Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Foreword
Akhenaten was the 10th pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who
reigned over the country for about 17 years about 3.500 years ago. He was
known as a heretic king, religious revolutioner. He is especially noted for
abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered
on the sun disc Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic. When he
ascended the throne his name was Amenhotep IV, but in his sixth year of rule
he changed it to “Akhenaten”. He has succeeded his father Amenhotep III.
Akhenaten has established a new capital city Akhetaten (Horizon of Aten) at
modern Amarna. Aten was the only god and Akhenaten was only intermediary
between the Aten and the people.
Akhenaten was married to Nefertiti, one of the most famious queens of
ancient Egypt. Nefertiti’s origins are uncertain. Some historians believe that she
was a foreign princess and others believe that she was Akhenaten’s relative,
daughter of Ay.
After Akhenaten’s death, Egypt returned to the worship of the old gods and
the name and image of Akhenaten were erased from his monuments in an
effort to wipe out the memory of his ‘heretical’ reign.
The present bibliography is a comprehensive guide to articles and books on
Akhenaten and Nefertiti, aimed at scholars, students of Egyptology and general
public as well.
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
List of Abbreviations
AA American Antiquity
AC Analytical Chemistry
AJ Art Journal
AL Amarna Letters
AO Acta Orientalia
AV L’Art vivant
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
BH Buried History
CW Catholic World
DE Discussions in Egyptology
EA Egyptian Archaeology
ÉB D'Égypte et de Bible
GM Göttinger Miszellen
HT History Today
IA Imago Aegypti
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
JA Journal Asiatique
PJ Preussische Jahrbücher
PQ Psychoanalytic Quarterly
RA Revista de Arqueología
RN Revue Neurologique
WS Wetenschap en Samenleving
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
AMENHOTEP IV /
AKHEN-ATEN
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
1949
BOURIANT, U. Monuments pour servir à l’étude de cult
d’Atonou. Vol. 1. MIFAO 8. Cairo; 1903
BOURIANT, U. LEGRAIN, G. Monuments pour servir à l'étude du
JEQUIER, G. culte d'Atonou en Egypte. Tome
premier. Les tombes de Khouitatonou.
MIFAO; 1903
BOVOT, J.-L. La tombe KV 55, un imbroglio
archéologique . T.-L. (ed.), Akhénaton
et l'époque amarnienne, 183-224. Paris:
Khéops; 2005
BRAMINI, A. Akhenaton: il faraone maledetto.
Saggio. Reggio Calabria: Falzea; 2006
BRANDL, H. Die Schutzgottheiten Sched und Thoeris
in Amarna. In: Caris-Beatrice, A. et all
(eds.), Begegnungen, Antike Kulturen
im Niltal 91-106, Leipzig: Velag Helmar
Wodtke; 2001
BRANDON, S. G. F. Akhenaten: the Heretic King of Egypt.
HT 622-631; 1962
BRANT, W. The Gender Heresy of Akhenaten. In:
Bullough, B. Bullough, V. L. Elian, J.
(éds.), Gender Blending 215-226.
Amherst, New York; 1997
BRATTON, F. G. Akhnaton and the Space Age. RD 409;
1962
BRATTON, F. G. The Faith of Ikhnaton. In: Kagan, D.
(ed.), Problems in Ancient History 1.
The Ancient Near East and Greece 66-
68. London; 1966
BRATTON, F. G. The First Heretic: The Life and Times of
Ikhnaton the King. Beacon Press; 1961
BRAVERMAN, I. M. Akhenaten and the Strange Physiques
REDFORD, D. B. of Egypt's 18th Dynasty. AIM 150(8):
MACKOWIAK, P. A. 556-560; 2009
BREASTED, J. H. A City of Ikhnaton in Nubia. ZÄS
40:106-113; 1902-1903
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
252-260; 1976
HARRIS, J. R. Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten in the
Tomb of Tut’ankhamun. In: Reeves, C.
N. (ed.), After Tut’ankhamun: Research
and Excavation in the Royal Necropolis
at Thebes 55-72. London; 1992
HARRIS, J. R. Akhenaten or Nefertiti? AO 38: 5-10;
1977
HARRIS, J. R. Amenhotpe 4.s tronfølge. Papyrus 25(2):
4-11; 2005
HARRIS, J. R. Contributions to the History of the 18th
Dynasty, 2 Amenhotep III, a Terminus
for the Co-regency with Akhenaten.
SAK 2: 98-101; 1975
HARRIS, J. R. To obelisker rejst for Amenhotpe 4.
