Chemistry Dictionary PDF

RUPP
Chemistry Dictionary
English - Khmer
Exµr-Gg;eKøs
vcnanuRkm
K Im I
saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj
ed)a:tWm:g; KImI
e)aHBum<elIkTI2
2008
2008
1
A
A stage : An early stage in a ther-
mosetting resin reaction characterised by
dMNak;kar ³ dMNak;kardMbUgkñúgRbtikmµC½rbegáItkMedAEdlsMKal;eday
linear structure solubility and fusibility
of the material.
lkçN³rlay niglkçN³kMedArlayénTMrg;lIenEG‘énrUbFatu.
abalyn : A liquid resin that is a methyl
ester of abietic acid; prepared by treating
Ga)alIn ³ C½rvtßúravEdlCaemTIleGEsÞénGasIutGab‘ÍeGTicbgáeLIg
resin with methyl alcohol; used as a
plasticiser.
edayRb®BwtþkmµC½rCamYyemTIlGal;kul. eKeRbIvaCaFatuplit)aøsÞic.
Abegg’s rule : An empirical rule,
holding for a large number of elements
viFan Abegg ³ viFanEp¥kelIBiesaFn_EdleRbIsMrab;FatuCaeRcInEdl
that the sum of the maximum positive
and negative valencies of an element
plbUkénva:Lg;viC¢mannigGviC¢manGtibrmaénFatuesµInwgR)aMbI.
equals eight.
Abel tester : A laboratory instrument
used in testing the flash point of kerosine
]bkrN_etsþ Abel ³ ]bkrN_BiesaFn_EdleRbIkñúgkareFVIetsþ
and other volatile oils having flash points
below 49°C; the oil is contained in a
cMNuccMNaMgénekrU:sIun nigeRbgehIrepSg²eTotEdlmancMNuccMehH
closed cup which is heated by a fixed eRkam 49 C. eRbgenHRtUv)aneKdak;kñúgEkvbiTCitehIyRtUvdutkMedA
o
flame below and a movable flame above.

edayGNþatePøIgminERbRbYlenAxageRkamnigGNþatePøIgERbRbYlenA
xagelI.
abinitio computation : Computation of
the geometry of a molecule only from a
karKNna abinitio ³ karKNnaFrNImaRténm:UelKuledaykarsÁal;
knowledge of its composition and
molecular structure as derived from the
smasPaB nigTMrg;mUe: lKulrbs;vaEdl)anBIdMeNaHRsay b¤BIsmIkar
solution or the Schrödinger equation for Schrödinger.
the given molecule.
abney mounting : A modification of the
Rowland mounting in which only the slit
kEnøgdak;GabnI ³ kMENERbkEnøgdak; Rowland EdlkñúgenaHmanEt
is moved to observe different parts of the
spectrum.
sñamkat;bue: NÑaHEdlRtUvpøas;TIedIm,IBinitüemIlEpñkxusKñaéns,iúc.
absolute alcohol : Ethyl alcohol that
contains no more than 1% water. Also
Gal;kulsuT§ ³ eGTIlGal;kulEdlmanbrimaNTwkminelIsBI 1%.
known as anhydrous alcohol. eKehAmüa:geTotfa Gal;kuls¶Üt.
absolute boiling point : The boiling
point of a substance expressed in the unit
cMNucrMBuHdac;xat ³ cMNucrMBuHénsarFatuEdlKitCaxñaténmaRtdæan
of an absolute temperature scale. sItuNðPaBdac;xat.
absolute configuration : The three-
dimensional arrangement of substituents
rUbsNæandac;xat ³ kartMerobtamvimaRtbIénRkumCMnYsCMuvijmNÐl
around a chiral center in a molecule.
Also known as absolute stereochemistry.
KIra:l;kñúgm:UelKul. eKehAmüa:geTotfa esþer:GUKImIdac;xat.
absolute density : See absolute gravity.
dg;sIuetdac;xat ³ emIl absolute gravity.
absolute detection limit : The smallest
amount of an element or compound that
lImItkarrkeXIjdac;xat ³ cMnYntUcbMputénFatu b¤smasFatuEdl
is detectable in or on a given sample;
expressed in terms of mass units or
GacrkeXIjkñúgPaKsMNakEdleRbIKitCaxñatm:as b¤cMnYn b¤GatUm
numbers or atoms or molecules. b¤mUe: lKul.
absolute gravity : Density or specific
gravity of a fluid reduced to standard
RbCMuTMgn;dac;xat ³ dg;sIiuetrWRbCMuTMgn;énvtßúravEdlfycuHenAl½kç-
conditions; e.g. with gases, to 760
mmHg pressure and 0°C temperature.
x½NÐsþg;da ]TahrN_sMrab;]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaB 0 C nigsMBaF 760
0
Also known as absolute density. mmHg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa dg;sIuetdac;xat.
RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

2
absolute method : A method of

chemical analysis that bases character-
viFIdac;xat ³ viFWviPaKKImIEdlEp¥kTaMgRsugelIlkçN³sþg;dakMNt;
ization completely on standards defined
in terms of physical properties.
énlkçN³rUb.
absolute reaction rate : The rate of a
chemical reaction as calculated by means
el,ÓnRbtikmµdac;xat ³ el,ÓnRbtikmµKImIEdlRtUvKNnatamRTwsþI
of the (statistical-mechanics) theory of
absolute reaction rates.
énel,ÓnRbtikmµdac;xat.
absolute stereochemistry : See absolute
configuration.
esþer:GUKImIdac;xat ³ emIl absolute configuration.
absolute zero : Temperature at which all
molecular motion theoretically stops,
tMélsUnüdac;xat ³ sItuNðPaBEdlenAcMNucenaHm:UelKulTaMgGs;
measured as -273.15oC or 0 K. KµanclnaebIKittamRTwsþIehIyvaRtUv)anvas;enA -273.15 C b¤ 0 K.
o
absorb : To take up a substance in bulk.

RsUb ³ TajsarFatucUlCadMu.
absorbance : A spectrophotometric
measurement of the absorption of light at
sMrUbkaMrsµI ³ karvas;s,icRtUpUtUmaRténsMrUbBnøWenACMhanrlkeday
a particular wavelength by a substance in
solution. It can be used to determine the
ELkedaysarFatukñúgsUluysüúg. vaGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kMNt;kMhab;
concentration of a substance and to énsarFatu nigtamdanbMElgs‘ub®sþa edIm,IbegIátRbtikmµGg;sIum. Gac
follow conversion of substrate to product
in enzyme reactions, alt, extinction, ehAmüa:geTotfakarrlt;)at;dg;suIetGubTic.
optical density.
absorbency : Penetration of one
substance into another.
PaBRsUb ³ karbBa©ÚlsarFatumYyeTAkñúgsarFatumYyeTot.
absorbency index : See absorptivity.
kMritsMrUb ³ emIl Absorbtivity.
absorptiometer : 1. An instrument
equipped with a filter system or other
]bkrN_sMrUb ³ !> ]bkrN_EdlmanRbB½n§cMeraH b¤manRbB½n§BRgay
simple dispersing system to measure the
absorption of nearly monochromatic
samBaØ edIm,Ivas;sMrUbenACitkaMrsµImU:NURkUm:aTickñúgkEnøgEdlemIleXIj
radiation in the visible range by a gas or edayeRbI]sµ½n b¤vtßúrav nigsMrab;kMNt;nUvkMhab;FatubgáEdlRsUbkaMrsµI
a liquid, and so determine the concen-
tration of the absorbing constituents in enAkñúg]sµ½n b¤vtßúrav. @> eRKÓgsMrab;EktMrUvPaBxab;énvtßúravkñúg
the gas or liquid. 2. A device for
regulating the thickness of a liquid in s,iúcRtUpUtUmaRt.
spectrophotometry.
absorptiometric analysis : Chemical
analysis of a gas or a liquid by
viPaKtamsMrUbmaRt ³ viPaKKImIén]sµ½n b¤vtßúravedaykarvas;Evg
measurement of the peak electro-
magnetic absorption wavelengths that
énCMhanrlksMrUbeGLicRtUma:ejTicxþs;CageKEdlmansMrab;EtFatu
are unique to a specific material or b¤rUbFatuyfaRbePTNamYy.
element.
absorption : The taking in of a gas by a
solid or a liquid, or the taking in of a
sMrUb ³ karRsUbyk]sµ½nedayvtßúrwgb¤rav b¤karRsUbykvtßúraveday
liquid by a solid. vtßúrwg.
absorption constant : See absorptivity.
efrsMrUb ³ emIl absorptivity.
absorption edge : The wavelength
corresponding to a discontinuity in the
muxsMrUb ³ CMhanrlkEdlRtUvKñanwgPaBdac;²KñakñúgbMErbMrYlénemKuN
variation of the absorption coefficient of
a substance with the wavelength of the
sMrUbrbs;sarFatuCamYynwgCMhanrlkénkaMrsIµ. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
radiation. Also known as absorption kMritsMrUb.
limit.

3
absorption line : A minute range of

wavelength or frequency in the
bnÞat;sMrUb ³ cenøaHtUYc²énCMhanrlk b¤eRbkg;kñúgs,iúceGLicRtUm:a-
electromagnetic spectrum within which
radiant energy is absorbed by the
ejTicEdlenAkñúgenaHfamBlkaMrsµIRtUv)anRsUbedaymCÄdæanEdlva
medium through which it is passing kMBugqøgkat;.
absorption peak : A wavelength of
maximum electromagnetic absorption by
BicsMrUb ³ CMhanrlkénsMrUbeGLicRtUm:aejTicGtibrmaedayPaK
a chemical sample; used to identify
specific elements, radicals, or
sMNakKImI ehIyRtUveRbIedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNFatu r:aDIkal; b¤smas-
compounds. FatuNamYy.
absorption spectrophotometer : An
instrument used to measure the relative
s,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RtsMrUb ³ ]bkrN_EdleRbIedIm,Ivas;EvgGaMgtg;sIuet
intensity of absorption spectral lines and
bands. Also known as difference
eFobénbnÞat;nigbnÞHs,iúcsMrUb. eKehAmüa:geTotfa s,úicRtUpUtUEm:Rt
spectrophotometer. énPaBxusKña.
absorption spectroscopy : The study of
spectra obtained by the passage of
karsikSas,úicsMrUb ³ karsikSaGMBIs,iúcEdlTTYl)anBIkarqøgkat;
radiant energy from a continuous source
through a cooler, selectively absorbing
famBl rbs;kaMrsµIBIRbPBbnþqøgkat;FugRtCak;EdlCamCÄdæansMrUb
medium. eRCIserIs.
absorption spectrum : The array of
absorption lines and absorption bands
s,iúcsMrUb ³ tMerobénbnÞat;sMrUb nigbnÞHsMrUbEdlCalT§pl)anmk
which results from the passage of radiant
energy from a continuous source through
BIkarqøgkat;énfamBlkaMrsµIBIRbPBCab;qøgkat;FugRtCak;EdlCa
a cooler, selectively absorbing medium. mCÄdæansMrUbeRCIserIs.
absorption tube : A tube filled with a
solid absorbent and used to absorb gases
bMMBg;sMrUb ³ bMBg;EdlbMeBjedayvtßúFaturwgEdlRsUb nigeRbIsMrab;
and vapors. RsUb]sµ½nnigcMhay.
absorptive power : See absorptivity
GMNacsMrUb ³ emIl absorptivity.
absorptivity : The constant a in the
Beer’s law relation A = abc, where A is
PaBsMrUb ³ efr a kñúgTMnak;TMngc,ab;ebo A = abc Edl a CasMrUbesµI b
the absorbance, b the path length, and c
the concentration of solution. Also
CaRbEvgKnøg nig c CakMhab;énsUluysüúg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
known as absorptive power. Formerly GMNacsMrUb. BImuneKsÁal;CakMritsMrUb efrsMrUb emKuNvinas.
known as absorbency index; absorption
constant; extinction coefficient.
abstraction reaction : A bimolecular
chemical reaction in which an atom that
Rbtikmµkat;bnßy ³ RbtikmµKImIeTVmUe: lKulEdlkñúgenaHGatUmNWt
is either neutral or charged is removed
from a molecular entity.
b¤manbnÞúkRtUv)anpþac;ecjBIbNþúMmUe: lKul.
acaroid resin : A gum resin from aloe-
like trees of the genus Xanthorrhoea in
C½rGakar:UGIut ³ C½rkavEdl)anBIrukçCatidUcRbTalknÞúyRkeBIénBYksg;
Australia and Tasmania; used in
varnishes and inks. Also known as gum
tUer:GaenAGURsþalInigtasµanIy:a ehIyRtUveRbIkñúgEvnI nigTwkexµA. eKehA
accroides; yacca gum. müa:geTotfa C½rGaRkUGIut C½ry:aka.
accelerator mass spectrometer : A
combination of a mass spectrometer and
Qñan;el,Óns,úicRtUEm:Rtm:as ³ bnSMéns,iúcRtUEm:tm:asnigQñan;;
an accelerator that can be used to
measure the natural abundances of very
el,Ón EdlGaceRbIedIm,Ivas;EvgPaBsMbUrEbbkñúgFmµCatiénGIusUtUb
rare radioactive isotopes. viTüúskmµkMrxøaMg.
accelofilter : A filtration device that
uses a vacuum or pressure to draw or
tMrgQñan;el,Ón ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;RtgEdleRbIsuBaØkasb¤sMBaFedIm,I
force the liquid through the filter to
increase the rate of filtration.
bUm b¤bgçMvtßúraveGayqøgkat;tMrgedIm,IbegáInel,ÓncMeraH.

4
acceptor : 1. A chemical whose reaction

rate with another chemical increases
FatuTTYl ³ !> FatuKImIEdlel,ÓnRbtikmµCamYyFatuKImImYyeTotekIn
because the other substance undergoes
another reaction. 2. A species that
eLIgedaysarEtsarFatudéTrgnUvRbtikmµmYyeTot. @> RbePTEdl
accepts electrons protons electron pairs TTYlykeGLicRtug RbUtug KUeGLicRtug b¤mUe: lKuldUcCa l½x.
or molecules such as dyes.
accumulator : See secondary cell
GaKuy ³ emIl secondary cell.
accuracy : The closeness of a
measurement to the true value of what is
PaBR)akd ³ PaBCitbMputénkarvas;eTAnwg tMélBiténGVIEdl)anvas;.
being measured. Compare precision. eRbobeFob precision.
acene : Any condensed polycyclic
compound with fused rings in a linear
GaEsn ³ smasFaturgkugdg;kmµBhuvg;Edlmanvg;RtÚvrMlaykñúñgkar
arrangement: e.g. anthracene. tMeroblIenEG‘. ]TahrN_ Gg;RtaEsn.
acetal resins : Linear synthetic resins
produced by the polymerization of
C½¾rGaestal; ³ C½rsMeyaKlIenEG‘EdlpliteLIgedayRbtikmµbU:lI-
formaldehyde (acetal homopolymera) or
of formaldehyde with trioxane (acetal
Emkmµénprma:l;edGIut ¬ GUm:UbUl: IEmGaestal; ¦b¤bUl: IEmkmµénprm:al;
copolymers); hard tough plastics used as edGIutCamYyRTIGuksan ¬kUbUl: IEmGaestal;¦ Ca)aøsÞicrwgsViteRbICMnYs
substitutes for metals. Also known as
polyacetals. elah³. eKehAmüa:geTotfa b:UlIGaestal;.
acetaldehyde : See ethanal.
Gaestal;edGIut ³ emIl ethanal.
acetate : One of two species derived
from acetic acid. CH3COOH; one type is
Gaestat ³ RbePTmYykñúgcMenamRbePTBIrEdlCaRsLayénGasIut-
the acetate ion. CH3COO-; the second
type is a compound whose structure
GaesTic CH COOH. RbePTTI ! CaGaestatGIuyug: CH COO
3 3
-
contains the acetate ion such as ethyl RbePTTI@CasmasFatuEdlTMrg;rbs;vamanpÞúkGIuyug: GaestatdUcCa

acetate.
GaesTIlGaestat.
acetate dye : 1. Any of a group of water-
insoluble azo or anthroquinone dyes
l½xGaestat ³ !> RkummYycMnYnenAkñúgl½xGasUb¤Gg;RtUKINUnmin
used for dyeing acetate fibers. 2. Any of
a group of water-insoluble amino azo
rlaykñúgTwkEdleRbIsMrab;RClk;srésGaestat. @>RkummYycMnYnenA
dyes that are treated with formaldehyde kñúgl½xGamINUGasUminrlaykñúgTwkEdl)anBIRbRBwtþkmµCamYy
and bisulfate to make them water-
soluble. prm:al;edGIut nigb‘Ís‘ulpatedIm,IeGayRkumTaMgenaHrlay kñúgTwk.
acetate of lime : Calcium acetate made
from pyroligneous acid and a water
kMe)arGaestat ³ kal;süÚmGaestatEdlekItBIkarkMedAGasIutEdl
suspension of calcium hydroxide )anmkBIbMNitbMpøajnigkarGENþtvilvl;kñúgTwkénkal;süÚmGIuRduksIut.
acetone (propanone) : a colorless
flammable volatile compound.
GaestUn¬RbU):aNUn¦ ³ smasFatuKµanBN’ gayeqH ehIr manrUbmnþ
CH3COCH3 CH COCH .
3 3
acetone glucose : See acetone sugar.

KøúykUsGaestUn ³ emIl acetone sugar.
acetone number : A ratio used to
estimate the degree of polymerization of
cMnYnGaestUn ³ pleFobEdleRbIsMrab;)a:n;RmaNkMritb:UlIEmkmµén
materials such as drying oils; it is the
weight in grams of acetone added to 100
rUbFatu dUcCaeRbgs¶Üt vaCaTMgn;KitCaRkaménGaestUnEdl)anbEnßmelI
grams of a drying oil to cause an 100 RkaméneRbgs¶ÚtedIm,IeGay)anpasminrlaymYyekIteLIg.
insoluble phase to form.
acetone pyrolysis : Thermal
decomposition of acetone into ketene.
BIrU:lIsGaestUn ³ karbMEbkGaestUneTACaesEtn.

5
acetone sugar : Any reducing sugar that

contains acetone; examples are 1,2-
sárGaestUn ³ sárerdukmµmYycMnYnEdlmanpÞúkGaestUn ]TahrN_ !/@
monoacetone-D-glucofuranose
1,2,5,6-diace-tone-D-glucofuranose.
and m:UNU- GaestUn-D-KøúykUhVúyr:aNUs nig!/@-%/^-DIGaestUn- D-
Also known as acetone glucose. KøúykUYhVúyra:NUs. eKehAmü:ageTotfa KøúykUsGaestUn.
acetostearin : A general term for
monoglycerides of stearic acid acetylated
GaestUesþGarIn ³ BaküTUeTAsMrab;mUN : UKøIesrIténGasIutesþGaric
with acetic anhydride; used as a
protective food coating and as
¬GaesTILatkmµ nigGanIRDicGaesTic¦eRbICasarFatukarBarRsTab;elI
plasticisers for waxes and synthetic nigCasarFatu)aøsÞicsMrab;sMeyaKC½redIm,IeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgdl;lkçN³
resins to improve low-temperature
characteristics. sItuNðPaBTab².
acetyl number : A measure of free
hydroxyl groups in fats or oils
cMnYnGaesTIl ³ rgVas;énRkumGIuRduksIulesrIEdlmanenAkñúgxøaj;
determined by the amount of potassium
hydroxide used to neutralise the acetic
b¤eRbgkMNt;tambrimaNénb:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIutEdleRbIsMrab;bnSab
acid formed by saponification of GasIutGaesTicEdlekItedaysab‘UkmµéneRbg b¤xøaj;Gaestat.
acetylated fat or oil.
acetylating agent : A reagent such as
acetic anhydride capable of bonding an
Pñak;garGaesTIlkmµ ³ RbtikrdUcCaGanIRDicGaesTicEdlmanlT§-
acetyl group onto an organic molecule. PaBGaccgsm<½n§RkumGaesTIleTAm:UelKulsrIragÁ)an.
acetylation : The process of bonding an
acetyl group onto an organic molecule.
GaesTIlkmµ ³ RbtikmµEdlbegáItsm<½n§RkumGaesTIleTAm:UelKul
srIragÁ.
acetylene black : A form of carbon with
high electrical conductivity; made by
GaesTIELnexµA ³ sNæankabUnEdlmanPaBcMlgGKÁisnIx<s;Edl
decomposing acetylene by heat. ekIteLIgedaykarbMEbkGaesTIELnedaykMedA.
acetylene series : A series of unsaturated
aliphatic hydrocarbons each containing
es‘rIGaesTIELn ³ es‘rIénGIuRdUkabYExSlatminEq¥tEdlnimYy²man
at least one triple bond and having the
general formula CnH2n-2 .
sm<½n§ # Can;y:agtic ! nigmanrUbmnþTUeTA C H .
n 2n-2
acetylide : A compound formed from

acetylene with the H atoms replaced by
GaesTIlY ³ smasFatuEdlekIteLIgBIGaesTIELnEdlGatUmGIuRdU-
metals as in cuprous acetylide (Cu2C2). EsnRtUv)anCMnYsedayelah³dUcCaTg;EdgGaesTIlY Cu C . 2 2
achiral molecules : Molecules which are

superposable to their mirror images.
m:UelKulKIra:l; ³ m:UelKulEdlRtYtsIueTAnwgrUbPaBrbs;vakñúgkBa©k;.
acid : 1. Any of a class of chemical
compounds whose aqueous solutions
GasIut ³ !> cMNat;fñak;énsmasFatuKImIEdlCasUluysüúgTwkrbs;va
turn blue litmus paper red react with and
dissolve certain metals to form salts and
bþÚrBN’TYNWsulRkhmeGayeTACaexovmanRbtikmµ nigrMlayelah³mYy
react with bases to form salts. 2. A cMnYnbegáIt)anCaGMbwl. @> smasFatuEdlmanlT§PaBGacepÞrGIuyu:g
compound capable of transferring a
hydrogen ion in solution. A hydrogen GIuRdUEsneTAkñúgsUluysüúg. Gñkpþl;GIuy:ugGIuRdUEsn¬RbUtug¦.
ion donor. 3. A substance that ionises in
solution to yield the positive ion of the #> sarFatuEdleFVIGIuy:ugkmµkñúgsUluysüúgedIm,IP¢ab;GIuyu:gviC¢manénFatu
solvent. 4. A molecule or ion that
combines with another molecule or ion
rMlay. $> m:UelKulb¤GIuyug: EdlpSMCamYym:UelKulb¤GIuyug: d‘éTeTot
by forming a covalent bond with two edaybegáItCasm<½n§kUvaLg;CamYyeGLicRtugBIrBIRbePTepSgeTot.
electrons from the other species.
acid acceptor : A stabiliser compound
added to plastic and resin polymers to
FatuTTYlGasIut ³ smasFatumansißrPaBbEnßmeTAelI)aøsÞic nigC½r
combine with trace amounts of acids
formed by decomposition of the
b:UlIEm edIm,IcUlpSMCamYybrimaNGasIuttictYcEdlekIteLIgedaykar
polymers. bMEbkénb:UlIEm.

6
acid alcohol : A compound containing

both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an
Gal;kulGasIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkTaMgRkumkabuksIul
alcohol group (-CH2OH, =CHOH or (-COOH) nigRkumGal;kul (-CH OH, =CHOH b¤ =COH).
2
=COH).
acid amide : A compound derived from
an acid in which the hydroxyl group (-
GamItGasIut ³ smasFatuRsLayBIGasIutEdlkñúgenaHRkumGIuRduk-
OH) of the carboxyl group (-COOH) has
been replaced by an amino group (-NH2)
sIulénRkumkabuksIulRtUv)anCMnYsedayRkumGamINU (-NH ) b¤Rkum
2
or a substituted amino group (-NH2R or GamINUCMnYs (-NH R or –NHR ).

2 2
–NHR2)
acid anhydride : 1. An acid with one or
more molecules of water removed; e.g..
GanIRDItGasIut ³ 1. GasIutEdlkñúgenaHmYyb¤BIrm:UelKulrbs;TwkRtUv
SO3 is the acid anhydride of H2SO4
sulfuric acid. 2. Derivative of an organic
)anpþac;ecj. ]TahrN_ SO CaGanIRDicGasIuténGasIuts‘ulpYric.
3
acid that is dehydrated, having the 2. Rslayrbs;GasIutsrIragÁEdlTTYlrgedsIuRdatkmµEdlmanTMrg;Ca

structure
O O
O O
R C O C R
R C O C R
acid azide : 1. A compound in which the
hydroxy group of a carboxylic acid is
GahSúItGasIut ³ !> smasFatuEdlkñúgenaHRkumGIuRduksIulénGasIut
replaced by the azido group (-NH2). 2.
An acyl or aroyl derivative of hydrazoic
kabuksIulicRtUv)anCMnYsedayRkumGasIudU (-NH ). @> RslayGasIul
2
acid. Also known as acyl azide. b¤Gar:UGIulénGasIutGIuRdasUGiuc. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GasIulGahSúIt.

acid cell : An electrolytic cell whose
electrolyte is an acid.
BilGasIut ³ ekasikaGKiÁsnIviPaKEdlmaneGLicRtUlItCa GasIut.
acid chloride : A compound containing
the radical -COCl; an example is benzoyl
kørYGasIut b¤GasIulkørY ³ smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkra:DIkal; -COCl
chloride. ]TahrN_ bg;sUGIulkørY.
acid disproportionation : The self-
oxidation of a sample of an oxidised
DisµÚtkmµGasIut ³ s½VyGuksIutkmµénPaKsMNakrbs;Faturg
element to the next higher oxidation state
and then a corresponding reduction to
GuksIutkmµmYyeTACaFatuGuksIutkmµx<s;Cag ehIybnÞab;mkvaRtUveFVI
lower oxidation states. erdukmµeTACaFatuGuksIutkmµTabCag.
acid dye : Any of a group of sodium
salts of sulfonic and carboxylic acids
l½xGasIut ³ bgÁúMnaTImYycMnYnrbs;GMbilsUdüÚménGasIuts‘ulpUnic
used to dye natural and synthetic fibers
leather and paper.
nigGasIutkabuksuIlicEdleRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’FmµCati nigsMeyaKsrés
Es,knigRkdas.
acid electrolyte : A compound such as
sulfuric acid that dissociates into ions
eGLicRtUlItGasIut ³ smasFatudUcCaGasIuts‘ulpYricEdlbMEbk
when dissolved forming an acidic
solution that conducts an electric current.
eTACaGuIyu:geBlEdlrlaybegáItCasUluysüúgGasIutEdlcMlgcrnþ
GKÁisnI.
acid equilibrium constant (Ka):
Equilibrium constant for a weak acid,
efrlMnwgGasIut (K ) ³ efrlMnwgsMrab;GasIutexSayEdlTak;Tgnwg
a
which is a combination of the water

concentration (considered to be
kMhab;Twk¬cat;TukCaefr ¦nigefrlMnwg.
constant) and the equilibrium constant.
acid halide : A compound of the type
RCOX where R is an alkyl or aryl
GasIutGaLÚEsnY ³ smasFatuénRbePT RCOX Edl R Car:aDIkal;
radical and X is a halogen. Gal;KIl b¤GarIl nig X CaGaLÚEsn.
acid heat test : The determination of
degree of unsaturation of organic
etsþkMedAGasIut ³ karkMNt;kMriténPaBminEq¥trbs;smasFatusrI-
compounds by reacting with sulfuric
acid and measuring the heat of reaction.
ragÁedayRbtikmµCamYyGasIuts‘ulpYric nigvas;kMedAénRbtikmµ.

7
acid number : See acid value.

cMnYnGasIut ³ emIl acid value.
acid phosphate : A mono or dihydric
phosphate; e.g.. M2HPO4 or MH2PO4,
pUsVatGasIut ³ m:UNU b¤DIGIuRdUEsNUpYsVat. ]TahrN_ M HPO b¤
2 4
where M represents a metal atom. MH PO Edl M CaGatUmelah³.

2 4
acid reaction : A chemical reaction

produced by an acid.
RbtikmµGasIut ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlekIteLIgedayGasIut.
acid salt : A compound derived from an
acid and base in which only a part of the
GMbilGasIut ³ smasFatuEbøgBIGasIut nig)asEdlkñúgenaHmanEt
hydrogen is replaced by a basic radical;
e.g. the acid sulfate NaHSO4.
GIuRdUEsnmYYyb:ueNÑaHRtUvCMnUsedayra:DIkal;)as. ]TahrN_ GasIut-
su‘lpat NaHSO . 4
acid solution : An aqueous solution

containing more hydrogen ions than
sUluysüúgGasIut ³ sUluysüúgTwkEdlmanGIuyug: GIuRdUEsneRcIn
hydroxyl ions. CagGIuyug: GIuRduksIul.
acid value : Also known as acid number.
The acidity of a solution expressed in
tMélGasIut ³ eKehAmüa:geTotfa cMnUnGasIut. PaBGasIuténsUluy-
terms of normality. A number indicating
the amount of nonesterified fatty acid
süúgEdlbgðajedayNrm:alIet. cMnUnEdlcg¥úlbgðajBIbrimaNén
present in a sample of fat or fatty oil as GasIiutxøaj;;EdlminrgeGEsÞkmµenAkñúgPaKsMNakénxøaj;b¤eRbgkMNt;
determined by alkaline titration.
edayGRtakmµGal;kaLaMg.
acid(bronsted) : A chemical species
which can act as a source of protons.
GasuIteR)a:nesÞt ³ RbePTKImIEdlGacedIrtYCaRbPBpþl;RbUtug.
acid(lewis) :Molecule or ion that can
form a covalent bond with another
GasuItLWvIs ³ m:UelKulrWGuIyu:gEdlGacbegáItsm<½n§kUva::Lg;CamYy
species by accepting a pair of electrons. nwgRbePTKImIepSgeTotedaykarTTYleTVtaeGLicRtug.
acid-base catalysis : The increase in
speed of certain chemical reactions due
katalIsGasIut-)as ³ karekIneLIgénel,Ónrbs;RbtikmµKImImYy
to the presence of acids and bases. cMnYnedaysarvtþmanrbs;GasIutnig)as.
acid-base equilibrium : The condition
when acidic and basic ions in a solution
lMnwgGasIut-)as ³ l½kçx½NÐðEdlGIuyu:gGasIutnig)askñúgsUluysüúg
exactly neutralise each other; that is the
pH is 7.
bnSabKñaRKb;RKan;. eBlenaHtMél pH esIµnwg &.
acid-base indicator : A substance that
reveals through characteristic color
Fatucg¥úlBN’GasIut-)as ³ sarFatuEdlbeB©ajeGayeXIjBIkMrit
changes the degree or acidity or basicity
of solutions.
énPaBGasIutb¤PaB)asqøgtamlkçN³énkarpøas;bþÚrBN’.
acid-base pair : A concept in the
Bronsted theory of acids and bases; the
KUGasIut-)as ³ bBaØtikñúgRTwsþIeR)anEsþténGasIutnig)as. KUenH
pair consists of the source of the proton
(acid) and the base generated by the
manRbPBRbUtug ¬GasIut¦ nig)asekIteLIgedaysarbenÞrRbUtug.
transfer of the proton.
acid-base titration : A titration in which
an acid of known concentration is added
GaRtakmµGasIut-)as ³ GRtakmµEdlkñúgenaHGasIutEdlsÁal;
to a solution of base or unknown
concentration or the converse.
kMhab;RtUv)anbEnßmcUleTAkñúgsUluysüúg)asEdlminsÁal;kMhab;
b¤bRBa©as;mkvij.
acidic : 1. Relating to an acid or to its
properties. 2. Forming an acid during a
GasIut ³ !>Tak;TgeTAnwgGasIuitb¤lkçN³GasIut.
chemical process. @> EdlbegáItCaGasIutkñúgkMLúgdMeNIrkarKImI.
acidic dye : An organic anion that binds
to and stains positively charged
l½xGasIut ³ Gaj:úgsrIragÁEdlP¢ab;eTA nigeFIVeGayditBN’eTAm:aRkU
macromolecules. m:UelKulEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man.

8
acidic group : The radical COOH

present in organic acids.
bgMÁúGasIut ³ ra:DIkal; COOHEdlmanvtþmankñúgGasIutsrIragÁ.
acidic oxide : An oxygen compound of a
nonmetal e.g. SO2 or P2O5 which yields
GuksIutGasIut ³ smaFatuGuksIuEsnénGelah³. ]TahrN_ SO b¤ 3
an oxyacid with water. P O EdleGayeTACaGuksIuGasIutkñúgTwk.

2 5
acidic solution : any solution in which

the hydrogen-ion concentration is greater
sUluysüúgGasIut ³ sUluysüúgEdlkMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsnFMCag
than the hydroxide-ion concentration. kMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRduksIut.
acidic titrant : An acid solution of
known concentration used to determine
GaRtakrGasIut¬GasIutsþg;da¦ ³ sUluysüúgGasIutEdlsÁal;
the basicity of another solution by
titration.
kMhab;eRbIkñúgkarkMNt;PaB)asénsUluysüúgmYyeTotedayGRtakmµ.
acidification : Addition of an acid to a
solution until the pH falls below 7.
GasIutkmµ ³ karbEnßménGasIuteTAkñúgsUluysüúgrhUtdl; pH rbs;va
mantMéleRkam &.
acidimeter : An apparatus or a standard
solution used to determine the amount of
GasIutEm:Rt ³ briFan b¤sUluysüúgsþg;daEdleRbIkñúgkarkMNt;
acid in a sample. brimaNGasIutkñúgPaKsMNakmYy.
acidimetry : The titration of an acid
with a standard solution of base.
GasIutmaRt ³ GRtakmµénGasIutCamYysUluysüúg)assþg;da.
acidity : The state of being acid.
PaBGasIut ³ PaBCaGasIut.
acidity function : A quantitative scale
for measuring the acidity of a solvent
muxgarGasIut ³ maRtdæanbrimaNsMrab;vas;PaBGasIuténRbB½n§Fatu
system; usually established over a range
of compositions.
rMlayCaFmµtabegáItelIsBITMhMénsmasPaB.
acidolysis : A chemical reaction
involving the decomposition of a
GasIudUlIs ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlrUmmankarbMEbkénm:UelKuledaykar
molecule with the addition of the
elements of an acid to the molecule; the
bEnßmFatuGasIuteTAelImUe: lKul. RbtikmµenHeRbob)aneTAnwgGIuRdUlIl
reaction is comparable to hydrolysis or b¤GakulIsEdlkñúgenaHTwkb¤Gal;kulRtUv)aneRbICMnYsGasIut. eKehA
alcoholysis in which water or alcohol
respectively is used in place of the acid. müa:geTotfa {bNþÚrGasIul}.
Also known as acyl exchange.
acidosis : Condition that exists whenever
the blood pH drops below the normal
GasIudUsIus ³ l½kçx½NÐEdlmanenAeBl pH rbs;QamFøak;cuHeRkam
range; can be metabolic or respiratory in
origin.
kMritFmµtaEdlGacbNþalmkBIbNþÚrrUbFatu b¤kardkdegðIm.
Acree’s reaction : A test for protein in
which a violet ring appears when
RbtikmµGaRKIs ³ etsþsMrab;RbUetGIunEdlkñúgenaHvg;BN’sVay)an
concentrated sulfuric acid is introduced
below a mixture of the unknown solution
ekIteLIgeBlGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;RtUv)andak;cUlTabCagl,aysUluy-
and a formaldehyde solution containing süúgEdlminsÁal; nigsUluysüúgprm:al;edGIutEdlmanEdk III
a trace of ferric chloride.
kørYtictYc.
acridine dye : Any of a class of basic
dye’s containing the acridine nucleus
l½xGaRKIDIn ³ fñak;CaeKalénl½xEdlmanpÞúkéNVy:UGaRKIDInEdlP¢ab;
that bind to deoxy-ribonucleic acid. eTAGasIutDIGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiuc.
acridine orange : A dye with an affinity
for nucleic acids; the complexes of
GaRKIDInelOgTMu ³ l½xEdlcUlcitþGasIutnuyekøGiuc. kMupøicénGasIut
nucleic acid and dye fluorescence orange
with RNA and green with DNA when
nuyekøGiucnigl½xEdlmancMNaMgBnøWGacemIleXIjelOgTMuCamYy ARN
observed in the fluorescence microscope. nigBN’ébtg CamYy ADN eBlEdlsegátkñúgmIRkUTsSn_cMNaMgBnøW.

