crop production. Thus, to improve crop production and productivity there is a need to apply
nitrogen fertilizer, with great emphasis on the grain production. Considering the high cost and
the detrimental effects of nitrogen deficiencies on crop production, the efficient use of nitrogen
in crop production has become a desirable agronomic, economic, and environmental goal (Le
Gouis2000). Grain yield could be improved through improved agronomic practices and growing
high cultivars. Cultivar selection with high N responsive should be tailored into the production
system in order to improve durum wheat productivity. Under low or sub-optimal N levels, grain
yield can be improved partly through breeding and selection of genotypes (Ma et al., 1998). The
ability of plants to take up limited amounts of soil N could be crucial in determining grain yields
and yield related (Kamoshita et al 1998). Information on durum wheat varieties grain yield
response to nitrogen in Ethiopia in general and in Amara region in particular is meager.
Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the genetic potential and variability of durum
wheat genotypes for grain yield and related components.Durum wheat is traditionally grown by
smallholders farmers on the heavy black clay soils (Vertisols) of the high lands at altitude
ranging between 1800 and 2800 m above sea level and rainfall distribution varying from 600 to
more Durum wheat grain is the hardest of all wheat. Its density combined with its high protein
content and gluten strength, amber colour and superior cooking quality makes it the wheat of
choice for producing pasta products. Pasta made from durum wheat is firm with consistent
cooking quality. Semolina of durum wheat is the preferred raw material for the production of
high quality pasta, due to its unique colour, flavour, and cooking quality. Pasta is a popular
wheat-based food worldwide, due to its convenience, cost, palatability and nutritional value
(Aravind et al., 2011).Despite the importance of durum wheat and its many use full features
several factors affecting its production .These factors reduce the growth and yield potentials of
durum wheat in Ethiopia. These factors are : planting density, low soil fertility, suboptimal use
of mineral fertilizer, in addition to disease, weeds, erratic rain fall distribution in lower altitude
zones, water logging in the vertisol areas (Amanuel et al., 2002).Particularly, planting density is
the major factor that severely reduces growth and yield potential of durum wheat. Although
several researchers have been conducted in Ethiopia, there are as yet much durum wheat

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producing areas starving new technologies including appropriate use of planting density, among
which debre Berhan is one. What is worse around debre Berhan area is that there was no research
conducted concerning planting density.Therefore wants to study the effect of planting density on
the growth and yield potential of durum wheat, to increase its production in debre Berhan with
the appropriate use of seed rate and thereby increasing durum wheat production Ethiopia as a
final goal.
1.2. Statement of the problem
Durum wheat is an important cereal crops that serve as major human food consumption. Despite
these and other related benefits , the production of durum wheat cultivation and its importance to
the Ethiopian agriculture , its average yield is still low ,not exceeding 1.5 ton/ ha (Efrem et al.,
2000).According (Tesfaye, 1986) closed to 85% of cultivated durum wheat in Ethiopia are land
races. The low yield of durum wheat growing areas in Ethiopia could be mainly due to the use of
inappropriate seed rate, use of low yielding land race by farmers, low soil fertility, weed, disease,
insect pest and moisture stress(Tesfaye, 1986)

Particularly planting density limit the production of durum wheat in the research areas. Most
Ethiopia farmers apply inappropriate seed rate this limit the productivity of durum wheat.

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General objective
To determine the effect of planting density on the growth and yield of durum wheat

1.3.2.Specific objective
To identify optimum seed rate for growth and yield of durum wheat
1.4. Significance study
Commonly Ethiopian farmers use seed rate in durum wheat 150kg/ha . But still the production of
durum wheat is not sufficient as compared the potential region to grow durum wheat .Thus, the
study will have an important role in determining the effect of seed rate on growth and grain yield
of durum wheat. The study will also have good implication in identifying appropriate amount of
seed rate to obtain optimum growth and grain yield of durum wheat and to improve planting
density efficiency. This will decrease the cost of production of durum wheat while maximizing
durum wheat production.

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1.5. The scope of the study
This study will be conducted at Debre Berhan University College of Agriculture and Natural
Resources Department of Plant Science filed demonstration site.

In addition the study only focus on the effect of planting density on the growth and grain yield
of durum wheat.
1.6. Hypothesis
Null hypothesis (H0) Planting density has no effect on growth and grain yield of durum wheat.