Papyrus 27(1): 4-11; 2007
HARRIS, J. R. A Fine Piece of Egyptian Faience. The
Burlington Magazine 119(890): 340-343
HARRISON, R. G. An Anatomical Examination of the
Pharaonic Remains Purported to be
Akhenaten. JEA 52: 95-119; 1966
HARTIER, F. Deux mentions du prænomen
d’Akhénaton dans une encyclopédie
byzantine du Xe siècle. ENIM 5: 115-
117; 2012
HAWASS, Z. Ancestry and Pathology in King
Tutankhamun’s family. JAMA 303 (7):
638–47; 2010
HAWASS, Z. Dig Days: King Tut was the Son of
Akhenaten. Al-Ahram Weekly 929;
2009
HAYS, H. M. On the Architectural Development of
Monumental Tombs South of the Unas
Causeway at Saqqara from the Reign of
Akhenaten to Ramses II. In: Miroslav,
B. Coppens, F. Krejči, J. (eds.), Abusir
and Saqqara in the year 2010 1, 84-105.
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
2001
HOLMES, J. H. Akhnaton, of Egypt: the King who
Discovered God. Community Church,
New York; 1944
HOLTHOER, R. Two Inscribed Akhenaten Blocks from
el-Ashmunein. Societas Orientalis
Fennica, Helsinki; 1972
HORÁČKOVÁ, L. RÜHLI, F. A Case of Severe Ankylosis of
Temporomandibular Joint from New
Kingdom Necropolis (Saqqara, Egypt).
In: Metcalfe, R. Cockitt, J. and David, R.
(eds.), Palaeopathology in Egypt and
Nubia: a century in review, 83-94.
Oxford: Archaeopress; 2014
HORNUNG, E. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light.
Cornell University Press; 1999
(Echnaton: Die Religion des Lichtes.
Patmos Verlag; 1995)
HORNUNG, E. Echnaton und die Sonnenlitanei. BSEG
13: 65-68; 1989
HORNUNG, E. La nouvelle religion d'Akhenaton. Le
Monde de la Bible 124: 20-27; 2000
HORNUNG, E. Monotheismus im pharaonischen
Ägypten. Biblische Beiträge 14.
Fribourg; 1980
HORNUNG, E. The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His
Place in Religion. JARCE 29: 43-49;
1992
HORNUNG, E. Thomas Mann, Akhnaten, and the
Egyptologists. Translated by Terence
DuQuesne. In: DuQuesne, Terence
(ed.), Hermes Aegyptiacus:
Egyptological studies for B. H. Stricker
on his 85th birthday, 101-113. Oxford:
DE Publications; 1995
HORNUNG, E. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt:
The One and the Many. Cornell
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
1976
JOHNSON, R. A Different Take on the Karnak Colossi
of Amenhotep IV. KMT 23(4): 49-54
2012-2013
JOHNSON, W, R. Akhenaten in Nubia. In: Fisher, M. M.
Lacovara, P. Ikram, S. D’Auria, S. (eds.),
Ancient Nubia: African kingdoms on
the Nile, 92-93. Cairo; New York:
American University in Cairo Press;
2012
JØRGENSEN, M. Et portraet af kong Akhenaten,
Meddedelser fra Ny Carlsberg
Glyptotek, KØbenhavn 39: 5-13; 1983
JUNGE, F. Ein Bruchstück von Kopf einer
Achenaten-Statue aus Elephantine.
Mitteilungen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung
Kairo - Festschrift für Werner Kaiser 47:
191-194; 1991
KÁKOSY, L. Akhenjāti? In: Kormysheva, E. Ye.
(ed.), Ancient Egypt and Kush: in
memoriam Mikhail A. Korostovtsev,
234-236. Moscow: Nauka; 1993
KALAMBA, S. N. Monothéisme. Menaibuc; 2007
KAMAL, M. Some Fragments from Shawabti-Figures
of Akhenaten in the Egyptian Museum.
ASAE 39: 381-384; 1939
KEES, H. Ein Onkel Amenophis’ IV.