9
acrolein test : A test for the presence of

glycerin or fats; a sample is heated with
etsþGaRkUeLGIun ³ etsþsMrab;rkvtþmanénKøIesrIn b¤xøaj;. PaK
potassium bisulfate and acrolein is
released if the test is positive.
sMNakRtUv)ankMedACamYyb:UtasüÚmb‘Ís‘ulpat ehIyGaRkUelGIiunRtUv)an
rMedaHebIsinCaetsþenaHCaviC¢man.
acrylamide copolymer : A thermo-
setting resin formed of acryl-amide with
kUb:UlIEmGaRKILamIt ³ C½rsMrab;begáItkMedAEdlRtUvbegáIteLIgBI
other resins such as the acrylic resins. GaRKIlLamItCamUyC¾rdéTeTot dUcCaC½rGaRKIlic.
acrylate resin : Acrylic acid or ester
polymer with –CH2_CH(COOR)-
C½rGaRKILat ³ GasIutGaRKIlic b¤bUl: IEmeGEsÞEdlmanTMrg; -CH 2
_
structure; used in paints, sizing and CH-(COOR)- EdlRtUveRbIkñúgfñaMlabKMnUrkavsMrab;Rkdas nigRkNat;

finishes for paper and textiles, adhesives,
and plastics. Also known as acrylate. )øasÞic bg;s¥it. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GaRKILat.
acrylic resin : A thermoplastic synthetic
organic polymer made by the
C½rGaRKIlic ³ b:UlIEmsrIragÁsMeyaKETm:U)aøsÞicEdlRtUv)anpliteday
polymerization of acrylic derivatives
such as acrylic acid methacrylic acid
b:UlIEmkmµRslayGaRKIlic dUcCaGasIutGaRKIlic GasIutemtaRKIlic
ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate; used eGTIlGaRKILat nigemTIlGaRKILat. vaRtUv)aneRbICabg;s¥it nig
for adhesives protective coatings and
finishes. RsTab;karBar.
acrylic rubber : Synthetic rubber
containing acrylonitrile; e.g. nitrile
ekAs‘UGaRKIlic ³ ekAs‘UsMeyaKEdlmanGaRKILÚnIRTIl ]TahrN_
rubber. ekAs‘UnIRTIl.
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin :
A polymer made by blending
C½rGaRKILÚnIRTIlb‘uytaEdünsÞWEr:n ³ b:UlIEmEdlbegáIteLIgeday
acrylonitrile styrene copolymer with a
butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber or by
sarkarlayKñaénkUbUl: IEmGaRKILÚnIRTIlsÞIEr:nCamYyekAs‘Ub‘uytaEdün
interpolymerizing polybutadiene with GaRKILÚnIRTIl b¤edayGnþrb:UlIEmkmµénb:UlIb‘uytaEdünCamYysÞIEr:nnig
styrene and acrylonitrile; combines the
advantages of hardness and strength of GaRKILÚnIRTIl. PaBl¥rbs;vaKWPaBrUmpSMénPaBrwgnigmaMénC½rvInIlCa
the vinyl resin component with the
toughness and impact resistance of the mYynwgPaBsVitnigPaBFn;rbs;smasPaKekAs‘U. GkSrkat; ABS.
rubbery component. Abbreviated ABS.
acrylonitrile copolymer : Oil-resistant
synthetic rubber made by polymerization
kUb:UlIEmGaRKILÚnIRTIl ³ ekAs‘UsMeyaKFn;nwgeRbgEdlbegáIteLIg
of acrylonitrile with compounds such as
butadiene or acrylic acid.
edayb:UlIEmkmµénGaRKILÜnIRTIlCamYysmasFatudUcCab‘uytaEdünb¤
GasIutGaRKIlic.
actinides (actinoids) : any of a series of
15 radioactive metallic chemical
Gak;TInIt ³ ral;es‘rIelah³viTüúskmµTaMg 15 énFatuKImIEdlmanma:s
elements with atomic numbers 89
(actinium) to 103 (lawrencium).
GatUmic 89 (Gak;TIjÚm: ) eTA 103 (l½rer:nsüÚm).
actinism : The production of chemical
changes in a substance upon which
Gak;TInIs ³ plitplénbNþÚrKImIkñúgsarFatuEdlbNþalmkBIkaMrsµI
electromagnetic radiation is incident. eGLicRtUm:aejTic.
actinochemistry : A branch of
chemistry concerned with chemical
Gak;TINUKImI ³ EpñkmYyénKImITak;TgCamYyRbtikmµKImIEdlekIteLIg
reactions produced by light or other
radiation.
edaysarBnøWrWkaMrsµIdéTeTot.
activated complex (transition state) :
An unstable high-energy state that is
kMupøicskmµ ³ (GnþrPaB) sNæanmanfamBlx<s;KµansßirPaBEdlCa
intermediate between reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.
FatukNþalrvagRbtikr nigplitplkñúgRbtikmµKImI.

10
activation : Treatment of a substance by

heat, radiation, or activating reagent to
kareFVIeGayskmµ ³ RbRBwtþkmµénsarFatuedaykMedAkaMrsµI b¤eday
produce a more complete or rapid
chemical or physical change.
Pñak;garskmµkmµedIm,IbegáIteGaymanbNþÚrrUbb¤KImIkan;EteBjelj
b¤rh½s.
activation energy : Energy added to
molecules so that they collide with
famBlskmµ ³ famBlEdl)anbEnßmelImUe: lKuledIm,IeGay
enough energy to break chemical bonds. m:UelKulb:HCamYyfamBlRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpþac;smç½n§KImI.
activator : 1. A substance that increases
the effectiveness of a rubber
skmµkr ³ !> sarFatuEdlbegáInRbsiT§PaBénel,Ónlays<an;F½r
vulcanization accelerator; e.g., zinc
oxide or litharge. 2. A trace quantity of a
rbs;ekAs‘U ]TahrN_ s½gásIGuksIut b¤lIcUm. @> brimaNtictYcén
substance that imparts luminescence to sarFatuEdlEckeGaymanBnøÅdl;Rkam ]TahrN_ R)ak; rWTg;Edg
crystals; e.g., silver or copper in zinc
sulfide or cadmium sulfide pigments kñúgs½gásIs‘ulpY b¤CatiBN’kat;mJÚ:ms‘ulpY.
active center : 1. Anyone of the points
on the surface of a catalyst at which the
mNÐlskmµ ³ !> cMNucNamYyéncMNucelIépÞénkatalIkrEdlCa
chemical reaction is initiated or takes
place. 2. See active site.
kEnøgRbtikmµKImIcab;epþIm b¤ekIteLIg. @> emIl Active site.
active site : Site on an enzyme where the
substrate bonds and the reaction is cata-
mNÐlskmµ ³ mNÐlenAelIGg;sIumEdls‘ubRsþargRbtikmµcgsm<½n§
lyzed. nigRbtikmµRtUv)ansMrYledaykatalIkr.
active solid : A porous solid possessing
adsorptive properties and used for
vtßúrIgskmµ ³ vtßúrwges<atmanlkçN³sMrUb nigeRbIsMrab;karEjk
chromatographic separations. RkUm:atURkaPic.
active transport : Transport of
substances across the membrane of a cell
dMNwknaMskmµ ³ kardwknaMsarFatuqøgkat;PñasekasikaEdlRtUvkar
requiring energy. famBl.
activity : 1. (symbol a.) A thermody-
namic function used in place of
skmµPaB ³ 1. (nimitþsBaaØ a) GnuKmn_ETm:UDINamiceRbICMnYskMhab;kñúg
concentration in equilibrium constants
for reactions involving nonideal gases
efrlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµEdlTak;TgeTAnwg]sµ½nminsuT§ nigsUluysüúg.
and solutions. Also called relative eKehAmü:ageTotfa PuykasuIeteFob (relative fugacity).
fugacity. 2. (symbol A.) the number of
atoms of a radioactive substance that 2. (nimitþsBaaØ A) cMnYnGatUménFatuviTüúskmµEdlKitkñúgmYyxñateBl.
disintegrate per unit time.
activity coefficient : A characteristic of
a quantity expressing the deviation of a
emKuNskmµPaB ³ lkçN³énbrimaNEdlsMEdgecjnUvKMlatén
solution from ideal thermodynamic
behavior; often used in connection with
sUluysüúgBIlkçN³ETm:UDINamicl¥RbesIrmYy. eKEtgEteRbIkñúgkar
electrolytes. P¢ab;CamYynwgeGLicRtUlIt.
activity series : A series of elements that
have similar properties e.g., metals-
es‘rIskmµPaB ³ es‘rIénFatuEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKña. ]TahrN_
arranged in descending order of
chemical activity.
elah³tMerobtamlMdab;fycuHénskmµPaBKImI.
acyclic compound : A chemical
compound with an open-chain molecular
smasFatuGasIuKøic ³ smasFatuKImIEdlmanTMrg;mUe: lKulCaExS
structure rather than a ring-shaped
structure; e.g., the alkane series.
ebIkeRcInCagTMrg;Cavg;. ]TahrN_ es‘rIGal;kan.
acyl : A radical formed from an organic
acid by removal of a hydroxyl group: the
GasIul ³ ra:DIkal;EdlekIteLIgBIGasIutsrIragÁdkRkumGIuRduksIul
general formula is RCO where R may be
aliphatic alicyclic or aromatic.
ecj. rUbmnþTUeTArbs;vaKW RCO EdlR CaGalIpaTic¬ebIk¦GalIsIuKøic
b¤CaGar:Um:aTic.

11
acyl carrier protein (ACP) : Protein

involved in lipogenesis that carries the
RbUetGIundwknaMGasIul³ RbUetGIuncUlrYmbegáItlIBItEdldwknaMsMeyaK
growing fatty acid and the molecules that
condense to form the fatty acid.
GasIutxøaj;eGayekIneLIg nigm:UelKulTaMgGs;EdlpÁúMKñaeRcInedIm,IbegáIt
)anGasIutxøaj;.
acyl exchange : See acidolysis.
bNþÚrGasIul ³ emIl acidolysis.
acyl halide : One of a large group of
organic substances containing the
GasIulGaLÚEsnY ³ RkumFMmYykñúgcMeNamRkumFMTaMgLayénsarFatu
halocarbonyl group; e.g. acyl fluoride. srIragÁmanpÞúkRkumGaLÚkabUnIl. ]TahrN_ GasIulPøúyGrY.
acylation : Any process whereby the
acyl group is incorporated into a
GasIulkmµ ³ dMeNIrkarEdleFVIeGayRkumGasIulRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúg
molecule by substitution. m:UelKultamkarCMnYs.
acylcarbene : A carbene radical in
which at least one of the groups attached
GasIulkaEbn ³ r:aDIkal;kaEbnEdlkñúgenaHmanRkummYyy:agticEdl
to the divalent carbon is an acyl group;
e.g. acetylcarbene.
P¢ab;eTAnwgkabUnDIva:Lg;CaRkumGasIul. ]TahrN_GaesTIlkaEbn.
acylnitrene : A nitrene in which the
nitrogen is covalently bonded to an acyl
GasIulnIERtn ³ nIERtnEdlkñúgenaHGasUtRtUveFVIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;CamYy
group. RkumGasIul.
acyloin : An organic compound that may
be synthesised by condensation of
GasIuLÚGIun ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlRbEhlCaRtUv)ansMeyaKeday
aldehydes: an example is benzoin.
C6H5COCHOHC6H5.
kugdg;kmµénGal;edGIut. ]TahrN_bg;sUGIun C H COCHOHC H .
6 5 6 5
acyloin condensation : The reaction of

an aliphatic ester with metallic sodium to
kugdg;kmµGasIuLÚGIun ³ RbtikmµéneGEsÞExSebIkCamYyelah³sUdüÚm
form intermediates converted by
hydrolysis into aliphatic α-hydroxy-
edIm,IbegáItCaGgÁFatukNþalEdlbMElgedayGIuRdUlIseTACa α-GIuRdU-
ketones called acyloins. GuksIuestUnExSebIk ehAfaGasIuLÚGIun.
adatom : An atom adsorbed on a surface
so that it will migrate over the surface.
GadatUm ³GatUmEdlRCabelIépÞdUcenHehIyvanwgpøas;TIenAelIépÞ)an.
addition agent : A substance added to a
plating solution to change characteristics
Pñak;garbUk ¬bEnßm¦ ³ sarFatubEnßmeTAkñúgsUluysüúgRClk;edIm,I
of the deposited substances. bþÚrlkçN³énsarFatuEdlCab;BI;elI.
addition polymer : A polymer formed
by the chain addition of unsaturated
b:UlIEmbUk ³ TMrg;bUl: IEmEdlekIteLIgedaykarbUkCaExSénm:UelKul
monomer molecules such as olefins with
one another without the formation of a
m:UNUEmminEq¥t dUcCaBYkGUelPInCamYysarFatumYyeTotedaymineGay
by-product as water; examples are mankarkekItplitplbnÞab; dUcCaTwk. ]TahrN_ b:UlIeGTIELn
polyethylene polypropylene and
polystyrene. Also known as addition b:UlIRbUBIELn nigb:UlIsÞIEr:n. eKGacehAmüa:geTotfa C½rbUk.
resin.
addition reaction : A type of reaction of
unsaturated hydrocarbons with hydrogen
RbtikmµbUk ³ RbePTénRbtikmµrbs;GIuRdUkabYminEq¥tCamYyGIuRdUEsn
halogens, halogen acids and other
reagents so that no change in valency is
GaLÚEsn GaLÚEsnGasIut nigRbtikrepSg²eTot dUcenHKµankarpøas;bþÚr
observed and the organic compound forms a va:Lg;eT ehIysmasFatusrIragÁEdlekItmanPaBsaMjMúaCag.
more complex one.
addition resin : See addition polymer.
C½rbUk ³ emIl addition polymer.

12
adduct : 1. A chemical compound that

forms from chemical addition of two
bnSM ³ !> smasFatuKImIEdlekIteLIgBIkarbUkénRbePTKImIBIr ]Ta>
species: e.g. reaction of butadiene with
styrene forms an adduct 4- phenyl-1-
Rbtikmµrvagb‘uytaEdünCamYysÞIEr:nedIm,IbegáItCa $- epnIl -!- sIukøÚ
cyclohexene, 2. The complex compound Gicsan. @> smasFatusaMjauMmYyEdlekIteLIgBIkarrYmKñarbs;kuMpøic.
formed by association of an inclusion
complex.
adenosine triphosphate
Nucleotide that acts as an energy
(ATP):
GaedNUsIunRTIpUsVat ³ nuyekøGUTItEdledIrtYCabMrugfamBlkñúg
reservoir in living systems. RbB½n§CIv³.
adiabatic approximation : See Born
Oppenheimer approximation.
RbmaNGadüa)aTic ³ emIl Born Oppenheimer approximation.
adiabatic calorimeter : An instrument
used to study chemical reactions which
kaLÚrIEm:RtGadüa)aTic ³ ]bkrN_eRbIedIm,IsikSaRbtikmµKImIEdlman
have a minimum loss of heat. kar)at;bg;kMedAGb,brma.
adiabatic flame temperature : The
highest possible temperature of
sItuNðPaBGNþatePøIgGadüa)aTic ³ sItuNðPaBx<s;bMputéncMehH
combustion obtained under the
conditions that the burning occurs in an
TTYl)aneRkaml½kçx½NÐEdlGaceqHekItmankñúgPaCn¾Gadüa)aTicEdlmin
adiabatic vessel that it is complete and eBjelj nigkarbMEbkminGacekIteLIgeT.
that dissociation does not occur.
adiabatic process : Any process that
occurs without heat entering or leaving a
lMnaMGadüa)aTic ³ dMeNIrEdlekIteLIgedayKµankarcUlkMedAeTAkñúg
system. Compare isothermal process
RbBn½§rwkarecjkMedABIRbBn½§. eRbobeFob Isothermal process.
adjective dye : Any dye that needs a
mordant.
l½xGat;EskTIv ³ l½xEdlRtUvkarFatuxaMBN’ b¤sarFatuf<k;BN’.
adsorbate : A solid, liquid, or gas which
is adsorbed as molecules, atoms or ions
FatusMrUbesI ³ vtßúrwg rav b¤]sµ½nEdlRtUv)anRsUbCam:UelKul GatUm
by such substances as carbon, silica,
metals, water, and mercury.
b¤GIuyu:gedaysarFatumYycMnYn dUcCakabUn sIulIs elah³ Twk nig)art.
adsorbent : A substance on the surface
of which a substance is adsorbed.
bnÞHsMrUb ³ sarFatuelIépÞénsarFatuRtUv)anRsUb.
adsorption : the formation of a layer of
gas, liquid, or solid on the surface of a
sMrUbesI ³ karkekIténRsTab;]sµ½n vtßúrav b¤rwgenAelIépÞenAelIvtßúrwg
solid, or less often, of a liquid. rWminsUvjwkjab;énvtßúrav.
adsorption catalysis : A catalytic
reaction in which the catalyst is an
katalIssMrUbesI ³ RbtikmµkatalIkmµEdlkatalIkrCaFatuépÞsMrUb
adsorbent. esI.
adsorption chromatography :
Separation of a chemical mixture (gas or
RkUma:tURkaPIsMrUbesI ³ karEjkénl,ayKImI ¬]sµ½n b¤vtßúurav¦eday
liquid) by passing it over an adsorbent
bed, which adsorbs different compounds
eFVIeGayl,ayenaHqøgkat;elIkEnøgRsUbEdlsmasFatuxusKñart;kñúg
at different rates. el,ÓnxusKña.
adsorption complex : An entity
consisting of an adsorbate and that
kMupøicsMrUbesI ³ GgÁGtißPaBEdlbgáeLIgedayFatusMrUb nigEpñkénbnÞH
portion of the adsorbent to which it is
bound
sMrUbesIEdlRsUbP¢ab;Kña.
adsorption indicator : An indicator
used in solutions to detect slight excess
Fatucg¥úlBN’sMrUbesI ³ Fatucg¥úlEdleRbIkñúgsUluysüúgedIm,I
of a substance or ion; precipitate
becomes colored when the indicator is
kMNt;PaBelIsbnþicbnÞÜÞcénsarFatu b¤GIuyu:gehIykkrkøayCaBN’eBl
adsorbed. An example is fluorescein. Fatucg¥úlBN’RtUv)anRsUb. ]TahrN_ PøúyGUreresGIun.

13
adsorption isobar : A graph showing

how adsorption varies with some
GIusU)asMrUbesI ³ RkabEdlbgðajBIrebobénkarRsUbepSgKñaCamYynwg
parameter such as temperature while
holding pressure constant.
)ar:aEm:tCaeRcIndUcCasItuNðPaBeBlEdlsMBaFefr.
adsorption isotherm : The relationship
between the gas pressure p and the
GIusUETmsMrUbesI ³ TMnak;TMngrvagsMBaF]sµ½n p nigbrimaN w kñúg
amount w in grams of a gas or vapor
taken up per gram of solid at a constant
Rkamén]sµ½n b¤cMhayEdlTajecjBIRkaménvtßúrwgenAsItuNðPaBefr.
temperature.
adsorption potential : A change in the
chemical potential that occurs as an ion
b:Utg;EsülsMrUbesI ³ bMlas;bþÚrkñúgb:Utg;EsülKImIEdlekIteLIg
moves from a gas or solution phase to
the surface of an adsorbent.
dUcCaGIuyu:gpøas;TIecjBIpas]sµ½nb¤passUluysüúgeTAépÞénbnÞHsMrUb.
aeration : Mixing with air.
kareFVIeGaymanxül; ³ karlayCamYyxül;.
aeration cell : An electrolytic cell whose
electromotive force is due to electrodes
Bilmanxül; ³ BileGLicRtUlIRtEdlkMlaMgbMlas;TIeGLic
of the same material located in different
concentrations of dissolved air. Also
RtugGaRs½yedayeGLicRtUtrUbFatudUcKñasßitenATItaMgEdlmankMhab;
known as oxygen cell. xusKñaénxül;rlay. eKGacehAmüa:geTotfaekasikaGuksIuEsn.
aerobic : requiring oxygen.
manxül; ³ RtUvkarGuksIuEsn.
aerogel : A porous solid formed from a
gel by replacing the liquid with as with
eGr:UECl ³ vtßúrwgmanrn§tUc²ekIteLIgBIECledaykarCMnYsvtßúrav
little change in volume so that the solid
is highly porous.
mankarpøas;bþÚrmaDbnþicbnþÜc dUcenHehIyvtßúrwgmanrn§CaeRcIn.
aerosol : a colloidal suspension of a
solid or liquid in a gas.
GaeGr:Usul ³ karGENþténkULÚGIutrbs;vtßúrwg b¤ravkñúg]sµ½n.
AES : emIl Auger electron spectroscopy.
AES : See Auger electron spectroscopy
affinity : The extent to which a

substance or functional group can enter
kMritcMNUl ³ kMritEdlFatumYy b¤RkummuxgarmYyGaccUleTAkñúg
into a chemical reaction with a given
agent. Also known as chemical affinity.
RbtikmµKImICamYynwgPñak;garEdlpþl;eGay. eKGacehAmüa:geTotfa
cMNUlKImI.
affinity chromatography :
chromatographic technique that utilises
A
RkUm:atURkaPIP©ab; ³ bec©keTsRkUm:atURkaPIEdleRbIR)as;smµtßPaBén
the ability of biological molecules to
bend to certain ligands specifically and
m:UelKulCIv³edIm,IP¢ab;CamYylIkg;yfaRbePTmYycMnUn nigpÞúymkvij.
reversibly; used in protein biochemistry. eRbIkñúgKImICIv³RbUetGIun.
aggregate : A group of atoms or
molecules that are held together in any
bNþúMrUm ³ RkuménGatUm b¤mUe: lKulEdlRtUvrUbrYmKñakñúgpøÚvCaeRcIn.
way, e.g., a micelle. ]TahrN_ mIEsSl.
GaeRkkat ³ bNþúMénPaKli¥tepSg²rbs;dI.
aggregation : A process that result in the
formation of aggregates.
bNþúMPaB ³ dMeNIrkarEdlnaMeGaymankarkekIténbNþúMrYm.
aging : All irreversible structural
changes that occur in a precipitate after it
TukeGaygM ³ RKb;bMlas;bþÚrTMrg;minRtLb;EdlekIteLIgkñúgkkrbnÞab;
has formed. BIvaRtUv)anekIteLIg.
air : A predominantly mechanical
mixture of a variety of individual gases
xül; ³ l,ayemkanicelIslubén]sµ½nmYy²epSg²KñaedIm,IbegáItCa
forming
atmosphere.
the earth’s enveloping briyakasRKbdNþb;EpndI.
air deficiency : Insufficient air in an air-
fuel mixture causing either incomplete
kgVHxatxül; ³ PaBminRKb;RKan;énxül;enAkñúgl,ay\n§n³Edl
fuel oxidation or lack of ignition. bNþaleGay\n§n³enaHmineFVIGuksIutkmµRKb;RKan; b¤mYykgVHcMehH.

14
air line : Lines in a spectrum due to the

excitation of air molecules by spark
bnÞat;xül; ³bnÞat;kñúgs,úicEdl)anmkBIkarePJacénm:UelKulxül;eday
discharges, and not ordinarily present in
arc discharges.
páaePøWgEdlKµanbnÞúk ehIyCaFmµtaKµanvtþmankñúgFñÚesrI¬KµanbnÞúk¦.
air-fuel ratio : The ratio of air to fuel by
weight or volume which is significant for
pleFobxül;-\n§n³ ³ pleFobénTMgn;b¤maDénxül;eTAnwgTMgn;b¤
proper oxidative combustion of the fuel. maDén\n§n³Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;cMehHGuksIutkmµén\n§n³enaH.
air-sensitive crystal : A crystal that
decomposes when exposed to air.
dMuRkamrYsxül; ³ dMuRkamEdlbMEbkeBldak;eGayRtUvxül;.
air-slaked : Having the property of a
substance such as lime, that has been at
sRmn;xül; ³ manlkçN³dUcCakMe)arEdlGacbMElgedayEpñkeTACa
least partially converted to a carbonate
by exposure to air.
kabUNat edaydak;eGayRtUvxül;.
alchemy : A speculative chemical
system having as its central aims the
Gal;KImI rWKImImCÄwmsm½y ³ RbB½n§KImIburaNmYyEdlbMNgsMxan;
transmutation of base metals to gold and
the discovery of the philosopher’s stone.
rbs;vaCakarEkERbelah³eTACamas nigkarrkeXIjfµrbs;TsSnviTU.
alcogel : A gel formed by an alcosol.
Gal;kUECl ³ eClEdlekItBIGal;;kUsul.
alcoholate : A compound formed by the
reaction of an alcohol with an alkali
Gal;kULat ³ smasFatuEdlekItmaneLIgedayRbtikmµénGal;kul
metal. Also known as alkoxide. CamYyelah³Gal;kaLaMg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa Gal;kuksIut.
alcoholic fermentation : The anaerobic
decomposition of glucose to produce
el,IgGal;kul ³ dMeNIrkarbMEbKµanxül;énKøúykUsedIm,IbegáItGal;-
alcohol and carbon dioxide. kul nig]sµ½nkabUnic.
alcohols : A class of organic compound
that contain at least one –OH functional
Gal;kul ³ fñak;mYyénsmasFatusrIragÁEdlmanya:gehacNas;Rkum
group; characterised by the general
formula R-OH where R represents a
GIuRduksIulmYy (-OH). vaRtUvsMKal;edayrUbmnþTUeTA R-OHEdl R
hydrocarbon group. tageGayRkumGIuRdUkabYn.
alcoholysis : The breaking of a carbon-
to-carbon bond by addition of an
Gal;kullIs ³ karbMEbkénsm<½n§kabUnnigkabUnedaykarbUk
alcohol. Gal;kul.
alcosol : Mixture of an alcohol and a
colloid.
Gal;kUsul ³ l,ayénGal;kulnigkULÚGIut.
aldehyde : A class of organic
compounds formed when an alkyl group
Gal;edGIut ³ fñak;énsmasFatusrIragÁEdlekItmanenAeBlRkum
is placed on one of the carbon bonds of a
carbonyl group and a hydrogen is placed
Gal;KIlRtUvP¢ab;eTAnwgsm<½n§mYyrbs;kabUnénbgÁúMkabUnIl nigsm<½n§epSg
on the other. The general structure is mYyeTotRtUvP¢ab;CamYyGIuRdUEsn. TMrg;TUeTAKW
O O
O O
Ar C H R C H
Ar C H R C H
The carbonyl group is always on a
terminal carbon atom. RkumkabUnIlCanic©kalenAelIGatUmkabUncugeRkaybMput.
aldehyde polymer : Any of the plastics
based on aldehydes, such as
b:UlIEmGal;edGIut ³ )øasÞicTaMgLayNaEdlGaRs½yelIBYkGal;-
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyral-
dehyde or acrylic aldehyde (acrolein).
edGIut dUcCaprm:al;edGIut Gaestal;edGIut b‘uyTIra:l;edGIut b¤GaRKIlic-
Gal;edGIut ¬GaRkUelGIun¦.
aldohexose : A hexose, such as glucose
or mannose containing the aldehyde
Gal;dUGicsUs ³ sárkabUnR)aMmYy dUcCaKøúykUsb¤m:aNUsEdlmanpÞúk
group. RkumGal;edGIut.

15
aldol : A class of organic compounds

that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) and
Gal;dul ³ fñak;mYyénsmasFatusrIragÁEdlmanRkumGIuRduksIul (-OH)
an aldehyde group (-CHO) joined to
adjacent carbon atoms.
nigRkumGal;edGIut (-CHO)P¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmkabUnEdlCab;Kña.
aldol condensation : Formation of a 3-
hydroxycarbonyl compound by the
kugdg;kmµGal;dul ³ kMNénsmasFatu#-GIuRduksIukabUnIl eday
condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone
in the presence of an acid or base
kugdg;kmµénGal;edGIutb¤estUnkñúgmCÄdæanmankatalIkrGasIut b¤)as.
catalyst. Also known as aldol reaction. GacehAmüa:geTotfa RbtikmµGal;dul.
aldose : Monosaccharide containing an
aldehyde group. The prefix ald- indicates
Gal;dUs ³ m:UNUsakarItEdlmanbgÁúMGal;edGIut. buBVbT ald- bBa¢ak;
the presence of an aldehyde group, and
the -ose suffix indicates a carbohydrate.
BIvtþmanrbs;RkumGal;edGIut nigbc©wmbT-osebBa¢ak;BIkabUGIuRdat.
alfin catalyst : A catalyst derived from
reaction of an alkali alcoholate with an
katalIkrGal;PIn ³ katalIkrekItBIRbtikmµénGal;kaLaMgGal;
olefin halide; used to convert olefins
(e.g., ethylene propylene or butylenes)
kULatCamYyGaLÚEsnYGUelPIn. eRbIsMrab;bMElgGUelPIn ¬]TahrN_
into polyolefin polymers. eGTIELn RbUBIELn b¤b‘uyTIELn¦ eTACab:UlIEmbUlIGUelPIn.
alicyclic : 1. Having the properties of
both aliphatic and cyclic. 2. Referring to
GalIsIuKøic ³ !> manlkçN³TaMgGalIpaTicTaMgsIuKøic. @> sMedAelI
a class of saturated hydrocarbon
compounds whose structure contains one
fñak;énsmasFatuGIuRdUkabYEq¥tEdlTMrg;rbs;vamanvg;mYy. eKehAmüa:g
ring. Also known as cycloaliphatic; eTotfa sIukøÚGalIpaTicsIukøÚGal;kan. #> smasFatumYykñúgcMeNam
cycloalkane. 3. Any one of the
compounds of the alicyclic class. Also smasFatuénfñak;GalIsIuKøic. eKehAmüa:g eTotfa sIukøan.
known as cyclane.
aliphatic : Organic compounds that are
not aromatic (do not contain benzene
GalIpaTic ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlminEmnCaGar:Uma:Tic (minmanvg;
rings); such compounds are alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes.
bg;Esn) dUcCaGal;kan Gal;Esn Gal;sIun.
aliphatic acid : Any organic acid
derived from aliphatic hydro acids.
GasIutGalIpaTic ³ GasIutsrIragÁEdlekItBIGalIpaTic GIuRdUGasIut.
aliphatic acid ester : Any organic ester
derived from aliphatic hydro-carbons.
eGEsÞGasIutGalIpaTic ³ eGEsÞsrIragÁEdlEbøgecjBIGIuRdUkabY-
GalIpaTic.
aliphatic polycyclic hydrocarbon : Any
unsaturated aliphatic or alicyclic
GIuRdUkabYb:UlIsIuKøicGalIpaTic ³ smasFatuGalIpaTic b¤GalIsIuKøic
compound with more than four carbons
in the chain and with at lest two double
minEq¥tEdlmankabUnelIsBIbYnenAkñúgExS nigmansm<½n§BIrCan;y:agtic
bonds; e.g., hexadiene. BIr ]TahrN_ GicsaEdün.
aliphatic series : A series of open-
chained carbon-hydrogen compounds;
es‘rIGalIpaTic ³ es‘rIénsmasFatukabUnGIuRdUEsnExSebIk. fñak;BIr
the two major classes are the series with
saturated bonds and the series with the
sMxan;KWes‘rIEdlmansm<½n§Eq¥t niges‘rIEdlmansm<½n§minEq¥t.
unsaturated bonds.
aliqot : A part of a sample that has been
divided into exactly equal parts with no
GalIkUt ³ EpµkmYyénPaKsMNakEdlRtUv)anEbgEckCacMENkesµI
remainder. KñaBitR)akdedayKµancMENkenAsl;eT.
aliquant : A part of a sample that has
been divided into a set of equal parts
GalIkg; ³ EpñkmYyénPaKsMNakEdlRtUv)anEbgEckCacMENkesµIKña
plus a small remainder part. bUknwgcMENktUcmYyEdlenAsl;.
alizarin dye : Sodium salts of sulfonic
acid derived from alizarin.
l½xGalIsarIn ³ GMbilsUdüÚménGasIuts‘ulpYnicEdl)anBIGalI-
sarIn.
alizarin red : Any of several red dyes
derived from anthraquinone.
GalIsarInRkhm ³ l½xBN’RkhmEdl)anmkBIGg;RtaKINUn.

16
alkadiene : See diene.

Gal;kaEdün ³ emIl diene.
alkalescence : See alkaline.
Gal;kaelsg; ³ emIl alkaline.
alkali : A base that dissolves in water to
give hydroxide ions.
Gal;kalI ³ )asEdlrlaykñúgTwkeGayGIuyu:gGIuRduksIut.
alkali blue : The sodium salt of
triphenylrosanilinesulfonic acid; used as
Gal;kalIexov ³ GMbilsUdüÚménGasIutRTIepnIlrU:sanIlIns‘ulpUnic.
an indicator. eRbICaFatucg¥úlBN’.
alkali earth metals : Any metal in
Group 2A of the periodic table. They
elah³Gal;kalINUETrWu ³ elah³enAkñúgRkumIIAéntaragxYb. vaman
have valence 2 and are harder, less
reactive, and have higher melting and
va:Lg; 2 nigCaelah³EdlrwgCag RbtikmµexSayCag nigmancMNucrMBuH
boiling points than the alkali metals. nigcMNucrlayx<s;Cagelah³Gal;kaLaMg.
alkali metal : Any of the elements of
group I in the periodic table: lithium,
elah³Gal;kaLaMg ³ FatuEdlsßitenARkumIAkñúgtaragxUb³ lIcUm
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium,
and francium. They have valence 1, are
sUdüÚm b:UtasüÚm ruyb‘ÍdüÚm essüÚm nigRhVg;süÚm. elah³manva:Lg;
soft and usually react with water to 1ehIyTn; nigCaFmµtamanRbtikmµCamYyTwkbegáIt)anCaGuIRdUEsn
produce hydrogen.
PayeLIg.
alkali-aggregate reaction : The
chemical reaction of an aggregate with
RbtikmµGal;kaLaMg-sMPar³pSM ³ RbtikmµKImIénsMPar³pSM¬dUcCa
the alkali in a cement, resulting in a
weakening of the concrete.
xSac;/ fµCaedIm¦CamYysIum:g;t_EdleFVIeGaymankarexSayénsMNg;eFVIBI
suIm:gt¾.
alkali-alcoholate : A compound formed
from an alcohol and an alkali metal base;
Gal;kalI-Gal;kULat ³ smasFatuEdlekItBIGal;kul nig)as
the alkali metal replaces the hydrogen in
the hydroxyl group.
elah³Gal;kaLaMg. elah³Gal;kaLaMgCMnYskEnøgGIuRdUEsnkñúgRkum
GIuRduksIul.
alkalide : A member of a class of
crystalline salts with an alkali metal
Gal;kalY ³ Epñkénfñak;rbs;RkamGMbilCamYyGatUmelah³Gal;-
atom. kaLaMg.
alkalimeter : 1. An apparatus for
measuring the quantity of alkali in a
Gal;kalIEm:Rt ³ !>]bkrN_sMrab;vas;brimaNénGal;kaLaMgkñúg
solid or liquid. 2. An apparatus for
measuring the quantity of carbon dioxide
vtßúrwg b¤vtßúrav.
formed in reaction. @> ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;brimaNénkabUnDIGuksIutEdlkekItkñúgRbtikmµ.
alkalimetry : Quantitative measu-
rement of the quantity of carbon dioxide
Gal;kalImaRt ³ karvas;CabrimaNénbrimaNrbs;kabUnDIGuksIut
formed in a reaction. EdlkekItkñúgRbtikmµ.
alkaline : 1. Having properties of an
alkali.2. Having a pH greater than 7.
Gal;kalI¬)as¦ ³ !>manlkçN³CaGal;kalI.
@>man pH FMCag &.
alkaline earth : An oxide of an element
of group II in the periodic table, such as
Gal;kalINUETrWu ³ GuksIuténFatuenAkñúgRkumBIréntaragxYbKImI dUcCa
barium, calcium, and strontium. Also
known as alkaline-earth oxide.
)arIrüÚm kal;süÚm nigRsg;cUm. eKehAmüa:geTotfa Gal;kalINUETrWu-
DIGuksIut.
alkaline solution : A basic solution; pH
>7
sUluysüúgGal;kalI¬)as¦ ³ sUluysüúg)as. pH > 7.
alkaline-earth oxide : See alkaline
earth.
Gal;kalINUETrWuGuksIut ³ emIl alkaline earth.

17
alkalinity : The property or having

excess hydroxide ions in solution.
lkçN³Gal;kalI ³ lkçN³b¤manGIuy:ugGIuRduksIutelIskñúgsUluy-
süúg.
alkaloids : Naturally occurring, basic,
nitrogen-containing compounds
Gal;kaLÚGIut ³ smasFatu)asmanGasUtekItmankñúgFmµCatiEdl
produced by plants. Many affect the
human body and are used as drugs e.g.
pliteLIgedayrukçCati. vaman\Ti§BlCaeRcInelIxøÜnmnusS nigRtUv)aneK
quinine, morphine, caffeine. Some are eRbIR)as;dUcCa»sf ]TahrN_KInIn m½rhVIn kaehVGIun. mYycMnYnxøHeTot
poisons e.g. strychnine.
KWCasarFatuBul ]TahrN_ ®sÞicnIn.
alkalometry : The measurement of the
quantity of alkaloids present in a
Gal;kaLÚmaRt ³ rgVas;énbrimaNrbs;Gal;kaLÚGIutEdlmanvtþman
substance. kñúgsarFatu.
alkalosis : Condition that exists when
blood pH exceeds the normal range; like
Gal;kaLÚsIus ³ l½kçx½NÐEdlekItmanenAeBl pH QamelIsBIkMrit
acidosis, it can result from respiratory or
metabolic abnormalities.
FmµtadUcCaGasIudUsIusEdlGacbNþalmkBIPaBminFmµtaénkardkdegðIm
b¤bNþÚrrUbFatu.
alkamine : A compound that has both
the alcohol and amino groups. Also
Gal;kamIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanTaMgRkumGal;kul nigRkumGamIn.
known as amino alcohol. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GamINUGal;kul.
alkane : Family of hydrocarbons having
only single carbon-to-carbon bonds
Gal;kan ³ GMbUrénGIuRdUkabYEdlmanEtsm<½n§mYyCan;rvagkabUnnwig
characterised by the general formula
CnH2n+2.
kabUnehIymanrUbmnþTUeTA C H .
n 2n+2
alkanolamine : One of a group of

viscous, water-soluble amino alcohols or
Gal;kaNULamIn ³ sarFatumYykñúgRkuménsarFatus¥itGamINUGal;-
the aliphatic series. kulrlaykñúgTwk b¤es‘rIGalIpaTic.
alkene (olefine) : Family of hydrocarbon
compounds having at least one double
Gal;Esn ³ GMbUrénsmasFatuGIuRdUkabYEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan;y:agtic
bond between carbon atoms in the
molecular skeleton. CnH2n
mYyrvagGatUmkabUnkñúgeRKagm:UelKul C H . n 2n
alkoxide : See alcoholate.

