Evolution of Hydrochemical Facies of The

© Journal of Hydrocarbons Mines and Environmental Research Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2012, 37-46
http://jhmer.univ-rennes1.fr
1st International Colloquium on “Water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions: challenges and
prospects. Case of the African continent”
14 - 16 November 2012, Beni Mellal, Morocco
Evolution of hydrochemical facies of the groundwater of the shallow

aquifer, NW Libya
Zuhair B. Hafi 1,*, Khalil I. Al-Samarrai 2,*

1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13258, Tripoli, Libya
2
Department of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13041 Tripoli, Libya
* Corresponding authors: zuhair_Hafi@Live.com (Z. B. Hafi), khalsamarrai@yahoo.co.uk (K. I. Al-Samarrai)
Received: 13 December 2012 - Accepted: 7 May 2013 - Available online: 7 May 2013
Abstract: Groundwater samples from the shallow aquifer in Alassa area, northwestern Libya were studied for their
chemical properties. Hydrogeochemical characteristics were evaluated as well as ionic ratios (HCO3-/Cl-, Na+/Cl-,
Ca+2/Cl-, Ca+2/SO4-2) to explain the distribution of the facies and the source of existing salinity. The study area shows
that there is a mixture of different types of water with variable concentrations of major ions, resulted from salt water
intrusion as well as dissolution of evaporates in the aquifer bearing water with limited influence of upward leakage.
Chloride is found the dominant in the groundwater of the shallow aquifer in the study area caused by sea water
encroachment at the coastal area as well as dissolution of halite pockets within the evaporate deposits at the south
western part of the study area. The quality of groundwater and the processes that control the concentration of major
constituents is very necessary to secure adequate water demand. The results of such studies will enable establishing and
improving management of the groundwater resources of the area.
Keywords: Hydrochemistry, coastal aquifer, NW Libya.
© 2012. Selection under responsibility of the Colloquium Scientific Committee (Tahar Aïfa, Abdessamad Najine)
Evolution du faciès hydrochimique des eaux souterraines de l'aquifère peu profond, Libye nord-
occidentale
Résumé: Des échantillons d'eaux souterraines provenant de l'aquifère peu profond dans la région d'Alassa, nord-ouest
Libyen ont été étudiés pour leurs propriétés chimiques. Des caractéristiques hydrogéochimiques ont été évaluées aussi
bien que les rapports ioniques (HCO3-/Cl-, Na+/Cl-, Ca+2/Cl-, Ca+2/SO4-2) pour expliquer la distribution du faciès et la
source de salinité existante. Le secteur d'étude prouve qu'il y a un mélange de différents types d'eau avec des
concentrations variables des ions majeurs, provenant de l'intrusion d'eau salée aussi bien que de la dissolution des
évaporites dans l'eau de l'aquifère avec une influence limitée de la fuite ascendante. Le chlorure est trouvé dominant
dans les eaux souterraines de cet aquifère peu profond et résulte de l'empiétement d'eau de mer dans les régions côtières
aussi bien que par la dissolution des poches de halite dans les dépôts d'évaporites de la partie sud-ouest du secteur
d'étude. La qualité des eaux souterraines et les processus qui contrôlent la concentration des constituants majeurs
devraient être nécessaires pour fixer les besoins adéquats d'approvisionnement en eau. Les résultats de telles études
permettront d'établir et d'améliorer la gestion des ressources des eaux souterraines du secteur.
Mots clés: Hydrochimie, aquifère côtier, Libye nord-occidentale.

