Cathodic Protection Design Using Impress

CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN USING
IMPRESSED CURRENT METHOD
FINAL TASK
Created As The Conditions Required To Obtain

Diploma Three Polytechnic
Noor Muhammad Bintang

201403030
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK ENJINERING
INDORAMA
2017
APPROVAL SHEET
FINAL TASK
The Final tasks submitted by :

Name : Noor Muhammad Bintang
NIM : 201403030
Study Program : Electrical Engineering
The title of Final Tasks : CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN
USING IMPRESSED CURRENT
METHOD
Has Been Tested by a team of examiners in the trial End Task on ……….. ,
……………………. And claimed to PASS.
The Advisor I : (Dr. Ir. Junaidy Burhan, M.Sc., IPM., 0231075702) (……...….)
The Advisor II : (Ir. Aris Suryadi, S.T., M.T., IPM., 0412087509) (..…..……)
Purwakarta, ………………...
Confirmed by
Head of department/Program of
Electrical Engineering
Dr. Ir. Junaidy Burhan, M.Sc., IPM

NIDN. 0231075702
ii
THE PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise and thanks author prayed to Allah SWT that have mercy and guidance,
so the author can complete the report final task in order to meet one of the
conditions to achieve a Diploma Three Polytechnics Engineering Indorama
Purwakarta.
Cathodic protection is a special protection for the metal structure or the
metal it self from corrosion threat, that generally used in the oil and gas industry
by applying the concept of the electrochemical.
The authors recognize that, without assistance and guidance from various
parties, from the time of the lecture to the arrangement of this last task, is very
difficult for the author to complete this last task. Therefore, the author would like
to thank the:
1. The author parents and the author family, who has been providing assistance
in the form of the moral and material support;
2. Mr Dr. Ir. Junaidy Burhan, M.Sc., IPM. as Head of the Electrical
Engineering study program as well as a final task advisor I who has been
providing time, energy and mind to navigate and help the author in the
preparation of this last task;
3. Mr Ir. Aris Suryadi, S.T., M.T., IPM. as a final task advisor II who has been
providing time, energy and mind to navigate and help the author in the
preparation of this last task;
4. A friend who has many help the author in complete this last task specially for
HK Crew.
The end of the word, the author of the hope that God is the One True God
acceptable to reply to all the goodness of all parties who have help. Hopefully this
final task bring benefits for the development of science.
Purwakarta,……………………
Author
iii
ABSTRACT
In the industrial world many tools that are protected to prevent damage to the
appliance for the sustainability of a process. There are several kinds of protection that
applied in the industry one of them is a protection against the pipe under the ground and
the storage tank using cathodic protection so the pipe or storage tank avoided from
corrosion that is dangerous because it can cause the depletion of the thickness in the
metal that can lead to leakage.
One of the conditions of a corrosion is there’s an anode (the side who have more
corrosive) and cathode (the side who not too corrosive) on a structure, this is used as the
basic principles of working of cathodic protection. The working principles of cathodic
protection is to change the structure to have cathode nature with the movement of the
electrochemical or movement of the electrons negatively charged on a structure that has
high metal grounding electrode potential toward a lower potential.
There are 2 types of cathodic protection, there’s sacrificial anode and impressed
current, Method of impressed current work where the anode and cathode will be given
the source of additional current from outside to be able to work more optimal, This
method tends to be more often used for the structure which was considered large. In this
report will be discussed about the cathodic protection design using impressed current
method using the current to protect the pipe over 70km with the total current flow of the
protection 293.25 A.
Key word:Corrosion, Cathodic Protection, Pipe, Impressed Current
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER……………………………………………………...…………………….i
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................... ii
THE PREFACE .................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................. viii
LIST OF THE FORMULA ................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS................................................................................. x
GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Formulation of The Problem ...................................................................... 1
1.3. Limitations of The Problem ....................................................................... 2
1.4. The Purpose .............................................................................................. 2
1.5. Technique of Data Collection .................................................................... 2
1.6. Writing Systemic....................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II THEORY .................................................................................... 4
2.1. Protection System ...................................................................................... 4
2.2. The Pipeline .............................................................................................. 4
2.2.1. The Main Part of Pipeline ................................................................... 7
2.2.2. The Types of Tube Based on Fabricated ............................................. 7
2.2.3. The damage that often occurs in the pipeline ...................................... 9
2.3. Corrosion ................................................................................................ 11
2.4. Corrosion Classification .......................................................................... 14
2.4.1. Oxidation Corrosion and Electrochemical Corrosion ........................ 15
2.4.2. Wet Corrosion dan Dry Corrosion .................................................... 17
2.4.3. Low Temperature and High Temperature Corrosion ......................... 18
2.5. Types of corrosion in General ................................................................. 18
2.6. Prevention Against Corrosion .................................................................. 20
2.6.1. Material Selection ............................................................................. 20
2.6.2. Electrical Isolation / Insulated Joints ................................................. 22
v
2.6.3. Protective Coating ............................................................................ 23
2.6.4. Media changes and inhibitor ............................................................. 24
2.7. Cathodic Protection ................................................................................. 24
2.7.1. Sacrificial Anode .............................................................................. 25
2.7.2. Anode ............................................................................................... 27
2.7.3. Groundbed ........................................................................................ 29
2.7.4. Half Cell Electode ............................................................................ 30
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 33
3.1. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)........................................ 33
3.2. Design criteria and Technical Data .......................................................... 36
3.3. The calculation and determination of the specifications ........................... 39
3.3.1. Protected surface area (Aryaprakasa, 2012)....................................... 39
3.3.2. Protection current needs (Sulistijono) .............................................. 40
3.3.3. The number of required anode (Sulistijono) ..................................... 40
3.3.4. Resistance anode cable (Sulistijono) ................................................. 42
3.3.5. Resistance of the cable from the PJB (Positive Junction Box) toward
TR (Transformer Rectifier) (Sulistijono) ................................................... 43
3.3.6. Total Resistance DC circuit (Sulistijono) ......................................... 43
3.3.7. The value of the DC voltage transformer rectifier (Sulistijono) ........ 43
3.3.8. Maximum of each AC input current and transformer capacity
rectifier (Sulistijono) ................................................................................. 44
3.4. Simulation design installation .................................................................. 45
CHAPTER IV RESULT .................................................................................. 47
4.1. Discussion ............................................................................................... 47
4.1.1. Anode ............................................................................................... 47
4.1.2. Transformer Rectifier ....................................................................... 48
4.1.3. Groundbed ........................................................................................ 49
4.2. Problem ................................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND ADVICE ............................................... 51
5.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 51
5.2. Advice ..................................................................................................... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 52
ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................................ 54
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Piping on an industrial (Oil And Gas Industry) ................................. 5

Figure 2.2 Dakota US Pipeline (Cunningham, 2016) .......................................... 6
Figure 2.3 Corrosion inside the tube (Anonim, Mengenal Pipa dan
Karakteristiknya) ........................................................................... 10
Figure 2.4 Pipeline and cathodic protection (Anonim, Xing Chan Taianodes
Technology) .................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.5 Corrosion (Cathodic Protection Network) ....................................... 12
Figure 2.6 The process of corrosion metal (Perez, 2016) .................................. 13
Figure 2.7 Corrosion process in flashlight battery (Perez, 2016) ....................... 15
Figure 2.8 The metal electrode potential (http://www.otds.co.uk) ..................... 16
Figure 2.9 Insulation Instalation (Google.co.id)............................................... 22
Figure 2.10 The working principles of Cathodic Protection (Kroon, 2000) ......... 24
Figure 2.11 The working principles of sacrificial anode (Kroon, 2000) .............. 26
Figure 2.12 Sacrificial Anode Pack (Google.co.id)............................................. 26
Figure 2.13 The new anode and already consumed (Utomo, 2015) .................... 28
Figure 2.14 CuSO4 ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 2.15 Refrence Electrode Zinc for installation in the land and the sea
(Utomo, 2015) ............................................................................... 32
Figure 3.1 The working principles of Impressed Current method (Kroon, 2000) 33
Figure 3.2 Planting ICCP anode (Kroon, 2000) ............................................... 34
Figure 3.3 Rectifiers circuit transformer rectifier .............................................. 36
Figure 3.4 Relationship graph between soil resistance and depth electrodes ..... 39
Figure 3.5 Cutting iron steel ............................................................................. 45
Figure 3.6 Installation simulation design .......................................................... 45
Figure 3.7 Transformer rectifier box ................................................................ 46
Figure 4. 1 Mixed metal oxide anode (Utomo, 2015)........................................ 47
Figure 4.2 Instalation type vertical deep groundbed (Utomo, 2015) .................. 49
Figure 4.3 Instalation type vertical shallow groundbed (Utomo, 2015) ............. 50
vii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 Comparison of the sacrificial anode and impressed current system ..... 35
Table 3.2 The specifications and Cable Type ..................................................... 38
Table 3.3 Soil resistance result data in PEI ......................................................... 38
Table 4.1 Electrochemical characteristics of impressed current anodes (Utomo,
2015) ................................................................................................................. 48
viii
LIST OF THE FORMULA
(2. 1) Corrosion rate ........................................................................................ 13

(2. 2) Metal weight that react .......................................................................... 16
(3. 1) Protected surface area ............................................................................ 39
(3. 2) Protection current needs......................................................................... 40
(3. 3) The number of required anode ............................................................... 40
(3. 4) Anode current density ............................................................................ 41
(3. 5) Maximum output current from one anode .............................................. 41
(3. 6) The minimum number of required anode ............................................... 41
(3. 7) The minimum number of required anode with 5%/year damage rate ...... 42
(3. 8) Resistance anode cable .......................................................................... 42
(3. 9) Total Resistance DC circuit .................................................................. 43
(3. 10) The value of the DC voltage transformer rectifier .................................. 43
(3. 11) Maximum of each AC input current and transformer capacity rectifier .. 44
(3. 12) Transformers capacity............................................................................ 44
ix
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1 Spesifcation design system ........................................................... 54