Gal;kuksIut ³ emIl alcoholate.
alkoxy : An alkyl radical attached to a
molecule by oxygen, such as the ethoxy
Gal;kuksIu ³ ra:DIkal;EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgm:UelKuledayGuksIuEsn dUcCa
radical. ra:DIkal;eGtuksIu.
alkyd resin : A class of adhesive resins
made from unsaturated acids and
C½rGal;KIt ³ fñak;énC½rbg;s¥itEdleFVIeLIgBIGasIutminEq¥t nigKøIes-
glycerol. ru:l.
alkyl group : Hydrocarbon group made
up of a hydrocarbon minus one of its
RkumGal;KIl ³ RkumGIuRdUkabYEdlRtUvdkGatUmGIuRdUEsnmYyecj.
hydrogen atoms. This group is named
from the parent alkane by replacing the -
RkumenHRtUv)andak;eQµaHecjBIGal;kanExSemedaykarCMnYs-ane
ane ending with –yl. Alkyl groups are eday-yl. RkumGal;KIlRtUvtagedaynimitþsBaaØ R.
often represented by the symbol R.
alkyl halides : alkanes in which one or
more of the hydrogen atoms have been
Gal;KIlGLÚEsnY ³ Gal;kanEdlGatUmGIURdUEsnmYy b¤eRcInRtUv)an
replaced by a halogen. CMnYsedayGaLÚEsn.
alkylamine : A compound consisting of
an alkyl group attached to the nitrogen of
Gal;KILamIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumGal;KIlP¢ab;eTAnwgGasUtén
an amine; an example is ethylamine,
C2H5NH2.
GamIn. ]TahrN_ eGTILamIn C H NH .
2 5 2

18
alkylaryl sulfonates : General name for

alkylbenzene sufonates.
GaKIlGarIls‘ulpUNat ³ eQµaHTUeTAsMrab;Gal;KIlbg;Esns‘ul-
pUNat.
alkylate : A product of the alkylation
process in petroleum refining.
GaKILat ³ plitpléndMeNIrkarGal;KIlkmµkñúgkarcMraj;eRbg.
alkylation : A chemical process in
which an alkyl radical is introduced into
Gal;KIlkmµ ³ dMeNIrkarKImIEdlkñúgenaHra:DIkal;Gal;KIlRtUv)an
an organic compound by substitution or
addition.
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsmasFatusrIragÁedaykarCMnUs b¤edaykarbUk.
alkylbenzene sulfonates : Widely used
non-biodegradable detergents, com-
Gal;KIlbg;Esns‘ulpUNat ³ eRbICaTUeTACaFatucMrHEk¥lEdlmin
monly dodecylbenzene or tridecyl-
benzene sulfonates.
GacbMEbk)anedaydMeNIrCIv³ dUcCadUedsIulbg;Esns‘ulpUNat b¤RTIed-
sIulbg;Esns‘ulpUNat.
alkylene : An organic radical formed
from an unsaturated aliphatic
Gal;KIELn ³ r:aDIkal;srIragÁEdlekItBIGIuRdUkabYGalIpaTicminEq¥t.
hydrocarbon; e.g. the ethylene radical
C2H3-.
]TahrN_ ra:DIkal;eGTIELn C H -.
2 3
alkyloxonium ion : (ROH2)+. An

oxonium ion containing one alkyl group.
GIuy:ugGal;KIlGuksUjÚ:m ³ (ROH ) GIuyu:gGuksUjÚm: EdlmanpÞúk
2
+
RkumGal;KIlmYy.
alkyne : Family of hydrocarbon
compounds having at least one triple
Gal;sIun ³ GMbUrénsmasFatuGIuRdUkabYEdlmansm<½n§bICan;y:agtic
bond between carbon atoms in the
molecular skeleton. CnH2n-2
mYyrvagGatUmkabUnkñúgeRKagm:UelKul C H .
n 2n-2
allelochemistry : The science of

compounds synthesised by one organism
GaelLÜKImI ³ viTüasaRsþEdlsikSaBIsmasFatusMeyaKedaysar-
that stimulate or inhibit other organisms. BagÁkaymYyEdlePJac b¤bg¥ak;sarBagÁkayepSg²eTot.
allethrin : An insecticide, a synthetic
pyrethroid more effective than pyrethrin.
GaelRTIn ³ fñaMsMlab;stVl’¥tEdlCaBIrIRtUGuItsMeyaKmanRbsiT§PaB
CagBIrIRTIn.
allo- : Prefix applied to the stable form
of two isomers.
GaLÚ- ³ buBVbTsMrab;TMrg;efrénGIusUEmBIr.
allosteric regulation : Regulation of
enzyme activity by the binding of small
tMrUvGaLÚesþric ³ tMrUvskmµPaBGg;sIumedayCMnab;mUe: lKultUc²eTA
molecules to sites other than the active
site.
elIkEnøgepSgBIkEnøgskmµ.
allotriomorphism : See allotrope.
GaLÚRTIy:Um½BIs ³ emIl allotrope.
allotrope : An element that exists in two
or more different physical forms. Their
vismrUb ³ FatuEdlmanTMrg;rUbBIrb¤eRcInxusKña. GatUmrbs;vatMerob
atoms are arranged differently and they
sometimes have very different chemical
xus²Kña nigeBlxøHmanlkçN³KImIxusKñaya:gxøaMg ]TahrN_>GuksIuEsn
behaviour; e.g. oxygen O2 and ozone O3 O nigGUsUn O CavismrUbénFatuGuksIuEsn. eBRCnigRkahVItCavism-
2 3
are allotropes of oxygen; diamond and
graphite are allotropes of carbon. rUbénkabUn.
allotropism : See allotrope.
GaLÚRtUBIs ³ emIl allotrope.
alloy : A material consisting of two or
more metals, or a metal and a nonmetal.
sMelah³ ³ rUbFatuEdlpÞúkelah³BIrb¤eRcInb¤Caelah³nigGelah³.
Alloys may be compounds, solid
solutions, or mixtures of the
sMelah³GacCasmasFatusUluysüúgrwg b¤l,ayénsmasFatu. Ca
components. They are usually harder FmµtavarwgCagsmasPaKpSMnImYy²rbs;va ]TahrN_ sMriT§ EdkEfb
than either of their constituents, e.g.
bronze, steel, brass, nigs<an;.

19
allyl- : A prefix used in names of

compounds whose structure contains an
GalIl- ³ buBVbTeRbIkñúgeQµaHénsmasFatuEdlTMrg;rbs;vamanpÞúk
allyl cation. kacugGalIl.
allyl cation : A carbonium cation with a
structure usually represented as
kacugGalIl ³ kacugkabUnEdlmanTMrg;CaTUeTA CH =CH-CH 2 2
+
CH2=CH-CH2+; attachment site is the

saturated carbon atom.
EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmkabUnEq¥t.
allyl plastic : See allyl resin.
)aøsÞicGalIl ³ emIl allyl resin.
allyl resin : Any of a class of
thermosetting synthetic resins derived
C½rGalIl ³ fñak;énC½rsMeyaKedayeRbIkMedAekIteLIgBIeGEsÞénGalIl
from esters of allyl alcohol or allyl
chloride; used in making cast and
Gal;kul b¤GalIlkørY. eRbIkñúgTegVIvtßúcak;Bum< nigplitplCabnÞH.
laminated products. Also known as allyl eKehAmüa:geTotfa )aøsÞicGalIl.
plastic.
allylic hydrogen : In an organic
molecule a hydrogen attached to a
GIuRdUEsnGalIlic ³ kñúgm:UelKulsrIragÁCaGIuRdÚEsnEdlP¢ab;eTAnwg
carbon atom that is adjacent to a double
bond.
GatUmkabUnEdlsßitenAEk,rsm<½n§BIrCan;.
allylic rearrangement : In a three-
carbon molecule the shifting of a double
bNþÚTItaMgGalIlic ³ kñúgm:UelKulEdlmankabUnbI karpøas;bþÚrsm<½n§
bond from the 1,2 carbon position to the
2,3 position with the accompanying
BIrCan;BITItaMgkabUn!/@ eTATItaMgkabUn @/# edaysarkarpøas;bþÚrénFatu
migration of an entering substituent or Edldak;CUs b¤RkumCYsBIkabUnTI#eTAkabUnTI!.
substituent group from the third carbon
to the first.
alpha ( α ) helix : Secondary structure eGlIsGal;hVa ³ TMrg;TIBIrénRbUetGIunEdlkñúgenaHeRKagExSb:UlIbiubTIt
of a protein in which the polypeptide
backbone is arranged into a regular spiral RtUv)anerobCarages<ó.
shape.
alpha (α) particles : Relatively heavy PaKli¥tGal;hVa ³ PaKli¥tF¶n;manma:sGatUmGIuRdUEsnbYnEdlpÞúk
particles having the mass of four
hydrogen atoms that carry two positive bnÞúkviC¢manBIr ehIyEdlRtUv)an)aj;ecjBIGatUmviTüúskmµmYycMnYn.
charges and are fired out of some
radioactive atoms.
alpha cellulose : A highly refilled
insoluble cellulose from which sugars
EsluyLÚsGal;hVa ³ karcMraj;ecjx<s;bMputénEsluyLÚsmin
pectin and other soluble materials have
been removed. Also know as chemical
rlaysárbiucTin nigsarFaturlayepSgeTotRtUv)anEjkecj. eKehA
cellulose. müa:geTotfa EsluyLÚsKImI.
alpha decay : Radioactive decay
involving emission of an alpha particle.
karbMEbkGal;hVa ³ karbMEbktamviTüúskmµEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar
The daughter product of alpha decay has
two fewer protons and two fewer
)aj;kaMrsµIénPaKli¥tα. plitplkUn¬plitplrg ¦énkarbMEbk
neutrons than the parent isotope. αmanRbUtugnigNWRtugBIrticCagGIusUtUbem¬GIusUtUbedIm¦.
alpha olefin : An olefin where the
unsaturation (double bond) is at the
GUelPInGal;hVa ³ GUelPInEdlsm<½n§BIrCan;sßitenATItaMgGal;hVa
alpha position that is between the two
end carbons of the carbon chain
EdlsßitenAcenøaHkabUnBIrxagcugénExSkabUn.
alpha position : In chemical
nomenclature the position of a sub-
TItaMgGal;hVa ³ kñúgnamvlIKImICaTItaMgrbs;RkumCYsénGatUmkñúgRkum
stituting group of atoms in the main
group of a molecule, e.g. in a straight
FMrbs;mUe: lKul. ]TahrN_ kñúgsmasFatuExSRtg; dUcCaGasIutGal;-
chain compound such as α-hydroxy- hVaGIuRduksIuRbUBüÚnic ra:DIkal;GIuRduksIulsßitenATItaMgGal;hVa.
propionic acid (CH3CHOH –COOH), the
hydroxyl radical is in the alpha position.
alpha-naphthol test : See Molisch’s test
etsþGal;hVa-Nab;tul ³emIl Molisch’s test .

20
alternant hydrocarbon : A member of a

class of conjugated molecules whose
GIuRdUkabYqøas; ³ Fatuénfñak;rbs;mUe: lKulKUCab; EdlGatUmkabUnGac
carbon atoms can be divided into two
sets so that members of one set are
bMEbkeTACaBIrEpñk dUcenHFaturbs;EpñkmYYyRtUv)anbegáItsm<½n§EtmYyeTA
formally bonded only to members of the nwgFatuénEpñkmYyeTotb:ueNÑaH.
other set.
alternating copolymer : A polymer
formed of two different monomer
kUb:UlIEmqøas;; ³ TMrg;bUl: IEménm:UelKulm:UNUEmxusKñaBIrEdl
molecules that alternate in sequence in
the polymer chain.
qøas;KñatamlMdab;kñúgExSb:UlIEm.
alternation of multiplicities law : The
law that the periodic table arranges the
c,ab;BhuPaBqøas; ³ c,ab;EdltaragxYbKImIerobFatuCalMdab;tam
elements in such a sequence that their
number of orbital electrons and hence
cMnYneGLicRtugGrb‘Ítal;ehIyehtuenHBhuPaBrbs;FatuTaMgenaHqøas;
their multiplicities alternates between KñarvagcMnYnKU nigcMnYness.
even and odd numbers
alum : 1. Any of a group of double
sulfates of trivalent metals such as
sac;CUr ³ Rkuménsu‘lpateTVrbs;elah³va:Lg; # dUcCaGaluymIjÚm:
aluminum chromium or iron and a
univalent metal such as potassium or
RkUm nigelah³va:Lg; ! dUcCab:UtasüÚm sUdüÚm. ]/GaluymIjÚm: s‘ul-
sodium e.g. aluminum sulfate pat Gam:UjÚm: GaluymIj:Úmsulpat b:UtasüÚmGaluymIjÚ:msu‘lpat.
ammonium alumi-num sulfate potassium
aluminum sulfate.
aluminum halide : A compound of
aluminum with a halogen element, such
GaluymIj:ÚmGaLÚEsnY ³ smasFatuénGaluymIjú:ÚmCamYyFatu
as aluminum chloride. GaLÚEsn dUcCaGaluymIjÚm: kørY.
aluminum soap : Any of various salts of
higher carboxylic acids and aluminum
sab‘UGaluymIj:Úm ³ GMbilrbs;GasIutkabuksIulicExSEvg nig
that are insoluble in water and soluble in
oils; used in lubricating greases paints,
GaluymIj:Úm EdlminrlaykñúgTwk nigrlaykñúgeRbg. eRbIkñúgfµaMeRbg
varnishes, and waterproofing substances. EvnI nigsarFatuminRCabTwk.
ambident : Relating to a chemical
species whose molecules possess two
GMbIdg; ³ TMnak;TMngeTAnwgRbePTKImIEdlm:UelKulrbs;vamanmNÐl
reactive sites. skmµBIr.
Ames test : An assay developed by
Bruce Ames to detect com-pounds that
etsþ Ames ³ karviPaKeFIVeLIgedayelak Bruce Ames edIm,Irk
cause mutations and cancer. the test
measures the frequency of back in
eGayeXIjsmasFatuEdlbNþaleGaymanmuytasüúg nigmharIk.
histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimu- etsþenHvas;BIeRbkg;muytasüúgRtlb;kñúg)ak;etrISalmonella type
rium bacteria, so that the mutants do not
need histidine supplements in their food himurium EdlGaRs½yedayGIusÞIDIn dUecñHmuytg;minRtUvkarkarbMeBj
supply.
GIusÞIDInbEnßmkñúgGaharrbs;vaeT.
amicron : A particle having a size of
10-7 centimeter or less which is a size in
GamIRkug ³ PaKli¥tEdlmanTMhM 10 cm b¤ticCag EdlCaTMhMkñúg
-7
a system of classification of particle

sizes in colloid chemistry.
RbB½n§cMENkfñak;rbs;TMhMPaKli¥tkñúgKImIkULÚGIut.
amidation : The process of forming an
amide; e.g. in the laboratory benzyl
GamItkmµ : dMeNIrkekItGamIt ]TahrN_kñúgTIBiesaF bg;sIulman
reacts with methyl amine to form N-
methylbenzamide.
RbtikmµCamYyemTIlGamInedIm,IbegáItCa N-emTIlbg;samIt.
amide : Nitrogen-containing compound
derived from an acid and an amine with
GamIt ³ smasFatumanGasUt)anmkBIGasIutnigGamInEdlmanTMrg;
the general structure TUeTA ³
O
O
R C N H2
R C N H2

21
amide hydrolysis : The cleavage of an

amide into its constitutive acid and
GIuRdUlIsGamIt ³ karbMEbkGamIteGayeTACaGasIutnigcMENkGamIn
amine fragments by a net addition of
water.
edaykarbUkTwk.
amidine : A compound which contains
the radical CNHNH2.
GamIDIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkra:DIkal; CNHNH . 2
amido : Indicating the NH2 radical when

it is present in a molecule with the CO
GamIdU ³ karbgðajeGayeXIjra:DIkal; NH eBlEdlvamanvtþmankñúg
2
radical. m:UelKulCamYyra:DIkal; CO.

amination : 1. The preparation of
amines. 2. A process in which the amino
GamInkmµ ³ !> karerobcMbegáItGamIn. @> dMeNIrEdlRkumGamINU
group (-NH2) is introduced into organic (NH )RtUv)anbBa©Úlkñúgm:UelKulsrIragÁ.
2
molecules.
amine : One of a class of organic
compounds derived from ammonia by
GamIn ³ fñak;mYyénsmasFatusrIragÁEdlCaRslayBIGamU:j:ak;eday
replacement of one or more hydrogens
by functional groups.
karCMnYsGIuRdUEsnmYyb¤eRcInedayRkumnaTI.
amino acids : Class of biological
compounds whose members possess
GamINUGasIutb¤GasIutGamIen ³ fñak;énsmasFatuCIv³EdlmanRkum
both an amino group and a carboxylic
group. Amino acids are the building
GamInnigRkumkabuksIul. GamINUGasIutCaFatubgáénbiubTIt nigRbUet-
blocks of peptides and proteins. Most of GIun. PaKeRcInénGamINUGasIutsMxan;²kñúgFmµCati KWGal;hVaGamINU-
the important natural amino acids are
alpha-amino acids. GasIut.
amino alcohol : See alkamine.
GamINUGal;kul ³ emIl alkamine.
amino group : A functional group
(-NH2) formed by the loss of a hydrogen
RkumGamINU ³ RkumnaTI (-NH ) EdlekIteLIgedaykar)at;bg;GatUm
2
atom from ammonia. GIuRdUEsnmYyBIGam:Uj:ak;.

amino nitrogen : Nitrogen combined
with hydrogen in the amino group. Also
GamINGasUtU ³ GasUtEdlcUlpSMCamYyGIuRdUEsnkñúgRkumGamINU.
known as ammonia nitrogen. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GasUtGam:Uj:ak;.
amino resin : A type of resin prepared
by condensation polymerization with an
C½rGamINU ³ RbePTC½rEdlekIteLIgedaysarb:UlIEmkugdg;kmµCamYy
aldehyde, of a compound containing an
amino group.
GaedGIuténsmasFatuEdlmanpÞúkRkumGamINU.
amino-, amin- : Having the property of
a compound in which the group NH2 is
GamINU-/ GamIn- ³ manlkçN³CasmasFatuEdlkñúgenaHRkum NH 2
attached to a radical other than an acid

radical.
RtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgra:DIkal;epSgeTotCagra:DIkal;GasIut.
aminophenol : A type of compound
containing the NH2 and OH groups
GamINUepNul ³ RbePTsarFatuEdlmanpÞúkRkum NH nigRkum OH
2
joined to the benzene ring; examples are

para-amino-phenol and orthohydroxy-
EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgvg;énbg;Esn. ]TahrN_ )a:ra:GamINUepNul nigGrtU-
laniline. GIuRduksIuLanIlIn.
ammine : One of a group of complex
compounds formed by coordination of
GaMmIn ³ RkummYYyénsmasFatusaMjúaMEdlekItedaykUGrDINasüúgén
ammonia molecules with metal ions. m:UelKulGam:Uj:ak;CamYyGIuyu:gelah³.
ammonation : A reaction in which
ammonia is added to other molecules or
Gam:Uj:Úmkmµ ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGam:Uj:ak;RtUv)anbUkbBa©ÚleTA
ions by covalent bond formation
utilizing the unshared pair of electrons
m:UelKul b¤GIuyu:gepSgeTotedaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;EdlekIteLIgedaykareRbI
on the nitrogen atom, or through ion- PaBmindak;rYmKñaénKUeGLicRtugelIGatUmGasUt b¤tamGnþrkmµeGLic
dipole electrostatic interactions.
RtUsþaTicénGIyu:gDIbUl: .

22
ammonia dynamite : Dynamite with

part of the nitroglycerin replaced by
DINamItGam:Uj:ak; ³ DINamItEdlEpñkénnIRtUKøIesrInRtUv)anCMnUs
ammonium nitrate. edayGam:UjÚm: nIRtat.
ammonia water : A water solution of
ammonia; a clear colorless liquid that is
TwkGam:Uj:ak; ³ sUluysüúgTwkénGam:Uj:ak; CavtßúravKµanBN’EdlCa
basic because of dissociation of NH4OH
to produce hydroxide ions; used as a
)asBIeRBaHkarbMEbkén NH OHCaGIuy:ugGIuRduksIut. eRbICaFaturMlay
4
reagent solvent and neutralizing agent. nigP¶ak;garsMrab;eFVIeGayNWt.

ammoniated superphosphate : A
ferti1iser containing 5 parts of ammonia
Gam:Uj:ak;s‘ubEBpUsVat ³ CIEdlmanpÞúk%PaKénGam:Ujak;enAkñúg!00
to 100 parts of superphosphate. PaKéns‘ubEBpUsVat.
ammoniation : Treating or combining
with ammonia.
Gam:Uj:ak;kmµ ³ bnSMCamYyGam:Uj:ak;.
ammonification : Addition of ammonia
or ammonia compounds specially to the
Gam:Uj:ak;kmµ ³ karbEnßmGam:Uj:ak; b¤smasFatuGam:Uj:ak;eTAkñúgdI.
soil.
ammonium halide : A compound with
the ammonium ion bonded to an ion
Gam:Uj:ÚmGaLÚEsnY ³ smasFatuEdlmanGIuyug: Gam:UjÚm: cgsm<½n§
formed from one of the halogen
elements.
eTAnwgGIuyu:gmYyEdlekIteLIgedayFatuGaLÚEsnmYy.
ammonium salt : A product of a
reaction between ammonia and various
GMbilGam:Uj:Úm ³ plitplénRbtikmµrvagGam:Uj:ak; nigGasIutnana.
acids; examples are ammonium chloride
and ammonium nitrate.
]TahrN_Gam:UjÚm: kørIt nigGam:UjÚ:mnIRtat.
ammonium soap : A product from
reaction of a fatty acid with ammonium
sab‘UGam:Uj:Úm ³ plitplEdlekItBIRbtikmµénGasIutxøaj;CamUYynwg
hydroxide; used in toiletry preparations
such as soaps and in emulsions.
Gam:Uj:ÚmGIuRduksIut. eRbIkñúgeRKÓgsMGatkay dUcCasab‘U nigkñúgeGmul-
süúg.
ammonolysis : 1. A dissociation reaction
of the ammonia molecule producing H+
Gam:UNUlIs ³ !>RbtikmµbMEbkénm:UelKulGam:Ujak;eGayCaH nig +
and NH2- species. 2. Breaking of a bond NH . @> karpþac;sm<½n§edaykarbUkénGam:Uj:ak;.

2
by addition of ammonia.
amorphous : Without a definite order or
arrangement; shapeless.
nisNæan ³ KµankartMeroblMdab;kMNt; KµanRTg;RTay.
amount of substance : A measure of the
number of elementary entities present in
brimaNsarFatu ³ rgVas;cMnUnFatuEdlmanenAkñúgsarFatu b¤RbB½n§.
a substance or system; usually measured
in moles.
CaTUeTAvas;Cam:Ul.
amperometric titration : A titration that
involve measuring an electric current or
GaRtakmµGMEBmaRt ³ GRtakmµEdlrYmmankarvas;crnþGKiÁsnI b¤bnÞúk
changes in current during the course of
the titration.
kñúgcrnþenAeBleFVIGRta.
amperometry : Chemical analysis by
techniques which involve measuring
GMEBmaRt ³ karviPaKKImIedaybec©keTs EdlrYmmankarvascrnþ
electric currents. GKÁisnI.
amphipathic molecule : A molecule
having both hydrophilic and
m:UelKulGMPI)a:Tic ³ m:UelKulEdlmanTaMgRkummincUlcitþTwk nigRkum
hydrophobic groups; examples are
wetting agents and membrane lipids such
cUlcitþTwk. ]TahrN_Pñak;garsMeNIm nigPñaslIBIt dUcCapUsVÚKøIesrIt.
as phosphoglycerides.
amphiphile : A molecule which has a
polar head attached to a long
GMPIhVIl ³ m:UelKulEdlmank,alb:UElP¢ab;eTAnwgExSEdlmincUlcitþ
hydrophobic tail. Twk.
amphiprotic : See amphoteric.
GMPIRbUTic ³ emIl amphoteric.

23
ampholyte : An amphoteric electrolyte.

GMpUlIt ³ sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItGMpUetric.
ampholytic detergent : A detergent that
is cationic in acidic solutions and anionic
sarFatuCMr³Ek¥lGMpUlITic ³ sarFatuCMr³Ek¥lEdlkøayCakacugkñúg
in basic solutions. sUluysúügGasIut nigkøayCaGaj:úgkñúgsUluysüúg)as.
amphoteric : Having both acidic and
basic characteristics. Also known as
GMpUetric ³ manTaMglkçN³GasIut nig)as. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
amphiprotic. GMPIRbUTic.
amphoteric molecule : Molecule that
functions as a base in the presence of an
m:UelKulGMpUET ³ m:UelKulEdledIrtYCa)askñúgvtþmanGasIutnigCa
acid and as an acid in the presence of a
base.
GasIutkñúgvtþman)as.
amyl : Any of the eight isomeric
arrangements of the radical C5H11 or a
GamIl ³ GIusUEmkñúgcMeNamGIusUEmTaMgR)aMbI Edl)anBIkarruHerIén
mixture of them. Also known as pentyl. ra:DIkal; C H b¤Cal,ayénGIusUEmTaMgGs;enaH. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
5 11
b:g;TIl.
amyl alcohol : 1. A colorless liquid that
is a mixture of isomeric alcohols. 2. An
GamIlGal;kul ³ !> vtßúravKµanBN’EdlCal,ayénGIusUEmGal;kul.
optically active liquid composed of
isopentyl alcohol and active amyl
@> vtßúravskmµGubTicEdlpSMBIGIusUepnIlGal;kul nigGamIlGal;kul
alcohol. skmµ.
amyl xanthate : A salt formed by
replacing the hydrogen attached to the
GamIlsg;tat ³ GMbilEdlekIteLIgedaykarCMnYsGIuRdUEsnEdl
sulfur in amylxanthic acid by a metal;
used as collector agent in the notation of
P¢ab;eTAnwgs‘ulpYkñúgGasIutGamIlsg;Ticedayelah³. eRbICaPñak;gar
certain minerals. kULicT½rkñúgkarkt;RtaEr:.
amylases : Enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of α -1,4-glycosidic bonds in
GamILas ³ Gg;sIumEdlCYysMrYldl;GIuRdUlIssm<½n§KIøkUsIutα -1,4-
starches. kñúgGamIdug.
anabolism : Part of metabolism that uses
energy to build larger, more complex
GaNabUlIs ³ Epñkénemtab:UlIs EdleRbIfamBledIm,IbegáItm:aRkU
molecules from simpler ones. m:UelKulsaMjaMuCagecjBImU:elKulgayCag.
anaerobic : occurring in the absence of
oxygen.
Kµanxül; b¤minRtUvkarxül; ³ karekIteLIgedayminRtUvkarGuksIu-
Esn.
analog : A compound whose structure is
similar to that of another compound but
GaNaLÚk ³ smasFatuEdlmanTMrg;Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwg
whose composition differs by one
element.
smasFatumYyeTot b:uEnþsmasFatuTaMgenaHxusKñaBImYyeTAmYyeday
FatumYy.
analysis : The determination of the
composition of a substance.
karviPaK ³ karkMNt;énFatupSMrbs;sarFatu.
analysis line : The spectral line used in
determining the concentration ion of an
bnÞat;viPaK ³ bnÞat;s,iúceRbIkñúgkarkMNt;kMhab;GIuyug: énFatukñúgkar
element in spectrographic analysis. viPaKs,iúcRtURkaPic.
analyte : 1. The sample being analyzed.
2. The specific component that is being
FatuviPaK ³ !> PaKsMNakEdlRtUveFVIkarviPaK.
measured in a chemical analysis. @> PaKpSMBiessEdlnwgRtUv)anvas;kñúgKImIviPaK.
analytical blank : See blank.
cenøaHviPaKemIl blank.
analytical chemistry : The study of the
composition of substances.
KImIviPaK ³ karsikSaGMBIsmasPaBénsarFatuTaMgLay.

24
analytical distillation : Precise

resolution of a volatile liquid mixture
bMNitviPaK ³ dMeNaHRsayCak;lak;énl,ayvtßúravehIrenAkñúg
into its components; the mixture is
vaporised by heat or vacuum, and the
smasFaturbs;va. l,ayenHRtUv)anPayCacMhayedaysarkMedA
vaporised components are recondensed b¤edaysuBaØakas ehIysmasFatuPayenHRtUv)ankrCadMNk;Twkmþg
into liquids at their respective boiling
points. eToteTACavtßúravenAcMNuc rMBuHerog²xøÜnrbs;va.
analytical extraction : Precise transfer
of one or more components of a mixture
eyabkviPaK ³ karepÞrecjCak;lak;énsmasFatumYyb¤eRcInrbs;
(liquid to liquid, gas to liquid, solid to
liquid) by contacting the mixture with a
l,ay¬BIvtßúrageTAvtßúrav BI]sµ½neTAvtßúrav BIvtßúrwgeTAvtßúrav¦edaydak;
solvent in which the component of l,ayCamYyFaturMlayEdlsmasFatuenaHmancMNUlnwgrlaykñúgFatu
interest is preferentially soluble.
rMlayenaH.
anaphoresis : Upon application of an
electric field the movement of positively
GaNapers ³ Ep¥kelIkarGnuvtþEdnGKiÁsnICaclnaénPaKl¥itkULÚ-
charged colloidal particles
macromolecules suspended a liquid
or GIutEdlmanbnÞúkbUkb¤m:aRkUmUe: lKulGENþtvilvl;qøgkat;kñúgvtßúraveTA
toward the anode. kan;GaNUt.
anchimeric assistance : The
participation by a neighboring group in
CMnYyGg;KIemric ³ karcUlrYmedayRkumCitxagkñúgkarkMNt;el,Ónén
the rate determining step of a reaction.
Also known as neighboring-group
CMhanRbtikmµ. eKehAmüa:geTotfa karcUlrYménRkumCitxag.
participation.
anchored catalyst : See immobilised
catalyst.
katalIkrnwg ³ emIl immobilised catalyst.
angle-resolved photoelectron
spectroscopy : A type of photoelectron
karsikSas,úicpUtUeGLicRtugdMeNaHRsaymMu ³ RbePTéns,úicRtU
spectroscopy which measures the kinetic
energies of photoelectrons emitted from
Em:RtpUtUeGLicRtugEdlvas;famBlsIuenTic éneGLicRtugEdlpþac;ecj
a solid surface and the angles at which BIépÞelIvtßúrwg nigvas;muMEdleGLicRtugRtUv)anpþac;ecjBIépÞelI.
they are emitted relative to the surface.
Abbreviated ARPEs. Bakükat;ehAfaARPEs.
anharmonic oscillator spectrum : A
molecular spectrum which is sig-
s,iúceyalminsIuKña ³ s,úicm:UelKulEdlRtUv)anrg\T§iBly:agsMxan;
nificantly affected by anharmonicity of
the forces between atoms in the
edayPaBminsuIKñaénkMlaMgrvagGatUmkñúgm:UelKul.
molecule.
anhydride : A compound formed from
an acid by removal of water.
GanIRDIt ³ smasFatuekIteLIgBIGasIutEdldkykTwkecj.
anhydrous (adj) : Being without water,
especially water of hydration.
GanIt ³ EdlKµanTwk CaBiessTwkénGIuRdatkmµ.
anhydrous alcohol : See absolute
alcohol.
Gal;kulGanIt ³ emIl absolute alcohol.
aniline black : A black dye produced on
certain textiles such as cotton by
GanIlInexµA ³ l½xBN’exµAEdlRtUv)anplitsMrab;vaynP½NÐmYycMnYn
oxidizing
hydrochloride.
aniline or aniline dUcCasMBt;GMe)aHedayGuksIutkmµGanIlIn b¤GanIlInGIuRdUkørIt.
aniline-formaldehyde resin :
thermoplastic resin made
A
by
C½rGanIlInprm:al;edGIut ³ C½rETm:U)aøsÞIc EdleFVIeLIgBIbUl: IEmkmµ
polymerizing aniline and formaldehyde. GanIlIn nigprm:al;edGIut.
animal black : Finely divided carbon
made by calcination of animal bones or
kabUnexµAsuT§ ³ sNæanpg;kabUnmüa:gEdl)anBIkarkemøacq¥wg b¤Pøúk
ivory: used for pigments decolorisers,
and purifying agents; varieties include
stV. eRbIsMrab;begðIrBN’énCatiBN’ nigCaPñak;garbnSúT§³ rYmmankabUn
bone black and ivory black. exµAq¥wg nigkabUnexµAPøúk.
animal charcoal : See animal black
kabUnstV ³ emIl animal black.

25
anion : Any atom or group of atoms with

a negative charge.
Gaj:úg ³ GatUmb¤RkuménGatUmEdlmanbnÞúkGviC¢man.
anion exchange : A type of ion
exchange in which the immobilised
bNþÚrGajú:ug ³ RbePTénbNþÚrGIuyu:gEdlkñúgenaHRkumnaTIGcl½ténC½r
functional groups on the solid resin are
positive.
rwgmanbnÞúkviC¢man.
anionic complexes : A group of atoms
or a radical with a negative charge.
kMupøicGaj:úg ³ RkuménGatUmb¤r:aDIkal;EdlmanbnúÞkGviC¢man.
anionic polymerization : A type of
polymerization in which Lewis bases,
b:UlIEmkmµGaj:úg ³ RbePTb:UlIEmkmµEdl)asLWvIs dUcCaelah³
such as alkali metals and metallic alkyls
act as catalysts.
Gal;kalI nigGal;KIlelah³edIrtYUCakatalIkr.
anionotropy : The breaking off of an ion
such as hydroxyl or bromide from a
GajÚ:NURtUBI³ karbMEbkénGuIy:ugdUcCaGIuRduksIul rWRbU‘mYBImU:elKulEdl
molecule so that a positive ion remains
in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
GuIyu:gviC¢manenAsßitkñúgPaBlMnwgDINamic.
anisotropic : Describing a medium in
which a physical property is different in
GanIsURtUBic ³ karBN’naBImCÄdæanEdllkçN³rUbxusKña. ]³Rkam
different directions. eg Same crystals
transmit light differently in different
xøHcMlgBnøWxusKñaeTAtamTisxusKña.
directions. Compare isotropic.
annular atoms : The atoms in a cyclic
compound that are members of the ring.
GatUmvg; ³ GatUmkñúgsmasFatuvg; EdlvaCaFatuénvg;enaH.
annulene : One of a group of
monocyclic conjugated hydrocarbons
GanuyELn ³ bNþúMmYyénm:UNUsIuKøic EdlsßitenACaKUCamYyGIuRdUkabY
which have the general formula
[-CH=CH-]n .
manrUbmnþTUeTA [-CH=CH-] . n
anode : A positively charged electrode,

or terminal, towards which negatively
GaNUt ³ eGLicRtUtEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man b¤kñúgeGLicRtugEdlPaK
charged particles (anions) move, (within
a device such as an electrolysis cell, a
l¥itmanbnÞúkGviC¢man(Gaj:úg)eFVIclnapøas;TI. (enAxagkñúg]bkrN_ dUc
cathode ray tube, or a diode). It is the CaBileGLicRtUlIsCakatUtbMBg;kaMrsµIb¤CadüÚt). vaKWCaeGLicRtUt
electrode at which electrons leave the
system and oxidation occurs. EdleGLicRtugcakecjBIRbB½n§ nigGuksIutkmµekIteLIg.
anode effect : A condition produced by
polarization of the anode in the
plGaNUt ³ l½kçx½NÐbegáItedayb:UElkmµénGaNUtkñúgeGLicRtUlIs
electrolysis of fused salts and
characterised by a sudden increase in
énGMbilrlaynigsMKal;edaykarekIneLIgy:agrh½sénvu:l nigRtUvnwg
voltage and a corresponding decrease in karfycuHénGMEB.
amperage.
anode film : The portion of solution in
immediate contact with the anode.
hVIlGaNUt ³ EpñkmYyénsUluysüúgEdlb:HpÞal;CamYyGaNUt.
anode-corrosion efficiency : The ratio
of actual weight loss of an anode due to
RbsiT§PaBkMNUtGaNUt ³ pleFobénkar)at;bg;TMgn;BitR)akdén
corrosion to the theoretical loss as
calculated by Faraday’s law.
GaNUt edaysarkMNUteTAtamkar)at;bg;TMgn;CaRTwsþIEdlKNnatam
c,ab;para:ed.
anodic polarization : The change in
potential of an anode caused by current
b:UlkmµGaNUt ³ bNþÚrb:Utg;Esülrbs;GaNUtedaysarlMhUrcrnþ
flow. GKiÁsnI.
anolyte : The part of the electrolyte at or
near the anode that is changed in
GaNUlIt ³ EpñkmYyéneGLicRtUlItenACab;b¤enAEk,rGaNUtEdlRtUv
composition by the reactions at the
anode.
)anpøas;bþÚrsmasPaKedayRbtikmµenAGaNUt.