38 Hafi and Al-Samarrai Journal of Hydrocarbons Mines and Environmental Research, 3(2), 2012, 37-46
1. Introduction
The Mediterranean coastal region of western Libya has undergone a startling economic development over
the last 30 years. This is due to changes in the pattern of agriculture in which traditional farming have given
way to modern irrigation practices, the surface area under cultivation has increased notably and so has the
water demand. Because the main source of water in the area as well as the rest of the country is from
groundwater and in many cases the abstractions have led to aquifer overexploitation.
This study explains the most relevant controls on the water quality and ionic processes which alter the
groundwater composition of the aquifer systems; what is the principal cause of groundwater salinization in
the coastal part of the aquifer? Searching for other hydrochemical processes involved those modify the
theoretical freshwater-seawater mixture. Also, it provides some clarifications to the existence of highly
saline as well as brackish groundwater found in several wells located at far distance from the coast.
The area under study is located in the west northern part of Jifarah Plain. This plain is structurally divided
into three parts; the first part covers the area west of Az Zahra, the second part extends between Az Zahra
and Al Aziziyah known as (As Sawani), whereas the third part resembles the area east of As Sawani
(Kruseman and Flogel, 1978).
The area of interest located in the first part of Jifarah Plain, west of Az Zahra (Fig.1), characterized by the
Miocene deposits; consist of clayey series at the base overlain by a more calcareous series known as the
lower Miocene aquifer. Then follows another clayey series separates the lower Miocene from the overlain
Middle Miocene. The latter is sandy calcareous, forming another aquifer. Overlying this sequence a sandy
clay layer separates Middle Miocene sequence from the Mio-Plio-Quaternary complex, which is also
considered another existing aquifer known as Quaternary aquifer.
Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. Carte de situation de la région d’étude.
According to Kruseman and Floegel (1978) the geological structure of the Jifarah Plain is dominated by
block faulting forming some oriented zones of disturbance along NW-SE (Fig.2). Within these zones the
older formations have been downthrown to deeper and deeper levels along faults and flexures giving way to
a thick series of Miocene in the central Jifarah. The aquifer we are dealing with is the Quaternary within the
area of Al Assa, which has the same extension as the Middle Miocene clay formations in the central part of
Jifarah plain. Beyond this limit the aquifer becomes very thin and its groundwater usually in hydraulic
continuity with the underlying Abu Shaybah and Azizyah Formations. While in the south there is no
separate aquifer in the Quaternary cover (Kruseman and Floegel, 1978). The groundwater quality in the
central part of Jifarah within Quaternary aquifer, which flows towards the sea (Fig.3), varies in total
dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) from good (< 2000 mg/L) to very good (< 1000 mg/L). Deterioration
of water quality was noticed among the sampled wells in the study area.
Hafi and Al-Samarrai Journal of Hydrocarbons Mines and Environmental Research, 3(2), 2012, 37-46 39
Fig. 2. Geological structure (block faulting) of Jifarah plain (after Kruseman and Floegel, 1978). Structure géologique (blocs faillés)
