Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity (ME G641)

Lab Report
On

Tensile Test using universal testing machine

Mechanical Engineering Department

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Hyderabad
Campus
Hyderabad, Telangana- 500078

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Nitin Kotkunde AYUSHI RAWAT (2017H1060116H)

EKTA GUPTA (2017H1060106H)

SHWETA YADAV(2017H1060105H)
 Experiment 1
AIM: - To conduct simple tension test on flat specimen on UTM of mild steel to observe the load-
displacement diagram and to find various mechanical properties.

APPARATUS: -

Universal testing machine (UTM) and Tensile test specimen of mild steel

Universal Testing Machine

Flat Specimen

PROCEDURE: -

1. Measure the dimensions of the sample. With a pen, mark the gauge length reference
points. The gauge length should be marked within the parallel section portion of the
sample
2. Mount the specimen in the bottom gripper first and then add the upper gripper by slowly
adjusting the upper grip down by keeping the knob in “manual “position. Once the specimen
is mounted, turn the knob to “auto” position.
3. Open DST software and give all the initial data as per specimen material, dimensions,
geometry, type of loading, speed of testing etc.
4. Before beginning the tension test, set to zero the displacement as well as load by using the
“tare” function and reset displacement function.
5. Then click on start test and observe the test specimen as it is pulled by the upper grip while
the lower system stays stationary.
6. Observe elongation values with the help of DST software.
7. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
8. Once the test was finished, the specimen had necked and fractured down into two pieces
roughly midway the gauge length, the upper gripper automatically stops moving and the
final load-displacement with data is shown on the computer screen.
9. Import the data from the DST software to EXCEL.
10. Remove the specimen, join them together to measure the final distance between the gauge
points.
11. Repeat the experiment for new specimen at 1000 C.

SPECIFICATIONS: -

1) Specification of UTM:

load capacity :5 KN,100 KN load cell, Loading system: Motorized System

Display: Computerized with DST software.

2) Specification of Specimen:

Specimen = Mild steel

Gauge length = 30mm

Final Gauge length=38mm

Width of the specimen=21mm

Width = 6.4mm

Thickness = 1mm

Step factor = 1.4

Strain rate = 0.001, 0.01

 CALCULATION: -

Area = 6.4mm2

S. No. Temperature Yield Ultimate Percent Strain

Strength(MPa) Tensile Elongation Hardening
Strength(MPa)
1 1000C 0.020312 0.098437499 29.33
2 230C 0.070312 0.204687 30.9

Element CARBON SILICON MANGNESE SULPHUR PHOSPHORUS

% wt 0.16-0.18 0.40 max 0.70-0.90 0.040 max 0.040 max

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: -

Constant Rate

With increase in temperature plastic deformation is easier and elongation is larger. As graph of
elevated temperature stretches in X-direction slope decreases , Young’s Modulus decreases and
material become more ductile.

STRESS Vs STRAIN
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
STRESS

0.08
room temp
0.06
at 100" C
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
STRAIN
 LOAD Vs DISPLACEMENT
1

0.8

0.6
STRESS

0.4 room temperature

at 100" C
0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
STRAIN

Variation in strain rate

With increase in strain rate the yield stress increases in a non-linear manner.

Ultimate tensile strength has an approximately linear relationship.

Load Vs Displacement
1.6

1.4

1.2

1
Load

0.8
At 100"C
0.6
ROOM TEMP
0.4

0.2

0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Displacement
 Stress Vs Strain
0.25

0.2

0.15
Stress

0.1 At 100"C
Room Temp
0.05

0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain

Q1.Why tensile testing is performed?

Ans1 . Tensile testing is commonly used to determine the maximum load (tensile strength) that a
material or a product can withstand. Tensile testing may be based on a load value or elongation
value.

Common tensile testing results include:

- Maximum Load
- Deflection of Maximum Load
- Work at Maximum Load
- Stiffness
- Load at Break
- Deflection at Break
- Work at Break
- Chord Slope
- Stress
- Strain
- Young's Modulus

Q2. What is strain rate sensitivity ?

Ans2: Many Engineering materials are considered elastic, in which the stress and strain are proportional:

σ=Eɛ
Where “E”, Young’s Modulus, is analogous to a spring constant. But this equation describes steady state
behavior because it doesn’t include time dependency.

Models that introduce time variant stress or strain include relaxation, creep, viscoelasticity and others. In
one time variant relationship, stress varies exponentially with strain rate:

σ(t)=kέm
This relationship is called superplasticity. The exponent, “m” is the strain rate sensitivity index.
Q3. Difference between Engineering stress and True stress?

True stress: It is defined as the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen at that instant
and it is a true indication of the internal pressure.

P
𝛔=A

Where,

P=Load

A=Actual(instantaneous) cross sectional area of specimen

Engineering Stress: It is defined as the load divided by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Thus, engineering stress is simply a normalizing of the load, and has little physical significance when the
actual area is difference than the original.

P
𝛔=
A

Where, A is the original cross sectional area of specimen.

Engineering Strain:

It is ratio of difference between original length and final length to original length.

Final length−Original length

ɛ=
Original length

True Strain:

l
e=ln(l i )
o

li =instantaneous length

lo =original length