26
anomalous Zeeman effect : A type of

splitting of spectral lines of a light
pl Zeeman minFmµta ³ RbePTénkarEbgEckbnÞat;s,úicénRbPB
source in a magnetic field which occurs
for any line arising from a combination
BnøWkñúgEdnm:aejTicEdlekItmancMeBaHbnÞat;s,iúcekIteLIgBIbnSMFatueRcIn
of terms of multiplicity greater than one; CagmYyedaysarEtskmµPaBm:aejTicrbs;sI<neGLicRtug.
due to a non-classical magnetic behavior
of the electron spin.
anomer : One of a pair of isomers of
cyclic carbohydrates; resulting from
GaNUEm ³ KUGIusUEmmYYyénkabUnGIuRdatvg; EdlCalT§pl)anBIbegáIt
creation of a new point of symmetry
when a rearrangement of the atoms
cMNucsIuemRTIfµI kalNamankarbþÚrkEnøgGatUmenATItaMgGal;edGIut
occurs at the aldehyde or ketone b¤estUn. GuksIuEsnEdlP¢ab;nwgkabUnGaNUEmGacmandMeNATisCaebta
position. The oxygen attached to the
anomeric carbon can have either a beta (β ) : xagelI : b¤CaGal;hVa(α) : xageRkam :.
(β ) (“up”) or an alpha (α) (“down”)
orientation.
anomeric carbon : Carbon atom in the
cyclic form of sugars that had been the
kabUnGaNUEm ³ GatUmkabUnkñúgTMrg;suIKøicénsárEdlCakabUnkabUnIl
carbonyl carbon of the open-chain form. rbs;TMrg;ExSebIk.
antacid : Any substance that counteracts
or neutralises acidity.
Gg;tasIut ³ sarFatuEdlbnSabPaBGasIut.
anthracite : Hard coal containing or
yielding anthracene.
Gg;RtasIut ³ kabUnGg;RtasIutEdlmanb¤pþl;eGayCaGg;RtaEsn.
antibodies : Proteins produced by the
body that bind foreign molecules and
Gg;TIkr ³ RbUetGIunpliteLIgedaysarBagÁkayEdlP¢ab;CamYynwg
particles. These complexes are then
readily taken up and destroyed by the
m:UelKul nigPaKl¥itcMELk. kMupøicTaMgenHRtUv)ancab;nigbMpøajeday
cells of the immune system. ekasikaénRbB½n§PaBsaMu.
antibonding orbital: A molecular
orbital with higher energy and less
Grb‘Ítal;bdism<½n§³ Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulmanfamBlx<s;CagnigesßrPaB
stability than the atomic orbitals from
which it was formed. It can he
ticCagGrb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlbgábegáItva. vaGacRtUv)anyl;faCalT§pl
understood as the result of the énkarRbQmRbqaMgKñaénlkçN³rlkéneGLicRtugv:aLg;.
destructive interference of the wave
properties of the valence electrons.
anti-bumping granules : See boiling
chips
RKab;RbqaMgkarTgÁic ³emIl boiling chips.
anticatalyst : A material that slows
down the action of a catalyst; an ex-
Gg;TIkatalIkr ³ rUbFatuEdlbnßyskmµPaBrbs;katalIkr.
ample is lead, which inhibits the action
of platinum.
]TahrN_ sMNEdl)anbg¥ak;skmµPaBrbs;)øaTIn.
anticodon : Three-base sequence in
tRNA that is complementary to a codon
Gg;TIkUdug ³ lMdab;)asbIkñúgARNdwknaMEdlbMeBjCamYykUdugelI
on mRNA. ARN naMsar.
antiferromagnetism : A form of
magnetism in which alternate magnetic
Gg;TIEprU:m:aejTIs³ TMrg;m:aejTIsEdlm:Um:g;m:aejTicqøas;manTis
moments have opposite directions,
resulting in no net magnetic moments.
bRBa©asbNþalmkBIminEmnm:Um:g;m:aejTicsrub. kartMerobenHkekIt
The arrangement forms below a certain eLIgenAeRkamsItuNðPaBc,as;las;¬ehAfasItuNðPaB Neel¦. eRkam
temperature (called the Neel tempera-
ture). Above this temperature, the sItuNðPaBsarFatuCa)a:r:am:aejTic. ] :MnF . 2
substance is paramagnetic : e.g MnF2.
antifoaming agent : A substance, such
as a silicone, organic phosphate, or
Pñak;garRbqaMgnwgBBuH ³ sarFatu dUcCasIulIkUn pUsVatsrIragÁ b¤
alcohol, that inhibits the formation of
bubbles in a liquid during its agitation by
Gal;kulEdlbg¥ak;karkekIténBBuHkñúgvtßúravenAeBleKRkLúk eday
reducing its surface tension. bnßytg;süúgépÞrbs;va.

27
antifreeze : A substance added to a

liquid to lower its freezing point; the
FatubgáarkMNk ³ sarFatuEdlbEnßmeTAvtßúravedIm,IbnÞabcMNuckMnk
principal automotive
component is ethylene glycol.
antifreeze rbs;va. sarFatubg¥ak;kMNksMxan;CageKKWeGTIELnKøIkul.
antigens : Large foreign molecules
within the body. These molecules cause
Gg;TIEsn ³ m:UelKulFMcMELkEdlfitenAkñúgsarBagÁkay. m:UelKul
an immune response that results in
production of antibodies to the antigen
TaMgenHbNþaleGaymankareqøIytbPaBsaMuEdlnaMeGaymankarplit
Gg;TIkreTAnwgGg;TIEsn.
antimonic : Derived from or relating to
pentavalent antimony.
Gg;TIm:Unic ³ Rslay)anmkBIGg;TIm:nva:Lg; %.
antimonous : Relating to antimony,
especially trivalent antimony.
Gg;TIman; ³ TMnak;TMng;eTAnwgGg;TIm:n CaBiessGg;TIm:nRTIva:Lg;.
antimonide : A binary compound of
antimony with a more positive
Gg;TIm:UnIt ³ smasFatueTVFatu b¤Gg;TIm:nEdlmansmasFatu
compound, e.g., H5Sb. Also known as
stibide.
viC¢maneRcIn. ]TahrN_ H Sb. eKehAmüa:geTotfaCasÞIb‘Ít.
5
antioxidant : An inhibitor, such as

ascorbic acid, effective in preventing
Gg;TIGuksIutkr ³ sarFatubg¥ak;dUcCaGasIutGasáb‘ícEdlmanRbsiT§-
oxidation by molecular oxygen. PaBkñúgkarkarBarkuMeGaymanGuksIutkmµedaym:UelKulGuksIuEsn.
anti-Stokes lines : Lines of radiated
frequencies which are higher than the
bnÞat;Gg;TIRsUk ³ bnÞat;éneRbkg;kaMrsµIEdlx<s;CageRbkg;énBnøW
frequency of the exciting incident light. GaMgsIudg;.
apo- : A prefix that denotes formation
from or relationship to another chemical
Gab:U- ³ buBVbTEdlkMNt;kMNmkBIb¤manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgsmasFatu
compound. KImImYyeTot.
apodization : A mathematical
transformation carried out on data
Gab:Ukmµ ³ bMElgKNitviTüaEdldMeNIrkarTinñn½yTTYl)anBI]bkrN_
received from an interferometer to alter,
the instrument’s response function
vas;GaMgETepr:g;edIm,IEkERbmuxgareqøIytbrbs;]bkrN_enHmunbMElg
before the Fourier transformation is FourierRtUv)aneKKNnaedIm,ITTYl)ans,iúc.
calculated to obtain the spectrum.
apparent concentration : The value of
analyte concentration obtained when the
kMhab;c,as; ³ tMélénkMhab;FatuviPaKTTYl)aneBlEdlGaMgETepr:g;
interference is not considered. minRtUv)anKit.
aprotic solvent : A solvent that does not
yield or accept a proton.
FaturMlayGaRbUTic ³ FaturMlayEdlminpþl; b¤minTTYlykRbUtug.
aqua : Latin for water.
GakW ³ PasaLataMgsMrab;Twk.
aqua regia : A fuming, highly corrosive,
volatile liquid with a suffocating odor
Twkerkal; ³ vtßúravecjEpSg nigkat;xøaMg ehIrEdlmankøinQYlQøk;
made by mixing 1 part concentrated
nitric acid and 3 parts concentrated
ekIteLIgBIkarlayGasIutnIRTicxab;mYyPaK nigGasuItkørIRDicxab;bIPaK
hydrochloric acid: reacts with all metals, manRbtikmµCamYyelah³TaMgGs; rYmTaMgR)ak; nigmaspgEdr.
including silver and gold.
aquametry : Analytical processes to
measure the water present in materials;
GakWmaRt ³ dMeNIrviPaKedIm,Ivas;vtþmanTwkkñúgrUbFatu. viFITaMgenaH
methods include Karl Fischer titration,
reactions with acid chlorides and
rYmmanGRtakmµ Karl Fischer RbtikmµCamYyGasIutkørIt nigGanIRDit
anhydrides, oven drying, distillation, and kñúgLsMgYtkñúgbMNit nigkñúgRkUm:atURkaPI.
chromatography.
aquasol : See hydrosol.
GakWsul ³ emIl hydrosol.
aquation : Formation of a complex that
contains water by replacement of other
GakWkmµ ³ kMNkMupøicmYyEdlmanTwkedaykarCMnYsRkumsMrbsMrYl
coordinated groups in the complex. epSgeTotkñúgkuMpøicenaH.

28
aqueous electron : See hydrated

electron.
eGLicRtugTwk ³ emIl hydrated electron.
aqueous solution : A solution in which
the solvent is water.
sUluysüúgTwk ³ sUluysüúgEdlFaturMlayCaTwk.
aquo ion : Any ion containing one or
more water molecules.
GuIy:ugGakU ³ GIuyu:gEdlpÞúkTwkmYyb¤eRcInm:UelKul.
aralkyl : A radical in which an aryl
group is substituted for an alkyl H atom.
Gar:al;KIl ³ ra:DIkal;EdlkñúgenaHRkumGarI;lRtUv)anCMnYsedayGatUm
Derived from arylated alkyl. GIuRdUEsnénGal;KIl. RslayBIGal;KIlGarIl.
arc spectrum : The spectrum of a
neutral atom, as opposed to that of a
s,úicFñÚ ³ s,úicénGatUmNWt ¬minEmnCam:UelKul b¤GIuyu:g¦. CaFmµta
molecule or an ion; it is usually
produced by vaporizing the substance in
vaRtUvbegáIteLIgedaykarhUtsarFatukñúgFñÚGKÁisnI.
an electric arc.
arene : See aromatic hydrocarbon.
GaEr:n ³ emIl aromatic hydrocarbon.
argentic : Relating to or containing
silver.
Gasg;Tic¬énR)ak;¦ ³ Tak;Tg b¤manR)ak;.
argentometry : A volumetric analysis
that employs precipitation of insoluble
R)ak;maRt ³ karviPaKmaRtEdleRbIR)as;GMbilR)ak;minrlay. GMbil
silver salts; the salts may be chromates
or chlorides.
enaHGacCaGMbilRkUm:at b¤kørY.
Arndt-Eistert synthesis : A method of
increasing the length of an aliphatic acid
sMeyaK Arndt-Eistert ³ viFIkñúgkarbegáInRbEvgénGasIutGalIpaTic
by one carbon by reacting diazomethane
with acid chloride.
edaykabUnmYytamRbtikmµDIGasUemtanCamYyGasIutkørIRDic.
aromatic : 1. Relating to or
characterised by the presence of at least
GarU:m:aTic ³ !> Tak;TgeTAnwg b¤sMKal;edayvtþmanvg;bg;EsnmYyy:ag
one benzene ring. 2. Describing those
compounds having physical and
tic. @> karBN’nasmasFatuEdlmanlkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImI
chemical properties resembling those of dUcbg;Esn.
benzene.
aromatic alcohol : Any of the
compounds containing the hydroxyl
Gal;kulGar:Um:aTic ³ smasFatuTaMgLayNaEdlmanpÞúkbNþúM
group in a side chain to a benzene ring,
such as benzyl alcohol,
GIuRduksIulkñúgExScMehogénvg;bg;Esn dUcCabg;sIulGal;kul.
aromatic aldhehyde : An aromatic
compound containing the CHO radical,
Gal;edGIutGarU:m:aTic ³ smasFatuGar:Um:aTicEdlmanpÞúkra:DIkal;
such as benzaldehyde. CHO dUUcCabg;sal;edGIut.
aromatic amine : An organic
Compound that contains one or more
GamInGar:Um:aTic ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanpÞúkbNþúMGamINUmYy
amino groups joined to an aromatic
structure.
b¤eRcInP¢ab;eTAnwgTMrg;GarU:m:aTic.
aromatic hydrocarbon : A member of
the class of hydrocarbons, of which
GIuRdUkabYGarU:m:aTic ³ smaCikénGIuRdUkabYEdlkñúgenaHbg;EsnCaFatu
benzene is the first member, consisting
of assemblages of cyclic conjugated
dMbUgbgáeLIgedaybNþúMGatUmkabUntMerobCargVg; nigmanlkçN³sMKal;
carbon atoms and characterised by large edaysarfamBlersUNg;. eKehAmüa:geTotfaGaEr:n.
resonance energies. Also known as
arene.
aromatic ketone : An aromatic
Compound containing the –CO radical,
estUnGar:Um:aTic ³ smasFatuGar:Um:aTicEdlpÞúkra:DIkal; -OC dUcCa
such as acetophenone. GaestUepNUn.
aromatic nucleus : The six-carbon ring
characteristic of benzene and related
éNVy:UGar:Um:aTic ³ lkçN³vg;kabUnR)aMmYyrbs;bg;Esn niges‘rIEdl
series, or condensed six-carbon rings of
naphthalene, anthracene, and so forth.
Tak;Tg b¤Cavg;kabUnR)aMmYypÁMúKñaénNab;taELn Gg;RtaEsn.l.

29
aroyl : The radical RCO, where R is an

aromatic
GarU:GIul ³ ra:DIkal; RCO Edl R CaGar:Um:aTic.
aroylation : A reaction in which the
aroyl group is incorporated in to a
GarU:GIulkmµ ³ RbtikmµEdlbNþúMGar:UGIulRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgm:UelKul
molecule by substitution. edaykarCMnYs.
ARPES ³ emIl angle resolved photo-electron spectroscopy.
ARPES : See angle resolved photo-
electron spectroscopy.
Arrhenius equation : The relation-ship
that the specific reaction rate constant k
smIkarGaer:jús ³ TMnak;TMngEdlefrel,ÓnRbtikmµ k esµIeTAnwgpl
equals the frequency factor constant s
times exp ( - Hact/RT) , where Hact is
KuNefrktþaeRbkg; s nig exp(- H /RT) Edl H CakMedA¬fam-
act act
the heat of activation, R the gas constant, Bl¦skmµkmµ RCaefr]sµ½nnig T CasItuNðPaBdac;xat.

and T the absolute temperature.
Arrhenius’s model for an acid : Idea
proposed by Svante Arrhenius that acids
KMrUGasIutGaer:jús ³ kMnitesñIeLIgeday Svante- Arrhenius Edlfa
are molecules that, when placed in water,
ionise to produce hydrogen ions.
GasIutCam:UelKulEdlbMEbkCaGIuyug: edIm,IbegáItCaGIuyu:gGIuRdU-
EsnenAeBldak;vaeTAkñúgTwk.
arsenide : A binary compound of
negative trivalent arsenic; e.g. H3As or
GakesnIt ³ smasFatueTVFatuénGaesnicva:Lg;GviC¢manbI.
GaAs. ]TahrN_ H As b¤ GaAs.
3
arsenin : A heterocyclic organic

compound composed of a six-membered
GakesnIn ³ smasFatusrIragÁeGetrU:sIuKøicénRbB½n§Rslayvg;R)aM
ring system in which the carbon atoms
are unsaturated and the unique
mYyEdlGatUmkabUnCakabUnminEq¥t nigeGetr:UGatUmeKalCaGakesnic
heteroatom is arsenic, with no nitrogen ehIyKµanvtþmanGatUmGasUteT.
atoms present.
arseno compound : A compound
containing an As-As bond with the
smasFatuGakesNU ³ smasFatuEdlmansm<½n§ As-As manrUb-
general formula (RAs)n where R
represents a functional group; structures
mnþTUeTA (RAs)n EdlRCaRkumnaTI. TMrg;vaGacCasIuKøic b¤bUl: IEmExS
are cyclic or long-chain polymers. Evg.
aryl : An organic group derived from an
aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one
GarIl ³ RkumsrIragÁEdlCaRslayBIGIuRdUkabYGar:Um:aTicedaykardk
hydrogen. GatUmGIuRdUEsnmYy.
aryl acid : An organic acid that has an
aryl group.
GasIutGarIl ³ GasIutsrIragÁEdlmanRkumGarIl.
aryl compound : Molecules with the
six-carbon aromatic ring structure
smasFatuGarIl ³ m:UelKulEdlmanvg;kabUnR)aMmYyGar:Um:aTic
characteristic of benzene or compounds
derived from aromatics.
¬lkçN³bg;Esn¦ b¤CasmasFatuRslayBIGar:Um:aTic.
aryl diazo compound : A diazo
compound bonded to the ring structure
smasFatuGarIlDIGasU ³ smasFatuDIGasUcgsm<½n§eTAnwgTMrg;vg;
characteristic of benzene or any other
aromatic derivative.
énbg;Esn b¤RslayénGarU:m:aTicdéTeTot.
aryl halide : An aromatic derivative in
which a ring hydrogen has been replaced
GarIlGaLÚEsnY ³ RslayGar:Um:aTicEdlkñúgenaHGIuRdUEsnénvg;RtUv
by a halide atom. )anCMnYsedayGatUmGaLÚEsn.
arylamine : An organic compound
formed from an aromatic hydrocarbon
GarILamIn ³ smasFatusrIragÁekItBIGuIRdUkabYGar:Um:aTicEdlmanbNþúM
that has at least one amine group joined
to it such as aniline.
GamIny:agticmYyP¢ab;eTAnwgva dUcCaGanIlIn.
arylene : A radical that is bivalent and
formed by removal of hydrogen from
GarIELn ³ r:aDIkal;DIva:Lg;EdlekIteLIgedaykardkGIuRdUEsnecjBI
two carbon sites on an aromatic nucleus. mNÐlkabUnBIrelIéNVy:UGarU:m:aTic.

30
arylide : A compound formed from a

metal and an aryl group, e.g., PbR4
GarIlIt ³ smasFatuEdlekItBIelah³ nigRkumGarIl. ]TahrN_
where R is the aryl group. PbR Edl R CaRkumGarIl.
4
aryloxy compound : One of a group of

compounds useful as organic weed
smasFatuGarIlGuksIu ³ RkumsmasFatumYyEdleRbIR)as;CafñaM
killers, such as
phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
2,4-dichloro- sMlab;esµA dUcCaGasIut @/$-DIkørYepNuksIuGaesTic ¬@/$- D¦.
aryne : An aromatic species in which
two adjacent atoms of a ring lack
GarIn ³ RbePTGarU:m:aTicEdlkñúgenaHGatUmBIrCab;Kñaénvg;xVHFatuCYs
substituents, with two orbitals each
missing an electron. Also known as
EdlmanGrb‘Ítal;BIredayGrb‘Ítal;nimYy²)at;eGLicRtugmYy. eKehA
benzyne. müa:geTotfa bg;sIun.
ascending chromatography : A
technique for the analysis of mixtures of
RkUm:atURkaPIeLIg ³ bec©keTssMrab;viPaKl,aysmasFatuBIr
two or more compounds in which the
mobile phase (sample and carrier) rises
b¤eRcInEdlkñúgenaHpascl½t ¬PaKsMNak nigsarFatunaM¦eLIgdl;
through the fixed phase. pasnwg.
-ase : Suffix used to indicate that the
substance is an enzyme.
-Gas ³ bci©mbTEdleRbIedIm,IbBa¢ak;fasarFatuenaHCaGg;sIum.
ash : The incombustible matter
remaining after a substance has been
epH ³ rUbFatumineqHEdlenAsl;eRkayBIsarFatuRtUv)anduteqHGs;.
incinerated.
ashing : An analytical process in which
the chemical material being analyzed is
kardutviPaK ³ dMeNIrkarviPaKEdlrUbFatuKImIRtUv)anviPaKedaydut
oven-heated to
noncombustible ash.
leave only kñúgLeGayenAsl;EtepHdutmineqHb:ueNÑaH.
aspirin :Acetylsalicylic acid. the most
widely used drug for treating mild pain
Gas<IrIn ³ GasIutGaesTIlsalIsuIlic. PaKeRcInbMputRtUv)aneKeRbICa
and fever. fñaMsMrab;Büa)alkarQWcab;tictYc nigCMfWRKunekþA.
assay : Qualitative or quantitative
determination of the components of a
sMNak rWkareFVIetsþ ³ karkMNt;KuNPaB rWbrimaNénsmasPaKén
material, as an ore or a drug. rUbFatu dUcCaEr:b¤fñaM.
association : Combination or correlation
of substances or functions.
bNþúM ³ karpÁúM b¤TMnak;TMngénsarFatu b¤naTIKImI.
asterism : A star-shaped pattern
sometimes seen in x-ray
RTg;RTaypáay ³ RTg;RTaydUcpáay EdleBlxøHeXIjkñúgs,iúc-
spectrophotographs. RtUpUtUkabénkaMrsµIGiuc.
astronomical spectrograph : An
instrument used to photograph spectra of
s,úicRtURkabtarasaRsþ ³ ]bkrN_eRbIedIm,Ifts,úicpáay.
stars.
astronomical spectroscopy : The use of
spectrographs in conjunction with
karsikSas,úictarasaRsþ ³ kareRbIR)as;s,úicRtURkabrYmCamYy
telescopes to obtain observational data
on the velocities and physical conditions
etelTsSn¾edIm,ITTYl)anTinñn½yBIel,Ónnigl½kçx½NÐrUbéntara.
of astronomical objects.
asymmetric carbon atom : A carbon
atom with four different atoms or groups
GatUmkabUnGsIuemRTI ³ GatUmkabUnEdlmanRkumGatUm b¤GatUmbYn
of atoms bonded to it. Also known as
chiral carbon atom; stereogenic center.
xusKñacgsm<½n§eTAnwgva. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GatUmkabUnKIr:al; mNÐl
esþerGUKImI.
asymmetric synthesis : Chemical
synthesis of a pure enantiomer, or of an
sMeyaKGsIuemRTI ³ sMeyaKKImIéneGNg;süÚEmsuT§ b¤l,ayeGNg;-
enantiomorphic mixture in which one
enantiomer predominates, without the
süÚEmEdlkñúgenaHeGNg;süÚEmlubmYymineRbIkñúgdMeNaHRsayeT.
use of resolution.

31
asymmetry : The geometrical design of

a molecule atom, or ion that cannot be
GsIuemRTI ³ KMrUFrNImaRtrbs;GatUmm:UelKul b¤GIuyug: EdlminGac
divided into like portions by one or more
hypothetical planes. Also known as
bMEbkeTACaEpñkdUc²Kña)antamedaybøg;smµtikmµ. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
molecular asymmetry GsIuemRTImU:elKul.
asymmetry effect : The asymmetrical
distribution of the ion cloud around an
plGsIuemRTI ³ bMENgEckGsIuemRTIénBBkGIuy:ugenACMuvijGIuyug: Edl
ion that results from the finite relaxation
time for the ion cloud when a voltage is
CalT§plBIry:eBlsMrab;kMNt;mYysMrab;BBkGIuyug: eBlEdlkMlaMgCa
applied; leads to a reduction in ion v:ulRtUv)aneKGnuvtþEdlnaMeGaymankarbnßyclPaBGIuyu:g.
mobility.
atactic : Of the configuration for a
polymer, having the opposite steric
Gatak;Tic ³ énRTg;RTayrbs;bUl: IEmEdlman. RTg;RTaypÞúyKña
configurations for the carbon atoms of
the polymer chain occur in equal
cMeBaHGatUmkabUnénExSb:UlIEmekItmanenAeRbkg;esµIKña nigticrWeRcInCa
frequency and more or less at random. écdnü.
atmosphere (atm) : Normal atmospheric
pressure, equal to the average pressure of
sm<aFbriyakas ³ sm<aFbriyakasFmµtaEdlesµIeTAnwgsMBaF
the earth’s atmosphere at sea level;
101.325 kilopascals. where 1.00 atm
mFüménbriyakasEpndIenAnIvUT: wksmuRTEdl101.325 KILÚ):asáal;esµI
equals 760 torr. nwg 1 atm esµInwg 760 torr (mmHg).
atmosphere : the mixture of gases that
surround the earth.
Gat;m:UEsV ³ l,ay]sµ½nEdlB½T§cuMvijEpndI.
atom : Smallest particle into which an
element can be subdivided and still
GatUm ³ PaKl¥ittUcbMputenAkñúgFatumYyEdlGacbMEbkbnþeTot ehIy
retain its chemical properties. Atoms
consist of a small dense nucleus of
enAEtrkSaTuklkçN³KImIrbs;va. GatUmpSMedayéNVyUt: UcmYyEdlman
protons and neutrons surrounded by RbUtugnigNWRtug nigB½T§CMuvijedayeGLicRtug.
moving elections.
atomic connectivity : The specific
pattern of chemical bonds between
PaBCMnab;GatUm³ lMnaMedayELkénsm<½n§KImIrvagGatUmkñúgm:UelKul.
atoms in a molecule.
atomic emission spectroscopy : A form
of atomic spectroscopy in which one
karsikSas,úicbnSayGatUm³ TMrg;éns,úicsikSaGatUmEdl
observes the emission of light at
wavelengths by atoms which have been
karsegátkarbeB©ajBnøWenACMhanrlkeTAtamGatUmEdlRtUv)anePJac
electronically excited by collisions with eGLicRtUnic edaykarb:HTgÁicCamYyGatUmnigm:UelKuldéTeTotkñúg
other atoms and molecules in a hot gas.
]sµ½nekþA.
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy : A
form of atomic spectroscopy in which
karsikSas,úiccMNaMgBnøWGatUm ³ s,iúcsikSaGatUmEdlPaKsMNak
the sample atoms are first excited by
absorbing radiation from an external
GatUmRtUv)anePJacCadMbUgedaykarRsUbkaMrsµIBIRbPBxageRkAEdlpÞúk
source containing the element to be FatuEdlRtUvrk nigGaMgtg;sIueténBnøWEdl)anbBa©jmkmanlkçN³Ca
detected and the intensity of radiation
emitted at characteristic wavelengths CMhanrlkkñúgeBlqøgkat;énGatUmTaMgenaHeTAkan;sßanPaBedImvijRtUv
during transitions of these atoms back to
the ground state is observed. )ansegát.
atomic heat capacity : The heat
capacity of a gram-atomic weight of an
GMNackMedAGatUm ³ GMNackMedArbs;TMgn;RkamGatUménFatu.
element.
atomic hydrogen : Gaseous hydrogen
whose molecules are dissociated into
GIuRdUEsnGatUmic ³ ]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnEdlm:UelKulrbs;vaRtUv)anbMEbk
atoms. eTACaGatUm.

32
atomic mass : Weighted average of the

mass of all of the naturally occurring
m:asGatUm ³ m:asmFüménm:asGIusUtUbTaMgGs;kñúgFmµCatiénFatu
isotopes of a given element. See relative
atomic mass.
NamYy. emIl relative atomic mass.
atomic mass unit (amu) : Basic
reference for atomic mass measurements
xñatm:asGatUm ³ rgVas;énm:asGatUmesµInwg1/12m:asrbs;GatUm
equal to 1/12 the mass of the carbon 12
atom. 1 amu = 1.66606 x 10-24 g.
kabUn12 ¬karykCasMGag¦. 1 amu = 1.66606 x 10 g. -24
atomic number (Z) : Number of protons

(positive charges) in the nucleus of an
elxGatUm¬elxlMdab;¦ ³ cMnYnRbUtug¬bnÞúkviC¢man¦enAkñúgéNVyU:
atom. The atomic number is also the
number used to position an element in
rbs;GatUm. elxGatUmCaelxEdleRbIsMrab;bBa¢ak;TItaMgrbs;Fatukñúg
the periodic table and to describe the taragxYb nigbBa¢ak;BIcMnYneGLicRtugenACMuvijéNVy:UénGatUmNWt.
number of electrons surrounding the
nucleus of a neutral atom.
atomic percent : The number of atoms
of an element in 100 atoms
PaKryGatUm ³ cMnYnGatUménFatukñúg 100 GatUmenAkñúgsarFatu.
representative of a substance.
atomic photoelectric effect : See
photoionization.
plpUtUGKÁisnIGatUm ³ emIl photoionization.
atomic polarization : Polarization of a
material arising from the change in
b:UlkmµGatUm¬b:Ulkmµ¦ ³ b:UlkmµénrUbFatuEdlekItBIbMlas;bþÚrkñúg
dipole moment accompanying the
stretching of chemical bonds between
m:Um:g;DIbU:lpSMCamYykarlatsn§wgénsm<½n§KImIrvagGatUmmindUcKñakñúg
unlike atoms in molecules. m:UelKul.
atomic radius : Also known as covalent
radius. I. Half the distance between the
kaMGatUm ³ eKehAmüa:geTotfa kaMkUva:Lg;. !> Bak;kNþalcMgayrvag
nuclei of two like atoms that are
covalently bonded. 2. The
éNVyUé: nGatUmBIrdUcKñaEdlsm<½n§kUva:Lg;CamYyKña. @> kaMGatUmEdl
experimentally determined radius of an )ankMNt;tamkarBiesaFkñúgsmasFatumansm<½n§ kUv:aLg;.
atom in a covalently bonded compound.
atomic spectroscopy : The branch of
physics concerned with the production,
kasikSas,úicGatUm ³ EpñkrUbviTüaEdlsikSaBIplitkmµ karvas;Evg
measurement, and interpretation of
spectra arising from either emission or
nig karbkRsays,úicEdlekIteLIgBIkarbeB©aj b¤sMrUbkaMrsµI
absorption of electromagnetic radiation eGLicRtUm:aejTicedayGatUm.
by atoms.
atomic spectrum : The spectrum of
radiations due to transitions between
s,iúcGatUm ³ s,iúckaMrsµIekIteLIgedaysarkarqøgkat;rvagkMritfam-
energy levels in an atom, either
absorption or emission.
BlkñúgGatUmkñúgkarbeBa©jb¤kñúgsMrUb. GatUménFatukñúgPaBrwg.
atomic theory : The assumption that
matter is composed of particles called
RTwsþIGatUm ³ karsnµtEdlfarUbFatuRtUv)anpSMeLIgBIPaKl¥ittUc²
atoms and that these are the limit to
which matter can be subdivided.
ehAfaGatUm ehIyGatUmTaMgenHCaEdnEdlrUbFatuGacEbgEck)an.
atomic volume : The volume occupied
by 1 gram-atom of an element in the
maDGatUm ³ maDEdlpÞúkedaymYyRkamGatUménFatukñúgPaBrwg.
solid state.
atomic weight : See relative atomic
mass.
TMrg;GatUm ³ emIl relative atomic mass.
atomicity : The number of atoms in a
molecule of a compound.
GatUmIsIuet ³ cMnYnGatUmkñúgm:UelKulénsmasFatu.
atomization : 1 In flame spectrometry,
conversion of a volatilised sample into
GatUmkmµ ³ !>kñúgs,iúcRtUpUtUmaRtGNþatePøIg karbMElgénPaKsMNak
free atoms. 2 A process in which the
chemical bonds in a molecule are broken
ehIreTACaGatUmesrI. @> dMeNIrkarEdlsm<½n§KImIkñúgm:UelKulRtUv)an
to yield separated (free) atoms. kat;pþac;edIm,IkøayCaGatUm esrI.

33
atoms-in-molecules method : The

description of the electronic structure of
viFIGatUmkñúgm:UelKul ³ karBN’naTMrg;eGLicRtUnicénm:UelKulCa
a molecule as a perturbation of the
isolated states of its constituent atoms.
karrGak;rGYlénsPaBdac;EtÉgrbs;GatUmEdlCaFatubgárbs;va.
atropisomer : One of two conformations
of a molecule whose inter-conversion is
GaRtUbGIusUEm ³ RTg;RTaymYykñúgcMeNamRTg;RTayBIrénm:UelKul
slow enough to allow separation and
isolation under predetermined
EdlGnþrbMElgyWtGaceGaymankarEjk nigkarEjkecjkñúgl½kçx½N§
conditions. kMNt;mun.
attachment : The conversion of a
molecular entity into another molecular
bBa¢ab; ³ bMElgm:UelKuledImeTACaTMrg;mUe: lKulepSgeTotedaykMN
structure solely by formation of a single
two-center bond with another molecular
sm<½n§eTalrvagmNÐlBIrCamYynwgm:UelKuledImmYyeTot ehIyminman
entity and no other changes in bonding. karpøas;bþÚrepSgeTotkñúgkarcgsm<½n§eT.
attenuated total reflectance : A method
of spectrophotometric analysis based on
cMNaMgRtLb;fycuH ³ viFIénkaviPaKs,iúcRtUpUtUmaRtEp¥kelIkarCH
the reflection of energy at the interface
of two media which have different
RtLb;énfamBlenAelIépÞb:Hrbs;mCÄdæanBIrEdlmansnÞsSn¾cMNaMgEbr
refractive indices and are in optical xusKña nigmanbMNHGubTiceTAvijeTAmk. Bakükat;rbs;vaKW ATR.
contact with each other. Abbreviated
ATR. Also known as frustrated internal eKehAmüa:geTotfa cMNaMgRtLb;bg¥ak; nigs,iúcsikSaBIcMNaMgRtLb;
reflectance;
spectroscopy.
internal reflectance
xagkñúg.
attractive force : a force which tries to
draw two objects together.
kMlaMgTMnaj ³ kMlaMgEdlBüayamTajvtßúBIreGayrYmcUlKña.
Aufbau principle : A description of the
building up of the elements in which the
eKalkarN_ Aufbau ³ karBN’naBIkarkekItFatu Edlkñúg
structure of each in sequence is obtained
by simultaneously adding one positive
enaHTMrg;nimYy²CalMdab;bgáeLIgedaykarbUkkñúgeBlCamYyKñanUvbnÞúkbU
charge (proton) to the nucleus of the k ¬RbUtug¦mYyeTAéNVyUé: nGatUm nigbnÞúkdk¬eGLicRtug¦eTAelIGrb‘Í-
atom and one negative charge (elec-
tron) to an atomic orbital. tal;énGatUm.
Auger electron spectroscopy : The
energy analysis of Auger electrons
karsikSas,úiceGLicRtug Auger ³ karviPaKfamBléneGLiRtug
produced when an excited atom relaxes Auger EdlekIteLIgkalNaGatUmePJacsMrakedaysarKµandMeNIrkar
by a radiationless process after
ionization by a high-energy electron, ion, kaMrsµIbnÞab;BIGIuy:ugkmµedaysareGLicRtugfamBlx<s; GIuyu:g b¤BnWøkaM
or x-ray beam. Abbreviated AES.
rsµIGuic. GkSrkat;rbs;vaKW AES.
auroral line : A prominent green line in
the spectrum of the aurora at a
bnÞat;BnøWGUrUra: ³ bnÞat;ébtgelceFøakñúgs,úicBnøWGUrUra: enACMhanrlk
wavelength of 5577 angstroms, resulting
from a certain forbidden transition of
%%&& Gg;Rsþúm(Å)bNþalmkBIGnþrPaBkarBarCak;lak;énGuksIuEsn.
oxygen.
autoacceleration : The increase in
polymerization rate and molecular
sV½ykMeNInel,Ón ³ karekIneLIgel,Ónb:UlIEmkmµ nigTMgn;mUe: lKul
weight of certain vinyl monomers during
bulk polymerization.
énm:UNUEmvInIlmYycMnUYnkñúgkMLúgeBlb:UlIEmkmµFM.
autocatalysis : A catalytic reaction
started by the products of a reaction that
s½VykatalIs ³ RbtikmµkatalIkmµekIteLIgedayplitplénRbti-
was itself catalytic. kmµmYyedIrtYCakatalIkr.
automatic titrator : 1. Titration with
quantitative reaction and measured flow
s½VyGRtakr ³ !> GRtakmµCamYyRbtikmµbrimaNniglMhUrvas;én
of reactant. 2. Electrically generated
reactant with potentiometric, amphero-
Rbtikr. @> RbtikrGKiÁsnImankMNt;cMNuccb;b¤minmankMNt;cMNuc
metric; or colorimetric end-point or null- sUnüénb:Utg;-süÚmaRt GMEBmaRt b¤kULÚrImaRt.
point determination.

34
auto-poisoning : See self-poisoning.

s½VybMBul ³ emIl self-poisoning.
autoprotolysis : Transfer of a proton
From one molecule to another of the
s½VyRbUtUlIs ³ benÞrénRbUtugBImUe: lKulmYyeTAm:UelKulmYyeTotén
same substance. sarFatuEtmYy.
autoprotolysis constant : A constant
denoting the equilibrium condition for
efrsV½yRbUtUlIs ³ efrbgðajBIl½kçx½NÐlMnwgsMrab;Rbtikmµs½VyRbUtU-
the autoprotolysis reaction. lIs.
autoracemization : A racemization
process that occurs spontaneously.
s½Vyra:esmickmµ ³ dMeNIrra:esmickmµEdlekIteLIgkñúgeBlCamYy
Kña.
autotrophic organism : Organism that
obtains carbon from nonliving sources,
sarBagÁkays½VyCIB ³ sarBagÁkayEdlTTYlkabUnBIRbPBKµanCIvit
such as carbon dioxide. dUcCakabUnDIGuksIut.
auxiliary electrode : An electrode in an
electrochemical cell used for transfer of
eGLicRtUtCMnYy ³ eGLicRtUtkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI EdleRbI
electric current to the test electrode. sMrab;benÞrcrnþGKÁisnIeTAkan;eGLicRtUtviPaK.
auxochrome : Any substituent group
such as –NH2 and –OH which, by
GuksURkUm ³ RkumCMnYs dUcCa–NH nig –OH EdledaysarEt\Ti§Bl
2
affecting the spectral regions of strong

absorption in chromophores; enhance the
tMbn;s,úicénsMrUbkñúgRkUmUp: reFVIeGayRkUmU:EsnmansmtßPaBedIm,IedIrtYCa
ability of the chromogen to act as a dye. l½x.
available chlorine : The quantity of
chlorine released by a bleaching powder
køresrI ³ brimaNkørEdlbeBa©jedayemSAsenAeBlRtUvGasIut.
when treated with acid.
average bond dissociation energy : The
average value of tile bond dissociation
famBlbMEbksm<½n§mFüm ³ tMélmFüménfamBlbMEbksm<½nEdl
energies associated with the homolytic
cleavage of several bonds of a set of
rYmCamYycMENkGUm:UlITicénsm<½n§mYycMnYneToténsm<½n§lMnwgrbs;m:Uel-
equivalent bonds of a molecule. Also Kul. eKehAmüa:geTotfa famBlsm<½n§.
known as bond energy.
average molecular weight : The
calculated number to average the
ma:sm:UelKulmFüm ³ KNnaelxEdl)anKNnaedIm,IeFVImFümén
molecular weights of the varying length
polymer chains present in a polymer
ma:srbs;mUe: lKulénExSb:UlIEmRbEvgxus²KñaenAkñúgl,ayb:UlIEm.
mixture.
Avogadro : An Italian chemist. In 1811
he stated that equal volumes of gases
GavU:kaRdU ³ KImIviTUCnCatiGIutalI. kñúgqñaM1811Kat;)aneBalfa
contain equal numbers of particles. ]sµ½nEdlmanmaDesµIKñamancMnYnPaKl¥itesµIKña.
Avogadro constant : (symbol NA or L)
The number of atoms or molecules in
efrGav:UkaRdU ³ (nimitþsBaaØ N b¤ L)cMnYnénGatUmb¤mUe: lKulkñúgmYy
A
one mole of substance. It has the value

6.0221367(36) × 10²³.
m:UlénsarFatu. vamantMél 6.0221367(36)× 10²³.
Avogadro’s law : Equal volumes of all
gases, when at the same temperature and
c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU ³ enAeBlEdlsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFdUcKña maDesµIKña
pressure have the same number of
molecules.
énRKb;]sµ½nmancMnYnm:UelKuldUcKña.
azacrown ether : A crown ether that has
nitrogen donor atoms as well as oxygen
eGETGasaRkUn ³ eGETmáúdEdlmanGasUtGñkpþl;GatUmk¾dUcCaGuk-
donor atoms to coordinate to the metal
iron.
sIuEsnGñkpþl;GatUmeTAP¢ab;CamYyGIuyu:gelah³.
azeotropic mixture : A solution of two
or more liquids, the composition of
l,ayGaesGURtUBic ³ sUluysüúgénvtßúravBIrb¤eRcInEdlsmasFatu
which does not change upon distillation.
Also known as azeotrope.
rbs;vaminpøas;bþÚrenAeBlbMNiteT. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GaesGURtUb.