de la plaine de Jifarah (d’après Kruseman and Floegel, 1978).
Fig. 3. Locations of the wells sampled and groundwater flow of the Mio-Plio-Quaternary complex in the study area. Localisation des
puits échantillonnés et l’écoulement des eaux souterraines du complexe mio-plio-quaternaire dans la région d’étude.
2. Water Types and Trends
Seventy two analyzed water samples were used in this study, representing groundwater of the shallow
aquifer. Generally, the chemical composition of groundwater is primarily dependent on the type of
chemical reaction and on the geochemical processes taking place within the groundwater system. The
hydro-geochemical characteristics of the major ions were tabulated in Appendix 1. Aquachem software was
used in order to determine the groundwater types and visualizing trends of groundwater chemistry.
Analytical result presents the abundance of these ions in the following order (Ca+2 and Na+ > Mg+2 and Cl-
> SO4-2 > HCO3-). Among anions chloride is found the dominant anion in the groundwater of the study
area. Its concentration is generally higher than 146.2 mg/L. Whereas, sulfates were found in considerable
amount (133-9616 mg/L), followed by bicarbonates (15.6-288 mg/L).
Piper trilinear diagram is applied to show the relative concentrations of the major cations and anions of the
groundwater in the coastal area and in the southern inland part of the study area as well (Fig.4).
The water types determined from ionic analyses were tabulated in Table 1. Both water types and Piper plots
indicate that groundwater in the area is mainly made up of mixture of earth alkaline and alkaline metals and
predominantly Cl-SO4 water type.
Table 1. Water types defined in the groundwater of the Mio-Plio-Quaternary complex. Types des eaux définies dans le complexe mio-
plio-quaternaire.
Water Type Frequency Water Type Frequency
Ca-Mg – Cl 2 Na-Ca – SO4-Cl 1
Ca-Mg – Cl-SO4 9 Na-Ca – Cl-HCO3 1
Ca-Mg – SO4-Cl 2 Na – Cl-HCO3 1
Ca-Na – Cl-SO4 15 Na-Mg - Cl 4
Ca-Na – SO4-Cl 2 Na-Mg – Cl-SO4 6
Na – Cl-SO4 6 Na-Mg – Cl-HCO3 1
Na-Ca – Cl 8 Mg – Cl-SO4 1
Na-Ca – Cl-SO4 8 Mg-Ca – SO4-Cl 1
Since chloride is considered as a stable ion, the concentrations of the various cations are presented as a
function of the Cl- content (Fig.5). The mixing phenomena, demonstrated by the enrichment of the more
saline waters with respect to calcium and magnesium, while sodium and potassium showed depleted
behavior (Fig.5). The majority of samples in the coastal side of the study area are depleted in Na+ and
enriched in Ca+2 and Mg+2. The depletion of Na+ and enrichment of Ca+2 and Mg+2 suggests a reverse
cationic exchange reaction which usually occurred in situations when seawater is replacing freshwater
(Yaouti et al., 2009).
However, some samples showed depletion in Ca+2 and enrichment in Mg+2, indicating a possible exchange
between these two cations. According to Custodio and Bruggeman (1987), this condition occurs due to
cation exchange processes taking place in seawater/freshwater dynamic interface, announcing a progress of
seawater contamination.
The salinization of the groundwater in the wells south of the study area showed excess of Ca+2, this
condition suggests the existence of other sources contributing to the enrichment of groundwater. In this
case gypsum dissolution as well as fertilizers could be suggested as potential sources.
l)
Ca 0
56 37
(C
80
8
lc
54 40
ide
ium 60
25 39
lor
(C
Ch
80 l)
55 38
60
Ca 0
2 101 130 113

