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Katie Peter

Professor Hunter

English 1201

2/1/19

Annotated bibliography

Almquist, Ylva B. “Childhood Origins and Adult Destinations: The Impact of Childhood Living

Conditions on Coexisting Disadvantages in Adulthood.” International Journal of Social

Welfare, vol. 25, no. 2, Apr. 2016, pp. 176–186. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/ijsw.12178.

While most studies about childhood and adulthood tend to focus on the outcomes rather

than what is driving these negative occurrences to happen. A study was done to figure out how

different living conditions and upbringings were playing a hand in problems during adulthood.

Ylva B. Almquist claims that home is where all crucial development begins. It is the basis to the

rest of the child’s life. How the family interacts with the child throughout the childhood is crucial

as well. Family involvement, resources provided, and choices made are going to determine the

child’s upbringing and cause consequences, whether positive or negative, to the child’s

adulthood.

Ylva B. Almquist has worked with the public health for almost 15 years. She is also a

professor for public health sciences and sociology at Stockholm University. She conducts

research and studies and logs them in her journals “International journals of welfare” which is

where I got my credible information. It is relevant to my topic and was written in 2015. I can use

this information by using the study as pieces of evidence for my claim. I can also use the charts

and statistics to further my points.

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Dalton, Elizabeth D., et al. “Pathways Maintaining Physical Health Problems from Childhood to

Young Adulthood: The Role of Stress and Mood.” Psychology & Health, vol. 31, no. 11,

Nov. 2016, pp. 1255–1271. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1204448.

Elizabeth Dalton wrote this article to find the link between physical health in childhood

and mental and physical health into adulthood. This article looks at everything from short term

stressors to chronic stress. Dalton claims that having poor physical health in childhood will lead

to many negative effects throughout their whole life. It can lead to high cholesterol, high blood

pressure, heart problems, obesity, and more serious chronic diseases. But it can also lead to

emotional and mental problems. Some include depression, stress/ anxiety disorders, and eating

problems. Overall, bad health and major stress can cause a lot of problems for adulthood.

Elizabeth Dalton wrote this article in 2016, and it has fairly new research and statistics

that can apply to my research topic. The work was also funded by the National Institute of

Mental Health, making this a highly credible source. The information given is relevant to my

topic and can help me provide information about things that negatively impact adulthood. It also

gives me data and numbers that I can provide as evidence.

Dube, Shanta R. “How Childhood Trauma Can Affect Mental and Physical Health into

Adulthood.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 19 Dec. 2018,

theconversation.com/how-childhood-trauma-can-affect-mental-and-physical-health-into-

adulthood-77149.

Shanta Dube wrote this in hopes to reach her audience about the importance of childhood

trauma and how it can impact the victims for decades after the incident. She started to look into a

study called the ACE study. The study found that sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, divorce,
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substance abuse, and mentally ill caregivers could be traumatizing to children. It showed that

childhood trauma is more common than anyone expected. These traumas could pose serious risk

for mental illnesses, physical health problems, and substance abuse. The trauma also showed

impacts the changes in the structure of the brain and the way these victims are able to socialize.

Childhood trauma is a problem throughout the whole world and it is becoming more popular.

Dube has worked as a CDC investigator since 1999. She has been in the profession of

Public health for almost 20 years. She has also done years of research on these topics. This

source is a credible source that I can use throughout my whole research essay. It is also accurate

and up to date since it was published in 2017. I can use the information given in this articles as

examples of childhood trauma and what defines it. I can also use it to show ways that it can

impact a person other than through mental illnesses.

Harris, Nadine Burke. Ted, Ted,

www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_childhood_trauma_affects_health_across_

a_lifetime/discussion?language=en.

Nadine Burke Harris delivered a TED talk about her experience with working with children who

had experienced trauma. As a doctor who sees a large majority of children yearly, Burke began

to see trends. She would get patients who were referred for ADHD, or other disorders, when that

wasn’t what was really going on. Many people are quick to diagnose a disorder but don’t look

farther into the child’s past. Burke learned that many children who were diagnosed with

something, really had experienced some trauma that could be causing the child’s issues. She

found out about the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (The ACE study from the other site)

that talked about different ACE’s (adverse childhood experiences) otherwise known as traumas.