Attachment 2 The result of calculation ............................................................... 56
Attachment 3 Design dimulation display ............................................................ 57
Attachment 4 Table potential metal electrode (Priyotomo, 2008) ....................... 58
Attachment 5 Activity picture ............................................................................ 59
Attachment 6 API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard............................... 60
Attachment 7 Student profile ............................................................................. 68
Attachment 8 TOEIC ......................................................................................... 69
x
GLOSSARY
 SACP, Sacrificial anode cathodic protection

 ICCP, Impressed current cathodic protection
 MMO, Mixed metal oxide
 TR, Transformer rectifier
 Current density, Current density on the land
 Electrolytes, Electrical conductor compounds
 NACE, National Asociation Corrosion Engineer
 API, American Petroleum Institute
 ASME, American Society of Mechanical Engineer
 Porosity, The damage caused by the air trapped into the welding results
 Internal Concavity, Shrinking welding layer into the root face
 Incomplete Fusion, The damage because of the furnace electrodes that are
not perfect
 Slag Inclusion, Material, non-material trapped in the welding
 Undercut, The reduction of the thickness of the tube because the welding
process
 Offset / mismatch, The condition where two objects that will be welded
not aligned
 Crack, Shrinking the density that occurs because the heat sink after
welding
 Inadequate weld reinforcement, The thickness of the capping is lower than
working objects
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Corrosion is the enemy of many industries in the world especially for the oil
and gas industry, due to corrosion can reduce the thickness of the wall is made out
of metal, It will be very dangerous if the metals become bumpy and a leak can
potentially cause an explosion, fire, environmental destruction, even death.
Corrosion itself is a natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented but can only
slowed.
At this time will be planned for the development of pipeline over 70km
assumed stretches from the city of Bandung toward the city of Purwakarta, with
the contents of the tube multiproduct (in 1 tube there are 2 or more types of
different fluid). Then from that needs to be done by protection against the pipeline
in order to avoid corrosion and the depletion of the thickness.
There are several ways to perform the protection of the tube from the process
of corrosion which occurs on the metal contacts are using cathodic protection,
cathodic protection Using the principles of electrochemical by changing the entire
structure will be protected become cathoda. There are two types of installation for
cathodic protection namely sacrificial anode method and impressed current
method.
1.2. Formulation of The Problem

From the explanation of the background can be taken from the formulation of
the problem as follows :
a. How to protect and slow down the corrosion process
b. How the total current protection that is needed to protect the pipe over
70km
1
2
1.3. Limitations of The Problem

From an explanation formulation of the problem can be taken limitations
problem as follows :
a. Cathodic protection work process
b. Cathodic protection impressed current method design
1.4. The Purpose

The goal of this last task is as follows :
a. Protect the tube from corrosion
b. To know the total protection current that needed to protect the tube over
70km
c. Collaborate on the science of electrical engineering into the science of
petroleum especially for securing the oil pipeline against corrosion
1.5. Technique of Data Collection

The collection of data on this simulation using the values of the value or real
is taken from the field directly, there are also other additional data through the
literature study, journals, certain standards and internet.
1.6. Writing Systemic

This final task report based on standards and format that is specified by the
Final Task Guidelines Polytechnics Engineering Indorama. In the first chapter will
be explained the background and the fundamental of cathodic protection. In
chapter II will be explained about the corrosion and cathodic protection more in
depth again from the cause of corrosion, various ways prevention, cathodic
protection basis and type of installation cathodic protection.
In Chapter III will be discussed about cathodic protection that is used as the
subject of simulation, parameters used, specifications from the results of the
design and the realization of a simulation or a replica cathodic protection
installation. In Chapter IV discussed about the explanation of engineering design
3
and also the problems encountered during the process of making progress from
the beginning of design until the simulation or a replica formed the discussion
about the things that can be useful for the continuation of the task of the end.
And on the last chapter will be notified about the conclusion that can be taken
during the activity of establishing this final task progress.
CHAPTER II
THEORY
2.1. Protection System

Protection is the prevention of an object so that the object can still work with
optimal performance without a disorder. Various kinds of protection done by the
company and the industry one of them is the cathodic protection.
Cathodic protection is a protection system where a protected structure using
the method of oxidation reactions that occur on 2 different metal. The structure
that can be protected by cathodic protection have many types of such as the pipe
under the ground, piled tank or storage tank even the upstream ships of the sea
(ship hull).
Before learn more cathodic protection, first we should learn a little bit about
the pipeline and corrosion, causes corrosion and types of corrosion or how the
prevention and slow down the corrosion. Because ideally corrosion cannot be
truly stopped.
2.2. The Pipeline

Pipelines path is a process to deliver fluid (in this case can be crude oil or gas)
from drilling wells until the consumer, which are equipped with supporting
facilities. The tube usually in the shape of the cylinder and in its use already in the
specification and standardized.
That includes from the pipelines system this is the tube, continued device,
valves, pumps and other related equipment, on the oil and gas industry there is the
pronunciation of the piping and also pipeline.
a. Piping
Piping system is pipelines that stream fluid from one or several
equipment on a processing facility for continued the process or to put the
4
5
result of processing to storage tank in one facility where the place is not
far, Then the tube that connecting it is not too long (Drieant, 2014).
Piping often equate with terminology proccess piping, in it as the
system from a pipelines that carry fluid for the purpose of the process (for
example the air, gas, water, fuel, chemicals) in a processing unit. The fluid
will be involved in the creation of the product or simply to raise energy
(electricity power).
And then to connect the tube to one of the tube that echelons,
commonly called with spool. Generally using the method of welding,
although often use flange. For the tube that are using low pressure and not
too dangerous (non-hazard fluids) like water or fluid disposal, can using a
connecting mechanism with spigots. And in general on the piping used the
tube with a diameter that is not too large.
Figure 2.1 Piping on an industrial (Oil And Gas Industry)

b. Pipeline
Sometimes between the source with processing unit is not located in
one place. For example, processing unit (refinery) is very far from the
place where the source of fluid, therefore need to create the path that
connecting two pipelines facilities, it in familiar with pipeline.
6
Terminology pipeline is defined as a network of water pipes, waste

(sewage), gas or hydrocarbon fluid from the source (e.g. reservoirs, steam
plant, oil and gas wells, refineries) which is channeled to the distributors.
With the pipeline system is usually the tube will be through a distance of
thousands of kilometers, and connect one to the facility facility echelons
that sometimes also connect trough different countries. The pipeline can be
put it on above the land (consistently ground), in the land of (under
ground) or even in the sea.
Figure 2. 2 Dakota US Pipeline (Cunningham, 2016)

In compare with piping, the diameter of the tube is in use in the
pipeline is big enough around 6 - 48 inch, and the distance traveled very
far and tend to be straight. Therefore will be less using fittings components
(Drieant, 2014).
Because oil and gas in gush forth in the pipeline generally will be sold
to the consumer, it needs to be in the first check the system pipelines him
before the fluid is really in to gush forth. The device usually called pig,
and will be puted in pig laucnher and later will monitor the condition of
the tube from the internal pipeline.
7
2.2.1. The Main Part of Pipeline

There is a part of an important part in a pipelines structure facilities including
as follows:
a. Storage tank facilities
There are two types of storage tank is above ground tank and under the
surface of the ground, both function to store crude oil or gas from drilling
wells and which has been processed. Usually the cylinder and can
accommodate in a large number of. Including the facilities for the
distribution of the tank.
b. The station for the pump and compressor
The pump station and compressor required to stream fluid through the
tube (so that the fluid can continue to move and the pressure in the
pipelines line must be improved) to increase the pressure used the pump
and compressor. Usually crude oil already gyro-stabilised (reserves of gas
have been eliminated) before received by this station. A small pump
station has one to three collector tank and more than one pump and have
power 150 - 373 kW, for a larger pump station has 20 fruit collector tank
and have more than one pump (each pump have power 745,7 kW). To the
tube gas pressure produced more than 3,445 bar.
c. The collector path and transmission line
The pipeline to transmit fluid or gas from drilling wells to collector
station, The size of the tube is usually more than 16 inches and operating
pressure with the pressure of the operation of the transmission line namely
ranges 34,45 - 96,46 bar.
2.2.2. The Types of Tube Based on Fabricated

There are various types of tube, but based on API 5L there are 6 types of tube
based on the process of making or connecting process of each of the tube that are :
a. Seamless pipe
A process of forming the tube from the hot plate and not using
welding process.
8
b. Continuous welding
Is a process of forming sheet plate with the heating process and the
emphasis of each end of the plate and then both ends of the plate welded
lengthen.
c. Electric welding
Is a process of formation of the tube with the electromagnetic
induction from welding. Where the two ends of the plates that will be
welded first done suppressor process.
d. Laser welding
Is a welding process that uses a laser to connect the ends of the plate
will be made to the tube.
e. Submerged - arc welding
Is a process of plate using interest welding fire electricity, after
previously working objects heated up and disbursed.
f. Gas metal - arc welding
Is a process of the plates with the heating plate with bow fire electricity
between the consumption of electrodes that continues to progress and
using shielding gas as protector from contamination.
All types, specifications of use for these materials is regulated by a code or

standard. Each region or state generally have they own standard, but there is also
the country that uses standard other countries. The following is an example of the
standard issued by ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineer) :
a. ASME SA-106, Specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for
hightemperature service.
b. ASME SA-333, Specification for seamless and welded steel pipe for
lowtemperature service.
c. ASME SA-312, Specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless
steel pipes.
d. API 5L, Specification For Line Pipe
9
2.2.3. The damage that often occurs in the pipeline