C
1,000.0
2,000.0
3,000.0
4,000.0
5,000.0
a)
(
24 160
40 4) +
lc iu
4 105 137 114

ide
+ M40
26
0.0
lo r
21 107 142 163

m 60
(SO
ag
Ch
(C
23 110 145 86 77
60
a)
1,000.0
2,000.0
3,000.0
4,000.0
5,000.0
ne 20
Total Dissolved Solids 35

40 4) +
28 144 150 SW
2 a te
+ M 40
siu
29 3 31 FW (Parts Per Million) 64

0.0
lf
O
Su
0
m
ag
(S
30 27 39 34
ne 20
(M
20 ate
Total Dissolved Solids 41 71 87 32

s iu
g)
lf
(Parts Per Million) 67 98 106

Su
33
m
70 104 108
(M
72 119 109
53
g)
95 123 111
3)
Mg SO4
CO
20
(H 20
100 127 112

So 20
Mg SO4
3)
diu
O
20
te
20
80
80
20
40
20 (HC
rbo 40
na
m
60 g )
So
( N 40
(M
at e
80
80
20
g)
40
ic a 40
Su
d iu 4
(b)
a)
a
(M
40
60
40 rbo n
Bic
60
lfa
) + 60
m 0
+
40 esiu
te
(a)
i um
Su
(SO
(N
Po 60
60
60
60 Po t
s
O3 60
a)
l fa 40
gn
4)
60 ) + B
tas
40 gne
O3
60
40
+ 60
te
80
Ma
at 80
siu 80
a
8 0 e (C
(SO
M
80
m
na 80
as
80 t e (C
4)
20
(K
20
siu 80
on
)
m
rb
20
20
(K)
rbo
Ca
Ca
Ca 80 60 40 20 Na+K 20 40 60 80
HCO 3+CO3 Cl
Ca 80 60 40 20 Na+K HCO 3 +CO3 20 40 60 80 Cl Calcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)
Calcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl) A NI O NS
%meq/l
CATI O NS %meq/l
CAT IO NS ANIONS
Fig. 4. Piper diagram for (a) coastal part, (b) southern part of the study area. Diagramme de Piper pour (a) la partie côtière, (b) partie
sud de la région d’étude
Fig. 5. Cl- content and major analyzed cations (meq/L) versus theoretical sea water-fresh water mixing line. Teneur en Cl et cations
majeurs analysés (meq/L) en fonction de la ligne de mélange théorique eau marine-eau douce.
3. Ionic Deltas
To understand the behaviour of the major cations and identify the hydrogeochemical processes that take
place in the aquifer and modify the theoretical content, ionic delta is presented for each of the cations
analyzed following the procedure given by Fidelibus et al. (1993):
(C − CCl , f )
f sea = Cl ,sample
(CCl ,sea − CCl , f )
with f sea : seawater fraction of a conservative mixing, CCl, sample : Cl concentration of the sample, CCl,sea : Cl
concentration of the Mediterranean Sea, and CCI ,f represents the Cl concentration of the fresh water.
In this study, the freshwater sample was chosen considering the lowest measured TDS value during 1970.
The seawater fraction is used for determining the concentration of each ion i resulting from the
conservative mixing of seawater and the fresh water (Ci,mix ).
C i ,mix = f sea ∗ C i , sea + (1 − f sea ) ∗ C i , f
where Ci,sea and Ci,f are the concentration of the ion i of seawater and fresh water, respectively. The ionic
delta (∆Ci) for each ion i, is the difference between the concentration of the conservative mixing Ci,mix and
the measured one CCl,sample. It simply represents the concentration resulting from any chemical reaction
occurring with mixing. When ∆Ci is positive, groundwater is getting enriched for ion i whereas a negative
value of ∆Ci indicates a depletion of the ion i compared to the theoretical mixing (Andersen et al., 2005).
In this study, the freshwater sample was chosen considering the lowest measured TDS value during 1970.
Thus, figure 6 shows the ionic deltas calculated for Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+ and SO4-2. The first note to see is
that most of the samples suffer from Na+ depletions only few show some enrichment. The excess of Na+
could be due to cationic exchange taking place between the clay present in Quaternary aquifer which
release Na+ to the solution and capture Ca+2 and/or Mg+2 from it (Pulido-Leboeuf, 2004). It is also notable
that cation exchange in the mixing zone of the detritus aquifer is significant and produces an inverse
exchange between Na+ and Ca+2 - Mg+2. Potassium shows negative deltas nearly in all analyzed samples,
while SO4-2 shows enrichment, which could be explained by the dissolution of the inland gypsum. The
behaviour of the cations observed in the mixing zone, which may reflect cationic exchange process, is still
active due to over exploitation.
Fig. 6. Ionic deltas of Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and SO4-2 versus Chloride. Les deltas ioniques de Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 et SO4-2 en fonction
du chlorure.
4. Ionic Ratios
The use of major ions chemistry (Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4-2, HCO3-) added to water can be applied with some
precautions, because mineral precipitation, ion exchange and evaporation can modify chemical
composition. In this study, most of the ion ratios have been calculated using mg/L unit (Appendix 2). Ionic
ratios of groundwater have been often used to evaluate seawater intrusion in coastal areas (Kim et al., 2003;
Moujabber et al., 2006).
Ionic ratio HCO3-/Cl- was used as indicative of freshwater recharge. Generally, the ratios gradually increase
