Wednesday, October 13, 2010

4:22 PM

Pathology

 Once in lung or ectopic site, worm stimulates an inflammatory response

 -parasite becomes enshrouded in a granuloma
 -eggs in surrounding tissues result in pseudotubercles
 -worms in spinal cor can cause paralysis
 Fatal cases are seen when paragonimus spp. Locate in heart or brain
 Pulmonary cases are rarely fatal; chronic, cough, breathing difficulty, sputum containing blood

Epidemiology

 Reservoir host include felids, canids, rodents and pigs

 -Worms can live 10 to 20 years
 -Human become infected by eating raw or insufficiently cooked crustaceans
 -Marination in brine, vinegar, or wine have no effect on Metacercariae
 -Exposure can also come from contaminated fingers and cooking utensils
 -Some ethnic groups use of juices strained from crushed crab or crayfish for the medical
purposes
 -Variety of mammals and some birds can serve as paratenic hosts
EX: Guinea pigs: considered a delicacy in Ecuador and Peru

Digenean: Schistosoma spp.

Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Family:
schistosomatdae:
 have no second intermediate host in their life cycles
 -mature in the blood vascular system of their definitive host
 most species are dioecious
 
Genus:
Schistosoma: refers to the "split body" of the male
 considerable sexual dimorphism exist which include:
 Male have tegumental tubercles
  Males are shorter and stouter than females
 males have ventral longitudinal groove(gynecophoral canal)
 
 

Friday, October 15, 2010

4:01 PM

Digenean: Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma Haematobium

Schistosoma Japonicum
 
 
Schistosoma Mansoni:
 found in the portal veins draining the large intestine
 Moderate host specificity
 reservoir host include: rodents, and monkeys
 
Schistosoma Haematobium:
 prefers the veins of the urinary bladder
 Most host specific( no known reservoir host)
 
 
Schistosoma Japonicum:
  more concentrated in the veins of the small intestine
 least host specific
 Reservoir include: rodents, cats,, dogs , pig, cattle, horses and deer.
 

Pathology

MIGRATORY PHASE:

 Time from penetration until maturity and egg production

 Often no symptoms or dermatitis reaction
 occurs when schistosomes begin producing eggs
 sufficient time and exposure has elapsed to elicit humoral response
 egg production dramatically increase antigen release causing: chills, fever, fatigue,
headache, malaise, muscle aches, GI discomfort etc..
 
Chronic Phase:

S. M ANSONI- hepatic and pulmonary cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly

S. HAEMATOBIUM - bladder wall becomes ulcerated, bloody urine(hematuria)
S. JAPONICUM - hepatic and pulmonary cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly; cerebral schistosomiasis

Epidemiology

Human waste water containing intermediate hosts is #1 epidemiological factor

 
S.MANSONI: broad distribution: Africa, Middle East, South America, and Caribbean
S. JAPONICUM: limited to Japan, china, Taiwan, The Philippines, and Southeast Asia
 
S.HAEMATOBIUM: limited to Africa and adjacent regions
 
 Schistosomes may live 20 to 30 years
 Schistosomes is a major human disease with 600 million people in 74 countries at risk
 About 200 million people are infected with schistosomes of whom 120 million and symptomatic
and 20 million suffer severe disease
 
Concomitant immunity: host is protected against new infection, but the parasites eliciting the immunity
remains alive and uninfected.

Subclass: Aspidobothrea
Friday, October 15, 2010
4:46 PM

 
A subclass within the class of Trematoda
 -Acoelomate: hermaphroditic parasites of mollusk, fishes, or turtles
 no alternation of generation
 most have a direct life cycle, requiring no intermediate host
 many exhibit little host specificity

Aspidogathrea: Body and Function

Body form:

Baer's disc- large ventral sucker extending most of the body length ; hooks never present
Bucal funnel: oral sucker
 
Aspidogathrea: Asppidogaster Conchecola
 cosmopolitan endoparasite of freshwater clams
 life cycle is direct
 Target organs include the kidney and pericardium of clams
 eggs are voided from the host
 larvae hatch in water and drawn into gill chambers of clam
 not of economic or medical importance

Monogenea
 
Monday, October 18, 2010
4:04 PM

Opisthaptor

 A class within the phylum Platyhelminthes

 Hermaphroditic ectoparasites on gills and skin of aquatic vertebrates, primarily fish
 Acoelomate
 No alternation of generations
 Most have a direct life cycle
 -They are of economic importance in fish hatcheries and fish farming
Monogea: Gyrodactylus salaris
Prevalence :
 lives on the skin of freshwater Atlantic ( salmon solar)
 Life cycle is direct, no intermediate host; viviparous
 Attaches to fish with apisthaptor
 Mouth at anterior end makes contact with host tissue to feed
 Pharyngeal glands secrete proteolytic enzymes that dissolved tissue
 Muscular pharynx sucks up dissolved tissues Of great economic importance

Prevalence in fish can reach100% in short time

Mortality can be 100% in susceptible farmed Atlantic salmon