There are many problems or damage generally occurs on a pipeline that can
sabotage the sustainability of the pipeline and some of them are :
a. Equipment damage
What is meant from the equipment damage is damage to the
components of the tube that will be used or the equipment supporters so
that they could not operate properly. And when this happens it can make
damage to the environment because the fluid that is in the pipeline spill
out of the tube. One way to prevent it is to perform an inspection on the
critical parts such as the main line of the tube, valves, relieve valve and
other components regularly.
b. Excavation damage
This excavation damage can also said the damage to the coating of the
tube, tube folding, scratches and leaked because the appliance digging into
contact with the tube and generally occurs on the tube below the surface of
the ground. How to prevent this damage is to make the sign that planted on
the land so that the other party knows that under the land there is the tube
and conducts routine inspections, even in America there is a special
department that issued special permits to dig so that can minimize the
excavations synthesised.
c. Material damage
During the process of making the tube, dirt (dust) often go into liquid
steel material. Where the dust this may cause the ineffectiveness of skin
breakouts the bond between molecules steel tube or steel plate. The
ineffectiveness of skin breakouts this is the cause of the material damage.
The steps commonly used to prevent this damage is with continuous
improvement in the process of making the tube and welding the tube and
also the inspection was very tight against the material of the tube and also
against material support.
10
d. Welding damage
This damage occurs because the welding on the tube that is not
according to the standard or not in accordance with the procedures that
have been determined sometimes this happens because the operator has
not yet experienced in welding things so that the result is still not good.
There are several types of defects in welds are : porosity, incomplete
fusion, slag inclusion, undercut, internal concavity, offset, inadequate weld
reinforcement, dan crack.
e. Corrosion inside the tube
Corrosion this happens by chemicals because of the influence of the
composition of the fluid flowing in the tube against the wall of the tube.
The most effective prevention is with how to control the quality of the
fluid that will be transmitted and add the sleeve anti corrosion on the
inside of the tube.
Figure 2.3 Corrosion inside the tube (Anonim, Mengenal Pipa dan
Karakteristiknya)
f. Corrosion from environment
Corrosion this occurs because derived from the process of oxidation
between the surface of the tube with air or with the land, and can occur if
the guards outside of the surface of the tube is damaged. How to solve this
is to provide special protective layer on the outside of the tube and
fabricated is good according to the standard. There is also another way is
by way of using cathodic protection.
11
Figure 2.4 Pipeline and cathodic protection (Anonim, Xing Chan Taianodes
Technology)
2.3. Corrosion
Corrosion or damage is caused by the reaction of redoks metal degradation
between a metal with various substances in their environment that produce these
compounds that are not required. Examples of corrosion is the most common
corrosion on iron (Wikipedia, 2017). Some people insist that the definition is
applicable only on the metal contacts only, but the engineers corrosion also exist
that define the term corrosion applies also to non metal material such as ceramics,
plastic, rubber. As an example of the destruction of the rubber paint because of the
sunlight or affected by chemicals, meltdown in layers of steel making furnaces,
solid metal attacks by liquid metal (liquid metal corrosion).
There’s another definition of corrosion for example :
a. The destruction of the material without mechanical destruction.

b. The reversal of the metallurgical industries extractive industries.
c. The electrochemical process in reaching the balances thermodynamics a
system. So corrosion is the system thermodynamics metal with the
environment (water, air, land) is trying to reach the balance. This system is
categorized as balances when the metal has formed oxide or chemical
compounds that more stable (energized most low).
12
There is also the process of corrosion which occurs in the side by ordinary
chemical reactions, so that more general is the process of electro chemical where
corrosion occurs because the environtment. What is meant by their environment
can be in the form of air with sunlight, dew, fresh water, the waters of the sea,
lake water, the waters of the river and the land in the form of agricultural land,
land of swamp land of lime and the land of sandy soils/rocky.
There are some conditions that must be met before the cell corrosion can
function, including :
a. Must be a anode and cathode

b. Must be a potential electricity between anode and cathode (This potential
can be produced from various conditions in the tube)
c. Must be a metal band which is mains connect anode and cathode
(generally, there is in the tube itself)
d. Anode and cathode to be immersed in conductive electrolyte where the
electricity will be ionised gases, which means that some of the water
molecules (H2O) will be divided into the positive hydrogen ions (H ) and
hydrogen ion negative (OH-). (Generally humidity ground or water around
the tube filled with conditions like this.)
Figure 2.5 Corrosion (Cathodic Protection Network)
Once the requirements are met, electric current will flow in the metal and will
pitch consumpt the anode. (Peabody, 1967)
Corrosion can walk quickly or slowly depending on the material ingredients,
environment, temperatures and etc. The illustration of the process of the corrosion
13
on the metal material can be seen in the figure 2.6 where iron formed according
the usefullness can corroted due to environmental problems on the application.
Figure 2.6 The process of corrosion metal (Perez, 2016)
There are 2 methods that approach to the calculation of the level of corrosion
namely elektromia method and weight gain loss (Aryaprakasa, 2012). Most of the
expression level of corrosion in the US is with mpy (Mils per year), corrosion
level can be represented with :
(2. 1)
Dimana :
R = corrosion rate ( mils per year penetration )
W = weight loss ( mg )
D = the metal density ( g/cm3 )
A = sample area ( cm2 )
T = the metal sample exposure Time ( hour )

14
The condition of the environment is affecting the level of corrosion on a

material. As an example that humidity in Indonesia is in high level corrosion rate,
can be proved from the experiment below:
Two bayonet-made of carbon steel 0.45 percent in the state of the white
(without layers of protected areas) hung in a glass and given silicagel, then after a
few weeks we examine it still no change. But other bayonet-made of the material
and the same conditions hung under the roof can influence directly from the
outside air but does not touch the rays of the sun and the rain, then in the third day
has already begun there is a layer that brown color because of the corrosion layer
(Kroon, 2000).
In terms of the theory, corrosion may not be fully prevented because it is a

natural process that all metals will return to the original nature. The Origin of the
land back to the land and the origin of the iron ore back to the oxide iron. Even
though the control of corrosion must be done in a maximum, as seen from the
aspect of the economy and the security aspect is something that cannot be left. So
the control against corrosion must be started from the design, environmental data
collection, process equipment that used raw materials and how to maintenance
which will be carried out.
2.4. Corrosion Classification

Corrosion can be classified in various ways. One of the methods in the
distribution of corrosion is oxidation corrosion and electro chemistry corrosion.
Another breakdown of the classification of corrosion is low temperatures
corrosion and high temperatures corrosion. Now the division that is often used is
wet corrosion and dry corrosion.
15
2.4.1. Oxidation Corrosion and Electrochemical Corrosion

In general the process of corrosion consists of the electrochemical process
mechanism with which occur in the battery flashlight. The battery consists of
electrodes made of the bowl made of zinc and carbon electrodes. The two
electrodes are separated by electrolytes which consists of the solution ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl).
Figure 2.7 Corrosion process in flashlight battery (Perez, 2016)
When the carbon electrodes connected with electrodes bowl zinc through a
light bulb and the bulb will light up because the electricity that flows from
cathode to anode through electrolytes NH4Cl.
The bowl Zinc oxidation reaction
Zn  Zn+++ 2e (anode reaction)
While on the electrodes carbon reduction reaction
2H++ 2e  H2 gas (cathode reaction)
As a result of oxidation, zinc changed into the zinc ion will dehydrated
Zn2+nH2O. The greater the current that occurs, the more zinc metal ion to so that
the metal contacts zinc lost the masses or in other words become corrosion. Metal
Mass that react, in accordance with the laws of Faraday, stated in the equation
below.
16
=
(2. 2)
Where :
I = Current in ampere
K = constanta = 3,39 x 10-4 g/C
t = time in seconds
Because the attack corrosion, the zinc bowl will have a holes (perforated
holes), but when the connecting wires removed, electricity disconnected, age of
zinc bowl can years. Because the condition is not connected (open circuit), the
process zinc corrosion become very slowly, which generally caused by dirty, as
iron that is embedded in the surface of the zinc. The dirt work as cathode to zinc
are anodic, so that the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode and cause
corrosion in the anode area.
Figure 2.8 The metal electrode potential (http://www.otds.co.uk)
The more active a substance will be more vulnerable to corrosion, but when
magnesium combined with aluminum in electrolyte, magnesium will be anodic
and aluminum will be cathodic. In the area of anode occurs where oxidation
magnesium atoms lose its electrons have become positively charged ions which is
17
dissolved into the electrolyte, for more details about the table electrodes can be
seen on the attachment 4.
2.4.2. Wet Corrosion dan Dry Corrosion

Corrosion is a chemical reaction between the metal and its environment that
result transmission of electricity. The environment is the watery environment, but
this does not mean that corrosion does not occur when water is not available.
Many of the corrosion reaction can take place in an environment that is said too
dry. In addition remember that corrosion can occur in the air because the water
vapor content and materials ionic revolt enough to cause corrosion such as metal
when soaked in water.
The existence of water and Ionic revolt mutual support the flow can only be
transported through the water by the free ions, while water causes separates him
slurries ionic revolt become free ions are needed. As an example to show that the
electrical current flows in the only solution when the solution containing the ions,
for example the solution of sodium chloride/solvent extraction water, if the ions
no, like on methylated white, or only a very few on the pure water, there is no
current flow and therefore the flow of electricity is not formed.
Wet corrosion occurs when there is a liquid phase is involved in the process of
corrosion. Corrosion is typically involves the watery solution or electrolytes. The
most common example is the corrosion of iron because it is normally housed on
the watery. Dry corrosion occurs because of the lack of liquid phase or phases
above the dew point of the environment. The cause of the corrosion is water vapor
and gases that are in the surrounding environment. Corrosion is most often
associated with high temperatures. As an example of the attacks of corrosion on
steel due to plugged in a furnace burning.
18
2.4.3. Low Temperature and High Temperature Corrosion