35
azide : One of several types of

compounds containing the –N3 group
GahSIút ³ RbePTmYyénRbePTmYycMnYnrbs;smasFatuEdlmanpÞúk
and derived from hydrazoic acid, HN3. Rkum –N ehIyCaRslayBIGasIutGIuRdasUGuic (HN ).
3 3
azine : A compound of six atoms in a

ring; at least one of the atoms is nitrogen
GasIun ³ smasFatuénvg;GatUmR)aMmYy Edlmany:agehacNas;k¾
and the ring structure resembles
benzene; an example is pyridine.
GatUmGasUtmYyEdr ehIyTMrg;vg;dUcKñaeTAnwgbg;Esn. ]TahrN_
BIrIDIn.
azine dyes : Benzene-type dyes derived
from phenazine; members of the group
l½xGasIun ³ RbePTl½xbg;EsnEdlCaRslayBIepNasIunCasmaCik
such as nigrosines and safranines are
quite varied in application.
énRkumdUcCanIRkUsIun nigsaRhVanIn EdlmanPaBxusKñaxøaMgkñúgkarGnuvtþ.
azlactone : A compound that is an
anhydride of α-acylamino acid; the basic
GasLak;tUn ³ smasFatuEdlCaGanIRDIténGasIut α-GasIuLamIn.
ring structure is the 5-oxazolone type. TMrg;énvg;CaRbePT%-GuksasULÚn.
azo- : A prefix indicating the group
-N=N-.
GasU- ³ buBVbTsMedAcMeBaHRkum –N=N-.
azo compound : A compound having
two organic groups separated by an azo
smasFatuGasU ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumnaTIsrIragÁBIrEbgEckBIKña
group (-N=N-). edayRkum –N=N-.
azo dyes : Widely used commercial dyes
derived from amino compounds with the
l½xGasU ³ l½xeRbIR)as;y:agTUlaykñúgTIpSarsMrab;EdlCaRslayBI
–N- chromophore group; can be made as
acid basic direct or mordant dyes.
smasFatuGamINUCamYyRkumRkUmU:p½r (-N-). GaceFIVCaFatubnÞal;
GasIut)as b¤FatubgçaMBN’.
azoic dye : A water-insoluble azo dye
that is formed by coupling of the
l½xGasUGiuc ³ l½xGasUminrlaykñúgTwkEdlbegáIteLIgedaybnSMén
components on a fiber. Also known as
ice color; ingrain color.
smasFatusrés. eKehAmüa:geTotfaBN’RtCak; BN’edIm.
azole : One of a class of organic
compounds with a five-membered N-
GasUl ³ EpñkmYyénsmasFatusrIragÁmanFatuvg; % én N-eGetr:UsIu
heterocycle containing two double
bonds: an example is 1,2,4-triazole.
Køic pÞúksm<½n§BIrCan;BIr ]TahrN_ !/@/$-RTIGas‘ul.
azotometer : See nitrometer.
GasUtUEm:Rt ³ emIl nitrometer.
azoxy compound : A compound having
an oxygen atom bonded to one of the
smasFatuGasuksIu ³ smasFatuEdlmanGatUmGuksIuEsncgsm<½n§
nitrogen atoms of an azo compound. eTAnwgGatUmGasUtmYyénsmasFatuGasU.
B
B stage : An intermediate stage in a
thermosetting resin reaction in which the
dMNak;kar B ³ dMNak;karFatukNþalkñúgRbtikmµsMeyaKC½redaykMedA
plastic softens but does not fuse when
heated and swells but does not dissolve
EdlkñúgenaH)aøsÞicTn;bu:EnþminrlayeTeBlRtUvkMedA ehIyeLIge)a:gb:uEnþ
in contact with certain liquids. minrMlaykñúgFaturavmYycMnYn.
Babo’s law : A law stating that the
relative lowering of a solvents vapor
c,ab; Babo ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfakarbBa©úHeFobénsMBaFcMhayFaturMlay
pressure by a solute is the same at all
temperatures.
edayFaturlaydUcKñaenARKb;sItuNðPaB.
back titration : A titration to return to
the end point which was passed.
GRtakmµRtLb; ³ GRtakmµedIm,IRtlb;eTAcMNucbBa©b;Edl)anqøg
kat;rUc.

36
backflash : Rapid combustion of a

material occurring in at area that the
bnÞúH ³ cMehHelOnénrUbFatuekIteLIgkñúgEpñkEdlRbtikmµminKYrekIt
reaction was not intended for. man.
background radiation : Radiation
received from naturally radio-active
kaMrsµIviTüúskmµCMuvij ³ kaMrsIµviTüúskmµTTYl)anBIFatuviTüúskmµtam
elements in the atmosphere and the
earth’s surface and from cosmic
FmµCatikñúgbriyakasnigelIépÞénEpndI ehIynigBIkaMrsIµGvkas.
radiation. About 65 percent of our RbEhl 65%énGRtakaMrsµIviTüúskmµRbcaMqñaM)anmkBIkaMrsµIviTüúskmµ
annual radiation dose comes from
background radiation. CMuvij ¬Background radiation¦.
bacterium(pl. bacteria) : Very small
(1µm-10µm), unicellular macro-
)ak;etrI ³ mIRkUsarBagÁkayÉkekasikatUcxøaMg(1µm-10µm).
organism. Some cause disease but others
are useful decomposers of dead plant and
)ak;etrIxøHbgáeGaymanCMgW bu:EnþxøHeTotCaGñkbMEbkmanRbeyaCn¾sMrab;
animal matter. eFVIeGayrukçCatigab; nigrUbFatustVsøab;rlYy.
Badger’s rule : An empirical
relationship between the stretching force
c,ab; Badger ³ TMnak;TMngBiesaFn_rvagefrkMlaMgrlasMrab;sm<½n§mUe: l-
constant for a molecular bond and the
bond length.
Kul nigRbEvgsm<½n§.
Baeyer strain theory : The theory that
the relative stability of penta- and
RTwsþITMnaj Baeyer ³ RTwsþIEdlesßrPaBeFobénsmasFatuvg;b:g;ta
hexamethylene ring compounds is
caused by a propitious bond angle
nigGicsaemTIELnbgáeLIgedaymuMsm<½n§GMeNayplrvagkabUn nigkgVH
between carbons and a lack of bond TMnajsm<½n§.
strain.
balance : 1. An accurate weighing
device. 2. The state of equilibrium. 3.
1. CBa¢Ig ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;føwgd¾Cak;lak;.
To bring a chemical equation balance so 2. tulükar ³ sNæanénlMnwg.
that reaction substances and reaction
products obey the laws of conservation 3. føwgsmIkar ³ edIm,ITTYl)anlMnwgsmIkarKImI sarFatuRbtikmµnig
of mass and charge.
plitplRbtikmµeKarBc,ab;rkSam:asnigbnÞúk.
balanced chemical equation : Chemical
equation that indicates the balanced
smIkarKImImantulüPaB ³ smIkarKImIEdlbBa¢ak;BIrUbmnþmantulü-
formulas and the relative quantity of
each element or compound present
PaB nigbrimaNeFobrbs;Fatub¤smasFatunimYy² Edlmanvtþmanmun
before and after the reaction; mass is nigeRkayRbtikmµ. ma:sRtUv)anrkSaTukdEdl. GgÁTaMgsgxagén
conserved; each side of the equation has
the same number of atoms of each smIkarmancMnYnGatUmesµIKñaénFatunimYy².
element.
ball and stick structure : In ball and
stick models, atoms are represented by
KMrUdMbgnig)al; ³ enAkñúgKMrUenH GatUmRtUv)antageday)al;. dMbg
balls. Stick or springs represent chemical
bond. The angles between atoms
ruWs½rtageGaysm<½n§KImI. muMrvagGatUmRbhak;RbEhlmuMsm<½n§kñúgm:Uel-
approximate the bond angle in the actual KulBitEdr.
molecules.
Balmer continuum : A continuous
range of wavelengths (or wave numbers
nirnþPaB Balmer ³ cenøaHbnþKñaénCMhanrlk ¬b¤cMnYnrlk b¤eRbkg;¦
or frequencies) in the spectrum of
hydrogen at wavelengths less than the
kñúgs,iúcGIuRdUEsnenACMhanrlkTabCagEdnkMNt; Balmer bNþalmkBI
Balmer limit resu1ting from transitions GnþrPaBsßanPaBmancMnYnkg;tUmmUldæan n=2 nigsßanPaBEdlkñúgenaH
between states with principal quantum
number n = 2 and states in which the eGLicRtugsßitenAesrIBIGatUm.
single electron is freed from the atom.
Balmer discontinuity : See Balmer
jump.
GnirnþPaB Balmer ³ emIl Balmer jump.

37
Balmer formula : An equation for the

wavelengths of the spectral lines of
rUbmnþ Balmer ³ smIkarsMrab;CMhanrlkénbnÞat;s,iúcrbs;GIuRdUEsn
hydrogen 1/λ = R[(l/m2) -(1/n2)] whereλ 1/λ = R[(l/m ) -(1/n )] EdlλCaCMhanrlk RCaefr Rybderg nigm
2 2
is the wavelength. R is the Rydberg

constant and m and n are positive nignCacMnUnviC¢manKt;KU¬Edl nFMCag m¦Edlpþl;cMnYnkg;tUmmUldæanén
integers (with n larger than m) that give
the principal quantum numbers of the sßanPaBEdlekItmanGnþrPaBbegIáteGaymanCIvit.
states between which occur the transition
giving rise to the life.
Balmer jump : The sudden decrease in
the intensity of the continuous spectrum
karelatepøaH Balmer ³ karfycuHPøam²énGaMgtg;sIueténs,iúcbnþ
of hydrogen at the Balmer limit. Also
known as Balmer discontinuity.
Cab;rbs;GIuRdUEsnenAEdnkMNt; Balmer. eKehAmü:ageTotfaGnirnþPaB
Balmer.
Balmer limit : The limiting wavelength
toward which the lines of the Balmer
EdnkMNt; Balmer ³ karkMNt;EdnCMhanrlkEdlbnÞat;es‘rI Balmer
series crowd and beyond which they
merge into a continuum at approximately
pþúMKña eBlmkCit nigbnÞab;BIEdnenaHbnÞat;es‘rITaMgenaHcUlKñaeTACanirnþ-
365 nanometers. PaB Balmer enARbhak;RbEhl 365nm.
Balmer lines : Lines in the hydrogen
spectrum, produced by transitions
bnÞat; Balmer ³ bnÞat;CaeRcInenAkñúgs,iúcGIuRdYEsnbegáIteLIgeday
between n = 2 and n > 2 levels either in
emission or in absorption; here n is the
GnþrPaBrvagkRmit n =2 nig n > 2EdlekItkñúgkarbeBa©j b¤kñúgsMrUb
principal quantum number. Edl n CacMnYnkg;tUm.
Balmer series : The set of Balmer lines.
es‘rI Balmer ³ sMnMuénbnÞat; Balmer.
Bamberger’s formula : A structural
formula for naphthalene that shows the
rUbmnþ Bamberger ³ rUbmnþTMrg;sMrab;Nab;taELnEdlbgðajBIva:Lg;
valencies of the benzene rings pointing
toward the centers.
énvg;nanaénbg;EsnEdl)ancg¥úleTAkNþal.
banana oil : A solution of nitrocellulose
in amyl acetate having a banana-like
eRbgeck ³ sUluysüúgénnIRtUEsluyLÚskñúgGamIlGaestatEdl
odor. mankøindUcCaeck.
band : The position and spread of a
solute within a series of tubes in a liquid-
bg; ³ TItaMg nigkarraldalénFaturlayenAkñúges‘rIénbMBg;kñúgdMeNIr
liquid extraction procedure. Also known
as zone. See band spectrum.
karcMraj;vtßúravBIvtßúrav. eKehAmüa:geTotfa tMbn;. emI;l band spec-
trum.
band head : A location on the
spectrogram of a molecule at which the
k,albg; ³ TItaMgenAelIs,iúcRtURkamrbs;mUe: lKulenARtg;tMbn;Edl
lines of a band pile up. bnÞat;énbg;RtYtKrelIKña.
band spectrum : A spectrum consisting
of groups or bands of closely spaced
s,iúcbg; ³ si,úcbgáeLIgedaybnÞat;bg;Cit²KñakñúglkçN³beB©aj
lines in emission or absorption
characteristic of molecular gases and
b¤sMrUbénm:UelKul]sµ½n nigsmasFatuKImI. eKehAmüa:geTotfa bg;.
chemical com-pounds. Also known as
band.
Barfoed’s test : A test for
monosaccharides conducted in an acid
etsþ Barfoed ³ etsþsMrab;BBYkm:UNUsakarItEdldMeNIrkarkñúgsUluy-
solution; cupric acetate is reduced to
cuprous oxide, a red precipitate.
súúügGasIut. Tg;EdgGaestatRtUvrgerdukmµeTACaTg;EdgGuksIut Edl
CakkrBN’Rkhm.

38
Barlow’s rule : The rule that the volume

occupied by the atoms in a given
c,ab;)aLÚv : c,ab;EdlmaDrbs;bNþaGatUmTaMgLaykñúgm:UelKulNa
molecule is proportional to the valences
of the atoms using the lowest valency
mYysmamaRteTAnwgva:Lg;rbs;GatUmTaMgenaH edayeRbIEtva:Lg;Edl
values. mantMélTabbMput.
barometer : A device used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
)ar:UEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;vas;sMBaFbriyakas.
Bart reaction : Formation of an aryl
arsonic acid by treating the aryl diazo
smIkar)a ³ karbegáItGasIutGarIlGasUnicedayRbRBwtþkmµsmasFatu
compound with trivalent arsenic
compounds such as sodium arsenite.
DIGasUCamYynwgsmasFatuGaesnicva:Lg;bI dUcCasUdüÚmGakesnic.
baryta water : A solution of barium
hydroxide.
Twk)arIt ³ sUluysüúg)arüÚmGIuRduksIut.
base (Arrhenius) : A compound that
ionises to yield hydroxide (OH-) in
)asGaer:jÚs ³ smasFatuEdlbMEbkCaGIuyu:geGayplCaGIuRdUksIut
water. (OH ) kñúgTwk.
-
base (Brønsted) : Any chemical species

ionic or molecular capable of accepting
)aseR)anesþt ³ RbePTKImICaGIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulEdlGacTTYlyk
or receiving a proton (Hydrogen ion)
from another substance; the other
RbUtug ¬GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn¦BIsarFatudéTeTot ehIysarFatudéTeTotenaH
substance acts as an acid in giving of the edIrtYCaGasIutkñúgkarpþl;RbÚtug.
proton.
base : A compound that ionizes to yield
hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. Basic
)as ³ smasFatuEdlbMEbkCaGIuyu:geGayplCaGIuyu:gGIuRduksuIt
solution can change the colour of (OH ) kñúgTwk. sUluysüúg)asGacbþÚrBN’Fatucg¥úlBN’ nigTYNWs‘ul
-
indicators: litmus turns blue. Soluble
bases are called alkalies. eTACaBN’exov. )asEdlrlayRtYv)anehAfa )asGal;kalI.
base metal : Any of the metals on the
lower end of the electrochemical series.
elah³)as ³ elah³EdlsßitenATabCageKkñúges‘rIeGLicRtUKImI.
base peak : The tallest peak in a mass
spectrum; it is assigned a relative
BicmUldæan ³ BicEdlx<s;CageKkñúgs,úicm:as. vaRtUv)ankMNt;tMél
intensity value of 100 and lesser peaks
are reported as a percentage of it.
GaMgtg;sIueteFob 100 ehIyBicEdltUcCagRtUv)ankt;RtaCaPaKryén
BicmUldæanenaH.
base(Lewis) : Molecule or ion that can
form a covalent bond with another
)asLWvIs³ m:UelKulrWGIuyu:gEdlGacbegáItsm<½n§kUv:aLg;CamYynwg
species by donating a pair of electrons. RbePTKImIepSgeTotedalpþl;eTVtaeGLicRtug.
base-line technique : A method for
measurement of absorption peaks for
bec©keTsbnÞat;mUldæan ³ viFIsaRsþsMrab;vas;BicsMrUbsMrab;viPaK
quantitative analysis of chemical
compounds in which a base line is drawn
brimaNénsmasFatuKImIEdlkñúgenaHbnÞat;mUldæanRtUv)anKUsCabnÞat;
tangent to the spectrum background; the b:HeTAnwgépÞrbs;s,úic. RbEvgBIbnÞat;mUldæaneTAnwgBicsMrUbKWCasMrUb
distance from the base line to the
absorption peak is the absorbence due to kaMrsµIGaRs½yPaKsMNakEdleyIgsikSa.
the sample under study.
basic : Of a chemical species that has the
properties of a base.
)as ³ énRbePTKImIEdlmanlkçN³Ca)as.
basic group : A chemical group (e.g.,
OH-) which, when freed by ionization in
Rkum)as ³ RkumKImI ¬]TahrN_ OH ¦EdlenAeBlrMedaHedayGIuy:ug-
-
solution produces a pH greater than 7. kmµeTAkñúgsUluysüúgbegáIt)an pH FMCag &.

basic oxide : A metallic oxide that is a
base, or that forms a hydroxide when
GuksIut)as ³ GuksIutelah³EdlCa)as b¤CaGuksIutelah³Edl
combined with water, such as sodium
oxide to sodium hydroxide.
begáItCaGIuRduksIuteBlpSMCamYyTwkdUcCasUdüÚmGuksIuteTACasUdÜüm-
GIuRduksIut.

39
basic salt : A compound that is a base

and a salt because it contains elements of
GMbil)as ³ smasFatuEdlCa)as nigCaGMbil BIeRBaHvapÞúkFatuTaMg
both e.g., copper carbonate hydroxide,
Cu2(OH)2CO3.
BIr. ]TahrN_ Tg;EdgkabUNatGIuRduksIut Cu (OH) CO .
2 2 3
basic solution : Any solution in which

the hydroxide-ion concentration is
sUluysüúg)as ³ sUluysüúgEdlkMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRduksIutFMCag
greater than the hydrogen ion
concentration.
kMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn.
basic titrant : A standard solution of a
base used for titration.
GaRtakr)as¬)assþg;da¦ ³ sUluysüúgsþg;daén)aseRbIsMrab;
GRtakmµ.
bathochromatic shift : The shift of the
fluorescence of a compound toward the
rMkil)atURkUm:aTic ³ rMkilcMNaMgBnøWénsmasFatu EdlbegáItCaEpñk
red part of the spectrum due to the
presence of a bathochrome radical in the
Rkhméns,iúcedaysarvtþmanénra:DIkal;)atURkUmkñúgm:UelKul.
molecule.
battery : A number of electric cells
joined together.
fµBil b¤GaKuy ³ ekasikaGKÁisnIeRcInP¢ab;KñaEdlbMElgfamBlKImI
eTACafamBlGKÁisnI.
battery depolariser : See depolariser.
edb:UlkrGaKuy ³ emIl depolariser.
battery electrolyte : A liquid, paste, or
other conducting medium in a battery, in
eGLicRtUlItfµBil ³ vtßúrav vtßúxab; rWFatucMlgepSgeTotenAkñúgfµBil
which the now of electric current takes
place by migration of ions.
EdlkñúgenaHcrnþGKÁisnIekItmanedaysarbMlas;kEnøgénGIuyu:g.
bead test : In mineral identification a
test in which borax is fused to a
etsþtMNk; ³ kñúgGtþsBaØaNkmµEr: CaetsþEdlkñúgenaHbr:ak;RtUv)an
transparent bead, by heating in a
blowpipe flame, in a small loop formed
rlayeTACatMNk;føaedaykardutkMedAkñúgGNþatePøIgénsñb;kñúgrgVg;tUc²
by platinum wire; when suitable eFVIBIExS)aøTIn. eBlEdlEr:smRsbRtUv)anrlaykñúgtMNk;enH lkçN³
minerals are melted in this bead,
characteristic glassy colors are produced BN’føa²RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgGNþatePIøgGuksIutkmµb¤erdukmµ nigeRbI
in an oxidizing or reducing flame and
serve to identify elements. edIm,IrkGtþsBaØaNénFatuKImI.
beaker : A heat tolerant glass cup used
widely in laboratories.
ebEs‘ ³ EkvFn;nwgkMedAEdlRtUveKeRbIeRcInenAkñúgTIBiesaF.
beam attenuator : An attachment to the
spectrophotometer to accommodate
]bkrN_bnßyBnøW ³ eRKÓgsMrab;Pa¢b;eTAnwgs,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RtedIm,IeRbI
undersized chemical samples. CamYyPaKsMNakKImItUc².
beam-condensing unit : An attachment
to the spectrophotometer that condenses
ÉktabgáúMBnøW ³ eRKÓgP¢ab;eTAnwgs,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RtEdlbgáúMBnøW nigBRgIk
and remagnifies the beam to provide
reduced radiation at the sample.
BnøWeLIgvijedIm,Ipþl;kaMrsµIexSayeTAelIPaKsMNak.
Bechamp reduction : Reduction of nitro
groups to amino groups by the use of
erdukkmµ Bechamp ³ erdukmµénRkumnIRtUeTACaRkumGamInedayeRbI
ferrous salts or iron and dilute acid. GMbilEdk b¤GIuyu:gCamYyGasIutrav.
Beckmann rearrangement : An
intramolecular change of a ketoxime into
karbNþÚTItaMg Beckmann ³ bNþÚrxagkñúgm:UelKulénestuksIum
its isomeric amide when treated with
phosphorus pentachloride.
eTACaGIusUEmGamItrbs;va eBlEdlRbtikmµCamYyb:g;takørYpUsVat.
bed rock : Layer of solid rock
underneath soil.
silaem ³ pÞaMgfµrwgenAeRkamdI.

40
Beer’s law : The law which states that

the absorption of light by a solution
c,ab; Beer ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfasMrUbBnøWedaysUluysüúgERbRbYleTVeLIg
changes exponentially with
concentration, all else remaining the
the kMhab;nigGVI²epSgeTotenAdEdl. A = abc Edl a CasMrUb b CaRbEvg
same. A = abc, where a is the Knøgnig c CakMhab;énsUlusüúg.
absorbance, b the path length, and c the
concentration of solution.
Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law : See
Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law.
c,ab; Beer-Lambert-Bouguer ³ emIlc,ab; Bouguer -Lambert-
Beer.
Benedict equation of state : An
empirical equation relating pressures,
smIkar Benedict énsPaB ³ smIkarsMGagelIBiesaFn_EdlTak;
temperatures, and volumes for gases and
gas mixtures; superseded by the
TgeTAnwgsMBaFsItuNðPaB nigmaDsMrab;]sµ½n nigl,ay]sµ½nEdlRtUv
Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. )anbdiesFedaysmIkar Benedict-Webb-RubinénsPaB.
Benedict’s solution : A solution of
potassium and sodium tartrates, copper
sUluysüúg Benedict ³ sUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmtaRtat sUdüÚmtaRtat
sulfate and sodium carbonate; used to
detect reducing sugars.
Tg;Edgs‘ulpat nigsUdüÚmkabUNat eRbIedIm,IrksárEdleFIVerdukmµ.
beneficiation : See ore dressing.
KuNRbeyaCn_kmµ ³ emIl ore dressing.
benzene : C6H6 Simplest aromatic
hydrocarbon.
bg;Esn ³ C H GIuRdUkabYGarU:m:aTicgaybMput.
6 6
benzene ring : The six-carbon ring

structure found in benzene C6H6 and in
vg;bg;Esn ³ TMrg;vg;kabUnR)aMmYyrkeXIjkñúgbg;Esn C H nig
6 6
organic compounds formed from

benzene by replacement of one or more
smasFatusrIragÁEdlekItBIbg;EsnedaysarkarCMnYsénGatUmGIuRdUEsn
hydrogen atoms by other chemical atoms mYyb¤eRcInedayGatUmb¤r:aDIkal;KImIdéTeTot.
or radicals.
benzene series : A series of carbon-
hydrogen compounds based on the
es‘rIbg;Esn ³ es‘rIénsmasFatukabUn-GIuRdUEsnedayEp¥kelIvg;bg;-
benzene ring, with the general formula
CnH2n+6 where n is 6 or more; examples
EsnEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA C H Edl n esµIR)aMmYyb¤eRcInCag. ]Ta >
n 2n+6
are benzene C6H6 toluene, C7H8; and bg;Esn C H tUluyEGn C H nigsuIELn C H .

6 6 7 8 8 10
xylene C8H10.
benzenesulfonate : Any salt or ester of
benzenesulfonic acid.
bg;Esns‘ulpUNat ³ GMbilb¤eGEsÞénGasIutbg;Esns‘ulpUnic.
benzenoid : Any substance which has
the electronic character of benzene.
bg;EsnNUGIut ³ sarFatuEdlmanlkçN³eGLicRtugénbg;Esn.
benzoate : A salt or ester of benzoic
acid, formed by replacing the acidic
bg;sUGat ³ GMbilb¤eGEsÞénGasIutbg;sUGiuc ekIteLIgedaysarkar
hydrogen of the carboxyl group with a
metal or organic radical.
CMnYsra:DIkal;GIuRdUEsnénRkumkabuksIuledayelah³b¤ra: DIkal;srIragÁ.
benzyl : Alkyl group derived from
toluene by loss of a hydrogen from the
bg;sIul ³ RkumGal;KIl)anmkBItUluyEGneday)at;GatUmGIuRdUEsn
methyl group. mYyBIRkumemTIl.
Berg’s diver method : See diver
method.
RTwsþI Berg’s diver ³ emIl diver method.
Berthelot equation : A form of the
equation of state which relates the
smIkar Berthelot ³ TMrg;rbs;smIkarénsPaBEdlTak;TgnwgsItuNð-
temperature pressure and volume of a
gas with the gas constant.
PaBsMBaFnigmaDrbs;]s½µnEdlmanefr]sµ½n.
Berthelot-Thomsen principle : The
principle that of all chemical reaction
eKalkarN¾Berthelot-thomsen ³ eKalkarN¾Edlkñúgral;Rbtikmµ
possible the one developing the greatest
amount of heat will take place with
KImITaMgGs;GacmanRbtikmµmYyGPivDÆbrimaNkMedAeRcInbMputnwgRbRBwtiþ
certain obvious exception such as eTACamYynwgkarelIkElgCak;EsþgdUcCakarpøas;bþÚrsPaB.
changes of state.

41
berthollide : A compound whose solid

phase exhibits a range of composition.
ebtUlIt ³ smasFatuEdlpasrwgbgðajbMErbMrYlénsmasPaB.
beryllide : A chemical combination of
beryllium with a metal such as zirconium
ebrIllIt ³ bnSMKImIénebrIlüÚmCamYynwgelah³ dUcCaesokUjÚm:
or tantalum. b¤tg;taj:Úm.
BET equation : See Brunauer-Emmett-
Teller equation.
smIkar BET ³ emIl Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation.
beta (β ) particles : Negative, PaKl¥itEbta (β) ³ PaKli¥tGviC¢manmaDb:uneGLicRtugEdlRtUv)an
electron-sized particles fired out of a
radioactive atom. )aj;ecjBIGatUmviTüúskmµ.
beta decay (positron emission) :
Radioactive decay involving emission of
karbMEbkEbta¬karbeBa©jb:UsIuRtug¦ ³ karbMEbkviTüúskmµEdl
a positron. The daughter product of posi-
tron decay has one fewer proton and one
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbeBa©jb:UsIuRtug. plitplénkarbMEbkb:UsIuRtugman
more neutron than the parent isotope. RbUtugmYyticCag nigNWRtugmYyeRcInCagGIusUtUbedIm. karpøas;bþÚrTak;
The change involves conversion of a
proton into a neutron with the emission TgeTAnwgbMElgénRbUtugeTACaNWRtugCamYykarbeBa©jb:UsuIRtug nig
of a positron and a neutrino.
NWRtug p → n + e + v.
+
beta oxidation : Metabolic pathway that

oxidises fatty acids to acetyl-CoA and
GuksIutkmµebta ³ clnkaremtabUlIsEdleFVIGuksIutkmµGasIutxøaj;
reduced coenzymes. eGayeTACaGaesTIlkUGg;sIumA nigkUGg;sIumrgerdukmµ.
beta-ray spectrometer : An instrument
used to determine the energy distribution
s,iúcRtUEm:RtkaMrsµIebta ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;kMNt;bMENgEckfam-
of beta particles and secondary electrons.
Also known as beta spectrometer.
BlénPaKl¥itebta nigeGLicRtugbnÞab;. eKehAmü:ageTotfa ebta
s,úicRtUEm:Rt.
biamperometry : Amperometric
titration that uses two polarizing or
b‘ÍGMEBmaRt ³ GRtakmµGMEBmaRtEdleRbIeGLicRtUtbUElkmµBIr b¤
indicating electrodes to detect the end
point of a redox reaction between the
eGLicRtUtKMrUBIredIm,IkMNt;cMNuccugbBa©b;énRbtikmµGuksIudUerdukmµrvag
substance being titrated and the titrant. sarFatuEdlRtUveFVIGRtakmµ nigGRtakr.
bias : A systematic error occurring in a
chemical measurement that is inherent in
b‘ÍGas ³ kMhusRbB½n§EdlekIteLIgkñúgkarvas;EvgKImIEdlenACab;Tak;
the method itself or caused by some
artifact in the system.
TgeTAnwgviFIsa®sþpÞal;rbs;va b¤bNþalBImUlehtuxøH²kñúgRbB½n§.
bicarbonate : A salt obtained by the
neutralization of one hydrogen in
b‘ÍkabUNat ³ GMbilEdlTTYl)anBIRbtikmµbnSabénGIuRdUEsnmYykñúg
carbonic acid. GasIutkabUnic.
bicyclic compound : A compound
having two rings which share a pair of
smasFatub‘ÍsIuKøic ³ smasFatumanvg;BIrEdlvg;mYy)anEckrMElk
bridgehead carbon atoms. KUrbs;GatUmkabUnk,als<an.
bidentate ligand : a chelating agent
having two groups capable of attachment
lIkg;eqµjBIr ³ Pñak;gardegáobmanBIrRkumEdlmanlT§PaBP¢ab;eTAnwg
to a metal ion. GIuyu:gelah³.
bifluoride : An acid fluoride whose
formula has the form MHF2; e.g. sodium
b‘ÍPøúyGrY ³ GasIutPøúyGrIRDicEdlmanrUbmnþ MHF ]TahrN_
2
bifluoride NaHF2. sUdüÚmb‘ÍPøúyGrY NaHF .

2
bifunctional catalyst : A catalytic

substance that possesses two catalytic
katalIkrmuxgarBIr ³ sarFatukatalIkrEdldMeNIrkarBIrkatalIsBIr
sites and thus is capable of catalyzing
two different types of reactions. Also
kEnøg dUcenHvamansmtßPaBCakatalIsRbtikmµBIrRbePTxusKña.
known as dual-function catalyst. eKGacehAmüa:g eTotfa katalIkrmanmuxgarBIr (dual).

42
bifunctional chelating agent : A

reagent with a molecular structure that
Pñak;garekLatmuxgarBIr ³ RbtikrEdlTMrg;m:UelKulrbs;vamanpÞúk
contains a strong metal-chelating group
and a chemically reactive functional
Rkumdegáóbelah³xøaMg nigpÞúkRkumnaTIRbtikmµKImI.
group.
bilateral slit : A slit for spectrometers
and spectrographs that is bounded by
rgVHeTVPaKI ³ rgVHsMrab;m:asIuns,úicRtUEm:Rt nigs,iúcRtURkabEdlP¢ab;
two metal strips which can be moved
symmetrically, allowing the distance
edayceRmokelah³BIrbnÞHEdlGaccl½tsIuemRTI)an GaceFVIeGayman
between them to be adjusted with great cMgayrvagvaTaMgBIrtMrUv)any:agCak;lak;bMput.
precision.
bilayer : A layer two molecules thick
such as that formed on the surface of the
®sTab;eTV ³ RsTab;mU:elKulRkas;BIrdUcCaRsTab;EdlbegáItelIépÞén
aqueous phase by phospholipids in
aqueous solution. The nonpolar tails
pasravedaypUsVrlIBItkñúgsUluysüúgTwk. knÞúyminb:UElbgáCasñÚlenA
form an interior core, and the polar head xagkñúg nigRkumk,alb:UEleFVICab:UElépÞ.
groups make the surfaces polar
bile salts : Emulsifying agents in bile
that break down dietary lipid droplets
GMbilTwkRbmat; ³ Pñak;gareGmulsüúgkñúgTwkRbmat;EdlbMEbktMNk;
into micelles. tUc²énlIBItcMNIGahareGayeTACamIEsl.
bimolecular : Referring to two
molecules.
b‘Ím:UelKul ³ sMedAelImUe: lKulBIr.
bimolecular reaction : A chemical
transformation or change involving two
Rbtikmµb‘Ím:UelKul ³ bMElgKImIb¤bNþÚrEdlcUlrYmedaym:UelKulBIr.
molecules.
binary acid : An acid in which the
acidic hydrogen atom(s) are bound to an
DIGasIut ³ GasIutEdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdUEsnénGasIutcgsm<n½§eTA
atom other than oxygen. e.g. Hydrogen
chloride (HCl), hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
nwgGatUmepSgeToteRkABIGuksIuEsn. ]TahrN_ GIuRdUEsnkørY (HCl)
GIuRdUEsns‘ulpY (H S).
2
binary compound : A compound that

has two elements; it may contain two or
smasFatueTVFatu ³ smasFatuEdlmanFatuBIr vaGacpÞúkGatUmBIr
more atoms; examples are KCl and
AlCl3.
b¤eRcIn. ]TahrN_ KCl nig AlCl . 3
binding energy: see nuclear binding

energy.
famBlpÁMú³ emIl nuclear binding energy.
bioassay : A method for quantitatively
determining the concentration of a
etsþCIv³ ³ viFIsaRsþsMrab;KNnabrimaNkMhab;sarFatueday\T§iBl
substance by its effect on the growth of a
suitable animal plant or microorganism
rbs;vaelIkarlUtlas;énstV rukçCati b¤mIRkUsarBagÁkayeRkaml½kçx½NÐ
under controlled conditions. RtYtBinitü.
bioautography : A bioassay based upon
the ability of some compounds (e.g.
GUtURkaPICIv³ ³ etsþCIv³EdlEp¥kelIlT§PaBénsmasFatuxøH ¬]Ta >
vitamin B12) to enhance the growth of
some organisms or compounds and to
vItamIn B12¦kñúgkarbegáInkarlUtlas;rbs;sarBagÁkay b¤smasFatuxøH
repress the growth of others; used to nigTb;karlUtlas;sarBagÁkayrWsmasFatuepSgeTot eRbIedIm,IeFVIetsþ
assay certain antibiotics.
Gg;TIbüÚTicmYycMnYn.
biochemistry : The study of chemical
substances occurring in living organisms
KImICIv³ ³ karsikSasarFatuKImIEdlmanenAkñúgPavrs; nigRbtikmµnig
and the reactions and methods for
identifying these substances.
viFIsaRsþsMrab;kMNt;sarFatuTaMgenaH.
biodegradable : Capable of being
broken down by natural biological
CIv³bMEbk ³EdlGacbMEbk)anedaydMeNIrbMEbkCIvsaRsþFmµCati.
decomposition.
bioenergetics : Study of energy in living
systems.
CIvfamBl ³ karsikSaBIfamBlkñúgRbB½n§CIv³.

