Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.
8. Describe any three steps taken by Stalin to improve agriculture.
Rich peasants and traders were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. So, Stalin stopped the speculation
and supplies were confiscated.
Stalin established state controlled large farms for more production.
Prices were fixed for the grains to be sold.
Peasant's reaction
They refused to sell their grains to government at these prices
Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock
9. When was the Enabling act passed in Germany? What were it provisions?
Enabling Act, law passed by the German Reichstag (Diet) in 1933 that enabled Adlof Hitler to assume dictatorial
powers.
The provisions were enabling act are:
On the third march 1933, the enabling act passed.
It gave Hitler all powers to sideline the parliament and rule by decree.
All political parties and trade unions were banned except for Nazi party and its affiliates.
The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
This act thus enabled establishment of dictatorship in Germany
10. The central location of India at the head of the Indian ocean is considered of great significance – Give
reason
The central location of India at the head of Indian Ocean has a great significance because from this location it is
very easy to transport things i.e., import and export of products. It will make connect our India with other western
countries like U.S.A. etc. It will help for our financial condition. As the sea route is the cheapest mode of
transport many people travel using this route.
11. What is preamble? What is its importance?
The Preamble is an introductory statement in a Constitution which states the reasons and the guiding values of the
Constitution.
Significance
It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built.
It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government.
12. Explain any three powers of Prime Minister?
The Prime Minister has several powers as the head of the government.
He chairs cabinet meetings, and assigns work to the other ministers.
He also has the power to dismiss ministers.
He advises the President on the issue of making appointments
He supervises and co-ordinates the working of various departments
If the Prime Minister resigns, the entire ministry is supposed to have resigned.
13. Write a note on PIL
Public interest litigation is a petition that an individual or a non-government organization or citizen groups, can
file in the court seeking justice in an issue that has a larger public interest. It aims at giving common people an
access to the judiciary to obtain legal redress for a greater cause.
14. What can be done to start more non-farming production activities in villages?
Villages should be made aware of such activities by the government.
Transport should be improved so people can sell their goods in nearby markets.
People should be educated about latest technology of production.
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Farmers should be encouraged to start non-farm activities such as fishing, tailoring, transportation etc.
Govt. should start such schemes so that landless farmer can get loans to start non-farm activity.
15. Discuss the major reason for poverty in India?
The major reasons of poverty in India are
Prolonged colonial administration: Low level of economic development under the British colonial
administration. They broke traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles.
Low rate of India’s economic growth: After independence due to higher population, less job opportunities
and low growth rates of incomes resulted in increased poverty.
Lack of land resources: Land reforms aimed at redistribution of assets in rural areas have not been
implemented effectively.
Backwardness in agriculture People mostly use old, traditional and subsistence methods of farming. This
requires much labour and time.
16. What are the main features of NREGA?
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005
It guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work. One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.
The scheme will initially be started in 200 districts. Later on, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts.
If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, she/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment
allowance.
17. What are the main functions of the Governor?
He is the constitutional head of the state
The governor appoints the leader of the party that gets the maximum seats in the assembly as the chief
minister.
He appoints high dignitaries such as Advocate General, Chairman and members of the respective State Public
Commission
He also nominates 1/6th of the members of the Legislative Council or Vidhan Sabha.
He runs the state administration on the instructions of the President.
18. Write a short note on electoral constancies
An electoral constituency is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body. Generally, only
voters who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there.
19. What happened in schools under Nazism?
At school, students were taught to worship Adolf Hitler.
All textbooks reflected the Nazi ideology. Children were encouraged to wear Hitler Youth and German Girls'
League uniforms to school.
School notice boards were covered with Nazi propaganda posters.
Children were taught to be royal and aggressive
The ultimate purpose of education was to fashion citizens’ conscious of the glory of the country and filled
with fanatical devotion to the national cause.
20. What are the impacts of World War I on Germany?
All overseas colonies were to be handed over to the League.
Germany’s army had to be reduced to 100,000 men
Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships with no submarines
No air force was allowed
Western Germany was to be demilitarized.
Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria.
Germany had to accept the "War Guilt Clause" and pay reparations.
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1. How was slavery abolished in France?
Before the French Revolution in 1789, France had three colonies of the Caribbean - Martinique,
Guadeloupe and San Domingo under its control. These places were major suppliers of sugar, coffee, indigo
and tobacco.
The triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America began in the 17th century.
Merchants sailed from the French ports to the African coast where they bought Negroes, who are natives of
Africa, from the local chieftains.
Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes were flourishing economically because of the slave trade.
The National Convention voted to abolish slavery in all the French colonies on February 4, 1794.
Slavery was reintroduced in the French colonies by Napoleon Bonaparte. Slavery was finally abolished in
1848 by the French Second Republic.
2. Explain the rebellion of Bastar people against the British people.
Reasons for rebellion
In 1905, the British Government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forests.
To ban shifting cultivation.
To ban hunting, and collection of forest produce. All these steps forced the locals to revolt against the
British.
Course of rebellion
People began to discuss all these issues in their village councils, in bazaars, markets and at festivals. The
initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest, where reservation first took place.
In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began – circulating between villages. These
were actually messages inviting villagers to rebel against the British. Every village contributed something
to the rebellion expenses.
Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed,
and grain redistributed.
Leaders: Although there was no single leader, many people speak of Gunda Dhur, from village Nethanar, as
an important figure in the movement.
Suppression of the revolt: The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. They marched through the
villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion. Most villages were deserted as
people fled into the jungle forests. It took three months for the British to regain control. However, they never
managed to capture Gunda Dhur.
Consequences of the rebellion: In a major victory for the rebels, work on reservation was temporarily
suspended, and the area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910. The revolt also
inspired the other tribal people to rebel against the unjust policies of the British Government.
3. Describe the importance of lakes.
Lakes are of a great value to human beings.
Lakes help to regulate the flow of rivers.
Lakes help to prevent flooding during rainy season.
During the dry season, lakes help to maintain an even flow of water.
Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power.
They moderate the climate of the surroundings and maintain the aquatic ecosystem.
They enhance natural beauty and help to develop tourism and provide recreation. E.g., Dal Lake and Naini
Lake at Nainital.
Lakes provide opportunities for fishery development.
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