In general metals at high temperatures is very easily damaged because of the
reaction that quickly with oxygen from the air. Except for the precious metal that
has 14 affiniteit power (power) meeting is very low against the oxygen, so that
formed a layer of oxide that very thin. When heated so oxide will disintegrate
back. As an example of silver, above 180oC will not be formed oxide again, also
paladium on 450oC happened the same thing. Wolfram who heated up in the air
and does not show the color change the visible only weighing decreases because
of the evaporation of oxide happens.
Although the oxidation of generally refers to the reaction produces electrons,

the term is also used to show the reactions that occur between the metal and the
air (oxygen) in water environment or hydrate phase. Scaling, tarnishing, dry
corrosion sometimes used to describe this phenomenon. Because almost every
metal and metal combination will react with air at high temperatures, then the
resilience of oxidation must be noted in the application of metallurgy engineering.
Because of this temperature increase, metal oxidation also increased. Such as in
the application to the turbine gas, rocket engine and a high temperature system
Petrochemicals.
Corrosion in Petrochemical plant can be classified as corrosion low

temperature,considered occurred under the temperature of 260oC (500oF).
Corrosion low temperature requires the existence of water as electrolytes. While
corrosion high temperatures occur ranging from above 260oC (500oF). The water
is not needed in this corrosion because corrosion occurs by direct reaction
between the metal contacts with their surroundings. Corrosion high temperatures
that occurred on the teaspoon of the first teaspoon of gas turbine working under
the temperature between 650oC or under 700oC. Teaspoon of teaspoon is
experiencing a very fast oxidation attack (accelerated oxiadation).
2.5. Types of corrosion in General
a. Uniform corrosion
19
The type of corrosion that was characterized by chemical reaction or

electrochemical with the appearance of products corrosion and holes large
scale and evenly.
b. Two metal corrosion (Galvanic Corrosion)
The type of corrosion that occurs between the two metal contacts with
potential value different when two metal unite in a electrolytes which wear
protection.
c. Crevice corrosion
The type of local corrosion happened between these two good material
metal or metals and non metals that have the gap between the two that
cause the difference in oxygen concentration (differential oxygen).
d. Pitting corrosion
Pitting corrosion is a type of corrosion that attack locally selective
which produce forms the surface of the holes in the metal contacts.
e. Erosion corrosion
Erosion corrosion is a type of corrosion that use a mechanical process
through the relative movement between the flow of gas or corrotive liquid
protection with metal.
f. Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosion cracks tense is a type of corrosion due to the presence of
simultaneously drop voltage (tensile stress) and media corrotive that cause
occurs cracks in the metal appearance.
g. Intergranular corrosion
Corrosion bullet is corrosion that attack locally against the limit the
particulars of the metal so that the items - metal items will be lost or the
strength of the mechanics of the metal will be reduced, corrosion is caused
by dirt (impurity) point, the existence of redundant elements on the
combination of the system or the disappearances of one of the elements in
the border area details.
20
h. Selective leaching
Selective Leaching or dealloying is the disappearance of one of the
elements of the combination of the metal by the corrosion process.
i. Freeting corrosion
Freeting corrosion is a type of corrosion that occurs on the surface of
the two metal contacts with great burden that move with the motion of the
vibration on the surface of the base metals in the environment wear
protection.
j. Cavitation due to gas and pressure
Cavitation occurs when fluid operational pressure drops below the
steam pressure gas bubbles that can damage the surface of the base metals.
k. Cavitation due to microba
Corrosion microbes (microbial decay corrosion) is corrosion that
occurs as a result of the activity of the microbes as provider corrosion
environment.
2.6. Prevention Against Corrosion

The process of corrosion can be prevented by looking at the various aspects
that affect the process of corrosion. These aspects in the prevention including :
2.6.1. Material Selection

Material selection to the most home to prevent corrosion itself exactly slow
not to prevent because corrosion is a natural phenomenon that cannot be
prevented the existence, some material can be easily corroted there are also
ingredients that take a little longer to corroted here are some example :
a. Carbon steel
The metal structure often used by using Carbon steel Carbon steel
because economically relatively cheap, there are many variations in the
types of carbon steel and can be done for machinery, welding and formed
in various forms. Some types of carbon steel can occur corrosion hydrogen
21
(hydrogen embrittlement), corrosion uniform, stress corrosion and

galvanic corrosion.
b. Stainless steel
Generally as an alternative Carbon steel replacement. Many types of
stainless steel namely martensitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel,
steels stainless steel and surface hardening of stainless steel. Generally
steels stainless steel (300 series) with elements of the former home of iron
and chrome elements18% and nickel 8%. This type of corrosion resistance
generally. But less resistance to corrosion sumuran, corrosion and crevice
corrosion cracks strain on some of the environment.
c. Aluminium combination
Aluminum combination is commonly used in aviation, automotive and
etc. due to have a corrosion resistance to the atmosphere, unfortunately
protective nature of filmoksida layer of aluminum which formed the
combination might break locally and will result in the failure of the
corrosion on the location of the outbreak of a protective layer. Protective
layer or passive layer that breaks will result in the type of corrosion limits
the items (intergranular corrosion) so that will then release the particulars
of the metal from the metal contacts to the environment (exfoliation
corrosion).
d. Titanium
Titanium is one of the metal that exist in nature but are limited so
expensive when making. This generally metal application as industrial
materials space and chemical process industry. Two types of combination
of titanium in general the combination of space (aerospace an alloy) and
combination of corrosion resistance. Although have more resistance from
other metal material, on titanium can occur corrosion crevice tool.
22
2.6.2. Electrical Isolation / Insulated Joints
Electrical isolation is useful to prevent the transfer of electricity caused by the

difference in the potential anode and cathode this method has a very limited
application, for example can only be used on continued 2 different tube (Peabody,
1967). There are several tools that can be used are:
a. Flange insulation Kit

b. Casing Spacer
c. End Seal
d. Link Seal for Casings and Wall Sleves
In short the working principles of all of the above equipment is connecting

the pipes is a mechanical but electrical in both the metal is not connected.
Insulating Joint on generally have the old monolithic types, but based on
standard GS COR 210 Total Fina Elf there are 2 types of including :
a. Monolithic or monobloc Insulating Joint
b. Yoke Insulating Joint
Figure 2.9 Insulation Instalation (Google.co.id)

23
According to the NACE RP0169 insulating joint can be used in the following
locations :
a. The place where the tube changes of ownership such as meter station and
well head
b. On the tree of the tube
c. Inlet, outlet Meter and regulating station
d. Suction tube and discharge at compressor station or pumping station
e. The connection of the tube which is made from a different metal material
f. Connections between the tube that coated and the tube that does not coated
2.6.3. Protective Coating

This method is used with provide special layer above the surface of the metal
that will in protection there are 3 types of protective layer that have different
criteria including :
a. Barier Coating
The working principles that is used with to minimize the reaction
cathode inhibit diffusion out O2 and H2O limit the movement of the anode
that aggressive and can also inhibit the damage with a long period of time.
b. Sacrificial Coating
The working principles that used is with to wrap the object that will be
protected with certain substrates that have gaps that will be filled by the
corrosion cells.
c. Inhibitive Coative
The working principles that is used with to mix the ingredients sleeve
with the formula of the solution inhibitor.
24
2.6.4. Media changes and inhibitor

a. Media changes
Media changes the environment aims to reduce the impact of
corrosion.
The general parameters namely:
1. Temperature anode
2. Rate of decline electrolyte solution flow chart
3. Remove the elements of oxygen or oxydiser
4. Concentration changes
b. Inhibitor changes
Inhibitor is a administratice compounds where plus with small
concentration into the environment to reduce the rate of corrosion,
Inhibitor can be said as a catalyst.
2.7. Cathodic Protection

Cathodic protection is a type of corrosion protection by connecting the metal
that have a higher potential to the lower potential metal structure so that created a
cell electrochemical with metal that have high potential are cathodic and
protected.
Figure 2.10 The working principles of Cathodic Protection (Kroon, 2000)
Cathodic protection is protection system against corrosion with the working

principles of forcing the entire structure will be protected become like cathode to
25
the surrounding environment. The voltage from katodik protection must be greater
when compared with the voltage corrosion cells (Peabody, 1967).
NACE issued Standard Practice NACE SP 0169 in 2007 which accommodate
3 the value of the potential criteria cathodic protection. The criteria were among
others as follows:
a. A. The value of the negative potential cathodic protection should not be

less than -850 mV when cathodic protection applied. The potential value
of this protection is measured using electrodes standard Cu/CuSO4 by
considering the existence of voltage dropped to get an accurate
measurement.
b. The value of the negative polarized potential must not be less than -850
mV measured using electrodes standard Cu/CuSO4. Potential Polarized is
the number of potential between corrosion (potential natural tube) with the
remaining polarisation.
c. The value of the minimum polarisation is -100 mV between the surface of
the structure and electrodes standard that contact with electrolytes.
In theory cathodic protection has 2 types of installation methods, sacrificial

anode and impressed current system. Each of the methods has its own criteria and
specification.
2.7.1. Sacrificial Anode

In a simple this method using the new metal that have a higher energy level so
that created a current that flows from the metal that most low to higher. But anode
has the limit age where anode will be fully contaminated and must be replaced
with a new one.
26
Figure 2.11 The working principles of sacrificial anode (Kroon, 2000)
Magnesium rod (sacrificial anode) will protect the iron pipeline from
corrosion because magnesium more easily oxidized in compare iron and act as a
anode in the galvanic cell while iron pipeline will be cathode when oxygen
oxidized and protect the iron pipeline.
And before anode will be planted as feed (sacrificial anode) will be wrapped
in using advance backfill. Backfill is a sachet contains chemicals that can prolong
the life of the anode and also avoid anode makes contact directly with the
land/ground that can cause the changes on the ground resistance or the anode.
Generally backfill has a composition:
a. Gypsum 75%
b. Bentonite 20%
c. Sodium Sulfate 5%
Figure 2.12 Sacrificial Anode Pack (Google.co.id)