towards the coast, indicating the influence of seawater intrusion in the shallow aquifer near the coast. The
results for SO4-2/Cl- and the Ca+2 and Mg+2 concentrations revealing the salinization process according to
(Edet et al., 2002). However, and according to the concentration reached by water type trends it seems that
salinization process occurred by two sources, showing the effect of seawater intrusions and mineralogy of
the rock bearing the groundwater.
Ratios of Na+/Ca+2 indicating cation exchange reaction which show some mixed behavior increases with
increase in TDS. The increment of TDS with the increase in Na+ ions is clearly recognized in Figure 7. This
figure indicates that Na+ and Cl- were in good harmony as TDS increases in all analyzed samples in the
study area. In spite of the behaviour of Na+ and Cl- with TDS observed in Figure 7, the salinity of the wells
showed different values with depth. Two wells (BH33 and BH53) drilled to same depths show different
salinity values (high and low). Another well BH38 is deeper than both the previous wells show low salinity
value, while well BH55 with shallow depth is also characterized by low salinity value. These variations can
be explained as that the wells in the area penetrating different formations affected by block faulting (Fig.2)
and by dissolution of evaporates - forming the rock of water bearing formation.
According to Custodio (1983) and Nwankwoada and Udom (2011), the cation exchange value (CEV) for
seawater ranges from 1.2 to 1.3, where low-salt inland waters give values close to zero, either positive or
negative. The CEV values for groundwater within the study area range from 0.10 to 0.88. These values may
reflect the existence of two sources of salinization, seawater intrusion and mineral dissolution as well.
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Three major facies recognized in the groundwater of the study area, are Ca-Cl, Na-Cl and Mg-Cl. Another
few facies also recognized like Ca-SO4-Cl, Na-Cl-HCO3 and Mg-SO4-Cl. Geochemical processes taking
place in the Mio-Plio-Quaternary complex aquifer in the study area causing salinization were identified by
different approaches showing that reverse cation exchange reaction acting in the coastal part, modifying the
fresh water and seawater mixture away from the theoretical composition. Limited increase of Na+ in
solution is observed in some samples suggested to be contributed from the clays exist in the rocks bearing
water. In the southern part another source for salinization was observed. This source is considered to be
dissolution of evaporate minerals forming the rock bearing water. Geological structures defined by block
faulting is found affecting the salinization in this area. This effect resulted in the presence of relict saline
components in the aquifer isolated from seawater source.
Fig. 7. Relationships between depth of sampled wells of the southern part of the study area and concentrations of TDS, Cl- and Na+ (in
mg/L). Relations entre la profondeur des puits échantillonnés de la partie sud du secteur d'étude et les concentrations de TDS, Cl et
Na+ (en mg/L).
Following the mentioned scenario, such isolated (and potentially dynamic) sources must be taken into
account when assessing boundary conditions for water quality modelling. A successful aquifer management
plan will need to consider the degree to which various water types currently encountered in the aquifer. A
consideration must be acted also to complex mixtures between modern recharge waters, modern seawater
and ancient, trapped seawaters. Only a plan which builds upon a better understanding of this history can be
expected to produce sensible options for sustainable aquifer management into the future.
References
Andersen, M.S., Nyvang, V., Jakobsen, R., Postma, D., 2005. Geochemical processes and solute transport at the seawater/freshwater
interface of a sandy aquifer. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(16), 3979-3994.
Custodio, E., 1983. Hidrogeoquimica, In: Custodio, E and Llymas, M. R (Ed.), Hydrologia Subterranea, Section 10, Omega,
Barcelona.
Custodio, E., Bruggeman, G.A., 1987. Groundwater problems in coastal areas. In: Studies and Reports in Hydrology (UNESCO),
No.45, International Hydrological Programme (IHP), Paris.
Edet, A.E., Okereke, C.S., 2002. Delineation of shallow groundwater aquifers in the coastal plain sands of Calabar area (Southern
Nigeria) using surface resistivity and hydro geological data. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 35, 433-443.
Fidelibus, M.D., Gimoenez, E., Morell, I. Tulipano, L., 1993. Salinization processes in the Castellon plain aquifer (Spain). In:
Custodio, E., Galofre, A. (Eds.), Study and Modelling of Saltwater Intrusion into Aquifers, Centro International de Metodos
Numericos Ingenieria, Barcelona, 267-283.
Kruseman, G.P., Floegel, H., 1978. Hydrogeology of the Jifarah, NW Libya. The Geology of Libya, II, 763-777.
Kim, J. H., Kim, R. H., Chang H. W., 2003. Hydrogeochemical Characterization of major factors affecting the quality of shallow
Groundwater in the coastal area at Kimje in South Korea. Environmental Geology, 478- 489.
Moujabber, E.L., Bou Samra, M., Darwish, B., Atallah, T., 2006. Comparison of different indicators for groundwater
contamination by seawater intrusion on the Lebanese Coast. Water Resources Management, 20, 161-180.
Nwankwoala, H.O., Udom, G.J., 2011. Hydrochemical Facies and Ionic Ratios of Groundwater in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria.
Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1(3), 87-101.
Pulido-Leboeuf, P., 2004. Seawater intrusion and associated processes in a small coastal complex aquifer (Castell de Ferro, Spain).
Applied geochemistry, 19, 1517-1527.
Yaouti, F.E., Mandour, A.E., Khattach, D., Benavente, J., Kaufmann, O., 2009. Salinization processes in the unconfined aquifer of
Bou-Areg (NE Morocco): A geostatistical, geochemical, and tomographic study. Applied geochemistry, 24, 16-31.
Appendix:
A.1 Hydrogeochemical Facies Analysis of Groundwater Samples and water types. Analyses des faciès
hydrogéochimiques des échantillons des eaux souterraines et des types d'eau.
Well # Lat. Long. Ca+2 Mg+2 Na+ K+ Cl- SO4-2 HCO3- Geochemical Facies water type
H2 32.76643 12.36032 43 28 19 9 71 20 9 Ca-Mg-Cl mixed-Cl
BH3 32.7484 12.39941 48 22 19 11 61 25 14 Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH4 32.94402 11.86984 42 31 26 1 85 12 3 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl mixed-Cl
BH21 32.86421 12.00886 32 25 41 1 84 11 5 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl mixed-Cl
BH23 32.74881 12.11541 42 29 29 0 56 40 4 Ca-Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH27 32.69921 12.3685 52 17 21 9 66 28 6 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH30 32.7493 12.37568 28 32 39 1 51 11 38 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl- mixed-Cl
BH31 32.75863 12.37765 13 17 68 2 59 11 31 Na-Cl-HCO3 Na-Cl
BH32 32.68457 11.67456 24 27 47 2 80 19 1 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl mixed-Cl
BH33 32.61256 11.79963 9 25 63 3 91 9 0 Na-Mg-Cl Na-Cl
BH34 32.78781 11.59435 25 23 50 1 80 18 2 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl Na-Cl
BH35 32.54893 12.08904 42 16 42 1 53 44 3 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH37 32.76196 11.82144 29 16 53 1 92 8 0 Na-Ca-Cl Na-Cl
BH38 33.0065 11.62882 13 42 44 1 83 16 1 Na-Ca-Cl mixed-Cl
BH39 32.9503 11.58932 12 39 47 2 77 22 0 Na-Mg-Cl mixed-Cl
BH40 32.61064 11.58039 21 18 59 1 75 24 1 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH41 32.91108 11.54647 25 31 42 2 64 35 2 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH53 32.50936 12.30413 47 28 24 1 46 50 4 Ca-Mg-Na-SO4-Cl Ca-SO4
BH54 32.59495 12.20115 45 16 39 0 65 31 4 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH55 32.51798 12.10843 35 20 43 2 52 45 3 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH56 32.6768 11.93915 26 21 53 1 68 30 2 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH64 32.91391 11.65124 7 39 53 2 97 3 0 Na-Mg-Cl Na-Cl
BH86 32.77354 11.99184 17 61 17 5 76 21 3 Mg-Cl-SO4 Mg-Cl
BH87 32.82242 11.96674 24 25 50 1 72 26 2 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
Well # Lat. Long. Ca+2 Mg+2 Na+ K+ Cl- SO4-2 HCO3- Geochemical Facies water type
BH96 32.75759 12.40543 5 28 64 3 65 35 0 Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH98 32.74358 12.37449 48 38 12 1 73 25 2 Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH100 32.74343 12.36685 40 29 28 3 71 22 7 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH104 32.75779 12.36839 53 20 21 6 65 26 9 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH105 32.7474 12.37586 32 29 37 1 49 12 39 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl- mixed-Cl
BH106 32.75662 12.39843 23 30 46 1 62 24 14 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 mixed-Cl
BH108 32.76762 12.36449 8 17 73 1 54 40 6 Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH111 32.75643 12.37675 17 19 63 0 57 32 10 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH112 32.75685 12.36609 14 18 67 2 54 40 5 Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH113 32.75668 12.36607 12 16 71 1 54 39 7 Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH114 32.72487 12.39414 13 17 68 2 58 39 3 Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH118 32.67128 12.38882 40 32 26 3 48 49 3 Na-Cl-SO4 mixed