Hohenpriester von Heliopolis? ZÄS 53:
81-83; 1917
KEMP, B. An Unintended Social Experiment:
Pharaoh Akhenaten at Amarna. In:
Harbeck, M. Schwarzberg, H. Heyking,
K. (von). (eds.), Sickness, hunger, war,
and religion: multidisciplinary
perspectives 9-13. Munich: Rachel
Carson Center for Environment and
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Society; 2012
KEMP, B. J. Amarna reports I-V. Egypt Exploration
Society, London; 1984-1989
KEMP, B. STEVENS, A. Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenaten’s
DABBS, G. R. Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs
ZABECKI, M. ROSE, J. C. Cemetery at Amarna. Antiquity 87: 64-
78; 2013
KERN, C. 1943-1944. 'Der naturen bloeme' in
Echnaton's 'horst van Aton' van
Amarna, ± 1365 v. Chr.: de brokstukken
van een beschilderden stuco-vloer uit
Hawata, thans in Cairo. BiOr 1(6): 93-
98; 1934-1944
KING, L. W. HALL, H. R. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria,
Babylonia, and Assyria in the light of
recent discovery. London : The Grolier
society; 1906
KIRSCH, J. God against the Gods: The History of
the War Between Monotheism and
Polytheism. Penguin Books; 2005
KISER-GO, D. Reviewed Work: Akhenaten and
Tutankhamun: Revolution and
Restoration by David P. Silverman, Josef
W. Wegner, Jennifer Houser Wegner.
JAOS 127(4): 554-556; 2007
KLOSKA, M. Formy przedstawień boga Atona w
sztuce okresu amarneńskiego. Medjat
Egyptological Studies 1. Warszawa;
2013
KNAPP, B. L. Reviewed Work: Nefertiti et le rêve d'
Akhnaton by Andrée Chédid. Books
Abroad 49(2): 378; 1975
KOCH, A. SCHIPPER, B. U. Echnatons «Monotheismus» –
Rezeptionen Amarnas in den
Wissenschaften. In: Tietze, C. (ed.),
Amarna. Lebensräume - Lebensbilder -
Weltbilder 280-291 Potsdam:
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Universitätsverlag; 2008
KOLTA, K. S. Von Echnaton zu Jesus. Auf den Spuren
des Christentums im alten Ägypten.
München; 1993
KONDO, J. Note on the Royal Tomb of Amenophis
IV in Thebes. JES 7: 74-80; 1999
KÖPP, H. Ikonographische und textliche Belege
für Frauen auf Streitwagen in der
Amarnazeit. In: Huyeng, C. Finger, A.
(Hrsg.), Amarna in the 21st century.
Kleine Berliner Schriften zum Alten
Ägypten 3: 102-149; 2015
KOSCHEL, K. (ed.) Der Sonnengesang Echnatons.
Meersburg: Ernst-Engel-Presse Walter
Stähle; 1993
KOZLOFF, A. P. A New Interpretation of an Old Amarna
Enigma. American Journal of
Archaeology 81(1): 101-103; 1977
KOZLOFF, A. P. Chips off old Statues: Carving the
Amenhotep IV Colossi at Karnak. KMT
23(3): 18-32; 2012
KOZLOFF, A. P. Chips off the Old Block: Amenhotep
IV's Sandstone Colossi, Re-
cut from Statues of Amenhotep III. In:
Hawass, Z. Wegner, J. H. (eds.),
Millions of Jubilees: Studies in Honor of
David P. Silverman vol. 1: 279-294.
Cairo; 2010
KRAMER, A. H. Talatat shipping from Gebel el-Silsileh
to Karnak: a literature survey. BiOr 66
(1-2), 5-20; 2009
KRAUSS, R. Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist?
BACE 11: 93–101; 2001
KRAUSS, R. Eine Regentin, ein König und eine
Königin zwischen dem Tod von
Achenaten und der Thronbesteigung
von Tutanchaten. Altoriental. Forsch.
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Berkeley; 1976
LICHTHEIM, M. Ancient Egyptian Literature III.
Berkeley; 1980
LOEBEN, C. E. Thebes in the Amarna Period:
Akhenaton, a Revolutionary of Temple
Architecture. In: Jana Mynářová, J.
Onderka, P. (eds.), Thebes: City of Gods
and Pharaohs, 106-117. Prague:
National Museum; 2007
LÖHR, B. 1974. Aḫanjāti in Heliopolis. Göttinger
Miszellen 11, 33-38.
LOTH, M. Ein «Vorsteher der Rinder des Aton».
In: Tietze, C. (ed.), Amarna.
Lebensräume-Lebensbilder-
Weltbilder (Begleitbuch zur
Ausstellung «Echnaton und Amarna.
Wohnen im Dieseits» im Römisch-
Germanischen Museum der Stadt Köln)
198-200, Potsdam; 2008
LOUKES, T. Moses and Akhenaten: Brothers in
Alms. CreateSpace Independent
Publishing Platform; 2015
LUND, L. The Epoch of Joseph: Amenhotep IV as
the Pharaoh of the Famine. PSBA 4: 96-
102; 1882
LUNSINGH SCHEULEER, R. A. 1982. Achnaton en
Amarna. Mededelingenblad. Vereniging
van Vrienden Allard Pierson Museum
25: 1-10; 1982
MACHFUS, N. Echnaton: Der in der Wahrheit lebt.