27
2.7.2. Anode
In a cathodic protection circuits need anode as material refuge, there are
several different types of material or composition that can be used in accordance
with the criteria required in general when using the sacrificial anode method
generally anode that used is zinc and magnesium (Aryaprakasa, 2012).
Sacrificial anode method is where the anode will consumpted in a certain
period of time. The level of consumption of anode depending on the size of the
current that is produced or made from the composition of the anode. Not all
metals consumpted when producing the current useful for cathodic protection
some metal consumpted because single corrosion. To hardskill under the ground
anode are generally is surrounded by special backfill and generally the backfill is
a mixture of gypsum, bentonite and sodium sulfate. Special backfill can also
reduce the resistance between the anode with the land and securing the dew or
humidity.
Impressed current where cathodic protection get the current source from the
outside, different with the sacrificial anode method where the current will be
produced by anode. And in general to anode for this method uses graphite, high
silicon cast iron and precious metal oxide coated titanium. Special coke breeze
backfill used to prevent the changes caused by nature around anode and also to
reduce the value of resistance between the ground and anode as well as prolong
the life of the use of anode (Aryaprakasa, 2012).
a. High silicon cast iron
There are 3 types of anode standards are Fe/Si is used for the area of
ground and fresh water, Fe/Si/Cr and Fe/Si/Mo used to the land of acid or
alkaline and sea water. The composition of the high silicon cast iron anode
refers on i.e. ASTM A 518 Grade 3.
The formation of the Silicon film layer oxide SiO2 on the surface of the
anode into separate reliability from the type anode. Where this layer will
impede the rate of oxidation whose consumption rate decreases. The
addition of chromium aims to establish the nature of resistance to chlorine
that are located on land or sea water.
28
Figure 2.13 The new anode and already consumed (Utomo, 2015)
b. Graphite anode
Anode graphite has long been used as a anode in the system impressed
current. The main form of this anode is the bars with around the square or
circle. Made from the pollen petroleum coke and resin coal tar.
Coal tar is used as a bonding agent to bind particles of graphite become
one and then heated up with high temperature (above 2600oC) to mix all
the elements and formed in the shape of the sticks and then populated filler
formation reduces whereas total and moisture. Filler using linseed oil,
microcrystalline wax or phenolic based resin, but there are also plain
graphite anode namely graphite anode that is not populated by anything.
Plain graphite anode is used for the location of the dry land or the land
of normal, graphite anode with filler linseed oil used for the land of damp
cloth, fresh water, bracket water or for the water of the sea.
Graphite anode is very fragile, often suffer from damage during
delivery. Therefore in the process of shipping or storage must be very
carefully and use the place / padding if needed.
29
2.7.3. Groundbed
Groundbed is the early fundamental things before the anode start embedded,
there are various types of installation techniques including groundbed is it
horizontally groundbed, vertical shallow groundbed, and vertical deep groundbed
but before deciding on the type of installation that will be used there are several
factors that must be considered include :
a. Soil resistivity
Conducting Soil resistivity is the most important thing from the
creation of a groundbed. Conducting Soil resistivity associated with the
current output and the type of rectifier to be installed. The lower
conducting soil resistivity anode needs a little more.
b. Soil moisture
Conducting Soil moisture associated with the depth groundbed. The
higher the conducting soil moisture and conducting soil resistivity will be
down. Ideally groundbed planted on location with conducting soil moisture
high or below the water line in the ground or on the location of the lake
and swamp and etc.
c. Interference with another structure
The metal structure under the ground as the tube, tank and the mains
cord close to groundbed will be affected by the influence of stray current
from groundbed, therefore groundbed must be installed far from another
structure to avoid interference.
d. Electric source
Making groundbed location must consider the economical power
source to supply the needs of electricity enough to protect the cathodic
structure.
e. Easy access
The location of a groundbed must be accessed for good vehicle when
conducted by making or to do maintenance.
30
f. Vandalism
The location of the groundbed should consider as minimum as possible
potential for vandalism on groundbed.
g. The purpose of the installation and availability of land
What important is the necessity of installing groundbed, whether to
protect the vast structure or only the local structure only. It also need to
ascertain where the availability of land in the pipeline or the structure of
the area based on the purpose of the installation.
2.7.4. Half Cell Electode

The measurement of the potential of a metal on the fact of the matter is the
measure of potential value reduction or the metal oxidation potential. Reduction
potential is the electric potential values obtained when the metal ion capture
electrons and become the metal. While the oxidation potential is the electrical
potential metal that arise when removing the electron becomes metal ions.
Reduction reactions could not walk themselves, always coupled with the
oxidation reaction. Oxidation reactions occur in the anode and the reduction in the
cathode reaction.
Fe2+ + 2e– –> Fe (reduction)
2 H+ + 2e- –> H2 (gas)
2 H+ + ½ O2 + 2e– –> H2O
H2O + ½ O2 + 2e– –> 2 OH–
Because it is the measurement of the potential reduction or oxidation potential

is the measurement of relative using a standard is standard hydrogen. The reaction
of a reduction in the formation of hydrogen as standard determined have potential
value is 0.
31
Standard hydrogen can only be used in a laboratory, so that will not be applied
in the field, therefore he made Half cell reference standard) that can be used in
field.
a. Copper- Copper Sulphate Electrode (CSE)

CSE is electrodes standard (reference Electrode) is the most popular
used. CSE is not suitable for use on the electrolytes which contain
chlorine, because the ions of chlorine can enter into the solution CuSO4
saturated on half cell and damage the solution (Utomo, 2015). The solution
CuSO4 saturated on half cell function to prevent the bars of brass corroted
and create a half cell become stable.
Figure 2.14 CuSO4
b. Zinc Refrence Electrode

Zinc is used as a reference electrode for permanent reference
underground (planted) and the measurement of the area of the sea. As a
permanent reference zinc wrapped with the same anode backfill with
sacrifice, while for sea water zinc used in new nuances. zinc is a pseudo
reference or potential value can change depending on the environment
condition because of that zinc is suitable for research. As a reference cell,
zinc is made from pure metal with the womb to 99.9%. The advantages of
zinc has a longer life age.
32
Figure 2.15 Refrence Electrode Zinc for installation in the land and the sea
(Utomo, 2015)
There are two types of electrodes standard that is portable and

permanent. Portable has advantages can be used in field can be moved to
move and can maintenance (cleaned and in his solution refill), while
permanent electrode is used in a way in the install close to the structure of
the metal that will be measured. After the install permanent electrode
cannot be maintenances, therefore permanent electrodes have the age of
usage and always have to be calibrated with portable reference to still get
accurate results.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)

Cathodic protection is a system that is designed to reduce the impact of
corrosion or corrosion on a metal, generally cathodic protection used in the oil
and gas industry because cathodic protection is used to protect the tube under the
land and also the storage tank.
Not until that cathodic protection is also used for the structure of standing on
the sea and also on the ships of the sea to prevent hull sea vessel is affected by
corrosion or corrosion caused by the waters of the sea, organisms (microbes) and
also many other causes.
The second method for installation of cathodic protection is with the method
of impressed current cathodic protection to forced current system that uses the
source from the outside. This method uses the DC voltage is usually in get from
rectifier that used on AC source.
Rectifier change the AC current into DC the DC currents flowing to the
impressed current anode buried, from anode passes through the electrolyte (soil)
toward the base of the tank/tube. Cathodic protection system with the current of
revealing or force is where anode used most is not empty, generally used when the
needs of high currents and there are on high resistivity environment.
Figure 3. 1 The working principles of Impressed Current method (Kroon, 2000)
33
34
And in this method backfill already planted first and anode can be directly
planted so only because on his general anode structure directly covered by the
special layer.
Figure 3.2 Planting ICCP anode (Kroon, 2000)
General knowledge about the components that are in the Transformers

Rectifier (TR) must be known by the technicians katodik protection due to the
potential for a great danger in operate TR. The basic components that are located
in a TR is :
a. AC Supply
b. Circuit Breaker
c. Transformer
d. Rectifying Element
e. Multimeter (Ampere meter dan Volt meter)
f. DC output Terminal
g. Fuses
h. Surge Protector
Rectifier divided become 2 type :

a. Half wave rectifier
b. Full wafe rectifier
35
Every system must have his advantages and disadvantages of each and the
following is a comparison between ICCP system or sacrifial anode method :
Table 3. 1 Comparison of the sacrificial anode and impressed current system
SACRIFICIAL ANODE IMPRESSED CURRENT

Does not need the source of the flow Requires a source of the flow from
from outside outside
The voltage cannot be reset The voltage can be set or adjusted
The current cannot be reset The current can be set or adjusted
The current limited (10 - 50 mA) for The current unlimited (10 – 100 A) for
generally generally
Generally used on electrolyte with low Can be used in almost all the
resistance environment and the value of
resistance
Generally used on a small structure Can be used for all of the structure and
the size
The installation price is cheaper The price of the installation more
expensive
Easier maintenance Need more often maintenance
The source of electricity that is used to activate the system impressed current
is a very important part. The source of electrical power can be derived from the
DC source such as battery, solar panels wind generators and others. And can also
be a source of AC that comes from the mains PLN.
The AC power source is the most easily and commonly used for the system
impressed current is transformers rectifier. Transformer is working to reduce the
AC voltage of PLN, 380 V or 220 V become operating voltage that is needed
while the rectifier converts AC current to DC current that will be used for katodik
protection. There are several rectifiers that do not have transformers but take
advantage of solid state circuit to reduce power. This type is called the switch
mode rectifier.
36
Figure 3.3 Rectifiers circuit transformer rectifier
Full wave Rectifier change signal side as positive or negative to the waves
clockwise (Direct current). Full wave rectifiers made more efficient because there
is no wavelength is wasted, all transformed into DC waves. Full wave Rectifier
can be made by using 2 or 4 diode.
3.2. Design criteria and Technical Data

Before defining the specifications of the system that will be made and must be
determined in advance the criteria of the design of the system that will be created.
And the following is the criteria of the design will be made :
a. Life design = 20 years

b. The safety factor for the current protection = 25%
c. The level of protection against electrodes Cu/CuSO4
1. Positive limit = -950mV
2. Negative limit = -1200mV
37
And now the technical data used to support the design of the protection
system, the following are various data used :
a. The data structure that will be protected