43
biologic artifact : An organic compound

with a chemical structure that
dMENlCIvsaRsþ ³ smasFatusrIragÁmanTMrg;KImIEdlbgðaj
demonstrates the compound’s derivation
from living matter.
Rslayrbs;smasFatuBIrUbFatumanCIvit.
bioluminescence : Is emission of light
resulting from a chemical reaction in a
CIvBnøW ³ karbeBa©jBnøwEdlCapl)anmkBIRbtikmµKImIkñúgPavrs;
living organism (such as a firefly). (dUcCaGMBilGMEBk ).
biomimetic catalyst : A synthetic
compound that can simulate the mode of
katalIkrdMNUcCIv³ ³ smasFatusMeyaKEdlGacmanGMeBIdUc
action of a natural enzyme by catalyzing
a reaction at ambient conditions.
Gg;sIumFmµCati edaykatalIsRbtikmµenAl½kçx½NÐmCÄdæanCMuvij.
Bioreactor : A vessel in which
fermentation or other bioconversion can
CIverGak;T½r ³ epIgEdlkñúgenaHel,IgrWCIvbMElgepSgeTotGacdMeNIr
be carried out under controlled
conditions.
kar)aneRkaml½kçx½NÐRtYtBinitü.
biosensor : An analytical device that
converts the concentration of an analyte
]bkrN_CIvjaN ³ ]bkrN_viPaKEdlbMElgkMhab;énFatuviPaKkñúg
in an appropriate sample into an
electrical signal by means of a
PaKsMNaksmRsbeTACasBaØaGKIÁsnIedayeRbIFaturYsRslayCIv-
biologically derived sensing element saRsþ EdlPa¢b;y:agCitsñiT§eTAnwg rWsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgFatunaMcMlg.
intimately connected to or integrated into
a transducer.
biradical : A chemical species having
two independent odd-electron sites.
b‘Íra:DIkal; ³RbePTFatuKImImanTItaMgeGLicRtugessÉkraCüBIr.
Birge-Sponer extrapolation : A method
of calculating the dissociation limit of a
Gic®sþab:ULasüúg Birge-Sponer ³ viFIsaRsþénkarKNnakMritbMEbk
diatomic molecule when
convergence limit cannot be observed
the énm:UelKulDIGatUmeBlkMritkugEvsg;minGacBinitüedaypÞal;. Ep¥keTA
directly, based on the assumption that elIsnµtifa kMritfamBllMj½rRbmUlpþúMeTAelIkMritsMrab;tMélkMNt;éncMnYn
vibrational energy levels converge to a
limit for a finite value of the vibrational lMj½rkg;tUm.
quantum number.
bis- : A prefix indicating doubled or
twice.
b‘Í- ³ buBVbTsMrab;bBa¢ak;faBIrb¤eTV.
Bistable system : A chemical system
with two relatively stable states which
RbB½n§esßrPaBeTV ³ RbB½n§KImImansPaBsißrPaBeFobBIrEdlGaceGay
permits an oscillation between them. mankareyaleTAeyalmkrvagsPaBTaMgBIr.
bisulfate : A compound that has the
HSO4- radical; derived from sulfuric
b‘Ísu‘lpat ³ smasFatuEdlmanra:DIkal; HSO RslayBIGasIut-
4
-
acid. s‘ulpYric.
bitartrate : A salt with the radical
HC4H4O6-. Also known as acid tartrate.
b‘ÍtaRtat ³ GMbilEdlmanr:aDIkal; HC H O -. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
4 4 6
GasIuttaRtat.
bithionol : A halogenated form of
bisphenol used as an ingredient in
b‘ÍtüÚNul ³ TMrg;GaLÚEsnénb‘ÍepNuleRbICaeRKOgpSMkñúgsab‘UsMlab;
germicidal soaps and as a medicine. emeraK nigCafñaMeBTü.
bivalent : Possessing a valence of two.
b‘Íva:Lg; ³ va:Lg;BIr.
black : Fine particles of impure carbon
that are made by the incomplete burning
kabUnexµA ³ PaKl¥iténkabUnminsuT§ EdlekItedaycMehHminsBVén
of carbon compounds, such as natural
gas, naphthas acetylene, bones, ivory,
smasFatukabUn dUcCa]sµ½nFmµCati Nab;taGaesTIELn q¥wg Pøúk
and vegetables. nigbEnø.

44
Blagden’s law : The law that the

lowering of a solution’s freezing point is
c,ab; Blagden ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfakarbBa©úHcMNuckMNkrbs;sUluy-
proportional to the amount of dissolved
substance.
süúgsmmaRteTAnwgbrimaNsarFatuEdlrlay.
Blanc rule : The rule that glutaric and
succinic acids yield cyclic anhydrides
viFan Blanc ³ viFanEdlEcgfaGasIutKøúytaric nigGasIutsak;suInic
after pyrolysis, while adipic and pimelic
acids yield cyclic ketones; there are
begáItCaGanIRDIténBIrU:lIs cMENkGasIutGaDIBic nigGasIutBIemlicbegáIt
certain exceptions. CaestUn. vamankrNIelIkElgmYycMnYnEdr.
blank : In a chemical analysis, the
measured value that is obtained in the
cenøaH ³ kñúgvIPaKKImI tMélvas;EdlTTYl)aneBlGvtþmanénsmas-
absence of a specified component of a
sample and that reflects contamination
FatuedayELkénPaKsMNak nigEdlqøúHbBa©aMgkareFVIeGaykgVk;BIRbPB
from sources external to the component; xageRkAeTAelIsmasFatu. vaRtUv)anTajecjBItMélTTYl)aneBletsþ
it is deducted from the value obtained
when the test is performed with the RtUv)aneFVICamYyvtþmansmasFatuedayELk. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
specified component present. Also
known as an analytical blank. cenøaHviPaK.
blast furnace : A tall cylindrical furnace
used to produce iron by heating iron ore
LbnÞúHxøaMg ³ LragCasuILaMgx<s;EdleRbIedIm,IplitEdkedaykardut
with carbon and limestone. kMedAEr:EdkCamYykabUnnigfµkMe)ar.
bleaching agent : A oxidizing or
reducing chemical such as sodium
FatubegðIrBN’ ³ FatuKImIEdleFIVerdukmµ b¤GuksIutkmµ dUcCasUdüÚm-
hypochlorite sulfur dioxide, sodium acid
sulfite or hydrogen peroxide.
GIubU:kørIt su‘lpYDIGuksIut sUdüÚmsu‘lPItGasIut b¤GIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut.
bleed : Diffusion of coloring matter from
a substance.
karsakBN’ ³ bnSayénrUbFatuBN’BIsarFatu.
blind sample : In chemical analysis a
selected sample whose composition is
PaKsMNakGdMNwg ³ kñúgviPaKKImIPaKsMNakeRCIserIsEdl
unknown except to the person submitting
it; used to test the validity of the
smasPaBminsÁal;TTYlykedayGñkesñIva. eRbIsMrab;etsþsuBlPaB
measurement process. éndMeNIrkarvas;.
block copolymer : A copolymer in
which the like monomer units occur in
kUb:UlIEmdMu ³ kUbUl: IEmEdlkñúgenaHÉktam:UNUEmRsedogKñaekIteLIgkñúg
relatively long alternate sequences on a
chain. Also known as block polymer.
lMdab;qøas;KñaEvgKYrsmelIExSb:UlIEm. eKehAmüa:geTotfa b:UlIEmdMu.
blocking group : In peptide synthesis a
group that is reacted with a free amino or
RkumTb; ³ kñúgsMeyaKbiubTIt RkummYyEdlrgRbtikmµCamYybgÁúMGamINU
carboxyl group on an amino acid to
prevent its taking part in subsequent
b¤bgÁúMkabuksIulesrIenAelIGasIutGamIenedIm,ITb;sáat;karrYmcMENkrbs;va
formation of peptide bonds. kñúgkMNsm<½n§biubTItbnÞab;.
blowpipe reaction analysis : A method
of analysis in which a blowpipe is used
viPaKRbtikmµtambMBg;pøúM ³ viFIviPaKEdlkñúgenaHbMBg;pøMúRtUveRbIedIm,I
to heat and decompose a compound or
mineral; a characteristic color appears in
kMedA nigbMEbksmasFatub¤Er:. BN’lkçN³sMKal;elceLIgkñúgGNþat
the flame or a colored crust appears on ePøIg b¤RsTab;sMbkmanBN’elceLIgelIFüÚgGus.
charcoal.
blue litmus : see litmus.
TYNWsulexov ³ emIl litmus.
boat : A platinum or ceramic vessel for
holding a substance for analysis by
TUk ³ PaCn¾)øaTIn b¤esra:micsMrab;dak;sarFatusMrab;viPaKedaykardut.
combustion,
boat conformation : A boat-shaped
conformation in space possessed by
rUbsNæanTUk ³ rUbsNæanragTUkkñúglMhrEdlCarbs;sIukøÚGicsanb¤
cyclohexane or similar com-pounds; a
relatively unstable form.
smasFatuRsedogKñaTMrg;minsUvzitefr.

45
Boettger’s test : A test for the presence

of saccharides utilizing the reduction of
etsþ Boettger ³ etsþsMrab;rkvtþmanénsakarItedayeRbIRbtikmµerdu-
bismuth subnitrate to metallic bismuth, a
precipitate.
kmµénb‘Ís‘µúts‘b;nIRtateTAelah³b‘Ís‘µútCakkr.
Bohr effect : Increases in the
concentration of carbon dioxide and
pl Bohr ³ karekIneLIgénkMhab;kabUnDIGuksIutnigGIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn
hydrogen ions increase dissociation of
oxygen from hemoglobin. Decreases in
naMeGaykarpþac;GuksIuEsnecjBIeGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnekIneLIgEdr. karfycuHén
concentration have the opposite effect. kMhab;manplpÞúy.
Bohr’s planetary electron model :
Model proposed by Niels Bohr
KMrUGatUm Bohr ³ KMrUesñIeLIgeday Niels Bohr Edlpþl;eyabl;fa
suggesting that electrons rotate around a
nucleus in a set of fixed orbits like
eGLicRtugvilCMuvIjéNVyUk: ñúgKnøgkMNt; dUcCaBiPBTaMgLayvilCMuvij
planets around the sun. The model RBHGaTitü. KMrUenHkMNt;CamunfaBnøWRtUv)anbeBa©jenAeBleGLicRtug
predicts that light is given off when
electrons jump from outer orbits to inner elatecjBIKnøgxageRkAeTAKnøgxagkñúg.
orbits.
boiler scale : Deposits from silica and
other contaminants in boiler water that
RsTab;RskaelIqñaMgdaMTwk ³ RsTab;suIlIs nigFatukxVk;epSgeTot
form on the internal surfaces of heat-
absorbing components, increase metal
kñúgTwkdaMEdlkekItelIépÞxagkñúgénsmasFatuRsUbkMedAbegáInsItuNðPaB
temperatures, and result in eventual elah³ nigbNþaleGayxUcxatCayfaehtuénsMBaFedayEpñkedaysar
failure of the pressure parts because of
overheating. Also known as scale. EtekþAxøaMgeBk. eKehAmüa:geTotfa RsTab;Rska.
boiling : The transition of a substance
from the liquid to the gaseous phase,
rMBuH ³ karbþÚrénsarFatuBIvtßúraveTACacMhay]sµ½nEdlekItmaneLIgenA
taking place at a single temperature in
pure substances and over a range of
sItuNðPaBEtmYycMeBaHsarFatusuT§ nigenAcenøaHsItuNðPaBERbRbYl
temperatures in mixtures. cMeBaHl,ay.
boiling chips : Small pieces of broken
ceramic or rock used to assist the boiling
kMeTcfµrMBuH ³ cMENktUc²énesra:mic b¤fµeRbIR)as;edIm,ICYyrMBuHénvtßúrav
of liquids in the laboratory by providing
a rough surface for bubble formation.
kñúgTIBiesaFedaykarpþl;nUvépÞeRKImsMrab;kMNBBuH.
boiling point : Temperature at which a
substance in the liquid state is converted
cMNucrMBuH ³ sItuNðPaBEdlsarFatukñúgPaBravRtUv)anbMElgCaPaB
to the gaseous state in a pure substance
at fixed pressure. The gaseous form of
]sµ½ncMeBaHsarFatusuT§enAsMBaFefr. sNæanCa]sµ½nénsarFatuenaHk¾
the substance condenses into a liquid at CavtßúravenAsItuNðPaBenaHdEdl. sItuNðPaBenAeBlEdlsMBaFcMhay
the same temperature. The temperature
at which the vapour pressure of a liquid énvtßúravesµIeTAnwgsMBaFxageRkAénvtßúravenaH. emIl bubble point.
is just equal to the external pressure on
the liquid. See bubble point.
boiling range : The temperature range of
a laboratory distillation of an oil from
cenøaHrMBuH ³ cenøaHsItuNðaPaBénbMNiteRbgkñúgTIBiesaFBI;eBlcabepþIm
start until evaporation is complete. rhUtdl;eBlkøayCacMhayTaMgGs;.
boiling-point elevation : The raising of
the normal boiling point of a pure liquid
kMeNIncMNucrMBuH ³ karekIneLIgéncMNucrMBuHFmµtaénsmasFaturav
compound by the presence of a dissolved
substance, the elevation being in direct
suT§edaymanvtþmanénFaturMlay CakarekIneLIgEdlTak;TgpÞal;eTA
relation to the dissolved substance’s nwgma:sm:UelKulénFaturMlay.
molecular weight.
bond : The strong attractive force that
holds together atoms in molecules and
sm<½n§ ³ kMlaMgd¾xøaMgEdlP¢ab;GatUmCamYyKñakñúgm:UelKul nigGMbil
crystalline salts. Also known as chemical
bond.
Rkam. eKehAmüa:geTotfa sm<½n§KImI.

46
bond angle : The angle between bonds

sharing a common atom. Also known as
muMsm<½n§ ³ muMrvagsm<½n§EdlecjBIGatUmrYm. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
valence angle. mMuva:Lg;.
bond dissociation energy : The change
in enthalpy that occurs with the breaking
famBlbMEbksm<½n§ ³ bMErbMrYlkñúgGg;tal;BIEdlekIteLIgedaykar
of a single chemical bond in which the
fragments are uncharged free radicals.
pþac;énsm<½n§KImImYyEdlkñúgenaHbMENknanaCara:DIkal;esrIKµanbnÞúk.
See homolytic cleavage. emIl homolytic cleavage.
bond distance : The distance separating
the two nuclei of two atoms bonded to
cMgaysm<½n§ ³ cMgayEdlEjkéNVyUB: Irrbs;GatUmBIrEdlcgsm<½n§nwg
each other in a molecule. Also known as
bond length.
Kñakñúgm:UelKul. eKehAmüa:geTotfa RbEvgsm<½n§.
bond energy : The energy required to
cause dissociation of covalently bonded
famBlsm<½n§ ³ famBlRtUvkaredIm,IbMEbksm<½n§GatUmkUv:aLg;. va
atoms. It is calculated from the heat of
atomisation. e.g. In methane the C-H
RtUv)anKNnaBIkMedAénGatUmkmµ]TahrN_ kñúgemtanfamBlsm<½n§
bond energy is one quarter of the C-HesIµnwg ¼énGg;tal;BIéndMeNIrkarbMEbk CH →C + 4H .
4(g) (g) (g)
enthalpy of the process CH4(g) →C(g) +
4H(g) .
bond hybridization : The linear
combination of two or more simple
GIuRb‘Ítkmµsm<½n§ ³ bnSMlIenEG‘énGrb‘Ítal;GatUmgayBIrb¤eRcInCag.
atomic orbitals.
bond length : The distance between the
nuclei of two bonded atoms. Also called
RbEvgsm<½n§ ³ cMgayrvagéNVyUé: nGatUmBIrEdlcgsm<½§nKña. eKehA
bond distance. müa:geTotfa cMgaysm<½n§.
bond migration : The movement of a
bond to a different position within the
bMlas;TIsm<½n§ ³ clnaénsm<½n§eTATItaMgepSgenAkñúgm:UelKulEtmYy.
same molecular entity.
bond moment : The degree of polarity
of a chemical bond as calculated from
m:Um:g;sm<½n§ ³ kMritb:UElPaBénsm<½n§KImI EdlRtUv)anKNnaBItMélén
the va1ue of the force of the response of
the bond when the bond is subjected to
kMlaMgeqøIytbrbs;sm<½n§enAeBlsm<½n§RtUv)andak;eGayrgEdnGKÁisnI.
an electric field.
bond strength : The strength with which
a chemical bond holds two atoms
kMlaMgsm<½n§ ³ kMlaMgEdlsm<½n§KImIP¢ab;GatUmBIrCamYyKña. CaTUeTA
together; conventionally measured in
terms of the amount of energy in
eKvas;brimaNénfamBlCaKILÚkaLÚrIkñúgmYym:UlEdlRtUvkarsMrab;kat;
kilocalories per mole required to break pþac;sm<½n§. sm<½n§xøaMgP¢ab;GatUmCamYyKñay:agrwgmaM EdlnaMeGaycMNuc
the bond. Stronger bonds hold atoms
together more tightly, resulting in higher rlayrbs;smasFatux<s;Cag.
melting points for their compounds.
bonded-phase chromatography : A
type of high-pressure liquid
RkUm:atURkaPIpas-sm<½n§ ³ RbePTénRkUm:atURkaPIvtþúuravenAsMBaFx<s;
chromatography which employs a stable
chemically bonded stationary phase.
EdleRbIpascgsm<½n§KImIzitefr.
bonding : The joining together of atoms
to form molecules or crystalline salts.
karcgsm<½n§ ³ karP¢ab;KñaénGatUmedIm,IbegIátm:UelKulb¤GMbilRkam.
bonding electron : An electron whose
orbit spans the entire molecule and so
eGLicRtugsm<½n§ ³ eGLicRtugEdlKnøgtP¢ab;mUe: lKulTaMgmUl dUecñH
assists in holding it together. CYyP¢ab;eGLicRtugCamYyKña.
bonding orbital : A molecular orbital
formed by a bonding electron whose
Grb‘Ítal;sm<½n§ ³ Grb‘Ítal;mUe: lKulbgáeLIgedayeGLicRtugsm<½n§
energy decreases as the nuclei are
brought closer together, resulting in a net
EdlfamBlfycuHenAeBlEdléNVyUk: an;EtxitCitKña bNþaleGayman
attraction and chemical bonding. TMnajc,as;nigsm<½n§KImI.

47
bond-line formula : A representation of

a molecule in which bonds are
rUbmnþbnÞat;sm<½n§ ³ kartagénm:UelKulEdlkñúgenaHsm<½n§TaMgLay
represented by lines, carbon atoms are
represented by line ends and in-
RtUv)antagedaybnÞat;GatUmkabUnRtUv)antagedaycugbnÞat; nigRbsBV
tersections, and atoms other than nana ehIyGatUmepSgeToteRkABIGIuRdUEsn nigkabUnRtUv)antageday
hydrogen and carbon are represented by
their elemental symbols as is hydrogen niimitþsBaØaénFatuTaMgenaHdUcCaGIuRdYEsnEdr eBlEdlvaRtUccgsm<½n§eTA
when it is bonded to an atom other than
hydrogen or carbon. Also known as GatUmepSgeToteRkABIGIuRdUEsn b¤kabUn. eKehAmüa:geTotfa rUbmnþ
carbon-skeleton formula; line-segment
formula.
eRKagkabUn b¤rUbmnþGgát;bnÞat;.
bone ash : A white ash consisting
primarily of tribasic calcium phosphate
epHq¥wg ³ epHBN’sEdlpÞúkCasMxan;nUvRTI)askal;süÚmpUsVatEdl
obtained by burning bones in air; used in
cleaning jewelry and in some pottery.
TTYl)anBIkardutq¥wgkñúgxül;. vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarsMGateRKÓgGl½gáar
nigkñúgk¥mqñaMgmYycMnYn.
borane : 1. A class of binary compounds
of boron and hydrogen; boranes are used
b‘ra:n ³ !> fñak;énsmasFatueTVFatuénbrnigGIuRdUEsn. bUra:nRtUv)aneRbI
as fuels. Also known as boron hydride.
2. A substance which may be considered
Ca\n§n³¬ehAmüa:geTotfa brGIuRdY¦. @> sarFatuEdlGaccat;TukfaCa
a derivative of a boron-hydrogen RslayénsmasFatubrGIuRdUEsn dUc Ca BCl nig B H I .
3 10 12 2
compound such as BCl3 and B10H12I2.
borate : 1. A generic term referring to
salts or esters of boric acid. 2. Related to
b‘ra:t ³ !> BaküTUeTAsMedAeTAelIGMbil b¤eGEsÞénGasIutbUric.
boric oxide BO3 or commonly to only
the salts of orthoboric acid H3BO3.
@>Tak;TgeTAnwgbrGuksIut BO b¤CaTUeTAsMedAelIEtGMbilénGasIut
3
GrtUbUric H BO .
3 3
borazon : A form of boron nitride with a

zinc blende structure produced by
b‘r:asUn ³ RbePTénbrnIRTYEdlmanTMrg;sMelah³s½gásIbegáIteLIg
subjecting the ordinary form to high
pressure and temperature.
edaydak;TMrg;FmµtaeGayrgsMBaFnigsItuNðPaBx<s;.
boric acid ester : Any compound readily
hydrolyzed to yield boric acid and the
eGEsÞGasIutbUric ³ smasFatuEdlgayRsYlGIuRdUlIsedIm,IbegáItCa
respective alcohol; e.g. trimethyl borate
hydrolyzes to boric acid and methyl
GasIutbUric nigGal;kulrbs;va. ]TahrN_RTIemTIlbUra:tGIuRdUlIseTACa
alcohol. GasIutbUric nigemTIlGal;kul.
boride : A binary compound of boron
and a metal formed by heating a mixture
b‘rIt ³ smasFatueTVFatuénbr nigelah³kekIteLIgedaydutkMedA
of the two elements. l,ayénFatuKImITaMgBIr.
Born equation : An equation for
determining the free energy of solvation
smIkar Born ³ smIkarsMrab;kMNt;rkfamBlesrIénsulva:tkmµén
of an ion in terms of the Avogadro
number, the ionic valency the ion’s
GuIyu:gkñúgn½yéncMnYnGav:UkaRdU va:Lg;GIuyu:g bnÞúkGKÁisnIénGIuyu:g efr
electronic charge, the dielectric constant DIeGLicRTicéneGLicRtUlIt nigkaMGIuy:ug.
of the electrolytic. and the ionic radius.
Born-Oppenheimer approximation :
The approximation used in the Born-
kar)a:n;sµan Born-Oppenheimer ³ kar)a:n;sµaneRbIkñúgviFIBorn
Oppenheimer method, that the electronic Oppenheimer EdlmuxgarrlkeGLicRtugnigkMritfamBlenAeBlNa
wave functions and energy levels at any
instant depend only on the positions of mYyEp¥kEteTAelITItaMgénéNVyUue: nAeBlenaH nigminEp¥kelIclnaén
the nuclei at that instant and not on the
motions of the nuclei. Also known as éNVyUe: T. eKehAmüa:geTotfa kar)a:n;sµanGadüa)aTic.
adiabatic approximation.

48
Born-Oppenheimer method : A
method for calculating the force
viFI Born Oppenheimer ³ viFIsMrab;KNnaefrkMlaMgrvagGatUmeday
constants between atoms by assuming
that the electron motion is so fast
snµtfa clnaeGLicRtugelOnebIeFobCamYyclnaéNy:UEdleGLic-
compared with the nuclear motions that RtugeFVIdMeNIrtamclnaénéNVy:UGadüa)aTic.
the electrons follow the motions of the
nuclei adiabatically.
boron carbide : Any compound of
boron and carbon, especially B4C (used
brkabY ³ smasFatuénbrnigkabUn CaBiessB C ¬eRbICavtßúsMrab;xat;
4
as an abrasive, alloying agent, and

neutron absorber).
Pñak;garsMeyaKsMelah³ nigsarFatuRsUbNWRtug¦.
boron fiber : Fiber produced by vapor-
deposition methods: used in various
srésbr ³ srésekIteLIgedayviFIkMNkcMhayeRbIkñúgvtßúFatusmas
composite materials to impart a balance
of strength and stiffness. Also known as
epSg²edIm,Ipþl;lMnwgénKuNPaB nigPaBrwgmMa. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
boron filament. srésqµarbr.
boron nitride fiber : Inorganic, high-
strength fiber made of boron nitride, that
srésbrnIRTY ³ srésGsrIragÁd¾rwgmaMeFVIeLIgBIbrnIRTY EdlFn;eTA
is resistant to chemicals and electricity
but susceptible to oxidation above
nwgFatuKImInigGKiÁsnI b:uEnþgayGuksIutkmµenAsItuNðPaBx<s;Cag1600 F
o
1600°F (870°C); used in composite (879 C)eRbIkñúgTMrg;smassMrab;srésGMe)aH nigplitpltM)aj.

o
structures for yarns fibers and woven

products.
boron polymer : Macromolecules
formed by polymerization of compounds
b:UlIEmbr ³ m:aRkUmU:elKulekIteLIgedayb:UlIEmkmµénsmasFatuEdl
containing e.g., boron-nitrogen, boron-
phosphorus or boron- arsenic bonds.
mandUcCasm<½n§br-GasUt br-pUsVat b¤br-Gaesnic.
bottom steam : Steam piped into the
bottom of the still during oil distillation.
cMhay)at ³ cMhayhUrtambMBg;eTAEpñk)aténLbitenAeBlbMNit
eRbg.
Bouguer-Lambert law : The law that
the change in intensity of light
c,ab; Bouguer-Lambert ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfa karpøas;bþÚrGaMgtg;sIuet
transmitted through an absorbing
substance is related exponentially to the
énBnøWEdlbBaÚ©nqøgkat;tamsarFatusMrUbmanTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMgeTAnwg
thickness of the absorbing medium and a PaBxab;énmCÄdæansMrUb nigefrEdlEp¥keTAelIPaKsMNak nigCMhan
constant which depends on the sample
and the wavelength of the light. Also rlkénBnøW. eKehAmüa:geTotfa c,ab; Lambert.
known as Lambert’s law.
Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law : The
intensity of a beam of mono chromatic
c,ab; Bouguer-Lambert-Beer ³ GaMgtg;sIuetBnøWén)ac;BnøWmU:NURkU-
radiation in an absorbing medium
decreases exponentially with penetration
ma:TickñúgmCÄdæansMrUbfycuHy:agxøaMgeTAtamcMgayeRCotcUl. eKehA
distance. Also known as Beer-Lambert- müa:geTotfa c,ab; Beer-Lambert-Bouguer ; c,ab; Lambert-Beer.
Bouguer law: Lambert-Beer law.
bound water : Water that is a portion of
a system such as tissues or soil and does
TwksmasPaK : TwkEdlCaEpñkénRbB½n§ dUcCaCalika b¤dInigminkCa
not form ice crystals until the material’s
temperature is lowered to about -20°C.
RkamTwkkkrhUtdl;sItuNðPaBTabRbEhl -20 C. 0
boundary line : On a phase diagram, the

line along which any two phase areas
ExSRBMEdn ³ enAelIdüaRkampasExSEdltMbn;pasBI;rP¢ab;tambeNþay
adjoin in a binary system, or the line
along which any two liquidus surfaces
cMeBaHRbB½n§eTVFatu b¤ExSEdlépÞvtßúravBIrRbsBVKñatambeNaþaycMeBaH
intersect in a ternary system. RbB½n§RtIFatu.
Bouvealt-Blanc method : A laboratory
method for preparing alcohols by
viFIBouvealt-Blanc ³ viFIenATIBiesaFsMrab;erobcMGal;kuledayerdu-
reduction of esters utilizing sodium
dissolved in alcohol.
kmµµéneGEsÞedayeRbIsUdüÚmEdlrlaykñúgGal;kul.

49
Boyle’s law : Relationship stating that

the product of pressure (P) times volume
c,ab; Boyle ³ TMnak;TMngEdlEcgfa plsMBaF(P)KuNnwgmaD(V)
(V) for an ideal gas at constant
temperature is always a constant. PV=
sMrab;KMrU]sµ½nNamYyenAsItuNðPaBefrmantMélefrCanic©. PV = efr.
constant
Brackett series : A series of lines in the
infrared spectrum of atomic hydrogen
es‘rI Brackett ³ es‘rIbnÞat;kñúgs,iúcRkhmGaMgR)aénGIuRdUYEsnGatUmmic
whose wave numbers are given by
RH[(1/16) -( 1/n2)], where RH is the
EdlcMnYnrlkRtUv)anpþl;tam R [(1/16) -( 1/n )]Edl R Caefr
H
2
H
Rydberg constant for hydrogen and n is Rydberg sMrab;GIuRdUEsn nig n CatMélelxFMCagbYn.

any integer greater than 4.
braking effects : The electrophoretic
effect and the asymmetry effect, which
plTb;el,Ón ³ pleGLicRtUpers nigplGsIuemRTIEdlrYmKñaRtYt
together control the speed with which
ions drift in a strong electrolyte.
Binitüel,ÓnlMhUrGIuyu:gkñúgeGLicRtUlItxøaMg.
brass : An alloy of copper and zinc.
s<an; ³ sMelah³énTg;Edg nigs½gásI.
brewing : the process of fermentation to
produce alcoholic drinks e.g. beer, wine.
el,IgGal;kul ³ dMeNIrkarénel,IgedIm,IplitePC¢³manCatiRsa
]TahrN¾ Rsaebo RsaTMBaMg)ayCUr.
bridge : A connection between two
different parts of a molecule consisting
s<an ³ CMnab;;rvagEpñkBIrénm:UelKulEdlrYmmansm<½n§va:Lg; GatUm
of a valence bond, an atom, or an
unbranched chain of atoms.
b¤ExSem¬minEmnExñg¦énGatUm.
bridged ion : A reactive intermediate in
which an atom from one of the reactants
GIuy:ugs<an ³ FatukNþalRbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGatUmBIRbtikrmYYyRtUv
is bonded partially to each of two carbon
atoms of a reactant containing a double
)ancgsm<½n§EpñkxøHeTAnwgGatUmnimYy²énGatUmkabUnBIrénRbtikrEdl
carbon-to-carbon bond. Also known as mansm<½n§BIrCan;rvagkabUn-kabUn. eKehAmüa:geTotfa FatukNþal
bridged intermediate: cyclic ion.
eFVIs<an; GIuy:ugvg;.
bridging ligand : A ligand in which an
atom or molecular species which is able
lIkg;s<an ³ lIkg;EdlkñúgenaHRbePTGatUm b¤mUe: lKulEdlGacman
to exist independently is simultaneously
bonded to two or more metal atoms.
GtßiPaBedayÉkraCüRtUv)ancgsm<½n§RBmKñaeTAnwgGatUmelah³BIr b¤
eRcIn.
brightener : See optical brighteners
FatubnS ³ emIl optical brighteners.
bright-Line spectrum : An emission
spectrum made up of bright lines on a
s,iúcbnÞat;PøW ³ s,úicbeB©ajBnøWEdlekIteLIgBIbnÞat;PøWenAelIépÞexµA.
dark background.
brine : A solution of sodium chloride in
water.
TwkGMbil ³ sUluysüúgénsUdüÚmkørYkñúgTwk.
broadening of spectral lines : A
widening of spectral lines by collision or
bnÞat;s,úicrIk ³ bnÞat;s,iúcrIkFMedaysarkarb:HTgÁic b¤karBRgIk sMBaF
pressure broadening or possibly by
Doppler effect.
b¤Gacedaysarpl Doppler.
bromide : A compound derived from
hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the
RbÚmY ³ smasFatuEdlCaRslayBIGasIutRbÚmIRDic HBr EdlGatUm
bromine atom in the l-oxidation state. RbÚmsßitkñúgGuksIutkmµPaB 1.
brominating agent : A compound
capable of introducing bromine into a
Pñak;garRbÚmkmµ ³ smasFatuEdlGacbBa©ÚlRbÚmeTAkñúgm:UelKul.
molecule; examples are phosphorus
tribromide, bromine chloride, and
]TahrN_ pUsVrRTIRbÚmY RbÚmkørU nigGaluymIjÚm: RTIRbU‘mY.
aluminum tribromide.
bromination : The process of
introducing bromine into a molecule.
RbÚmkmµ : dMeNIrkarénkarbBa©ÚlRbÚmeTAkñúgm:UelKul.

50
bromine number : The amount of

bromine absorbed by a fatty oil;
cMnYnRbÚm ³ brimaNRbÚmRsUbedayeRbgxøaj;EdlbgðajBIPaBsuT§én
indicates the purity of the oil and degree
of unsaturation.
eRbgnigkMritminEq¥t.
bromine water : An aqueous saturated
solution of bromine used as a reagent
TwkRbÚm ³ sUluysüúgEq¥ténRbÚmkñúgTwk EdleRbICaFatuRbtikrenA
wherever a dilute solution of bromine is
needed.
eBlNaeKRtUvkarsUluysüúgRbÚmrav.
bromo- : A prefix that indicates the
presence of bromine in a molecule.
RbÚm:U- ³ buBVbTEdlbgðajBIvtþmanRbÚmkñúgm:UelKul.
bromoalkane : An aliphatic hydro-
carbon with bromine bonded to it.
RbÚm:UGal;kan ³ GIuRdUkabYExSebIkEdlmanRbÚmcgsm<½n§eTAnwgva.
bromonium ion : A halonium ion in
which the halogen is bromine; occurs as
GIuy:ugRbÚmU:jÚ:m ³ GIuy:ugGaLÚjÚ:mEdlkñúgenaHGaLÚEsnCaRbÚmEdl
a bridged structure. ekItCaTMrg;s<an.
bromthymol blue : An acid-base
indicator in the pH range 6.0 to 7.6;
RbÚm:UTIm:ulexov ³ Fatucg¥úlBN’GasIut-)as kñúg pH cenøaH 6,0eTA
color change is yellow to blue. 7,6 BN’ERbBIelOgeTAexov.
brønsted acid : A chemical species
which can act as a source of protons.
GasuIteR)a:nEsþt ³ RbePTKImIEdlGacedIrtYCaRbPBpþl;RbUtug.
Also known as proton acid; protonic
acid.
eKehAmüa:geTotfa GasIutRbUtug b¤GasIutRbUtUnic.
Brønsted base : A chemical species
which can act as a proton acceptor.
)aseR)a:nEsþt ³ RbePTKImIEdlGacedIrtYCaGñkTTYlykRbUtug.
Brønsted-lowry theory : Theory that
defines an acid as a substance that can
RTwsþIeR)a:nEsþt-LÚrI ³ RTwsþIEdlkMNt;faGasIutCasarFatupþl;RbUtug
donate a proton . The proton acceptor is
called a base. Also called Lowry-
GñkTTYlRbUtugehAfa)as. eKehAmü:ageTotfa RTwsIþLÚrIeR)a‘nesÞt.
Brønsted Theory.
bronze : An alloy of copper and tin.
sMriT§ ³ sMelah³énTg;Edg nigsMN)a:haMg.
Brownian motion : Constant, random
motion characteristic of colloidally
clna Brown ³ lkçN³sMKal;clnaefrécdnüénPaKli¥tvilvl;
suspended particles. kULÚGIut.
brown-ring test : A common qualitative
test for the nitrate ion: a brown ring
etsþvg;BN’etñat ³ etsþbrimaNTUeTAsMrab;GIuy:ugnIRtatvg;BN’
forms at the juncture of a dilute ferrous
sulfate solution layered on top of
etñatekIteLIgenAkEnøgCYbKñaénsUluysüúgEdks‘ulpatravmanRsTab;
concentrated sulfuric acid if the upper enAxagelIGasIuts‘ulpYricxab; ebIRsTab;xagelIenaHmanGIuyu:gnIRtat.
layer contains nitrate ion.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation :
An extension of the Langmuir isotherm
smIkar Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ³ kareRbIR)as;TUlMTUlayén
equation in the study of sorption: used
for surface area determinations by
smIkarGuIsUETm Langmuir kñúgkarsikSasMrUb. eRbIsMrab;kMNt;épÞxag
computing the monolayer area. elIedayKNnaépÞRsTab;mYyCan;. GkSrkat;KWsmIkar BET.
Abbreviated BET equation.
bubble point : In a solution of two or
more components, the temperature at
cMNucBBuH ³ kñúgsUluysüúgEdlmansmasPaKBIrb¤eRcIn sItuNðPaB
which the first bubbles of gas appear.
Also known as boiling point.
EdlBBuH]sµ½nekIteLIgCadMbUg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa cMNucrMBuH.
Bucherer reaction : A method of
preparation of polynuclear primary
Rbtikmµ Bucherer ³ viFITegVIGamInGarU:m:aTicb:UlInuyekøEG‘kMritdMbUg.
aromatic amines; e.g.. α-naphthylamine ]TahrN_ α- Nab;TILamInRtUvTTYl)anBIkardutkMedA β-Nab;tulkñúg
is obtained by heating β-naphthol in an
autoclave with a solution of ammonia GUtUkøavCamYysUluysüúgGam:Uj:ak; nigGam:UjÚm: s‘ulPIt.
and ammonium sulfite.

51
buckminsterfullerene : C60 A ball-

shaped molecule composed of hexagons
bu‘kmInEsÞPuLWEr:n ³ m:UelKul C EdlmanragmUldUc)al;EdlpSMeLIg
60
and pentagons. It is a yellow crystalline

solid, soluble in benzene.
BIqekaNnigbBa©ekaN. vaCavtßúrwgRkamBN’elOgEdlrlaykñúg
bg;Esn.
buffer : A solution in which the pH
remains relatively constant when small
tMb:ug ³ sUluysüúgEdl pH minERbRbYleFobenAeBlbEnßmbrimaN
amounts of acid or base are added; it
consists of a solution of weak acid and
tictYcénGasIutrW)as. vaCasUluysüúgénGasIutexSay nigGMbilén
the salt of a weak acid (or a base with the GasuItexSay( b¤)asCamYynigGMbilén)asexSay ).
salt of a weak base).
buffer capacity : A measure of the
amount of acid or base that may be
smtßPaBtMb:ug ³ rgVas;brimaNénGasuItb¤)asEdlGacbEnßmeTAelI
added to a buffer solution before a
significant change in pH occurs.
sUluysüúgtMbug: munnwgbMErbMrYl pH ekIteLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal;.
bulk sampling : The taking of samples
in arbitrary irregular units rather than
PaKsMNakdMu ³ karykPaKsMNakCadMuERbRbYltamRtUvkarCaCagdMu
discrete units of uniform size for
chemical analysis.
dac;²BIKñaEdlmanTMhMdUcKñasMrab;karviPaKKImI.
bumping : Uneven boiling of a liquid
caused by irregular rapid escape of large
karTgÁic ³ rMBuHminesµIKñarbs;vtßúravedaysarkarecjelOnminesIµKñaén
bubbles of highly volatile components as
the liquid mixture is heated. The effect
BBuHFM²énsmasFatuEdlehIrxøaMg dUcCal,ayvtþúravRtUvkMedA. plenH
can be added by using boiling chips. ekIteLIgedaykareRbIkMTicfµrMBuH.
bungarotoxin : A neurotoxin found in
snake venom which blocks
bu‘nkarU:tuksuIn ³ NWrUt: uksIunRbTHeXIjkñúgBwsBs;EdlbBaÄb;karbBa¢Ún
neuromuscular transmission by binding
with acetylcholine receptors on motor
sarsac;dMuRbsaTedaykarP¢ab;CamYyFµÜlGaesTIlkUlInelIbnÞHcug
end plates. clkr.
bunsen burner : A laboratory gas
burner.
cMBuHb‘unsin ³ cMBuHdut]sµ½nkñúgTIBiesaF.
Bunsen-Kirchhoff law : The law that
every element has a characteristic
c,ab; Bunsen-Kirchhoff ³ c,ab;Edlral;FatuKImImanlkçN³Cas,iúc
emission spectrum of bright lines and
absorption spectrum of dark lines.
beBa©jbnÞat;PøW nigCas,iúcsMrUbbnÞat;ggwt.
buret : A graduated glass tube used to
deliver variable volumes of liquid;
b‘uyEr:t ³ bMBg;EkvRkwteRbIsMrab;bgðÚrcMNuHERbRbYlénvtßúrav. CaTUeTAva
usually equipped with a stopcock to
control the liquid flow.
bMBak;edayRbdab;bitebIk¬r:Ub‘Íen¦sMrab;RtYtBinitülMhUrvtßúrav.
burning : A combustion reaction of a
flammable mixture with oxygen.
cMehH ³ Rbtikmµénl,ayGaceqH)anCamYyGuksuIEsn.
burning velocity : The normal velocity
of the region of combustion reaction
el,ÓncMehH ³ el,ÓnFmµtaénEpñkmYyrbs;RbtikmµcMehH¬tMbn;Rbti-
(reaction zone} relative to nonturbulent
unburned gas in the combustion of a
kmµ¦EdlTak;TgeTAnwg]sµ½nmineqHminvilvl;kñúgcMehHénl,ayGaceqH
flammable mixture. )an.
Burstein effect : The shift of the
absorption edge in the spectrum of a
pl Burstein ³ rMkilénmuxsMrUbenAkñúgs,iúcénsWmIkugDucT½reTAfamBl
semiconductor to higher energies at high
carrier densities in the semiconductor.
x<s;CagenAdg;sIuetx<s;kñúgsWmIkugDucT½r.
butter : A fatty substance made from the
cream of cow’s milk by churning.
b‘½r ³ sarFatuxøaj;eFVIBIERkménTwkedaHeKaedaykarkUr.

