11.

5 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM

PLANTAE
 Seeds
• Seed consists of an embryo and its food supply
• Surrounded by a protective coat
• When mature, seeds are dispersed from their parent
 Seed plant

Naked seed Protected

seed
Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta Phylum Anthophyta

(Pinus sp.)

Phylum Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)
Class Dicotyledonae
Phylum Ginkgophyta
(Mangifera indica)
(Ginkgo biloba)

Phylum Gnetophyta Class Monocotyledonae.

(Gnetum sp.) (Zea mays)
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Describe the unique characteristics of
Gymnosperms

• State the classification of gymnosperms into

four phyla:
– Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.)
– Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.)
– Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba)
– Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)
11.5.3 Gymnosperms
 GYMNOSPERMS
Produced exposed seeds,
usually in cones borne on the
sporopyhte
 INTRODUCTION
• Dominant generation is
sporophyte
• Gametophyte are mostly
microscopic
• Gymnosperm means
‘naked seed’.
• Seeds are exposed on
modified leaves(sporophyll)
that usually form
cones(stobilus)
• Cone/strobilus has
sporangium contain spore
 Unique characteristics of Gymnosperms
• Presence of vascular
system
❖ Xylem only have
tracheids except
Gnetophyta
❖ Phloem only have
sieve tube but no
companion cell
• Dominant generation
is sporophyte
Unique characteristics of Gymnosperms

• Heterosporous
• Consist of 2 types of spores
microspore and megaspore
called Heterospore.
• Megaspores develop into
females gametophytes
• Microspores develop into
male gametophytes
Unique characteristics of Gymnosperms

• Fertilization is not
depend on water. Need
the pollination agent
such as wind

• No double fertilization
and no endosperm
forming.
Classification Of Gymnosperms
❖ Phylum Coniferophyta
(Pinus sp.)

❖ Phylum Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)

❖ Phylum Ginkgophyta
(Ginkgo biloba)

❖ Phylum Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)
Phylum Coniferophyta
(Pinus sp.)
Phylum Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)
Phylum Ginkgophyta
(Ginkgo biloba)
Phylum Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)
 - Heterosporous
GYMNOSPERM
- Reproductive organ :
PHYLUM
1) Staminate cone (male)
GINKGOPHYTA
2) Ovulate cone (female)
- E.g. Ginkgo biloba
- Sporophyte = dominant generation
- Dioecious (refers to different male
and female plant)
PHYLUM
CYCADOPHYTA
- E.g. Cycas sp.
- Dioecious PHYLUM
CONIFEROPHYTA
PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA
- E.g. Pinus sp.
- E.g. Gnetum sp.
- Monoecious (refers to same plant
- Monoecious but separated male and female
flowers)
 11.5.4
ANGIOSPERMS
 Learning Outcomes
• Describe the unique characteristics of
angiosperms ( Phylum Anthophyta)

• State the classification of angiosperm into two

classes:
i. Class Dicotyledonae
(Mangifera indica)
ii. Class Monocotyledonae.
(Zea mays)
 Seed plant

Naked seed Protected

seed

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta Phylum Anthophyta

(Pinus sp.)

Phylum Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)
Class Dicotyledonae
Phylum Ginkgophyta
(Mangifera indica)
(Ginkgo biloba)

Phylum Gnetophyta Class Monocotyledonae.

(Gnetum sp.) (Zea mays)
 Unique characteristics of Angiosperms
• The largest phylum of
plants.
• All angiosperms are
placed in a single phylum,
Phylum Anthophyta
• Dominant generation is
sporophyte
 Unique characteristics of Angiosperms
• Presence of vascular system
❖Xylem have tracheids and
vessel element.
❖Phloem have sieve tube
members and
companion cell
• Ovule / seed develop in enclosed
chamber (ovary / fruit)
• Fruits protects the dormant seeds
and often aids in their dispersal.
• Fertilization is not depend on
water. Need the pollination agent
such insects and wind.
 Unique characteristics of Angiosperms
• Flowering plants – has
a flowering plant life-
cycle (double
fertilization)
• Reproductive organ for
sexual reproducition is
flower
• A flower is a
specialized shoot with
four rings of modified
leaves: sepals, petals,
stamens, and carpels.
 Unique characteristics of Angiosperms
• Involve sexual reproduction
• Anther produce haploid spore (microspore)-
develop into pollen grain
• Pollen grain consist of generative cell and tube
cell
• Each ovule, which develops in the ovary,
contains a female gametophyte (embryo sac)
• Embryo sac consists of 3 antipodal cells, 2 polar
nuclei, 2 synergid cell and 1 egg.
• Double fertilization; one sperm fertilizes egg,
forming a diploid zygote and one sperm fuses
with two polar nuclei, producing triploid
endosperm
• After fertilization,
– ovule matures into seed covered by seed
coat
– Zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo
– Ovary develops into fruit- aids in seed
dispersal
– After germinate, seed grow to new plant.
 Classification Of Angiosperms
Two main classes:
Class Monocotyledonae Class Dicotyledonae

Zea mays Mangifera indica

 A comparison of Gymnosperms
and Angiosperm
Characteristics Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Conducting cells Tracheids Vessel elements

in xylem and tracheids

Reproductive Cones (usually) Flowers

structures
Pollen grain Wind (usually) Animals or wind
transfer
(pollinating
agents)
Seeds Exposed or borne Enclosed within
on scales of fruit derived
cones from ovary
(sporophylls)
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Explain the evolutionary relationships among
groups in the plant kingdom (bryophytes to
angiosperms) based on:
i) size
ii) dominance of gametophytes and
sporophytes
iii) dependence of gametophytes and
sporophytes
iv) water dependence in fertilization
v) presence of vascular tissues
vi) embryo protection
Evolutionary relationships among groups in
the plant kingdom
Evolutionary relationships among groups in
the plant kingdom
 Evolutionary relationships among groups in
the plant kingdom
C ha ra cte ris tic B ryophyta P te ridophyta G ym nos pe rm A ng ios pe rm
s
P re s e nce of A bs enc e P res enc e but P res enc e, P res enc e
va s cula r c a nnot be P hloem : no
tis s ue dis ting uis hed c om pa nion,
between x ylem x ylem : no ves s el
& phloem elem ent
E m bryo none none S eed protec t the F ruit
prote ction em bryo s urrounding
the s eed
protec t
em bryo