1. The material of the tube = low carbon Steel
The specifications = Spiral pipe welding API 5L Grade B
2. Length of the tube = 70 000 m
3. The diameter of outside the tube = 28inch = 0,7112m
4. Steel type resistances = 2.2 x 10-7 Ω/m
5. Thick tube walls = 0,00635m
6. The depth of the tube from ground surface = 1,5m
b. Protection layer data
1. The Material = Densopol 60 HT, Densoclad 50, coaltar enamels
2. The layer specification = Hot - applied coating of coaltar enamels
3. Working temperature = 25o
4. Damage rate = 5 % / year
c. Anoda data type
1. Material = Mixed metal oxide coated titanium
2. Substrate = Titanium (i.e. ASTM B338 grade I / grade II)
3. Type = SAP® linear distributed anodes
4. Application = Ground
5. Thicknes = 0,001m
6. Weight = 0,30Kg /m
7. Lifetime = 30 years
8. Resistance type of electricity = 6 x 10-5 Ω-cm
9. Consumption rate = 1mg/ampere- year
10. Layers thick of protected areas = >14 gram/m2
38
d. DC cable resistance Data
Table 3.2 The specifications and Cable Type
Cable Type The size of the Current Cable resistance

cable Ratting(A) (ohm)
NYY 1c x 50mm2 145 0,000493
NYFGbY 2c x 50mm2 115 0,001466
e. Soil resistance data

On the soil resistance data acquired with how to perform the
measurement by using digital earth tester on the environment around
campus Politeknik Enjinering Indorama.
And after the measurement on the area obtained the results of the data
as follows :
Table 3.3 Soil resistance result data in PEI
Location The Depth of Resistance data Soil condition

Electrodes
T.E Workshop 20cm 860 Ω Red soil, dry
39
Soil resistance data(Ω)

1000
860
800
Resistance (Ω) 600
580
382
400 320 318 318 295
200
0
20 32 43 50 50 50 60
The depth electrodes (cm)
Figure 3.4 Relationship graph between soil resistance and depth electrodes
Get invers graph shape from soil resistance table 3.3 where getting
depth electrode refrence planted getting lower soil resistance value and
when refrence electrode is not too depth getting higher soil resistance
value that can we get.
The results obtained is not much different from the measurement that
has been done by those people who are expert in the red soil and dry
around 300 Ω, and the density of the current that is assumed by 15 mA/m2.
3.3. The calculation and determination of the specifications

After getting data and the parameter that is needed next is a calculation
process to determine the specifications of the system that will be used.
3.3.1. Protected surface area (Aryaprakasa, 2012)

The following is the formula used to determine the surface area of
objects that will be in protection :
SA = π x OD x L
(3. 1)
40
Where : OD = outside diameter of the tube (m)

L = The length of the tube (m)
π= 3,14159
SA = surface area that is protected (m²)
SA = π x 0,7112 x 70000
= 156 400,91 m2
3.3.2. Protection current needs (Sulistijono)

The following is the formula used to determine total current requirements
for protection of objects :

I= x (1 + SF1)
(3. 2)
Where : It = total current that is needed to protect the tube (A)
SA = surface area that is protected (m²)
CD = current density on the working temperature (mA/m²)
CB = Damage rate to the protection layer
SF1 = safety factor that allowed for the current
Protection
156 400,9166 x 15 x 0,1

I= x(1 + 0,25)
1000
= 293,25 A
3.3.3. The number of required anode (Sulistijono)

After determining the total current protection that needed, the following
is the formula used to anode amount that is required in accordance with
the criteria of design :
Io = SA x ID
(3. 3)
41
Where : Io = maximum output current from one anode (A)

ID = anode current density (A/m²)
SA = anode surface area (m²)
log Y = 3,3 – log ID

(3. 4)
Where : Y = the age of protection that planned (years)
ID = anode current density (A/m²)
Then with the age of the planning for twenty years, maximum current
density from the anode that allowed by :
log 20 = 3,3 – log ID

ID = 10 (3,3 – log 20)
ID = 99,76 A/ m²
Thus the maximum output current from one anode :

Io = SA x ID
(3. 5)
Io= (0,314 x 0,0254 x 1) x 99,763
= 7,96 A
The minimum number of required anode (Qmin) is calculated by

considering the maximum output current anode with age of planning for
twenty years.
It
Qmin =
Io
(3. 6)
Where : It = total current that is needed to protect the tube (A)
Io = the current output from each anode (A)
42
293,25
=
7,961
= 37
With the damage rate to the layers of protected areas of five per cents
per year, then anode number used is :
Q = Qmin x (1 + SF2)
(3. 7)
Q = 36,835 x (1 + 0,15)
= 43
3.3.4. Resistance anode cable (Sulistijono)

The following is the formula to calculate the resistance cable that will be
unfolding to anode :
Lc x Rc
Rc =
N x C
(3. 8)
Where : Rcable = cable resistance (Ω)
Lc = cable length (m)
N = The number of parallel cable
Re = specific cable resistance (Ω/m)
C = The number of cable core
200 x 0,000493
Rtail =
3 x 1
= 0,03286 Ω
43
3.3.5. Resistance of the cable from the PJB (Positive Junction Box) toward
TR (Transformer Rectifier) (Sulistijono)
The following are the results calculation resistance of the cable from the
PJB to TR that later will be divided into 3 point of planting after getting
a total resistance :
100 x 0,0328
Rpjbtr =
1 x 2
= 1,64 Ω
Resistance from the positive cable circuit is the number of resistance

from the anode cable and the cable from the PJB resistance toward TR.
Then the total resistance from the positive cable is :
Rtail + Rpjbtr
Rkabel pos =
3
(3. 9)
0,03286 + 1,64
Rkabel pos =
3
= 0,5576 Ω
3.3.6. Total Resistance DC circuit (Sulistijono)

When the resistance in backfill ignore then Rkabel pos = total resistance
from the DC circuit in each installation point.
3.3.7. The value of the DC voltage transformer rectifier (Sulistijono)

The following is the formula used to calculate the needs of the output
voltage from TR that will produce a DC voltage :
VDC= [ (It x Rt) x (1+SF3) ] + Bemf

(3. 10)
Where : VDC = output voltage DC needed (volts)
44
It = total current needed (Ampere)

Rt = total resistance DC (Ohm)
Bemf = feedback voltage 2 V
SF3 = security factor that allowed in rectifier, 20 %
VDC = [(97,75 x 0,5576) x (1 + 0,2)] + 2

= 67,40V
3.3.8. Maximum of each AC input current and transformer capacity

rectifier (Sulistijono)
The following is the maximum formula AC current input and capacity of
TR that will be used :
Idc x Vdc
Iac =
Vac x eff x √3
(3. 11)
Where : IAC = input current AC
VAC = AC input voltage
IDC = output current DC
VDC = DC output voltage
Eff = efficiency transformers rectifier (80%)
100 x 70
Iac =
220 x 80% x √3
= 22,96 A
Then the capacity transformers :

Pac = Iac x Vac
(3. 12)
Pac = 22,96 x 220 √3
= 8,749 KVA
* Table calculation result is on attachment. 2

45
3.4. Simulation design installation

The simulation for the installation of this design will be place in aquarium
with the size of the l x w x h = 70cm x 30cm x 30cm, and the main components
such as the tube and anode will be replaced with other components.
The tube that is used in technical data will be replaced with a stainless steel
tube with a diameter of 2 inch, and because of how difficult to get anode by the
size of the aquarium and will be changed to tube stainless steel with a diameter of
1 inch as anode.
Figure 3.5 Cutting iron steel

On the basis of the aquarium given chocolate sand or the soil as a foundation
of early so that the structure of the stainless steel can be easily pointer, after the
stainless steel in position as in the plan and it will be buried using white sands so
that the whole surface is covered.
Figure 3.6 Installation simulation design

46
The standard black box used as PJB (positive junction box) and transformers
rectifier as a voltage source to protect the area of the tube with impressed current
cathodic protection.
Figure 3.7 Transformer rectifier box

CHAPTER IV
RESULT
4.1. Discussion
4.1.1. Anode
This anode type is the most popular type for the making of
groundbed impressed current. This type developed in Europe started in 1960, and
known first used is to protect the jetty in Italy in 1970. With the current density is
very high and the weight is very light make this type of anode easily applied.
At this time the anode that is used is a type of mixed metal oxide coated
titanium, the type of mixed metal oxide anode is used a lot because it has many
advantages including :
a. Lightweight and does not break easily

b. Stable dimension
c. The rate of corrosion is very small
d. Large current output
e. Resistant to acid conditions due to the formation of HCl in anode
f. Effective cost, in accordance with the performance
g. Available in various sizes and types of
Figure 4.1 Mixed metal oxide anode (Utomo, 2015)
47
48
4.1.2. Transformer Rectifier

After the calculation is done for determine the design and specifications of this
cathodic protection in get the results of the specification transformers rectifier for
the protection of the tube over 70km as follows :
a. VAC = 220 V
b. VDC (output) = 70 V
c. IDC (output) = 100 A
d. PAC = 8,749 KVA
Based on specifications transformers rectifier that acquired the voltage DC
needed by 70 V, according to standard DNV RP B101 there is no limit operational
voltage drop MMO (mixed metal oxide).
Table 4.1Electrochemical characteristics of impressed current anodes (Utomo,

