Alon, Lawrence et al.

Texas (2003)

Facts:

One day, in response o a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence, the

Houston police entered Lawrence’s apartment, the petitioner in this case, and saw him
with another adult man, petitioner Garner, engaging in a private consensual act. They
were both arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of the
Texas state forbidding two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate
sexual conduct.

Issue:

Whether the Texas statute violates the constitutional right to due process?

Held:

Yes, Resolution of this case depends on whether petitioners were free as adults to
engage in private conduct in the exercise of their liberty under the Due Process
Clause. The court had to consider the the ruling in Bower’s wherein the issue present
is whether the constitution confers a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage
in sodomy”, and the court in the Brown case failed to appreciate the extend of the
liberty at stake. To merely think that in the case of Bowers that the issue is simply the
right to engage in certain sexual conduct demeans the claim the individual put
forward, just as it would demean a married couple that marriage is simply just to have
the right to have sexual intercourse. The issues in both cases is of far-reaching
consequences, touching upon the most private human conduct, sexual behaviour, and
in the most private of places, the home. The liberty protected by the Constitution
allows homosexal persons the right to choose to enter upon relationships in the
confines of their homes and their own private lives and still retain their dignity as free
persons. It is not within the duty of the courts to determine the immorality of the act,
and even if an act is immoral. individual decisions concerning the intimacies of
physical relationships, even when not intended to produce offspring, are a form of
"liberty" protected by due process. As such, the analysis made in the Bowers case has
been overruled. This case does not involve minors, persons who might be injured or
coerced, those who might not easily refuse consent, or public conduct or prostitution.
It does involve two adults who, with full and mutual consent, engaged in sexual
practices common to a homosexual lifestyle. Petitioners' right to liberty under the Due
Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in private conduct without
government intervention. The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest
which can justify its intrusion into the individual’s personal and private life.
Justice Kennedy Opinion (he delivered the majority’s opinion)

Liberty – protects the persons from unwarranted government intrusions into a

dewelling or other private places. Liberty presumes an autonomy of self that includes
freedom of thought, belief, expression, and certain intimate conduct.

The question before the Court is the validity of a Texas statute making it a crime for
two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct.

The complaint charged against the petitioner in this case is in violation of a Texal
Penal statute (Texas Penal Code which provides: A person commits an offense if he
engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex.". The
statute defines Deviate sexual intercourse as follows:

"(A) any contact between any part of the genitals of one person and the mouth or
anus of another person; or "(B) the penetration of the genitals or the anus of another
person with an object."

The case was resolved by determining whether the petitioners were free as adults to
engage in the private conduct in the exercise. Of their liberty under the due process
clause of the 14th amendment to the constitution. There have been broad statements
of the substantive reach of liberty under the Due Process Clause in earlier cases, one
of them is Grisworld case wherein the court invalidated a state law prohibiting the
use of drugs or devices of contraception and counseling or aiding and abetting the use
of contraceptives. The court described the protected interest as a right to
privacy. It was established in this case that the right to make certain decisions
regarding sexual conduct extends beyond the marital relationship. In Eisenstadt V.
Baird the Court invalidated a law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives to
unmarried persons. The case was decided under the Equal Protection Clause.

"It is true that in Griswold the right of privacy in question inhered in the
marital relationship... . If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of
the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental
intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision
whether to bear or beget a child."

Furthermore, in the case of Carey V. Population the court was confronted with an
issue whether the sale of contraceptives to persons under 16 years of age is
constitutional. The court invalidated the law citing the case of Eisenstadt and
Roe, because the rights of married adults to such contraceptives cannot be exclusive
to married couples for it would violate the Right to Privacy.

The laws which prohibit sodomy do not seem to have been enforced against
consenting adults from ancient times, especially those done in private. Cases related
to sodomy were prosecuted and convicted against those who do sodomy as a
predatory act, meaning those who could not or did not consent, as in the case of a
minor or the victim of an assault. As to these, one purpose for the prohibitions was
to ensure there would be no lack of coverage if a predator committed a sexual assault
that did not constitute rape as defined by the criminal law. In the 19th century, instead
of targeting relatinos between consenting adults in private, sodomy prosecutions
typically involved relations between men and minor girls or minor boys, or relations
between adults involving force, relations between adults implicating disparity in status,
or relations between men and animals.

In summary, the historical grounds relied upon in Bowers are more complex than the
majority opinion and the concurring opinion by Chief Justice Burger indicate. Their
historical premises are not without doubt and, at the very least, are overstated.

It must be acknowledged, of course, that the Court in Bowers was making the broader
point that for centuries there have been powerful voices to condemn homosexual
conduct as immoral. The condemnation has been shaped by religious beliefs,
conceptions of right and acceptable behavior, and respect for the traditional family.
For many persons these are not trivial concerns but profound and deep convictions
accepted as ethical and moral principles to which they aspire and which thus
determine the course of their lives. These considerations do not answer the
question before us, however. The issue is whether the majority may use the power
of the State to enforce these views on the whole society through operation of the
criminal law. "Our obligation is to define the liberty of all, not to mandate our own
moral code." Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey.

When Homosexual conduct is made criminal by law, then it would mean that the
declaration in and of itself is an invitation to subject homosexuals to discrimination
both in the private and public spheres.