Alternative hypothesis (h1) Planting density has effect on growth and grain yield of durum wheat

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Origin and distribution of Durum Wheat
Wild tetraploidwheats were largely distributed in the Near East when humans started harvesting
them in nature (Bozzini, 1988). Durum wheat is thought to have originated in present day
Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran (Feldman, 2001). Based on cytological and molecular analysis, T.
turgidum subspecies are believed to have originated from the natural hybridization of Triticum
monococcum L.
Durum wheat spread from the Near East to large areas of the Mediterranean and Middle East,
including Egypt and Ethiopia (Bozzini, 1988). Thousands of years of cultivation and selection
have resulted in tremendous variability in the tetraploidwheats derived from wild emmer. As a
result, a number of subspecies have been characterized, primarily based on morphological
features (van Slageren, 1994): T. turgidum ssp. paleocolchicum, T. turgidum ssp. polonicum, T.
turgidum ssp. turanicum, T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum, and T. turgidum ssp. turgidum, and T.
turgidum ssp. durum. Among all cultivated tetraploidwheats, T. turgidum ssp. durum is by far
the most important.
2.2 Botany of durum wheat
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) is a monocotyledonous plant of the
Gramineaefamily, and of the Triticeae tribe and belongs to the genus Triticum. For commercial
production and human consumption, durum wheat is the second most important Triticum
species, next to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Durum is a mid-tall annual grass with flat leaf blades and a terminal floral spike consisting of
perfect flowers (Bozzini, 1998). As with common wheat, there are durum wheat varieties that
have a semi-dwarf stature. The root system is composed of seminal roots which are produced by
the young plant during germination and adventitious roots, which arise later from the basal nodes
of the plant to become the permanent root system. The stem is cylindrical, erect, usually hollow,
and subdivided into internodes. Some durum wheats have solid stems (Clarke et al., 2002).

Culms (tillers) arise from auxiliary buds at the basal nodes of the main stem. The number of
culms formed depends on the variety, growing conditions, and planting density. The

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inflorescence of durum wheat is a spike with a rachis bearing spikelets separated by short
internodes (Bozzini, 1988)

2.3 Durum wheat production in Ethiopia

Durum wheat is the oldest traditional crop in Ethiopia covering significant proportion of arable
land devoted to national wheat production. (Negassa et al., 2012), indicated that durum wheat
covers about 20% of total area under wheat production, and estimated to contribute between 18
to 20% to the national wheat production with average productivity of 1.8t/ha (Teklu and
Hammer, 2008). Durum wheat grown in Ethiopia is constituted by a few improved varieties and
a large number of traditional farmers varieties, commonly referred as landraces (Bechere et al.,
1996; Belay et al., 1993; Eticha et al., 2005).

Ethiopian durum wheat breeding program is highly centralized to the extent that the major agro-
ecologies suitable for wheat production were not embraced.
2.4 Ecological requirements of durum wheat
Durum wheat is best adapted to regions having a relatively dry climate, with hot days and cool
nights during the growing season, typical of Mediterranean and temperate climates. Seed
germination will occur as low as 2°C, but the optimal temperature is 15°C (Bozzini, 1988). Most
durum wheat produced in the world is of spring growth habit; however, durum wheat lines with
winter habit (requires vernalization to initiate the transition from vegetative growth to
reproductive growth) have been evaluated for production in the southern USA (Domnez et al.,
2000; Schilling et al., 2003).

2.5 . Effect of planting density on durum wheat

Durum wheat has lower tiller power than bread wheat and is more sensitive than planting
density, therefore, to maximizing growth and yield potential, suitability canopy is needed on
which interspecific and intraspecific competitions are minimized. One of the most important
goals in agriculture is identifying the best planting density to yielding desired yield. Optimum
yield would obtain when canopy has maximum leaf area to absorbing sun light at the beginning
reproductively stage(Larry et al.,2002).Agricultural crops planting perused goals such as
improving absorbed sun light by changing plant density and row spacing (Maddonni et al.,2001).

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Monoton, use distributing plant affected the distributing absorbed sun light across canopy . Thus
the main effect of planting pattern and planting density on crop is mainly due to difference , how
sun light would ,distribute across canopy and increase sun light absorption would case to
improve yield (Naserie et al.,2010).Increasing light penetration in low layers of canopy by
change its structure managingway which cause to increase yield( Retasanches and Fowler,2002) .
Desirable density obtain when canopy has maximum leaf area index to absorbing sun light
(Larry et al, 2002). (Ferreiraand Abreu ,2001),also indicated in their studies that grain yield
would increase as a result of increasing planting density because dry matter producing and sun
light absorbing are low in thinner density due to little leaf area of thinner densities .