2015)
Anode material Consumption Maximum current Maximum Voltage

rate1) density V
g/A A/m2
Platinised titanium 0,0012 to 0,004 500 to 3 000 82)
Platinised niobium 0,0012 to 0,004 500 to 3 000 50
Platinised
0,0012 to 0,004 500 to 3 000 100
tantanium
Mixed metal oxide
on titanium 0,0006 to 0,006 400 to 1 000 82)
substrate
This time Standar Teknis Material Perusahaan Gas Negara (STM PGN)
requires MMO anode has niobium substrates so that it can be operated until +50 V
most not distibution based on table DNV.
When still performed the installation then feared to drop will overheat, but he
had to do further research due to the different standard have value for its voltage is
different.
49
It’s the first time find the only standard that regulates the maximum operating
voltage for MMO. This is the DNV type B101, whiles the other reference and
from the manufacturer MMO only lists the current density, not with the value of
the maximum operating voltage. Different from the anode Platiniz
Titanium or niobium anode generator manufacturers always list the maximum
value for its voltage (Utomo, 2015).
4.1.3. Groundbed
There are various kinds of groundbed like groundbed horizontal, vertical
shallow groundbed, and vertical deep groundbed. In general for ICCP method
using vertical deep groundbed although the installation is more difficult and more
expensive but have various advantages such as :
a. Need an area that is not too large

b. Get the ground resistivity lower
c. More greater current (more protected structure)
Figure 4.2 Instalation type vertical deep groundbed (Utomo, 2015)

50
But on this instalation simulation using vertical shallow simulation groundbed

because his more easily and the limitations of the area to the installation.
Figure 4.3 Instalation type vertical shallow groundbed (Utomo, 2015)
In the simulation that is located in the aquarium groundbed area will be using
white sands and smooth in the tube stainless steel as markers and the land of
chocolate on the basis will be considered as the land of the normal or common
ground.
4.2. Problem
Problems during the creation of the final tasks very diverse, including is
difficult to get literature and reading sources which contains info is very
accurate and when there is, most of the literature is using a foreign language that
is required to perform a more in depth study independently and also this topic has
never been examined in more depth during the lecture at Politeknik Enjinering
Indorama.
Difficult to verify whether the series will work with both what it is difficult to
be applied in real or in complete installation in the real world because of the need
for a very large funds to perform the installation.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND ADVICE
5.1. Conclusion
Based on the results of the study that has been conducted that cathodic
protection is a science concerned with the chemistry, metallurgical industries and
electrical engineering. Cathodic protection is done protection against corrosion on
the metal poles objects, using the principle of electrochemical where the metal
contacts with higher anodic energy will be vulnerable to corrosion compared
metal that has the nature of cathodic.
This principle applies only when using sacrificial anode, the principles are not
many apply to the method of the current force (impressed current) because this
method uses the flow of assistance from outside for driving the electrodes.
And after done calculations and also design according to the data that belongs
to the total current that the protection needed to protect the tube over 70km is
293,25 A.
5.2. Advice
After using some of the formula to determine the specifications of the
protection in need, but before applied in the field of how good when the draft was
in check back by the engineer that more experienced.
This last task is still far from the perfect, so it is expected that the fest can be
developed again. One of them with how to create another replica with other
methods that more neatly and good. Because of this last task though soon appears
simple but is far includes a science which is very useful for industry world
especially in the oil and gas industry.
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonim. (n.d.). Mengenal Pipa dan Karakteristiknya. Retrieved August 08, 2017,
from Scrib: https://www.scribd.com/
Anonim. (n.d.). Xing Chan Taianodes Technology. Retrieved August 08, 2017,
from XCTAT: http://www.xctat.com/Html/831/872/873/
Aryaprakasa, J. (2012). Impressed Current Cathodic Protection for
Underground (Onshore) Pipeline.
Cathodic Protection Network. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2017, from Pipeline
Corrosion Control: http://www.pipeline-corrosion-
control.com/ProcHTML/proc6.htm
Cunningham, N. (2016, August 26). Oil Price.com. Retrieved August 08, 2017,
from Dakota Access Pipeline Is Set To Become The Second Keystone XL:
http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Dakota-Access-Pipeline-Is-
Set-To-Become-The-Second-Keystone-XL.html
Drieant. (2014, 09). Indonesian Piping Knowledge. Retrieved August 10, 2017,
from idpipe: http://www.idpipe.com
Google.co.id. (n.d.). Retrieved August 05, 2017, from Google:
https://www.google.co.id/search?hl=en-
ID&tbm=isch&q=flange+insulation+kit&oq=&gs_l=#imgrc=_
Kroon, D. H. (2000). Fundamentals of Corrosion, Fundamentals of Corrosion
Protection and Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection.
Oil And Gas Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved August 09, 2017, from Google.co.id:
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=oil+and+gas+industry&hl=en-
ID&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl9N7rz-
PVAhULLo8KHbvNAJ8Q_AUICigB&biw=1364&bih=669#imgrc=_
OTDS. (n.d.). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from otds.co.uk:
http://www.otds.co.uk/products/40/sacrificial-anode-cp
Peabody, A. W. (1967). Control Of Pipeline Corrosion. Texas: National
Association of Corrosion Engineers.
52
Perez, N. (2016). Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science. Switzerland: Springer
International.
Priyotomo, G. (2008). Kamus Saku Material Korosi. Tanggerang.
PT. Sendang Berlian Sejahtera. (Bogor). Corrrosion Control Utilising Cathodic
Protectiion. 2014.
RP-0169, N. S. (2002). Control Of External Corrosion on Underground or
Submerged Metallic Pipping System. NACE.
Sulistijono. (n.d.). Desain Sistem Proteksi Katodik Arus Paksa.
Utomo, B. K. (2015, June 13). www.corrosioncop.com. Retrieved July 25, 2017,
from http://www.corrosioncop.com/anoda-mixed-metal-oxide-mmo/
Wikipedia. (2017, January 13). Wikipedia. Retrieved February 2, 2017, from
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korosi
53
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1 Spesification design system
Spesification system design cathodic protection impressed current method
The calculation of surface area
No Description Value Units
1 Damage to the layers of protected areas 5 %Per Year

2 The diameter of the tube 0,7112 m
3 Length of the tube 70 000 m
4 Surface area 156 400,916 m2
o
5 Design temperatures 25 c
6 Current density 15 mA/m2
Cathodic protection parameters
8 Current protection + safety factor 25% 293,25 A

9 Designed age 20 tahun
10 Safety factor for current protection 25 %
11 Protection rate to Cu/CuSO4
12 Positive limit -950 mV
13 Negative limit -1200 mV
Impressed current anode data
14 The type of anode MMO coated Ti Tubular

15 The diameter of anode 0,0254 m
16 The length of anode 1 m
17 Each anode current density 99,763 A/m2
18 The current output from every anode 7,961 A
19 The number of anoda used 43
54
(continued)
Transformer Rectifier

20 Total resistance circuit DC 0,5576 Ω
21 Total current protection that needed 293,25 A
22 DC voltage that needed 67,40 V
23 DC voltage that used 70 V
24 DC current that used 100 A
25 AC voltage 1ϕ, 50HZ Vac 220 V
26 Transformer rectifier efficiency 80 %
27 Maximum AC current that used 22,96 A
28 Transformer capacity 8,749 kVA
55
Attachment 2 The result of calculation
1 Protected surface area 156 400,9166 m2

2 Protection current needed 293,25 A
3 Maximum current density from anode 99,763 A/m2
4 Maximum current output from anode 7,961 A
5 Number of anode with damage rate 5% / 43 Unit
year
6 Cable resistance for anode 0,03286 Ω
7 Cable resistance from PJB 1,64 Ω
8 Total resistance positive cable 0,5576 Ω
9 DC voltage value from transformer rectifier 70 V
10 Maximum AC current 22,96 A
11 Transformer rectifier capacity 8,749 kVA
56
Attachment 3 Design simulation display
*unit in cm
57
Attachment 4 Table potential metal electrode (Priyotomo, 2008)
Metal Electrode Potential (V)