52
C
c stage: the final stage in a thermosetting
resin reaction in which it is insoluble and
dMNak; c ³ dMNak;cugeRkaykñúgkarpþl;kMedARbtikmµersIunEdlkñúgenaH
infusible (cannot melt). Also known as
resite.
vaminrlaykñúgvtßúravnigminrlayCavtßúrav.
Cabannes’ factor : An equational
factor to correct for the depolarization
ktþa Cabannes ³ ktþasmIkarEdlRtUvEktMrUvsMrab;pledb:Ulkmµén
effect of the horizontal components of
scattered light during the determination
smasPaKepþkénBnøWRBackñúgeBlkMNt;ma:sm:UelKuledayviFIGubTic.
of molecular weight by optical methods.
cage : An aggregate of molecules in the
condensed phase that surrounds
RTug ³ bNþúMrYménm:UelKulkñúgpaskMNkEdlB½T§eTAedaybMEnkEdlekIt
fragments formed by thermal or
photochemical dissociation or pairs of
eLIgedaykarbMEbkedaykMedAb¤pUtUKImI b¤CaKUénm:UelKulkñúgsUluysüúg
molecules in a solution that have mYyEdl)anb:HKñaedayKµankareFIVRbtikmµ.
collided without reacting.
cage compound : See clathrate
smasFatuRTug ³ emIl clathrate.
cage effect : A phenomenon involving
the dissociation of molecules unable to
plRTug ³ )atuPUtEdlrYmmankarbMEbkénm:UelKulEdlminGacpþac;
move apart rapidly because of the
presence of other molecules with the
ecjrh½sedaysarvtþmanénm:UelKuldéTEdlplitplbMEbkGacbnSM
result that the dissociation products may eLIgvij.
recombine.
Cailletet and Mathias law : The law
that describes the relationship between
c,ab; Cailletet and Mathias ³ c,ab;EdlBN’naGMBITMnak;TMngrvag
the mean density of a liquid and its
saturated vapor at that temperature as
dg;sIuetmFüménvtßúrav nigcMhayEq¥trbs;vaenAsItuNðPaBlIEnEG‘.
being a linear function of the
temperature.
calibrant : In chemical analysis, a
substance used to calibrate the response
sarFatuRkitxñat ³ kñúgkarviPaKKImI sarFatuRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Rkitxñat
of a measurement system to the analyte. kareqøIytbénRbB½n§rgVas;eTAnwgFatuviPaK.
calibration reference : Any of the
standards of various types that indicate
KMrUeyagRkitxñat ³ sþg;daénRbePTepSg²Edlcg¥úlbgðajfaetI]b-
whether an analytical instrument or
procedure is working within prescribed
krN_viPaK b¤lMnaMvIPaKkMBugdMeNIrkarkñúglImItkMNt;b¤eT. ]TahrN_
limits; e.g. test solutions used with pH sUluysüúgetsþeRbICamYy pH Em:Rt nigsUluysüúgsÁal;;kMhab; (sU-
meters, and solutions with known
concentrations (standard solutions) used luysüúgsþg;da)eRbICamYys,úicRtUpUtUEm:Rt.
with spectrophotometers.
calomel electrode : A reference
electrode of known potential consisting
eGLicRtUtkaLÚEm:l ³ eGLicRtUteKalEdlsÁal;bUt: g;EsülpSMeLIg
of mercury, mercury chloride (calomel),
and potassium chloride solution; used to
eday)art )artkørY (kaLÚEm:l) nigsUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmkørY. vaRtUv)an
measure pH and electromotive force. eKeRbIsMrab;vas; pH nigkMlaMgclnaGKÁisnI. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
Also known as calomel half-cell;
calomel reference electrode. Bak;kNþalBilkaLÚEm:l b¤eGLicRtUteKalkaLÚEm:l.
calomel half-cell : See calomel
electrode.
Bak;kNþalfµBilkaLÚEm:l ³ emIl calomel electrode.
calomel reference electrode : See
calomel electrode.
eGLicRtUteKalkaLÚEm:l ³ emIl calomel electrode.
calorie (Cal) : Unit of energy used in
nutrition. It is equal to 1 kcal or 1000
kaLÚrI ³ xñatfamBlEdleRbIkñúgcMNIGahar. vaesµInwg1KILÚkaLÚrI b¤
“small” calories. 1000kaLÚrI.

53
calorie (cal) : Unit of heat measurement

equal to the amount of heat required to
kaLÚrI ³ xñatrgVas;kMedAesµInwgbrimaNkMedAEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegáIt
change the temperature of 1 g of water
by 1oC.
sItuNðPaBmYyGgSaénTwkmYyRkam.
calorimeter : Any apparatus used for
measuring quantities of heat, usually by
kaLÚrIEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;vas;brimaNénkMedA CaTUeTAedaykar
finding the rise in temperature of a
known mass of water.
rkeXIjkarekIneLIgénsItuNðPaBénm:asTwkEdleKdwg.
calorimetric titration
thermometric titration.
: See
GRtamaRtkaLÚrIemRTIc ³ emIl thermometric titration.
canal ray : Stream of positive particles;
positively charged atoms from which
bMBg;kaMrsµI ³ crnþPaKl¥itviC¢man. GatUmmanbnÞúkviC¢manEdleGLic-
one or more electrons have been
removed.
RtugmYyb¤eRcInRtUv)anpþac;ecj.
candela : Symbol Cd. the SI unit of light
intensity.
kg;EdLa ³ nimitþsBaØaCd xñatrgVas;GaMgtg;sIuetBnøWénRbB½n§GnþrCati.
cannabinoid : Any one of the various
chemical constituents of cannabis
kaNab‘ÍNUGIut ³ FatubgámYyénFatubgáKImIepSg²énkaNab‘Ís(kBaäa)
(marijuana), that is, the isomeric
tetrahydrocannabinols, cannabinol, and
EdlCaGIusUEmetRtaGIuRdUkaNab‘ÍNul kaNab‘ÍNul nigkaNab‘Ídüúl.
cannabidiol.
Cannizzaro reaction : The reaction in
which aldehydes that do not have a
RbtikmµkanIsarU: ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGal;edGIutEdlKµanGIuRdUEsn
hydrogen attached to the carbon adjacent
to the carbonyl group, upon encountering
P¢ab;eTAnwgkabUnEdlCab;nwgbgÁúMnaTIkabUnIleBlCYbCamYyGal;kalIxøaMg
strong alkali, readily form an alcohol and gaybegáItCaGal;kul nigGMbilGasIut.
an acid salt.
canonical form : A resonance structure
for a cyclic compound in which the
TMrg;kaNUnIkal; ³ TMrg;ersUNg;sMrab;smasFatuExSbiT(siuc)Edl
bonds do not intersect. sm<½n§minRbsBVKña.
capillary : Tube of small diameter.
bMBg;qµar ³ bMBg;EdlmanGgát;p©ittUc.
carbanion : One of the charged
fragments which arise on heterolytic
ka)aj:úg ³ bMENkmanbnÞúkEdlekIteLIgedaykarbMEbksm<½n§Ebb
cleavage of a covalent bond involving
carbon; the fragment carries an unshared
eGetr:UlIs ¬minesµIPaK¦énsm<½n§kUva:Lg;EdlCab;nwgkabUn. bMENkenaH
pair of electrons and bears a negative manKUeGLicRtugmindak;rYm nigmanbnÞúkGviC¢man.
charge
carbene : A compound of carbon which
exhibits two valences to a carbon atom;
kaEbn ³ smasFatukabUnEdlmanva:Lg;BIrelIGatUmkabUn. eGLic-
the two valence electrons are distributed
in the same valence; an example is CH2.
Rtugva:Lg;BIrenaHRtUv)anEckva:Lg;dUcKña. ]TahrN_ CH .2
carbenium ion : A cation in which the

charged atom is carbon; e.g., R2C+,
GIuy:ugkaEbnj:Úm ³ kacugEdlGatUmmanbnÞúkCakabUn. ]TahrN_
where R is an organic group. R C Edl R Car:aDIkal;srIragÁ.
2
+
carbenoid species : A species that is not

a free carbene but has the characteristics
RbePTkaEbNUGIut ³ RbePTKImIEdlminEmnCakaEbnesrI b:uEnþman
of a carbene when participating in a
chemical reaction.
lkçN³CakaEbnenAeBlEdlcUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµKImI.
carbide : A binary compound of carbon
with an element more electropositive
kabY ³ smasFatueTVFatuénkabUnEdlmanFatumYymaneGLicRtug
than carbon;
compounds are excluded.
carbon-hydrogen viC¢manFMCagkabUn. smasFatukabUn-GIuRdUEsnminRtUv)anrab;bBa¢Úl.
carbocation : A positively charged ion
whose charge resides, at least in part, on
kabUkacug ³ GIuyu:gmanbnÞúkviC¢manEdlbnÞúkrbs;vasßitenAelIGatUm
a carbon atom or group of carbon atoms. kabUnmYy b¤RkuménGatUmkabUn.

54
carbohydrate : Class of compounds

containing the elements carbon,
kabUGIuRdat rWKøúysuIt ³ fñak;énsmasFatuEdlmankabUn GIuRdUEsn
hydrogen and oxygen with the general
formula Cx(H2O)y ; e.g. starch, sugars,
nigGuksIuEsn EdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA C (H O) . ]TahrN_ GamIdug sár
x 2 y
glycogen, lignin and chitin. KøIkUEsn lIjIn nigKITIn.

carbolic acid (phenol) : a white
crystalline solid. C6H5OH
GasIutkabUlic¬epNul¦ ³ RkamvtßúrwgBN’s C H OH. 6 5
carbon black : 1. An amorphous form of

carbon produced commercially by
kabUnexµA ³ 1. TMrg;nisNæanénkabUnEdlRtUv)anplitCaBaNiC¢kmµ
thermal or oxidative decomposition of
hydrocarbons and used principally in
edaykarbMEbkedaykMedA b¤edayGuksIutkmµénGIuRdUkabY nigRtUv)aneK
rubber goods, pigments, and printer’s eRbIR)as;CasMxan;kñúgTMnijekAs‘U CatiBN’ nigTwkexµAma:sIune)aHBum<.
ink. 2. See gas black.
2. emIl gas black.
carbon molecular sieve : A molecular
sieve that utilises a special type of
k®nþgm:UelKulkabUn ³ k®nþgm:UelKulmYyEdleRbIR)as;RbePT
activated carbon for the adsorbent. BiessénkabUnskmµkmµsMrab;CaFatuépÞsMrUbelI.
carbonate : A salt of carbonic acid
containing the carbonate ion, CO3²-.
kabUNat ³ GMbilénGasIutkabUnicEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugkabUNat CO ² . 3
-
carbonated water : Water in which

carbon dioxide has been dissolved under
TwkkabUNat ³ TwkEdlkabUnDIGuksIutRtUv)anrMlayeRkamsMBaF.
pressure. It is slightly acidic due to the
formation of carbonic acid, H2CO3
vaCaGasIutexSayedaysarkMNGasIutkabUnic H CO . 2 3
carbonation : 1. Conversion to a
carbonate. 2. The dissolving of carbon
kabUNatkmµ ³ 1. karbMElgeTACakabUNat.
dioxide in a liquid under pressure. 2. karMlayénkabUnDIGuksIutkñúgvtßúraveRkamsMBaF.
carbonic acid : A weak dibasic acid
formed by dissolving carbon dioxide in
GasIutkabUnic ³ GasuItDI)asexSayekIteLIgedaykarrMlaykabUnDI-
water. H2CO3 GuksIutkñúgTwk H CO .
2 3
carbonization : The conversion of a

carbon-containing substance to carbon or
kabUnkmµ ³ karbMElgsarFatuEdlmankabUneTACakabUn b¤kaksMNl;
a carbon residue as the destructive
distillation of coal by heat in the absence
kabUneBlbMNitEdlbMpøajFüÚgedaykMedAEdlKµanvtþmanxül;Edlpþl;
of air, yielding a solid residue with a plCakaksMNl;;rwgEdlmanPaKrykabUnx<s;CagFüÚgedIm. vaRtUv)an
higher percentage of carbon than the
original coal; carried on for the dMeNIrkarsMrab;karplitFüÚgkUknig]sµ½n\n§n³.
production of coke and of fuel gas.
carbonyl compounds : Family of
organic compounds that contain a carbon
smasFatukabUnIl ³ GMbUrsmasFatusrIragÁEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan;
double-bonded to an oxygen. >C=O, e.g.
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
rvagkabUn nigGuksIuEsn >C=O. ]TahrN_ Gal;edGIut estUn nig
Inorganic carbonyls are formed when GasIutkabuksIulic. kabUnIlGsrIragÁRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlkabUn
carbon monoxide coordinates to a metal
atom or ion. m:UNUGuksIutcgsm<n½§kUGrDINasüúgCamYynwgGatUm b¤GIuyug: elah³.
carbonyl group : Functional group
characterised by a carbon –oxygen
RkumkabUnIl ³ bgÁMúnaTIEdlsMKal;edaysm<½n§BIrCan;rvagkabUnnig
double bond. >C=O GuksIuEsn.
carboxyl group : Group of atoms
composed of a carbonyl group with an –
RkumkabuksIul ³ RkumGatUmEdlmanRkumkabUnIlCamYynwgGIuRduksIul
OH connected to one of the free carbon
bonds. Carboxyls are the characteristic
P¢ab;eTAnwgsm<½n§mYyénsm<½n§esrIrbs;kabUnmYy. kabuksIulCaRkum
group of organic acids. –COOH. bgðajlkçN³GasIutsrIragÁ –COOH.
carboxylate anion : Resonance-
stabilised anion resulting from removal
Gaj:ugkabuksIuLat ³ Gaj:úgEdlersUNg;mansßirPaBTTYl)anBIkar
of the acid proton of an organic acid. –
COO-
pþac;RbUtugénGasIutsrIragÁ (-COO ).
-

55
carboxylic acid : Organic compound

containing one or more carboxyl groups.
GasIutkabuksIulic ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanRkumkabuksIulmYy
b¤eRcIn.
carcinogenic : Capable of inducing the
formation of cancer cells.
GacekItmharIk ³ EdlGacbNþaleGaymankarkekItekasika
mharIk.
Carius method : A procedure used to
analyze organic compounds for sulfur,
viFI Carius ³ lMnaMEdlRtUveRbIR)as;edIm,IviPaKsmasFatusrIragÁsMrab;
halogens, and phosphorus that involves
heating the sample with fuming nitric
s<an;F½r GaLÚEsn nigpUsVredaykardutkMedAPaKsMNakCamYycMhay
acid in a sealed tube. GasIutnIRTickñúgbMBg;biTCit.
Carnot’s reagent : A solution of sodium
bismuth thiosulfate in alcohol used for
FatubnÞal; Carnot ³ sUluysüúgénsUdüÚmb‘Ís‘µúttüÚsu‘lpatkñúgGal;-
determining potassium. kulEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;kMNt;rkb:UtasüÚm.
carrier gas : In gas chromatography, a
gas used as an eluant for extracting the
FatunaM]sµ½n ³ kñúgRkUma:tURkaPI]sµ½n vaCa]sµ½nmYyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca
sample from the column as the gas
passes through. Also known as eluant
FaturMlaysMrab;eyabkPaKsMNakBIkUeLaneBlEdl]sµ½nqøgkat;va.
gas. eKehAmü:ag eTotfa]sµ½nrMlay.
cast iron : the product from the blast
furnace. It contains a high percentage of
EdkBum< ³ plitpl)anBILrMlayEr:EdkEdlmansnÞúHxøaMg. vaman
carbon which makes the iron brittle so it
is used for casting complex shapes
PaKrykabUnx<s;EdleFVIeGayEdkeLIgRsYy dUecñHvaRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;
instead of rolling into sheets or cak;Bum<EdlmanTRmg;saMjaMuCMnYskarkinCabnÞH rWhUtCasrés.
stretching into wires.
catabolism : Energy-producing part of
metabolism that breaks down larger,
katabUlIs ³ EpñkplitfamBlénemtabUlIs EdlbMEbkm:UelKulFM
more complex molecules into simpler
ones.
saMjaMuCageGayeTACam:UelKulgayCag.
catalysis : A phenomenon in which a
relatively small amount of substance
katalIs ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaHbrimaNy:agtictYcénsarFatuEdl
increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself being consumed.
begáInel,ÓnRbtikmµKImIedayKµankar)at;bg;.
catalyst : Substance that alters the
speed of a chemical reaction and may be
katalIkr ³ sarFatuEdlCYybegáInel,ÓnRbtikmµKImI nigGacTTYl)an
recovered essentially unaltered in form
and amount at the end of the reaction.
vamkvijedayKµankarpøas;bþÚrTMrg; nigbrimaNenAcugbBa©b;énRbtikmµ.
The catalyst is not destroyed in the katalIkrminRtUv)anbMpøajeTenAkñúgRbtikmµ. vaeFVIeGayRbtikmµelOn
reaction. It makes reactions faster by
providing an alternative reaction Cagedaykarpþl;clnkarRbtikmµepSgeTot EdlmanfamBlskmµkmµµ
pathway with lower activation energy.
TabCag.
catalyst carrier : A neutral material
used to support a catalyst, such as
FatunaMkatalIkr ³ rUbFatuNWteRbIR)as;sMrab;KaMRTkatalIkr dUcCa
activated carbon, diatomaceous earth, or
activated alumina.
kabUnskmµkmµdIEdlmanBIrGatUm b¤GaluymIjÚm: skmµkmµ.
catalyst selectivity : 1. The relative
activity or a catalyst in reference to a
PaBCMerIskatalIkr ³ 1. skmµPaBeFob b¤katalIkrKMrUsMrab;smas
particular compound in a mixture. 2. The
relative rate of a single reactant in
FatuBiesskñúgl,ay. 2. el,ÓneFobénFatuRbtikrEtmYykñúgRbtikmµ
competing reactions. RbkYtRbECg.
catenation : Formation of a chain
structure by the bonding of atoms of the
kaEtnkmµ ³ kMNTMrg;ExSedaykarcgsm<½n§GatUménFatuKImIdUcKañ.
same element, e.g., carbon in the
hydrocarbons.
]TahrN_ kabUnkñúgGIuRdUkabY.

56
cathode : The negative electrode of an

electrolyte cell. The electrode at which
katUt ³ eGLicRtUtGviC¢manénBileGLicRtUlIt. eGLicRtUt
electrons enter the electrolyte and
reduction occurs.
EdleGLicRtugcUleTAkñúgeGLicRtUlIt nigmanRbtikmµerdukmµekIt
eLIg.
cathode ray : Particles of negative
electricity traveling through a vacuum
kaMrsµIkatUt ³ PaKl¥itmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢manqøgkat;tambMBg;
tube, from cathode to anode.. We know
cathode rays today as the beam that
suBaØakasBIkatUteTAGaNUt. bc©úb,nñenHeyIgdwgfakaMrsµIkatUtdUcCa
sweeps across the face of a television )ac;BnøWEdlrt;kat;tammuxGMBUlTUrTsSn_edIm,IbegáItCarUbPaB.
tube to produce the picture.
cation : Any atom or group of atoms
with a positive charge.
kacug ³ GatUm b¤RkuménGatUmEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man.
cation exchange : A chemical reaction
in which hydrated cations of a solid are
bNþÚrkacug ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlbNþaleGaykacugénvtßúrwgmYyRtUv)an
exchanged for cations of like charge in
solution.
bþÚredaykacugEdlmanbnÞúkdUcKñakñúgsUluysüúg.
cation exchange resin : A highly
polymerised synthetic organic compound
ersIunbNþÚrkacug ³ smasFatusrIragÁsMeyaKEdleFVIbUl: IEmkmµxøaMg
consisting of a large, nondiffusible anion
and a simple, diffusible cation, which
bgáeLIgedayGaj:úgFMminsay nigkacugsamBaØsayEdleRkaymkGac
later can be exchanged for a cation in the RtUv)anbþÚredaykacugmYykñúgmCÄdæanEdlersIunsßitenA.
medium in which the resin is placed.
cationic complexes : a group of atoms
or a radical with a positive charge.
kuMpøickacug ³ RkuménGatUm b¤r:aDIkal;EdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man.
cationic detergent : A member of a
group of detergents that have molecules
FatuCMrHEk¥lkacug ³ smaCikénRkumsarFatuCMrHEk¥lEdlm:UelKul
containing a quaternary ammonium salt
cation with a group of 12 to 24 carbon
mankacugGMbilGam:UjÚm: fñak;TIbYnCamYyRkuménGatUmkabUnBI 12 eTA 24
atoms attached to the nitrogen atom in, P¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmGasUt. ]TahrN_ kacugGal;KIlRTIemTIlGam:UjÚ:m-
the cation; an example is alkyl-trimethyl
ammonium bromide. RbÚmY.
cationic hetero atom : A positively
charged atom, other than carbon, in an
GatUmeGetr:Ukacug ³ GatUmEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢maneRkABIGatUmkabUnkúñg
otherwise carbon atomic chain or ring. ExS b¤vg;GatUmkabUnepSgBIenH.
cationic polymerization : A type of
polymerization in which Lewis acids act
b:UlIEmkmµkacug ³ RbePTbU:lIEmkmµEdlkñúgenaHGasIutLWvIs
as catalysts. (Lewis) edIrtYCakatalIkr.
cationic reagent : A surface-active
agent with active positive ions used for
FatubnÞal;kacug ³ Pñak;garskmµépÞEdlmanGIuyu:gviC¢manskmµeRbI
ore beneficiation (flotation via
flocculation): an example of a cationic
sMrab;CaKuNRbeyaCn_Er: (epøatasüúgtamepøakKuylasüúg). ]TahrN_
reagent is cetyl trimethyl ammonium FatubnÞal;kacugKWesTIlRTIemTIlGam:Uj:ÚmRbÚmY.
bromide.
cationtrophy : The breaking off of an
ion, such as a hydrogen ion or metal ion,
kacugRtUPI ³ karbMEbkénGuIyu:gmYydUcCaGuIyu:gGIuRdUEsn b¤GIuyu:g
from a molecule so that a negative ion
remains in equilibrium.
elah³BIm:UelKulEdlGIuyug: GviC¢manenAEtmanlMnwg.
caustic : 1. Burning or corrosive. 2. A
hydroxide of a light metal.
suI;/ kat; ³ 1.Edlrlak b¤sIukat;. 2. GIuRduksIuténelah³Rsal.
cavitation : Emulsification produced by
disruption of a liquid into a liquid-gas,
kavItasüúg ³ eGmulsüúgkmµekIteLIgedaykarbMEbkvtúßraveTACa
two-phase system, when
hydrodynamic pressure of the liquid is
the ]sµ½nravEdlCaRbB½n§pasBIrenAeBlsMBaFGIuRdUDINamicénvtßúravenaHRtUv
reduced to the vapor pressure. bnßyeTACasMBaFcMhay.

57
cell : 1. See electrochemical cell. 2.

Basic structural unit of life; the smallest
1. Bil ³ emIl electrochemical cell.
part of a living organism that can carry 2. ekasika ³ ÉktaTMrg;RKwHrbs;CIvit. bMENkli¥tbMputénPavrsEdl
out life processes by itself.
GacdMeNIrkardMeNIrCIvitedayxøÜnva.
cell constant : The ratio of distance
between conductance-titration electrodes
efrBil ³ smamaRténcMgayrvageGLicRtUtnaMcrnþGRtakmµeTA
to the area of the electrodes, measured
from the determined resistance of a
tMbn;éneGLicRtUtEdlRtUv)anvas;BIersIusþg;kMNt;énsUluysüúgkugDuc-
solution of known specific conductance. tg;BiessEdleKdwg.
cell membrane : Sheet-like structure
that separates the interior of the cell from
Pñasekasika ³ TMrg;CaRsTab;EdlEjkxagkñúgénekasikaBIbrisßan
the external environment. xageRkA .
cell potential : The difference between
the reduction potentials of two half-cells.
b:Utg;EsülBil ³ PaBxusKñarvagb:Utg;EsülerdukmµénBak;kNþal
ekasikaBIr.
cell wall : Rigid structure that surrounds
bacterial and plant cells. It protects the
PñasEsluyLÚs ³ PñaseRKagrwgrMuB½TVCMuvijekasika)ak;etrInigrukç-
cell from rupturing in hypotonic
solutions.
Cati. vakarBarekasikaBIkarpÞúHEbkkñúgsUluysüúgGIubUt: Unic.
cellulose : Plant polysaccharide made up
of β 1-4 linked glucose; the structural
EsluyLÚs ³ b:UlIsakarIténrukçCatibgáeLIgBIsm<½n§ β 1-4 EdlP¢ab;
material in plants. KøúykUs EdlCaTMrg;rUbFatukñúgrukçCati .
Celsius scale : the temperature scale on
which the freezing point of water is 0oC
maRtdæanEsls‘Sús ³ maRtdæansItuNðPaBEdlcMNuckMNkénTwkKW
and the boiling point is 100oC. 0 C nig cMNucrMBuHKW 100 C.
o o
cement : A chemical agent that binds

other materials together. Building
sIum:g; ³ Pñak;garKImIEdlcgP¢ab;rUbFatuepSg²eGayCab;Kña. suIm:g;
cement is made from limestone. sMrab;sagsg;RtUv)anpliteLIgBIfµkMe)ar.
centimeter (cm) : Metric unit of length
equal to 1/100 m (the decimal prefix
sg;TIEm:Rt ³ xñatEm:RténrgVas;RbEvgesµInwg 1/100 m ¬buBVbTsg;TI
centi- means times 1/100). mann½yfaKuNnwg 1/100 ¦.
centrifugal force : Force with which
body moving around center point tends
kMlaMgRbTajecj ³ kMlaMgEdlGgÁFatuvilCMuvijcMNuckNþalman
to move away from it. TMenarclnaecjBIva.
centrifuge : A machine in which solid or
liquid particles of different densities are
]bkrN_RbTajecj ³ m:asIunEdlPaKl¥itrwgb¤ravmandg;sIuetxus
separated by rotating them in a tube in a
horizontal circle.
KñaRtUv)anEjkedaykarbgVilvakñúgbMBg;sakedk.
ceramic : A very hard material that is
resistant to chemical reactions and heat,
esr:amic ³ rUbFaturwgxøaMgEdlFn;nwgRbtikmµKImI nigkMedA. vaRtUv)an
made by baking clay in a kiln, eg tea
cups.
pliteLIgBIdI\dæEdldutkñúgL. ]TahrN¾ EBgEt.
CFC : emIl chlorofluorocarbons
CFC : See chlorofluorocarbons
chain : A structure in which similar

atoms are linked by bonds.
ExS ³ TMrg;EdlGatUmdUcKñaRtUv)anPa¢b;Kñaedaysm<½n§.

58
chain isomerism : A type of molecular

isomerism seen in carbon compounds as
GIusUEmExS ³ RbePTGIusUEmm:UelKulEdleKeXIjmankñúgsmasFatu
the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule increases the linkage between
kabUnenAeBlEdlcMnYnGatUmkabUnkñúgm:UelKulekIneLIg karP¢ab;rvag
the atoms may be a straight chain or GatUmGacCaExSRtg;b¤ExSExñgEdlbegáItCaGIusUEmEdlxusKñaBImYyeTA
branched chains producing isomers that
differ from each other by possessing mYyedaykarmaneRKagkabUnxus²Kña.
different carbon skeletons.
chain reaction : Series of very rapid
reactions that occur among fissionable
RbtikmµExS ³ es‘rIRbtikmµelOnbMputEdlekIteLIgkñúgcMeNamGatUm
atoms if they are close enough together.
The products of each reaction cause
GacbMEbk)anebIsinCavaenACit²Kña. plitplénRbtikmµnimYy²bNþal
several other reactions to occur so that eGaymanRbtikmµepSg²eTotekIteLIg ehIyel,OnRbtikmµekIneLIg.
reaction rate accelerates.
chair conformation : See chair form.
RTg;RTayekAGI ³ emIl chair form.
chair form : A particular nonplanar
conformation of a cyclic molecule with
TMrg;ekAGI ³ kugpm:asüúgminEmnbøg;Cak;lak;énm:UelKulCMuEdlman
more than five atoms in the ring. e.g. in
the chair form of cyclohexane the
GatUmeRcInCagR)aMkñúgvg;. ]TahrN_ TMrg;ekAGIénsIukøÚGicsan GIuRdUEsn
hydrogens are staggered and directed eRTt nigkat;Ekg eTAnwgbøg;mFüménkabUn(kugpm:asüúgG½kS) b¤sßitenA
perpendicularly to the mean plane of the
carbons (axial conformation) or cMgayesµIKñaeTAnwgmCÄmNÐlénbøg;mFüm(kugpm:asüúgeGkVaT½r).
equatorially to the centre, of the mean
plane (equatorial conformation).
Chalk : Calcium carbonate,CaCO3
Occurs Naturally in limestone and in the
dIs ³kal;süÚmkabUNat CaCO ekIteLIgtamFmµCatikñúgfµkMe)ar nig
3
shells of snails and clams. kñúgsMbkxügnigsMbklas.

channeling : In chromatography
furrows or breaks in an ion-exchange
sñamditBN’ ³ kñúgRkUma:tURkaPI Knøgb¤karEbkExJkkñúgépÞrabbNþÚr
bed which permit a solution to run
through without having contact with
GIuyu:g EdlGnuBaØateGaysUluysüúgrt;kat;edayKµankarTak;TgCamYy
active groups elsewhere in the bed. nwgRkumskmµenATIdéTkñúgépÞrabenaH.
characteristic loss spectroscopy (CLS)
: A branch of electron spectroscopy in
karsikSas,úic)at;bg;lkçN³ ³ EpñkmYyéns,úicsikSaeGLicRtug
which a solid surface is bombarded with
monochromatic electrons, and
EdlépÞ vtßúrwgRtUv)aj;edayeGLicRtugm:UNURkUm nigBRgayRtLb;eday
backscattered particles which have lost PaKl¥it Edl)an)at;bg;brimaNfamBlesIµnwgfamBlP¢ab;kMritEdlRtUv
an amount of energy equal to the core-
level binding energy are detected. )anrk eXIj. sresrkat; CLS.
charcoal : Black carbon residue of
wood, produced by smothered burning.
FüÚg ³ sMNl;kabUnBN’exµAéneQI RtUv)anplitedaykareqHEdlRtUv
Bnøt;edaybgðb;xül;.
charge delocalised ion : A charged
species in which the charge is distributed
GIuy:ugdalbnÞúk ³ RbePTbnÞúkEdlbnÞúkenaHRtUv)anEckcayeTAeGay
over more than one atom. GatUmeRcIn.
charge population : The net electric
charge on a specified atom in a molecule
b:UBuyLasüúgbnÞúk ³ bnÞúkGKÁisnIsrubelIGatUmNamYykñúgm:UelKul
that, while it cannot be observed
physically, can be determined by a
enAeBlEdlvaminGacRtUv)anBinitürUbrag)an EtGacRtUv)ankMNt;eday
prescribed definition. niymn½yEdl)anEcg.
charge transfer : The process in which
an ion takes an electron from a neutral
karepÞrbnÞúk ³ dMeNIrkarEdlGIuyug: TajykeGLicRtugBIGatUmNWt
atom with a resultant transfer of charge. edaybNþaleGaymankarepÞrbnÞúk.

59
charged species : A chemical entity in

which the overall total of electrons is
RbePTmanbnÞúk ³ GgÁFatuKImIEdlcMnYnsrubéneGLicRtugTaMgGs;min
unequal to the overall total of protons. esIµnwgcMnYnsrubénRbUtugTaMgGs;eT.
charge-localised ion : A charged
species in which the charge is centered
GIuy:ugmindalbnÞúk ³ RbePTbnÞúkEdlbnÞúkenaHzitenAelIGatUmEt
on a single atom mYy.
charge-transfer complexes : Complex
compounds in which molecules are held
kMupøicbenÞrbnÞúk ³ smasFatukuMpøicEdlm:UelKulrbs;vaRtUv)ancgP¢ab;
together by electrons moving between
molecules instead of formal chemical
KñaedayeGLicRtugEdlmanclnarvagm:UelKulCMnYseGaysm<½n§KImI
bonds. Fmµta.
Charles’ law : Relationship stating that
the change in temperature of a gas
c,ab;qal ³ TMnak;TMngEdlEcgfabMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBén]sµ½nsma-
volume is proportional to the change in
temperature.
maRteTAnwgbMErbMrYlmaD.
cheese : Curd of milk coagulated,
separated from the whey and pressed.
RbÚm:as ³ kMNkTwkedaHeKaEdlRtUv)aneFVIeGaykk EjkBIkakTwk
edaHføa nigRtUv)anbgðab;.
chelate : An inorganic complex in which
a ligand forms two or more coordinate
ekLat ³ kuMpøicsrIragÁEdlkñúgenaHlIkg;begáItsm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgBIr
bonds to a metal ion forming a
heterocyclic ring.
rWeRcInCageTAnwgGIuyu:gelah³edIm,IbegáItCavg;eGLicRtUsIuKiøc.
chelating agent : An organic compound
in which atoms form more than one
Pñak;garekLat ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlGatUmcgsm<½n§kUGrDINasüúg
coordinate bond with metal ions in
solution.
eRcInCagmYyCamYyelah³kñúgsUluysüúg.
cheletropic reaction : A chemical
reaction involving the elimination of a
RbtikmµekelRtUBic ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarpþac;ecjén
molecule in which two sigma bonds
terminating at a single atom are made or
m:UelKulEdlkñúgenaHsm<½nVsuicma:BIrEdlenAelIGatUmEtmYyRtUv)an
broken. begáIteLIgb¤RtUvbMpøaj.
1.KImI ³ (KuNnam)EdlTak;TgeTAviTüasa®sþénKImI.
chemical : 1. (adj) Related to the science
of chemistry 2. (n) A substance
characterised by definite molecular 2.FatuKImI (nam) sarFatuEdlsMKal;edaysmasPaBm:UelKulCak;
composition.
lak;.
chemical bond : An attractive force
between atoms produced by sharing or
sm<½n§KImI ³ kMlaMgTMnajrvagGatUmEdlbgáeLIgedaykarEbgEck
transferring electrons. See ionic bond,
covalent bond, coordinate covalent bond,
b¤karbBa¢ÚneGLicRtug . emIl ionic bond, covalent bond,
hydrogen bond, metallic bond. coordinate covalent bond, hydrogen bond, metallic bond.
chemical change : Change in the
chemical composition of a substance that
bMErbMrYlKImI ³ bMErbMrYlsmasPaBKImIénsarFatuEdlCaFmµtamingay
is usually not easily reversible and
involves large changes in energy.
RtLb;mkPaBedImvijnigmankarERbRbÜlfamBlxøaMg. bMErbMrYlKImIekIt
Chemical change occurs as the result of eLIgBIlT§plénRbtikmµKImI.
a chemical reaction.
chemical dating : The determination of
the relative or absolute age of minerals
karkMNt;GayuKImI ³ karkMNt;GayueFob b¤GayuBitR)akdénEr: vtßú
and of ancient objects and materials by
measurement of their chemical
nigsMPar³buraNedaykarvas;smaPaKrbs;va.
compositions.
chemical deposition : Precipitation of a
metal from a solution of a salt by
kMNkKImI : kMNkkkrénelah:BIsUluysüúgGMbiledaykarbBa©Úl
introducing another metal. elah:mYyepSgeTot.