BH119 32.72608 12.33601 53 24 20 4 55 44 1 Ca-Mg-Na-SO4-Cl Ca-Cl
BH123 32.73277 12.3616 50 18 27 5 64 28 8 Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH127 32.75812 12.35888 49 31 20 0 50 44 6 Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH128 32.64402 12.3489 16 19 64 1 49 49 2 Na-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH129 32.7416 12.37143 63 21 15 0 39 57 4 Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl Ca-SO4
BH133 32.77125 12.25088 36 47 17 0 48 48 4 Mg-Ca-SO4-Cl mixed
BH134 32.73859 12.21145 41 35 24 0 48 46 6 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 mixed
BH137 32.71233 12.22324 50 22 28 0 54 42 4 Ca-Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH138 32.74431 12.23287 36 32 29 2 48 47 4 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 mixed
BH140 32.75591 12.2676 52 25 23 0 47 51 3 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 Ca-SO4
BH143 32.75125 12.27489 46 24 30 0 44 53 3 Ca-Na-Mg-SO4-Cl Ca-SO4
BH144 32.75106 12.27535 45 27 28 0 48 49 3 Ca-Na-Mg-SO4-Cl mixed
BH150 32.82462 11.62289 49 24 24 2 53 43 4 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 Ca-Cl
BH163 32.68872 12.19168 17 25 58 1 76 24 1 Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 Na-Cl
BH166 27 26 47 0 43 55 2 Na-Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl Na-SO4
A.2 Ionic Ratios and CEV of the Groundwater in the Study Area. Rapports ioniques et CEV des eaux souterraines dans
la région d'étude.
Well # HCO3-/Cl- Na+/Cl- Na+/Ca+2 Ca+2/Cl- Mg+2/Cl- SO4-2/Cl- Mg+2/Ca+2 Ca+2/SO4-2 Ca+2/HCO3- CEV
BH2 0.22 0.18 0.5 0.36 0.14 0.38 0.4 0.95 1.6 0.67
BH3 0.38 0.21 0.46 0.46 0.13 0.56 0.28 0.83 1.21 0.58
BH4 0.06 0.2 0.71 0.29 0.13 0.2 0.45 1.47 4.84 0.79
BH21 0.1 0.34 1.48 0.23 0.11 0.17 0.48 1.36 2.28 0.64
BH23 0.13 0.36 0.8 0.45 0.19 0.96 0.41 0.47 3.37 0.64
BH24 0.1 0.35 1.51 0.23 0.1 0.2 0.42 1.16 2.42 0.62
BH25 0.08 0.33 1.47 0.23 0.1 0.17 0.43 1.3 2.79 0.67
BH26 0.12 0.34 1.07 0.32 0.14 0.48 0.42 0.68 2.59 0.65
BH27 0.16 0.22 0.46 0.48 0.1 0.56 0.2 0.85 2.97 0.61
BH28 0.13 0.35 1.23 0.28 0.1 0.32 0.36 0.89 2.13 0.65
BH29 0.13 0.34 1.1 0.31 0.13 0.42 0.41 0.73 2.4 0.65
BH30 1.27 0.52 1.56 0.33 0.22 0.3 0.68 1.09 0.26 0.46
BH31 0.9 0.76 6.03 0.13 0.1 0.25 0.8 0.51 0.14 0.21
BH32 0.01 0.38 2.21 0.17 0.11 0.33 0.66 0.52 11.54 0.6
BH33 0.01 0.45 7.91 0.06 0.09 0.13 1.64 0.45 8.07 0.52
BH34 0.05 0.41 2.29 0.18 0.1 0.3 0.56 0.61 3.38 0.57
BH35 0.09 0.53 1.14 0.46 0.11 1.13 0.23 0.41 5.09 0.46
BH37 0.01 0.38 2.1 0.18 0.06 0.12 0.33 1.58 19.9 0.6
BH38 0.01 0.34 3.83 0.09 0.17 0.26 1.92 0.33 6.95 0.65
BH39 0.01 0.4 4.37 0.09 0.17 0.39 1.91 0.23 10.97 0.58
BH40 0.03 0.52 3.15 0.16 0.08 0.43 0.52 0.38 6.15 0.46
BH41 0.04 0.47 1.99 0.24 0.19 0.74 0.78 0.32 5.78 0.5
BH53 0.15 0.36 0.6 0.61 0.22 1.48 0.36 0.41 4 0.61
BH54 0.11 0.41 1 0.42 0.09 0.64 0.22 0.65 3.69 0.58
BH55 0.1 0.56 1.39 0.41 0.14 1.17 0.34 0.35 3.98 0.39
BH56 0.05 0.52 2.34 0.22 0.11 0.59 0.49 0.38 4.7 0.46
BH64 0 0.35 8.76 0.04 0.14 0.04 3.4 1.05 9.65 0.63
BH67 0.05 0.39 1.73 0.22 0.12 0.38 0.53 0.59 4.25 0.58
BH70 0.13 0.5 1.26 0.39 0.17 0.95 0.43 0.41 3 0.5
BH71 0.05 0.37 0.77 0.49 0.13 0.96 0.27 0.5 9.04 0.63
BH72 0.05 0.32 0.82 0.38 0.16 0.72 0.43 0.53 7.04 0.68
BH77 0.01 0.34 0.89 0.38 0.11 0.56 0.29 0.69 39.76 0.66
BH86 0.07 0.14 1.16 0.12 0.27 0.38 2.19 0.33 1.68 0.78
BH87 0.04 0.48 2.35 0.2 0.12 0.5 0.61 0.41 5.34 0.5