The study asked a group of 17500 adults about their experiences with ACE’s. She found that
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these traumas are more common than anyone wanted to believe was true. They also found that

67% of the 17500 adults had experienced at least one ACE. 12.6% had experiences at least 4

ACE’s. They put these study findings alongside health outcomes and found that the two were

very closely correlated. The higher your ACE score the higher your chances of bad health were.

The way our brain works completely changes after experiencing trauma. Repeated Stress is

damaging to children, whose bodies are still developing.

Nadine Burke Harris has a master’s degree in Public Health. She also worked directly

with children who had experienced trauma. She has researched the Adverse Childhood

Experience Study, and found many trauma impacts. She is a very credible source to use. This

speech was delivered in 2014 and is accurate. I have seen this study on many sites and know that

it is valid information. I can use the information I learned to explain some of the ways health can

deteriorate from trauma. I can also use the study to further my points.

Istss.org. (2019). ISTSS - Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adults. [online] Available at:

http://www.istss.org/public-resources/what-is-childhood-trauma/effects-of-childhood-

trauma.aspx [Accessed 1 Feb. 2019].

Istss talks about the effects of childhood trauma on physical health through developing a

heightened stress response. They also talk about the impact on emotional health through not

being able to control their emotions. They often feel ashamed, guilty, hopeless, helplessness, and

sadness. These feelings build up so much that the children cannot handle them. Another focus of

childhood trauma is mental health. Children who experience trauma and more likely to be

diagnosed with depression, anxiety, PTSD. They are also more likely to self-harm or commit

suicide.
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This site was created by the International society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

They have done a lot of research on how Traumatic stress can affect people of all ages. It is

credible and relevant to my topic. They included survivor stories that I can include to add some

pathos into my research essay and talk about what they experienced and how it impacted them

for the rest of their lives.

Jaffee, Sara R., et al. “Childhood Maltreatment Predicts Poor Economic and Educational

Outcomes in the Transition to Adulthood.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 108,

no. 9, Sept. 2018, pp. 1142–1147. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304587.

Sara R Jaffee wanted to focus on if childhood maltreatment had any educational or

economic consequences. She participated in a study where sets of twins had random home visits

throughout the years. After their 18th birthday both twins were interviewed separately. The

parents were also interviewed and were asked if the children had experienced any type of

maltreatment or harm from an adult. If a parent was not willing to cooperate it was written down

in the notes. The researchers looked over the cases and with psychologists help, they found that

21.1% of the participants had experienced some form of maltreatment. They found that the

children that had experienced maltreatment were 2 times more likely to have trouble with

stability, employment, and education.

This article was published by the American Journal of Public Health. It is a credible

source. The study was done by the Medical Reach council and is a well-known study. This

article was published in 2018 and is accurate and relevant to what I am writing about in my

research essay. I can use this information to have some points about education and economic

effects. Most of my articles talk about how it affect mental and physical health, this will give me

another point of view.

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Rehan, Wail, et al. “Do Single Experiences of Childhood Abuse Increase

Psychopathology Symptoms in Adulthood?” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 34, no. 5,

Mar. 2019, pp. 1021–1038. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1177/0886260516647004.

Wail Rehan wanted to look at the risks of childhood trauma causing psychopathological

symptoms in adulthood. He focused on the differences between children who experienced no

trauma, a single experience, or multiple experiences. They gave a Finnish population of 10,980

adults a childhood trauma questionnaire. They were then evaluated on the depression and anxiety

scales. Based on the questionnaires, all participants, men and women, had increased

psychopathological symptoms. When there was a single experience there was a significantly

lower increase of symptoms then when there was repeated trauma. Appoximately 3,300,000

cases of child abuse are reported each year. And more than 1600 children died from abuse in

2009.

Wail Rehan has a Msc. He worked directly with the study and wrote all information

down in journal form. He got most of his statistics from data he collected and from the National

Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. This is the 2019 volume and is up to date. This is a

credible site that is relevant to what I am talking about in my essay. I also can use this

information to show the difference of risks from no trauma, one trauma, or many. I can use the

data to have evidence and provide logos into my essay.