Unionsverlag; 2011
MACIEJEWSKI, F. Echnaton oder Die Erfindung des
Monotheismus. Zur Korrektur eines
Mythos. Osburg Verlag, Berlin; 2010
MAHFOUZ, N. ABU-HASSABO, Akhenaten: Dweller in Truth. Anchor;
T. 2000
MALAISE, M. Aton, le scepter ouas et la fête sed. GM
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
70-72; 1971
SAITO, K. Who remodeled the platform at Kom al-
Samak, Malqata South at Thebes,
Amenhotep III or Amenhotep IV? In:
Kondo, J. (ed.), Quest for the dream of
the pharaohs: studies in honour of
Sakuji Yoshimura, 95-113. Cairo:
Ministry of Antiquities; 2014
SAMSON, J. Akhenaten's Co-regent and Successor.
GM 57: 57-59; 1982
SAMSON, J. Akhenaten's Coregent Ankhkheprure-
Nefernefruaten. GM 53: 51-54; 1982
SAMSON, J. Akhenaten's Successor. GM 32: 53-58;
1979
SAMSON, J. Amarna, City of Akhenaten and
Nefertiti: Nefertiti as pharaoh.
Warminster: Aris & Phillips; 1978
SAMSON, J. Amarna, City of Akhenaten and
Nefertiti. Key Pieces from the Petrie
Collection, London; 1972
SAMSON, J. Nefernefruaten-Nefertiti "Beloved of
Akhenaten". GM 57: 61-67; 1982
SAMSON, J. Royal Inscriptions from Amarna. CdÉ
48: 243-250; 1973
SAMSON, J. Royal Names in Amarna History.
Historical Development of Nefertiti’s
Names and Titles. CdÉ 51: 30-38; 1976
SAMSON, J. The History of the Mystery of
Akhenaten’s Successor. In:
L’Egyptologie en 1979, Axes prioritaires
de recherches 2: 291-297; Paris, 1982b
SAMSON, J. Amarna Crowns and Wigs: Unpublished
Pieces from Statues and Inlays in the
Petrie Collection at University College,
London. JEA 59: 47-59; 1973
SANDISON, A. T. Consanguineous Marriage. BMJ 1: 438;
1964
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NEFERTITI –
NEFERNEFERU-Aten
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Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Berlin; 1981
THOMPSON, D. B. Reviewed Work: Nefertiti Lived Here by
Mary Chubb, Ralph Lavers. Archaeology
9(3): 226; 1956
THOMPSON, K. A Shattered Granodiorite Dyad of
Akhenaten and Nefertiti from Tell el-
Amarna. JEA 92: 141-151; 2006
TRAUNECKER, C. Néfertiti la reine sans nom. In: Bergerot,
T.-L. (ed.), Akhénaton et l'époque
amarnienne 117-134. Khéops, Paris; 2005
TRAUNECKER, C. Nefertiti, la reine sans nom. Revue Egypte,
Afrique et Orient 14: 3-14; 1999
TYLDESLEY, J. A. Ägyptens Sonnenkönigin - Biographie der
Nofretete. Limes Verlag, München; 1999
TYLDESLEY, J. A. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: from
Early Dynastic Times to the Death of
Cleopatra. Thames & Hudson; 2006
TYLDESLEY, J. A. Nefertiti: Egypt’s Sun Queen. Viking Adult,
London; 1999
TYLDESLEY, J. A. Nefertiti: Unlocking the Mystery
Surrounding Egypt's Most Famous and
Beautiful Queen. Penguin Books, New
York; 1999
VAN DER PERRE, A. Nefertiti's last documented reference [for
now]'. In: Seyfried, F. (ed.), In the Light of
Amarna. 100 Years of the Nefertiti
Discovery 195-197. Berlin; 2012
VANDENBERG, P. Nefertiti: An Archaeological Biography.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1978
[Nofretete: ein archäologische Biographie.
Munich; 1975]
VANDENBERG, P. Nofretete, Echnaton und ihre Zeit.
Manfred Pawlak Verlag; 1985
VANDERSLEYEN, C. Amarnismes: le «disque» d'Aton, le «roi»
asexué. CdÉ 59(117): 5-13; 1984
WATKINS, V. Nefertiti. The Hudson Review 4(4): 523-
524; 1952
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