Au = Au3+ + 3e 1,498
O2 + 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O 1,229
Pt = Pt2+ + 2e 1,2 More
Pd = Pd2+ + 2e 0,987 Anodic
Ag = Ag+ + e 0,799
2+
2Hg = Hg + 2e 0,788
3+ 2+
Fe + e = Fe 0,771
O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH 0,401
2+
Cu = Cu + 2e 0,337
Sn4+ + 2e = Sn2+ 0,15
2H+ + 2e = H2 0
Pb = Pb2+ + 2e -0,126
Sn = Sn2+ + 2e -0,236
2+
Ni = Ni + 2e -0,25
2+
Co = Co + 2e -0,277
2+
Cd = Cd + 2e -0,403
Fe = Fe2+ + 2e -0,44
Cr = Cr3+ + 3e -0,744 More
2+
Zn = Zn + 2e -0,763 Cathodic
3+
Al = Al + 3e -1,662
2+
Mg = Mg + 2e -2,363
+
Na = Na + e -2,714
+
K=K +e -0,925
58
Attachment 5 Activity picture
59
Attachment 6 API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard
Design:
a. API RP 1111 : Design, construction, operation, & maintenance of offshore
hydrocarbon pipeline (limit state design).
1. design.
2. materials and dimensions
3. safety systems.
4. construction and welding
5. inspection and testing
6. operation and maintenance
b. API RP 1129 : Assurance of hazardous liquid pipeline system energy.
1. design and construction consideration for integrity assurance
2. system monitoring and control
3. corrosion control
4. inspection and review
5. damage prevention
c. API RP 2N : Recommended practice for planning, design & constructing
structures & pipeline for Artic condition.
1. general design
2. environmental considerations
3. load considerations
4. design loads and resistances
5. structural design
6. foundations
7. offshore pipelines
8. construction
9. operations
d. API RP 1123 : Development of public awareness programs by hazardous
liquid pipeline operator.
1. program development
2. audience selection
60
(continued)
3. audience coverage
4. message content
5. communications media and distribution methods
6. distribution frequency
7. program documentation & evaluation
e. API spec 6D : Pipeline valves.
1. valve types and configurations
2. desain
3. valve ends
4. pressure relief
5. locking devices
6. fire safety.
7. materials
8. welding
9. quality control
10. measuring and test equipment
11. pressure testing
f. API STD 2510 : Design and construction of LPG installation.
1. Design of lpg vessels
2. Sitting requirements and spill containment.
3. Foundations and supports for lpg storage vessels and related piping
4. Tank accessories, including pressure and vacuum-relieving devices
5. Piping requirements
6. Loading, product transfer, and unloading facilities
7. Fire protection
8. Refrigerated storage
g. API 602 : Compact steel gate valves-flanged, threaded, welding &
extended body ends.
1. design.
2. inspection, examination, and test
61
(continued)
3. shipment
h. API 5L : Specification For Line Pipe
1. information to be supplied by the purchaser
2. process of manufacture and material
3. material requirements
4. dimensions, weights, lengths, defects, and end finishes.
5. couplings (psl 1 only).
7. marking
8. coating and protection.
9. pipe loading
Pipeline construction :
a. API RP 1102 : Steel pipelines crossing rail roads & highwayKonstruksi
tangki
a. symbols, equations, and definitions
b. provisions for safety
c. uncased crossings
d. cased crossings
e. installation
f. railroads and highways crossing existing pipelines
b. API STD 2610 : Design, construction, operation, maintanance &
inspection of terminal tank facilities.
1. site selection and spacing requirements
2. pollution prevention and waste management
3. safe operations of terminals & tanks
4. fire prevention and protection
5. t ank
6. dikes and berms
7. pipe, valves. pumps. & piping systems
62
(continued)
8. loading, unloading. and product transfer facilities
9. corrosion control
10. structures, utilities, and yard
11. removals and decommissioning of facility
Welding
a. API RP 582 : Welding guidelines for chemical, oil & gas.
1. general welding requirements
2. welding processes
3. welding consumables (filler metal and flux)
4. shielding and purging gases
5. preheating and interpass temperature.
6. postweld heat treatment (pwht)
7. cleaning and surface preparation
8. special procedure qualification requirements/testing
b. API 1104 : Welding of pipelines.
1. equipment
2. materials
3. qualification of welding procedures for welds containing
fillermetaladditives
4. qualification of welders
5. design and preparation of a joint for production welding .
6. inspection and testing of production welds
7. acceptance standards for nondestructive testing.
8. repair and removal of defects
9. procedures for nondestructive testing
10. automatic welding.
11. automatic welding without filler-metal additions
12. alternative acceptance standards for girth welds
13. in-service welding
63
(continued)
c. API RP 1107 : Pipeline maintenance welding practice.
1. qualification of welding procedures
2. procedure qualification tests
3. welder qualification
4. performance qualification tests-destructive testing
5. suggested maintenance welding practices
6. inspection and testing of maintenance welds
7. standards of acceptability: nondestructive testing (including visual)
8. repair or removal of defects
d. API STD 600 : Steel gate valves-flanged & but welding ens.
1. design
2. wall thickness
3. flanged ends
4. butt-welding ends
5. gate
6. bolting
7. materials
8. testing, inspection and examination
9. marking
Service and Maintenance

a. API 570 : Piping inspection code (inspection, repair, alternation &
rerating)
1. owner/user inspection organization
2. inspection and testing practices.
3. frequency and extent of inspection
4. inspection data evaluation, analysis, and recording
5. repairs, alterations, and rerating of piping systems
6. inspection of buried piping
64
(continued)
b. API PUBL 1157 : Hydrostatic test water treatment & disposal options for
liquid pipeline system.
1. characterization of water
 data evaluation
2. pipeline pre-cleaning
3. performance of existing technologies
 pigging
 pigging and pre-washing
 hay baies/high rate of treatment
 activated carbon adsorption
 air stripping
4. other treatment technologies
 ™ filtration
 ™ dissolved air flotation (daf)
 ™ ultra-violet light oxidation
5. technology evaluation process
6. estimated costs
 pigging
 pigging and pre-washing
 hay baies/high rate of treatment
 activated carbon adsorption
 air stripping
 dissolved air flotation (daf)
 ultra-violet light oxidation
7. test water management options
 pretreating inlet water to the pipeline system
 utilizing refinery, terminal, or plant waste water treatment
systems
 pre-piggingipre-washing
65
(continued)
c. API RP 1109 : Marking liquid petroleum pipeline facilities.
1. aboveground pipeline facility marking practice.
 pipelines
 pipeline facilities signs.
 sign placement.
2. inspection and maintenance
d. API RP 1110 : Pressure testing of liquid petroleum pipeline.
1. pressure testing of liquid petroleum pipelines
 equipment and materials for a pressure test
 test plan
 test procedure
 line fill and cleaning
 pressurization
 the test period
 pressure test records
e. API RP 1117 : Movement of in-service pipeline.
1. procedure considerations
 excavation safety
 pipeline location
 internal operating pressure
 other underground facilities
 trenching requirements
 pipeline-supporting methods
2. inspection
 inspection for external corrosion
 inspection for mechanical damage
 externalcoating
 inspection
 repair method
66
(continued)
3. cleanup
4. documentation and records
f. API STD 1160: Managing system integrity for hazardous liquid pipeline.
1. data gathering, review, and integration
2. risk assessment implementation
3. initial baseline assessment plan development and implementation
4. mitigation options
5. integrity management of pipeline pump stations and terminals
g. API PUBL 346: Result of range finding testing of leak detection.
1. protocols and test methods
2. observations and results
3. field inspection results
h. API RP 576 : Inspection of pressure-relieving device.
1. definitions.
 dimensional characteristics ofpressure relief valves
 operational characteristics—system pressures
 operational characteristics—device pressures
1. pressure-relieving devices
2. causes of improper performance .
4. records and reports
67
Attachment 7 Student profile
Name : Noor Muhammad Bintang

Place/Born date : Bandung / 15 juli 1996
E – mail : noormbintang@gmail.com
Contact person : (+62) 878 7051 8099
Address : Komp. Sanggar Indah Lestari
SIL 98, kec. Cangkuang, Kab.
Bandung, Jawa Barat
1. Formal Education History
a. Politeknik Enjinering Indorama, year of graduate 2017 (Electrical)
b. SMAN 1 Soreang, year of graduate 2014 (IPA)
c. SMPN 1 Soreang, year of graduate 2011
d. SDN Cingcin 1, year of graduate 2008
2. Experience
a. Field work practice PT Pertamina Refinery Unit VI Balongan, Indramayu
(December 2016 - January 2017)
b. Training PLC Scheneider Newbie UGM (2015)
3. Organization experience
a. The head of the entrepreneurship division (BEM PEI 2016 – 2017)
b. Member of the communication network information and technology
(HME PEI 2015 -2016)
c. The head of the leadership and organization (OSIS SMAN 1 Soreang
2011 – 2013)
d. Field trainer (Paskibra SMAN 1 Soreang 2012 – 2013)
4. Another achievement
a. 100% Scholarships in Politeknik Enjinering Indorama ( from Murata)
b. Passed selection team proposal PHBD 2016 Kemenristekdikti
68
Attachment 8 TOEIC
69

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Cathodic Protection Design Using Impress

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CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN USING

IMPRESSED CURRENT METHOD

Created As The Conditions Required To Obtain

Noor Muhammad Bintang

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Final tasks submitted by :

Dr. Ir. Junaidy Burhan, M.Sc., IPM

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Key word:Corrosion, Cathodic Protection, Pipe, Impressed Current

Figure 2.1 Piping on an industrial (Oil And Gas Industry) ................................. 5

(2. 1) Corrosion rate ........................................................................................ 13

Attachment 1 Spesifcation design system ........................................................... 54

 SACP, Sacrificial anode cathodic protection

1.2. Formulation of The Problem

1.3. Limitations of The Problem

1.4. The Purpose

1.5. Technique of Data Collection

1.6. Writing Systemic

2.1. Protection System

2.2. The Pipeline

Figure 2.1 Piping on an industrial (Oil And Gas Industry)

Terminology pipeline is defined as a network of water pipes, waste

Figure 2. 2 Dakota US Pipeline (Cunningham, 2016)

2.2.1. The Main Part of Pipeline

2.2.2. The Types of Tube Based on Fabricated

All types, specifications of use for these materials is regulated by a code or

2.2.3. The damage that often occurs in the pipeline

There’s another definition of corrosion for example :

a. The destruction of the material without mechanical destruction.

a. Must be a anode and cathode

Figure 2.5 Corrosion (Cathodic Protection Network)

Figure 2.6 The process of corrosion metal (Perez, 2016)

R = corrosion rate ( mils per year penetration )

D = the metal density ( g/cm3 )

A = sample area ( cm2 )

T = the metal sample exposure Time ( hour )

The condition of the environment is affecting the level of corrosion on a

In terms of the theory, corrosion may not be fully prevented because it is a

2.4. Corrosion Classification

2.4.1. Oxidation Corrosion and Electrochemical Corrosion

Figure 2.7 Corrosion process in flashlight battery (Perez, 2016)

The bowl Zinc oxidation reaction

Zn  Zn+++ 2e (anode reaction)

While on the electrodes carbon reduction reaction

2H++ 2e  H2 gas (cathode reaction)

K = constanta = 3,39 x 10-4 g/C

Figure 2.8 The metal electrode potential (http://www.otds.co.uk)

2.4.2. Wet Corrosion dan Dry Corrosion

2.4.3. Low Temperature and High Temperature Corrosion

Although the oxidation of generally refers to the reaction produces electrons,

Corrosion in Petrochemical plant can be classified as corrosion low

2.5. Types of corrosion in General

The type of corrosion that was characterized by chemical reaction or

2.6. Prevention Against Corrosion

2.6.1. Material Selection

(hydrogen embrittlement), corrosion uniform, stress corrosion and

2.6.2. Electrical Isolation / Insulated Joints

Electrical isolation is useful to prevent the transfer of electricity caused by the

a. Flange insulation Kit

In short the working principles of all of the above equipment is connecting

a. Monolithic or monobloc Insulating Joint

b. Yoke Insulating Joint

Figure 2.9 Insulation Instalation (Google.co.id)

b. On the tree of the tube