(Amanulla and Ghnlam,1990), showed that pod number per plant decrease due to increasing
plant density to 80 plant m2.They contribute this to obtainable nutrients deficient leading to
increasing aborting flowers and reducing branches of plant. (Zeidan et al., 2006) reported that
growth, grain yield and many characteristics were affected by planting density. This study
conducted toto studying growth and yield potential of durum wheat on different planting density
level in DebreBerhan University.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the the study area
The field experiment will be conducted in Debre Berhan North Shoa zone, Amhara National
Regional State. Debre Berhan town is located at 130 Km from the capital city of Addis Ababa at
an elevation of 2,840 m.a.s.l. The city has a latitude and longitude of 9°41'N 39°32'E / 9.683°N
39.533°E respectively. The average rain fall is 964mm with the average annual temperature of
17.8°C and 8.83°C during day and night hour respectively. The total land coverage has
14.71km2. The area receives about 1045.5mm of precipitation and the mean relative humidity is
estimated to be 70.9%. The area is characterized by two seasons, the wet season from June to
September and dry season from October to May

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS

Experimental Materials going to be used include:
Different Materials used to conduct the study those are: Durum wheat seed(variety megenagna),
nitrogen fertilizer, DAP fertilizer , field equipment’s suh as: tape meter ,watering cane , shovel,
hoe, note book, pen, sensitive balance , ruler,spade, pig ,rope

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 3.3. Experimental design and treatment
The study will be designed in randomize complete block design(RCBD) with three replication
and five treatments. The five treatments will be being assigned different seed rate of durum
wheat. The recommende seed rate of durum wheat 150kg/ha and the fertilizer rate 150kg and
100kg urea and DAP respectively .The plot size could be 2.5m by 1.5m which is 3.75m2 area
and the distance between plot and block will be 0.5 and 1m respectively. Each plot had 6 rows;
the distance between row could be 25 cm. The total area of the experiment including path way
will be 94.25m2.The management activities could be performed properly due to the conditions
like watering and weeding.

Space between plant =15cm

Space between row= 25cm

Space between block=1m

Space between plot=0.5m

Number of plant per row=15

Number of plant per plot=90

Border =12.5cm

Figure 1.field layout

2.5
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 1.5
6.5

T4 T5 T2
T3 T1

T5 T4 T2 T3 T1

14.5

The five treatments will be use

T1=will beused 100kg/ha=37.5g/3.75m2

T2=will be used 125kg/ha=47g/3.75m2

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T3=will be used 150kg/ha=56.25g/3.75m2 (used as a control group)

T4=will be used 175kg/ha=65.6g/3.75m2

T5=will beused 200kg/ha=75g/3.75m2

NB- our base to assign the above treatment to determine the effect of seed rate on
durum wheat and to determine the optimum seed rate for farmers by talking as
treatment above and below the recommended, and minimum and maximum
ranges to specify appropriate seed rate to obtain high yield
The study will be the following parameters

 Days of 50% emergence

 Plant height

 Spike length

Number of tillers
The above parameter some will be measured and collected from sample plants found in the
middle row of each plot

4. Experimental procedure
The experimental field will be prepared following the conventional tillage practice before
planting the seed. In accordance with the specification of the design, a field layout was prepared
and each treatment practice before planting the seed. According in the specification of design a
field lay out was prepared and each treatment is assigned randomly to experimental plot within a
block.

4.1 Sowing
Durum wheat will be sown by drilling in 2.5m long and 1.5 width .in each plot placed 15cm
apart at the seed rate of as per treatment on April .it will be used the standard seed rate by
calculating the relative amount for each experimental plot.

4.2 Watering
Watering Practices will be applied in each consecutive day before fully emergency but after
emergence 100% applied water will be missed one day

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4.3 Weeding
Weeding will be removed by hand weeding at early tillering maximum tillering and booting
stage of growth.

5. Data collection
Data collection consist of 50% days of emergence, plant height, ,spike length, number of tiller,
Days of 50% emergence will be collected by observed each plot, plant height could determined
from randomly selected five plants with in the net plot area and the average value will be
recorded, spike length will be determined from randomly selected five plants with in each plot
area and average will be recorded, number of effective tiller will be determined from the central
row with in the net plot area and counted.
6. Data analysis
The collected data will be subject to statistical analysis using SAS soft ware. Significant
differences between and among treatments could be separated by least test at 5% level of
probability. The growth and grain yield of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) will be influenced
different level of seed rate. The data analyzed indicated that seed rate application has significant
effect on some growth parameter and non-significant effect on the other some growth parameter
performance .

7. REFERENCE

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Arzani, A. (2004). Breeding Field Crops (Translated). Isfahan University of Technology

Publications. 606 pp.
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Belay. G Tesema T. Becker H. merker A 1993 .varation and interrelationship of agronomic traits
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Broadbent, F.E. (1981) Methodology for Nitrogen Transformation and Balance in Soil. Plant and
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