BH95 0.05 0.3 1.4 0.21 0.12 0.18 0.58 1.16 4.03 0.69
BH96 0.01 0.65 13.61 0.05 0.15 0.72 3.11 0.07 4.91 0.31
BH98 0.05 0.11 0.3 0.36 0.17 0.47 0.49 0.76 6.91 0.88
BH100 0.18 0.27 0.8 0.34 0.15 0.42 0.43 0.81 1.88 0.67
BH101 0.28 0.32 0.7 0.46 0.16 0.68 0.35 0.67 1.62 0.61
BH104 0.23 0.22 0.46 0.48 0.11 0.54 0.22 0.89 2.07 0.67
BH105 1.37 0.49 1.32 0.37 0.2 0.33 0.54 1.11 0.27 0.49
BH106 0.4 0.47 2.33 0.2 0.16 0.52 0.79 0.39 0.51 0.52
BH107 0.79 0.48 1.28 0.38 0.21 0.78 0.55 0.48 0.47 0.48
BH108 0.18 0.83 10.31 0.08 0.1 1.01 1.3 0.08 0.45 0.14
BH109 0.39 0.54 1.93 0.28 0.16 0.82 0.57 0.34 0.71 0.44
BH110 0.89 0.49 1.51 0.32 0.2 0.81 0.62 0.4 0.36 0.5
BH111 0.31 0.67 4.27 0.16 0.11 0.76 0.67 0.2 0.5 0.3
BH112 0.17 0.73 5.7 0.13 0.1 1.01 0.79 0.13 0.74 0.23
BH113 0.24 0.87 6.99 0.12 0.1 0.98 0.82 0.13 0.52 0.1
BH114 0.09 0.74 5.82 0.13 0.1 0.9 0.76 0.14 1.35 0.23
BH118 0.11 0.32 0.74 0.44 0.21 1.41 0.48 0.31 4.14 0.61
BH119 0.03 0.25 0.43 0.57 0.16 1.08 0.27 0.53 17.23 0.67
BH123 0.23 0.27 0.62 0.43 0.09 0.59 0.22 0.73 1.88 0.66
BH127 0.21 0.25 0.46 0.54 0.21 1.17 0.39 0.46 2.62 0.74
BH128 0.06 0.91 4.46 0.2 0.14 1.34 0.7 0.15 3.26 0.07
BH129 0.19 0.28 0.28 0.98 0.2 1.97 0.21 0.5 5.07 0.72
BH130 0.27 0.28 0.6 0.47 0.2 0.84 0.42 0.56 1.74 0.71
BH133 0.14 0.24 0.55 0.44 0.35 1.38 0.8 0.32 3.25 0.76
BH134 0.21 0.36 0.68 0.53 0.27 1.29 0.51 0.41 2.5 0.64
BH137 0.13 0.34 0.64 0.54 0.14 1.06 0.26 0.51 4.11 0.65
BH138 0.15 0.39 0.92 0.42 0.23 1.33 0.54 0.32 2.81 0.56
BH140 0.09 0.32 0.5 0.64 0.19 1.47 0.3 0.44 6.84 0.67
BH142 0.11 0.38 0.68 0.56 0.19 1.28 0.34 0.43 5.14 0.62
BH143 0.14 0.46 0.75 0.62 0.2 1.64 0.32 0.37 4.47 0.53
BH144 0.12 0.39 0.71 0.55 0.21 1.4 0.37 0.4 4.73 0.6
BH145 0.14 0.38 0.67 0.56 0.18 1.25 0.31 0.45 4.03 0.62
BH150 0.14 0.31 0.55 0.55 0.16 1.1 0.3 0.5 3.93 0.64
BH160 0.04 0.33 1.17 0.28 0.13 0.51 0.46 0.56 7.92 0.64
BH163 0.02 0.5 3.98 0.12 0.11 0.42 0.9 0.29 7.47 0.49
BH165 0.05 0.35 0.77 0.46 0.2 1.2 0.44 0.38 9.38 0.62
BH166 0.09 0.72 2.03 0.36 0.21 1.73 0.6 0.21 3.9 0.26
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
© Hafi and Al-Samarrai, Licensee J. hydrocarb. mines environ. res., All rights reserved.
This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)
which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
Pièce 128/1, Géosciences-Rennes, CNRS UMR6118, Université de Rennes 1, Bat.15, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
Tél/Fax: +33 (0)2 23236785/6097, E-mail: jhmer@univ-rennes1.fr, Web: http://jhmer.univ-rennes1.fr

Evolution of Hydrochemical Facies of The

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Evolution of Hydrochemical Facies of The

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© Journal of Hydrocarbons Mines and Environmental Research Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2012, 37-46

Evolution of hydrochemical facies of the groundwater of the shallow

Zuhair B. Hafi 1,, Khalil I. Al-Samarrai 2,

Keywords: Hydrochemistry, coastal aquifer, NW Libya.

Mots clés: Hydrochimie, aquifère côtier, Libye nord-occidentale.

2. Water Types and Trends

2 101 130 113

4 105 137 114

21 107 142 163

Total Dissolved Solids 35

29 3 31 FW (Parts Per Million) 64

Total Dissolved Solids 41 71 87 32

(Parts Per Million) 67 98 106

100 127 112

5. Discussion and Conclusions

BH118 32.67128 12.38882 40 32 26 3 48 49 3 Na-Cl-SO4 mixed

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