60
chemical dynamics : A branch of

physical chemistry that seeks to explain
DINamicKImI ³ EpñkmYyénKImIrUbEdlcg;Bnül;BI)atuPUtEdlGaRs½y
time-dependent phenomena. such as
energy transfer and chemical reactions,
eBlevla dUcCakarepÞrfamBlnigRbtikmµKImI KWIGMBIclnalMGiténéNVyU:
in terms of the detailed motion of the nigeGLicRtugEdlbgáCaRbB½n§.
nuclei and electrons that constitute the
system.
chemical equation : An expression
representing a chemical reaction; the
smIkarKImI ³ kenSamtageGayRbtikmµKImI. rUbmnþénRbtikr (dak;-
formulas of the reactants (on the left) are
connected by an arrow with the formulas
xageqVg) EdlP¢ab;edaysBaØaRBYjCamYynwgrUbmnþénFatuplit)an
for the products (on the right). (dak;enAxagsþaM).
chemical equilibrium : A state of
balance in which forward and reverse
lMnwgKImI ³ PaBlMnwgkñúgRbtikmµeTAmkEdlekIteLIgenAel,ÓndUcKña.
reactions are taking place at the same
rate; no net change in the amounts of
KµankarERbRbYlbrimaNRbtikrnigFatuplit)anEdlekIteLIgkñúgRbB½n§
reactants and products occurs in the KImI .
chemical system.
chemical family : A group of elements
whose chemical properties are similar.
GMbUrKImI ³ RkumFatuKImIEdlmanlkçN³KImIRbhak;RbEhlKña.
chemical flux : In a chemical reaction,
the amount of a given substance per unit
PøúcKImI ³ kñúgRbtikmµKImI brimaNénsarFatumYyCaxñatmaDRtUv)an
volume transformed per unit time. Also
known as chemiflux.
bMElgCaxñatry³eBlvij.
chemical formula : a shorthand method
used to show the number and type of
rUbmnþKImI ³ viFIbMRbYjeRbIsMrab;bgðajcMnYnnigRbePTénGatUmenAkñúg
atoms present in the smallest
representative unit of a substance; the
ÉktatagtUcbMputénsarFatu. rUbmnþKImIénGam:Uj:ak;EdlmanmYyGatUm
chemical formula of ammonia, with one GIuRdUEsnnigbIGatUmGIuRdUEsntageday NH .3
nitrogen and three hydrogens is NH3.
chemical indicator : Compound whose
color depends on the hydronium ion
Fatucg¥úlBN’KImI ³ smasFatuEdlBN’rbs;vaERbRbYleTAtam
concentration, (pH) in its solution. Most
indicators have just two colors and
kMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRdUjÚ:m (pH)enAkñúgsUluysüúgrbs;va. Fatucg¥úlBN’
indicate whether the hydronium ion PaKeRcInmanBN’BIrehIybgðajfaetIkMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRdUjÚ:menAxagelI
concentration is above or below a certain
[H30+] value. b¤enAxageRkamtMélc,as;las; [H 0 ].
3
+
chemical inhibitor : A substance

capable of stopping or retarding a
Fatubg¥ak; ³ sarFatuEdlGacbBaÄb; b¤BnüWtRbtikmµKImI.
chemical reaction.
chemical kinetics : (reaction kinetics)
The branch of physical chemistry
sIuenTicKImI ³ (RbtikmµsIuenTic)EpñkmYYyénKImIrUbEdlsikSaBIclnkar
concerned with the mechanisms and
rates of chemical reactions.
nigel,ÓnénRbtikmµKImI.
chemical periodicity : Cyclic or
periodic repeating of chemical and
xYbFatuKImI ³ vdþ b¤xYbénlkçN³rUbnigKImIrbs;FatuKImICamYykMeNIn
physical properties with increasing
atomic weight caused by the
ma:sGatUmEdlbNþalmkBIkartMerobeGLicRtugCMuvijGatUm.
arrangement of electrons around atoms.
chemical property : The ability of a
substance to undergo chemical reactions
lkçN³KImI ³ lT§PaBénsarFatukñúgdMeNIrkarRbtikmµKImInigkúñgkMN
and to form new substances. sarFatufµI.
chemical reaction : A reaction where
bonds between atoms are broken in
RbtikmµKImI ³ RbtikmµEdlsm<½n§rvagGatUmRtUv)anxUtxatkñúgFatub¤
reactant elements or compounds to form
new compounds (products).
smasFatuRbtikredIm,IbegáItCasmasFatufµI (plitpl).

61
chemical shift : Shift in a nuclear

magnetic-resonance spectrum resulting
rMkilKImI ³ rMkilkñúgs,úicersUNg;ma:ej:TicnuyekøEG‘EdlTTYl)anBIkar
from diamagnetic shielding of the nuclei
by the surrounding electrons.
karBardüama:ej:TicénéNVyUe: dayeGLicRtugCMuvij.
chemical symbol : A one or two letter
abbreviation used to represent each of
nimitþsBaØaKImI ³ GkSrkat;mYyb¤BIreRbIedIm,ItageGayFatunimYy².
the elements.
chemiluminescence : Is emission of
light resulting from a chemical reaction
KImIBnøW³ karbeBa©jBnøwEdlCalTVpl)anmkBIRbtikmµKImI (dUcCa
(such as the slow oxidation of
phosphorus) without an apparent change
GuksIutkmµyWténpUsVr)edayKµankarpøas;bþÚrsItuNðPaB. varYmman
in temperature. It includes bioluminescence, phosphorescence, fluorescence.
bioluminescence, phosphorescence,
fluorescence
chemiosmosis : A chemical reaction
occurring through an intervening
KImIGUsµÚs ³ RbtikmµKImIekIteLIgtamPñasGDÆRCab.
semipermeable membrane. Also known
as chemosmosis.
chemiosmotic theory : Theory stating
that the energy released by the flow of
RTwsþIKImIGUsµÚs ³ RTwsþIEdlEcgfafamBlEdlRtUv)anrMedaHedaylMhUr
electrons along the electron-transport
chain is used to establish a proton
éneGLicRtugtamExSdwkCBa¢ÚneGLicRtugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IbegIát
gradient. This high-energy gradient can lMdab;kMritRbUtug. famBlx<s;enHGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IdMeNIrkarskmµ
be used to do work, including the
synthesis of ATP. PaBdayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarsMeyaK ATP.
chemistry : The study of the structure,
properties, and composition of
KImI ³ karsikSaGMBITMrg; lkçN³ nigsmasPaBénsarFatuu nigbMErbMrYl
substances, and the changes that
substances undergo.
énsarFatuenaH.
chemotherapy : The treatment of
disease using specific chemical
karBüa)aleday»sf ³ karBüa)alCMgWEdleRbIR)as;smasFatuKImI
compounds. yfaRbePT.
Chinese white : A term used in the paint
industry for zinc oxide and kaolin used
BN’scin ³ BaküeRbIR)as;kñúg]sSahkmµfñaMBN’sMrab;s½gásIGuksIut
as a white pigment. Also known as zinc
white.
nigekALaMgEdleRbIR)as;CaCatiBN’s. eKehAmüa:geTotfa s½gásIs.
chiral center : Tetrahedral atom with
four different substituents.
mNÐlKIra:l ³ GatUmetRtaEGtEdlmanFatuCMnYsbYnxusKña.
chirality : An object is chiral if it cannot
be superimposed on its mirror image.
PaBKIra:l; ³ vtßúmYyCaKIra:l;luHRtaEtvaminGacRtÜtsIuKña)antamrUbPaB
This word is derived from the Greek
word for “hand” because hands are
rbs;vakñúgkBa©k;. BaküenHkøaymkBIBaküRkicKW :éd :eRBaHédman
chiral. lkçN³KIra:l;. emIleGNg;tüÚEm.
chitin : Structural polysaccharide found
in arthropods similar to cellulose but has
KITIn ³ b:UlIsakarItTMrg;RbTHeXIjenAkñúgeRKagq¥wgxageRkArbs;Gak-
an amide in place of an –OH on carbon
number 2 of the glucose residues.
RtUbUt: EdlmansNæanRbhak;RbEhlnwgEsluyLÚsEtmanRkumGamIt
CMnYs-OHenAelIkabUnelxBIrénKøúykUs.
chloride : 1.A compound which is
derived from hydrochloric acid and
kørY ³ 1.smasFatuEdl)anmkBIGasIutkørIRDic nigmanGatUmkørzitkñúg
contains the chlorine atom in the –1
oxidation state. 2. In general, any binary
PaBGuksIutkmµ-1. 2. CaTUeTA smasFatueTVFatuEdlmankørY.
compound containing chloride.
chlorination : 1. Introduction of chlorine
into a compound.
kørkmµ ³ 1.kardak;køreTAkñúgsmasFatu. 2.karrMgab;mIRkubkñúgTwkeday
2. Water sterilization by chlorine gas. bBa©Úl]sµ½nkør.

62
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Organic

compounds containing halogens, which
kør:UPøúyGr:UkabUn ³ smasFatusrIragÁpÞúkGaLÚEsnEdlRtUv)aneKeRbI
were used in the past in refrigerators and
air conditioners. When released into the
R)as;kñúgTUrTwkkk nigkñúgm:asuInRtCak;kalBIGtItkal. enAeBlvaPay
atmosphere they destroy the ozone layer eTAkñúgbriyakas vabMpøajRsTab;GUsUnEdlkarBarPavrs;edayRsUbyk
which protects living things by
absorbing ultra violet radiation from the kaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtaBIRBHGaTitü.
sun.
chlorophyll : A green substance which
gives leaves their color. Chlorophyll
kør:UPIl ³ sarFatuBN’ébtgEdleFIVeGaysøwkrukçCatimanBN’ébtg.
takes in energy from sunlight, and a
plant uses this energy to make food for
kørU:PIlRsUbykfamBlBIBnøWRBHGaTitü ehIyrukçCatieRbIfamBlenH
itself (photosynthesis). Chlorophyll edIm,IplitGaharsMrab;xøÜnva (rsµIsMeyaK). m:UelKulkørUP: IlKWCama:ej:-
molecules are magnesium containing
porphyrins related to cytochrome and süÚmmanb:PIrInEdlTak;TgeTAnwgsIutURkUm nigeGm:UkøÚb‘Ín.
haemoglobin.
Cholesteric crystals : Liquid crystals
with molecules arranged in distinct
RkamkUelesþric ³ Rkamravmanm:UelKultMerobkñúgRsTab;epSg²BIKña
layers, in which the axes of the
molecules are parallel to the plane of the
EdlkñúgenaHG½kSm:UelKulRsbKñaeTAnwgbøg;énRsTab;TaMgenaH.
layers.
cholesteric material : A liquid crystal
material in which the elongated
rUbFatukUelesþric ³ rUbFatuRkamravEdlm:UelKulEvgRsbKñaenAkñúg
molecules are parallel to each other
within the plane of a layer, but the
bøg;énRsTab; b:uEnþTisedAénkarbgðajTisRtUvrmYlbnþicBIRsTab;mYy
direction of orientation is twisted slightly eTARsTab;mYyedIm,IbegáItExSGgáÜjtamRsTab;TaMgenaH.
from layer to layer to form a helix
through the layers.
cholesteric phase : A form of the
nematic phase of a liquid crystal in
paskUelesþric ³ TMrg;énpasenma:TicénRkamravEdlm:UelKulman
which the molecules are spiral. ragregVl.
cholesterol : Most abundant steroid in
animals. It is an important constituent of
kUelesþr:ul ³ esþrU:GIutEdlsMbUrbMputcMeBaHstV. vaCaFatubgásMxan;én
blood plasma lipoproteins and membrane
lipids. High concentrations in the blood
lIbU:RbUetGIun)øasµaQam niglIBItPñas. kMhab;kUelesþru:lx<s;enAkñúg
are linked to atherosclerosis. QamTak;TgeTAnwgCMgWsÞHsrésQam.
Christiansen effect : Transparency to
monochromatic light when finely
pl Christiansen ³ PaBemIleXIjqøúHénBnøWm:UNURkUma:TicenAeBl
powdered substances such as glass or
quartz are immersed in a liquid having
sarFatuemSAm:t;dUcCaEkv b¤kVatRtUv)anTMlak;eTAkñúgvtßúravEdlman
the same refractive index. snÞsSn_cMNaMgEbrdUcKña.
chromatogram : The pattern formed by
zones of separated pigments and of
RkUma:tURkam ³ TMrg;KMrUEdlekIteLIgedaytMbn;énCatiBN’Ejkdac;BIKña
colorless substance in chromatographic
procedures.
nigtMbn;énsarFatuKµanBN’kñúglMnaMRkUma:tURkaPic.
chromatography : Technique for the
separation of a mixture of molecules
RkUm:atURkaPI ³ bec©keTssMrab;karEjkl,aym:UelKulEdlrlaykñúg
dissolves in a liquid or a gas phase, by
differences in their movement over a
pasrav b¤]sµ½nedayPaBxusKñaénclnarbs;vaelIs‘ub®sþaEdlenAnwg.
stationary substrate. Separation of the karEjkl,ayekIteLIgedaysarPaBxusKñaénkMritrlaynig b¤sMrUbén
mixture occurs because of differences in
solubility and/or adsorption of the m:UelKulkñúgpasxusKñaTaMgBIrenaH. su‘b®sþaGacCaEClb¤rwg.
molecules for the two different phases.
The substrate can be a gel or a solid. It vaGacdak;eTAkñúgsIuLaMgbBaÄr¬kUeLan¦b¤BRgayeTAkñúgRsTab;esþIg
can be packed into a cylindrical column
or spread into a thin layer.
)an.

63
chromophore : An arrangement of
atoms that gives rise to color in many
RkÚm:Upr³ kartMerobGatUmEdlecjCaBN’kñúgsarFatusrIragÁCaeRcIn.
organic substances.
chromosomes : Complexes of DNA and
proteins found in the nucleus of
RkÚm:UsUm ³ kMupøic ADN nigRbUetGIunRbTHeXIjenAkñúgéNVy:Uénekasika
eucaryotic cells. These structures carry
genetic information.
GWkarIy:Ut. TMrg;enaHpÞúkBt’manesenTic.
chronoamperometry : Electroanalysis
by measuring the rate of change of
RkÚNUGMEBmaRt ³ eGLicRtUviPaKedaykarvas;el,ÓnénkarERbRbYlén
current versus time at a working
electrode during a titration while the
crnþeTAnwgry³eBleGLicRtUtdMeNIrkarkñúgeBlGRtakmµcMENkb:Utg;-
potential is controlled. EsülRtUv)anRtYtBinitü.
Chugaev reaction : The thermal
decomposition of methyl esters of
Rbtikmµ Chugaev ³ karbMEbkedaykMedAénemTIleGEsÞénsg;tat
xanthates to yield olefins without
rearrangement.
edIm,Ipþl;plCaGUelPInedayKµankartMerobeLIgvij.
chyme : Partially digested food in the
stomach and small intestine.
sIum ³ cMNIGaharEdlRtUv)anrMlayedayEpñkkñúgRkBH nigeBaHevon
tUc.
cigarette burning : The type of
burning induced in a solid grain by
cMehH)arI ³ RbePTéncMehHEdlnaMeGaymanRKab;rwgedayGaceGay
permitting burning on one end only, so
that the burning progresses in the
eqHenAelIcugmçagEtb:ueNaÑH dUecñHkareqHenaHbnþkñúgTisedAbeNaþy
direction of the longitudinal axis, in G½kSkñúgFatuCMrujr:ukEkt emSABN’exµA FatuBnüarKµan]sµ½n nigkaMRCYc.
rocket propellants, black powder, gasless
delay elements, and fireworks.
cis- : prefix meaning on the same side.
Used to describe the relative positions of
suIs ³ buBVbTmann½yfaenAcMehogEtmçagdUcKña. eKeRbI;sMrab;BN’na
two groups substituted in organic
compounds with double bonds. (See
BITItaMgeFobénRkumBIrEdlRtUv)anCMnYskñúgsmasFatusrIragÁEdlman
trans-). sm<½n§BIrCan;¬emIl Trans¦.
cis-trans isomerism : A type of
geometric isomerism found in alkenes in
GIusUEmsIus-Rtg; ³ RbePTénGIusUEmFrNImaRtRbTHeXIjkñúgGal;Esn
which it is possible for each of the
carbons joined by a double bond to carry
EdlkñúgenaHkabUnnImYy²EdlPa¢b;Kñaedaysm<½n§BIrCan; GacdwknaMGatUm
two different atoms or groups; two b¤RkumGatUmBIrxusKña. GatUmBIrb¤RkumBIrEdlRsedogKñaGacenAEtmçag
similar atoms or groups may be on the
same side (cis) or on opposite sides (sIus) b¤enAsgxagpÞúyKña (Rtg;) énm:UelKulenaH.
(trans) of the molecule.
Claisen condensation : 1.Condensation
of esters or of esters and ketones, in the
kugdg;kmµ Claisen ³ 1.Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµéneGEsÞ b¤éneGEsÞnigestUn
presence of sodium ethoxide to form β-
dicarbonyl compounds. 2. Condensation
kñúgvtþmanénsUdüÚmeGtuksIutedIm,IbegáItsmasFatuβ-DIkabUnIl.
of arylaldehydes and acylphenones with 2.Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµénGarIlGal;edGIut nigGasIulepNUnCamYyeGEsÞ
esters or ketones in the presence of
sodium ethoxide to yield unsaturated b¤estUnkúñgvtþmanénsUdüÚmeGtuksIutedIm,Ipþl;plCaeGEsÞminEq¥t.
esters. Also known as Claisen reaction.
eKehAmüa:geTotfa Rbtikmµ Claisen.
Claisen flask : A glass flask with a U-
shaped neck, used for distillation.
Ekv Claisen ³ EkvmankragCaGkSr U EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;
bMNit.
Claisen reaction :
condensation
See Claisen
Rbtikmµ Claisen ³ emIl Claisen condensation.

64
Claisen rearrangement : A change in

the position of a sigma bond caused by
bNþÚTItaMg Claisen ³ karpøas;bþÚrTItaMgénsm½<n§siucma:Edl
heat in which an allyl phenyl ether is
rearranged to yield an ortho-allylphenol.
bNþalmkBIkMedAEdlkúñgenaHGalIlepnIleGETRtUvtMerobeLIgvij
edIm,Ipþl;plCaGrtUGalIlepNul.
Claisen-Schmidt condensation : A
reaction used for preparation of
kugdg;kmµ Claisen-Schmidt ³ RbtikmµeRbIsMrab;eFVIGal;edGIutminEq¥t
unsaturated aldehydes and ketones by
condensation of aromatic aldehydes with
nigestUnedaykugdg;kmµénGal;edGIutGar:Uma:TicCamYyGalIpaTicGal;-
aliphatic aldehydes or ketones in the edGIut b¤estUnkñúgvtþmanénsUdüÚmGIuRduksIut.
presence of sodium hydroxide.
classify : To put objects or ideas that are
similar into groups.
Eckfñak; ³ dak;vtßú b¤GIV²EdlRbhak;RbEhleTACaRkum.
clathrate : A solid mixture in which
atoms of an element or small molecules
køaRtat ³ l,ayvtßúrwgEdlkñúgenaHGatUménFatuKImIb¤m:UelKultUc²
are trapped in holes in the crystal lattice
of another substance. They are not held
RtUv)anCab;enAkúñgRbehagkñúgRbTasRkaménsarFatumYyepSgeTot.
by chemical bonds and so are not true vaminRtUv)anP¢ab;edaysm½<n§KImI dUecñHvaminEmnCasmasFatuBitR)akd
compounds, e.g. SO2 and Xenon form
clathrates with ice. Also known as cage eT. ]TahrN_ SO nigesNug (Xe) begáItkøaRtatCamYyTwkkk.
2
compound, inclusion
enclosure compound.
compound,
eKehAmüa:geTotfa smasFatuRTug smasFatubBa©Úl smasFatuPa¢b;.
clathrochelate : A type of coordination
compound containing a metal ion both
køaRtUKILat ³ RbePTsmasFatukUGrDINasüúgEdlmanGIuy:ugelah³
coordinately saturated and enclosed by a
single ligand.
RtUvsRmbsRmYlTaMgeFIVeGayEq¥t nigP¢ab;edaylIkg;EtmYy.
CLS : emIl characteristic loss spectroscopy.
CLS : See characteristic loss
spectroscopy.
coacervate : A collection of organic
macromolecules surrounded by water
kUGaEs‘va: ³ bNþúMma:RkUmUe: lKulsrIragÁEdlB½T§CMuvijedaym:UelKulTwk
molecules, aligned to form a sphere. tMerobKñaedIm,IbegáItCaEs‘VmYy.
coagulant :
coagulation.
An agent that causes
Fatubgák ³ Pñak;garEdlbNþaleGaymankarkk.
coagulation : The process by which
colloidal particles join together to form
kMNk ³ dMeNIrkarEdlPaKli¥tkULÚGIutP¢ab;KñaedIm,IbegáItCadMuFM.
larger masses. Ions with high charge
(e.g. Al3+) are very effective and are used
GIuyu:gEdlmanbnÞúkFM (]TahrN_ Al ) manRbsiTi§PaBNas; nigRtUv)an
3+
in medicines that cause blood to eRbIkñúg»sfsMrab;eFIVeGayQamkk nigedIm,IbnSúT§TwkkñúgkarsMGatTwk

coagulate, and to purify water in
sewerage treatment. s¥úy.
coal : A brown or black carbonaceous
mineral substance of fossil origin,
FüÚgfµ ³ sarFatuEr:EdlpÞúkkabUnBN’etñatb¤exµAénRbPBpUsIulEdl
formed over millions of years by the
compression of dead plants.
)anekIteLIgrab;lanqñaMedaykarbgðab;énrukçCatiEdlgab;.
coal-tar dye : Dye made from a coal-tar
hydrocarbon or a derivative such as
l½xCr½FüÚgfµ ³ l½xEdleFIVeLIgBIGIuRdUkabYCr½FüÚgfµb¤RsLay dUcCa
benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, or
aniline.
bg;Esn tUluyEGn sIuELn Nab;pþaELn b¤GanIlIn.
cochineal : A red dye made of the dried
bodies of the female cochineal insect
kUKIenGal ³ l½xBN’RkhmEdleFVIVeLIgBIGgÁFatus¶ÜténstVl¥itkUKI
(COCCUS cacti), found in Central
America and Mexico; used as a
enGaljI (Coccus cacti) EdlRbTHeXIjenAGaemrickNþal nigmiuc
biological stain and acid-base indicator. siuc. vaRtUv)aneRbICafñaMlabCIvsa®sþ nigFatucg¥úlBN’GasIut-)as.

65
codon : Three-base sequence in mRNA

that determines what amino acid is
kUdug ³ lMdab;)asbIkñúg ARNmEdlkMNt;faetIGasIutGamIenGVIRtUv
inserted into the polypeptide chain.
Ultimately the sequence of codons in
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgExSb:UlIbiubTItenATIbMputlMdab;énkUdugkñúg ARNmkMNt;
mRNA determines the primary sequence lMdab;dMbUgénRbUetGIun.
of proteins.
coenzyme : Name given to organic non-
protein molecules that associate with an
kUGg;sIum ³ eQµaHdak;eGaym:UelKulsrIragÁminEmnRbUetGIunEdlcUlrYm
enzyme molecule
biochemical reactions.
in catalysing CamYym:UelKulGg;sIumkñúgkatalIsRbtikmµKImICIv³.
cofactor : Non-aminoacid portion of
some enzymes. They can be organic
kUhVak;T½r ³ EpñkEdlminEmnCaGasIutGamIenénGg;sIummYycMnYn.
molecules (coenzymes) or inorganic
ions.
vaGacCam:UelKulsrIragÁ (kUGg;sIum) b¤GIuy:ugGsrIragÁ.
cohesion : The attraction between like
molecules.
kMlaMgTMnaj ³ TMnajrvagm:UelKulnigm:UelKul .
cohesive end : Sections
single-stranded DNA at the ends of
of
cugP¢ab; ³ Epñkén ADN Rcvak;eTal sßitenAxagcug ADN Rcvak;eTV
double-stranded DNA that can stick the
two ends of the molecule together by
EdlGacP¢ab;cugm:UelKulTaMgBIrCamYyKña)anedaykarbMeBjKU)asKña.
complementary base pairing
coke : A from of carbon used in the
extraction of iron from iron ore. Coke
FúÚügkUk ³ sNæankabUnEdlRtUveKeRbIkñúgkarcMraj;EdkBIEr:Edk. FüÚg
comes from coal that is heated without
air similar to the preparation of charcoal
kUk)anmkBIkardutkMedAFüÚgfµkñúgLKµanxül;RsedogKñaeTAnwgdutFüÚg
from wood. BIeQIEdr.
colligative properties : Properties of
solutions that are affected only by the
lkçN³kUlIkaTIv ³ lkçN³rbs;sUluysüúgEdlrg\T§iBlEtBIkMhab;
concentration of the solute, not by its
chemical identity, e.g. osmotic pressure,
Faturlaybu:eNÑaH minEmnedayGtþsBaØaNKImIrbs;vaeT ]TahrN_
lowering of vapour pressure or freezing sMBaFGUsµÚTic karFøak;cuHénsMBaFcMhay b¤cMNuckMNkkMeNInéncMNuc
point, elevation of boiling point.
rMBuH.
collision diameter : The distance
between the centers of two molecules
viCÆmaRtTgÁic ³ cMgayrvagmCÆmNÐlénm:UelKulBIrEdlcUlrYmkñúg
taking part in a collision at the time of
their closest approach.
karb:HTgÁicKñaenAry³eBlénkarxitCitKñabMputrbs;va.
collision theory : Theory of chemical
reaction proposing that the rate of
RTwsþITgÁic ³ RTwsþIénRbtikmµKImIEdlesñIfa el,ÓnénkarbegáItplitpl
product formation is proportional to the
number of reactant-molecule collisions.
smamaRteTAnwgcMnYnrvagkarTgÁicrvagm:UelKul-Rbtikr.
collodion : Cellulose nitrate deposited
from a solution of 60% ether and 40%
kULÚdüúg ³ EsluyLÚsnIRtatkekItBIsUluysüúgEdlmaneGET 60%
alcohol, used for making fibers and film
and in membranes for dialysis.
nigGal;kul 40% nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVsrésnighVIl nigkñúgPñassMrab;
düalIs.
collodion replication : Production of a
faithful collodion-film mold of a
karcMlgkULÚdüúg ³ karplitBum<hIVlkULÚdüúgBiténépÞPaKsMNak
specimen surface (e.g., powders, bones, (]TahrN_ emSA q¥wg mIRkUsarBagÁkay Rkam) EdlesþIglµmGacsikSa
microorganisms, crystals) which is
sufficiently thin to be studied by electron edayviFImIRkUTsSn_eGLicRtug)an.
microscopy.

66
colloid : A liquid mixture containing

particles that are intermediate in size
kULÚGIut ³ l,ayvtßúravpÞúkPaKl¥itCaeRcInEdlmanTMhMmFümcenøaHrvag
between those of a suspension and a true
solution; these particles are evenly
FatuGENþtvilvl; nigsUluysüúgBit. PaKl¥itTaMgenHRtUv)anBRgay
distributed throughout the liquid and do sBVeBjvtßúrav nigminrgcuHCamYyeBlevlaeT. rYmmansUluysüúg
not settle with time. Includes sols,
emulsions, gels, aerosols and foams. kULÚGIut eGmulsüúg eCl GaeGr:Usul nigBBuH.
colorimeter : A device for measuring
concentration of a known constituent in
kULÚrIEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;kMhab;énFatubgáEdleKsÁal;kñúg
solution by comparison with colors of a
few solutions of known concentration of
sUluysüúgedaykareRbobeFobCamYyBN’énsUluysüúgBIrbI EdleK
that constituent. Also known as sÁal;kMhab;énFatubgáenaH. eKehAmüa:geTotfa RkUmUE: m:Rt.
chromometer.
colorimetric titration: A titration which
uses a change in the color of an indicator
GRtakmµkULÚrIemRTic³ GRtakmµEdleRbIbMErbMrYlBN’énFatucg¥úl
to show the end point of the reaction. BN’edIm,IbgðajBIcMNucbBa©b;énRbtikmµ.
combined gas law : See gas law
c,ab;]sµ½nbnSM ³ emIl gas law.
combining-volumes principle : The
principle that when gases take part in
eKalkarN_bnSMmaD ³ eKalkarN_EdlenAeBl]sµ½ncUlrYmkñúg
chemical reactions the volumes of the
reacting gases and those of the gaseous
RbtikmµKImImaD]sµ½nRbtikmµnigmaDplitpl]sµ½nsßitkñúgpleFobén
products are in the ratio of small whole cMnYnelxmUltYc²Edlkarvas;TaMgGs;RtUv)aneFVIenAsItuNðPaBnigsMBaF
numbers, provided that all measurements
are made at the same temperature and dUcKña. eKehAmüa:geTotfa c,ab;maD Gay-Lussac.
pressure. Also known as Gay-Lussac’s
law of volumes.
combustion : the burning of gas, liquid,
or solid, in which the fuel is oxidised,
cMehH ³ kardut]sµ½n vtßúrav b¤rwgEdlkñúgenaH\nÞn³rgGuksIutkmµbegáIt
evolving heat and light. kMedAnigBnøW.
combustion wave : A zone of burning
material spreading through a
rlkcMehH ³ tMbn;énrUbFatueqHrIkraldalkñúgmCÄdæanGaceqH b¤l,ay
combustible medium or explosive
mixture.
pÞúH.
common-ion effect : The lowering of
the amount of ionization of a compound
plGIuy:ugrYm ³ karfycuHénbrimaNGIuy:ugkmµénsmasFatumYyenA
when another ionizable compound that
contains the same ion, is added to a
eBlsmasFatuGacbMEbkCaGIuyu:gmYyepSgeTotEdlmanGIuyu:gdUcKña
solution. RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúgsUluysüúg.
competitive inhibitor : Reversible
inhibitor that binds to the active site of
Fatubg¥ak;RbECg ³ Fatubg¥ak;GacRtLb;)anEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgkEnøg
an enzyme and thus competes with the
substrate.
skmµénGg;sIum nigbnÞab;mkRbECgCamYys‘ub®sþa.
complementary bases : Pairs of bases
that hydrogen-bond to each other in
)asbMeBj ³ KU)asEdlbMeBjKñatamsm<½n§GIuRdUEsnkñúgGasIutnuy-
nucleic acids; guanine pairs with
cytosine and adenine pairs with thymine
ekøGiuc KWháanInKUCamYysIutUsIun nigGaednInKUCamYyTImIn b¤Gu‘yra:sIul
(or uracil in RNA). kñúg ARN.
complete reaction: A reaction in which
the reactants change completely into
RbtikmµsBV³ RbtikmµEdlRbtikrbþÚreTACaplitplTaMgGs;.
products.
complex : (complex compound) a
compound in which molecules or ions
kuMpiøc ³ (smasFatukuMpiøc ) smasFatuEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKul b¤GIuy:ug
form coordinate bonds to a metal atom
or ion.
begáItsm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgeTAnwigGatUmb¤GIuyu:gelah³.

67
complex carbohydrates : Digestible

polysaccharides of the diet; mostly
kabUGIuRdatkMupiøc ³ b:UlIsakarItEdlGacrMlay)anénGaharPaKeRcIn
starches. CaGamIdug.
complex compound : a compound in
which molecules or ions form coordinate
smasFatukMupiøc ³ smasFatuEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKul b¤GIuy:ugbegáIt
bonds to a metal atom or ion. sm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgeTAnwigGatUm b¤GIuyu:gelah³.
complex ion : a complex, electrically
charged group of atoms or radical.
GIuy:ugsaMjúaM ³ RkumGatUmb¤r:aDIkal;manbnÞúkGKÁisnIsaMjúMa.
complexometric titration : A technique
of volumetric analysis in which the
GRtakmµkuMpiøcsUemRTic ³ bec©keTsénkarviPaKmaDEdlkñúgenaHkMN
formation of a colored complex is used
to indicate the end point of a titration.
kuMpiøcBN’RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;cg¥úlbgðajBIcMNucbBa©b;énGRtakmµ. eKehA
Also known as chelatometry. Also müa:geTotfa ekLatmaRt. eKsresrmüa:geTotfa GRtakmµkMupiøcsIu-
spelled compleximetric titration.
emRTic.
component : A distinct chemical species
in a mixture.
smasPaK ³ RbePTKImIepSg²Kñakñúgl,ay.
composition : The elements or
compounds making up a material or
smasPaB ³ Fatu b¤smasFatuEdlbgárUbFatu b¤RtUv)anbegáIteLIg
produced from it by analysis. BIrUbFatuedaykarviPaK.
compound : Pure substance containing
elements in definite and constant
smasFatu ³ sarFatusuT§EdlmanFatukñúgsmamaRtkMNt;nigefr.
proportion. E.g., sugar (sucrose) is
always 42.1 percent carbon, 6.4 percent
]TahrN_ sár¬su‘RkUs¦mankabUn 42,1% GIuRdUEsn 6,4% nigGuksIu-
hydrogen, and 51.5 percent oxygen by Esn 51,5% Cama:s. smasPaKenHGacEjkecjtamRbtikmµKImI.
weight. Its components can only be
separated by chemical reactions.
compound fertilizer : A fertilizer that
provides nitrogen, potassium and
CIsmas ³ CIEdlpþl;GasUt b:UtasüÚm nigpUsVr.
phosphorus.
compound formula : Formula of an
ionic compound, which gives the identity
rUbmnþsmasFatu ³ rUbmnþsmasFatuGIuyU:nicEdlpþl;GtþsBaØaN
and number of each atom in the smallest
repeating unit of the compound.
nigcMnYnGatUmnimYy²kñúgsmasFatukúñgkMritÉktatUcbMput.
compound ion : A complex, electrically
charged group of atoms or radical.
GIuy:ugsmas ³ kuMpøic RkumGatUm rWra:DIkal;manbnÞúkGKÁisnI.
Compton effect : Reduction in the
energy of high-energy radiation when it
plkugtug ³ karbnßyfamBlkaMrsIµfamBlx<s; enAeBlvaRtUvRBac
is scattered by free electrons. Some of
the energy of the radiation is transferred
edayeGLicRtugesrI. famBlkaMrsIµRtUv)anepÞreTAeGayeGLicRtug
to the electrons and so the wavelength of TaMgenaH dUecñHehIyCMhanrlkénkaMrsIµekIneLIg. RbePTénkarRBac
the radiation increases. This type of
scattering is similar to the Raman Effect. enHRsedogKñaeTAnwgplra:ma:n;Edr.
Compton rule : An empirical law
stating that the heat of fusion of an
viFankugtug ³ viFansMGagelIBiesaFn_EdleBalfa kMedArlayénFatu
element times its atomic weight divided
by its melting point in degrees Kelvin
mYyKuNnwgma:sGatUmrbs;va EcknwgcMNucrlayKitCadWeRkEklvin esIµ
equals approximately 2. nwgRbEhl 2.
concave grating: a reflection grating
that both collimates and focuses light.
RbTascMNaMgBnøWpt³ RbTascMNaMgBnøWEdlRbmUlpþúMBnøWpgnigtMrg;
Also called a Rowland grating. BnøWCassrpg. ehAmüa:geTotfaRbTas Rowland.
concentrated : Description of a solution
that has a high concentration of solute.
xab; ³ karBN’naBIsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;énFaturlayx<s;.

68
concentration : Measure of the amount

of solute per unit of solution, expressed
kMhab; ³ rgVas;brimaNFaturlaykñúgmYyxñatsUluysüúgEdlbBa¢ak;
as mass per unit volume, weight
percentage, volume percentage, or moles
BIma:skñúgmYyxñatmaD PaKryCama:s PaKryCamaD b¤Cam:UlkñúgmYy
per liter. lIRt.
concentration cell : Electro-chemical
cell in which the electro-motive force is
BilkMhab; ³ BileGLicRtUKImIEdlkñúgenaHkMlaMgclna
due to a difference in electrolyte
concentrations at the anode and the
eGLicRtugGaRs½yeTAnwgPaBxusKñakñúgkMhab;eGLicRtUlItenAxag
cathode. GaNUt nigkatUt.
concentration gradient : The gradual
difference in the concentration of a
CRmalkMhab; ³ PaBxusKñasnSwm²énkMhab;FaturlaykñúgpasFatu
solute throughout the solvent phase. rMlay.
concomitant : Any species in a material
undergoing chemical analysis other than
FatuviPaKdMNalKña ³ RbePTNamYykñúgrUbFatuEdlTTYlrgkarviPaK
the component being analysed or the
solvent in which the sample is dissolved.
KImIeRkABIsmasPaKEdlkMBugRtUvviPaK b¤FaturMlayEdlkñúgenaHPaK
sMNakRtUv)anrMlay.
condensation : The change in state of a
gas to a liquid or a solid. Heat is
kugdg;kmµ ³ karbNþÚrBIsNæan]sµ½neTACavtßúurav b¤rwg. kMedA
produced. RtUv)anplit.
condensation polymerization :
formation of high-molecular-weight
The
b:UlIkugdg;kmµ ³ kMNb:UlIEmEdlmanma:sm:UelKulFMBImUN : UEm
polymers from
condensation reactions.
monomers by CaeRcInedayRbtikmµkugdg;kmµ.
condensation reaction : A chemical
reaction in which two molecules
Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµ ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulBIrpSMKñabegáIt
combine to form a larger molecule by
producing a smaller molecule (e.g. H2O).
)anCam:UelKulFMCagedaykarbegáItCam:UelKultUcCag (]TahrN_ H O) 2
condensed formula : Condensed

representation of a chemical structure
rUbmnþbMRbÜj ³ kartagbMRbÜjénTMrg;FatuKImIEdlmineRbIsm<½n§Qr
that leaves out the vertical bonds and
shows the whole structure set on one
nigbgðajBITMrg;TaMgmUlenAkúñgCYrEtmYy dUcCa CH CH CH .
3 2 3
line, such as CH3CH2CH3.

condensed phase : A solid, liquid, or
solution.
paskMNk ³ vtßúrwg vtúßrav b¤sUluysüúg.
condenser : A devise used to cool
vapour to cause it to condense into a
sItkr ³ eRKOgeRbIsMrab;eFVIcMhayRtCak;eGayvakkeTACavtúßrav.
liquid.
conductivity : A measure of how well a
material conducts heat or electricity.
PaBcMlg ³ rgVas;bgðajfaetIrUbFatucMlgGKÁisnI b¤kMedAl¥kMritNa.
conductometric titration : A titration
in which electrical conductance of a
GRtakmµFatucMlgmaRt ³ GRtakmµEdlkñúgenaHFatucMlgénsUluy-
solution is measured during the titration.
A sudden change in conductivity
süúgRtUv)anvas;kúñgeBlGRtakmµ. karpøas;bþÚrPaøm²kñúgPaBcMlgEdl
indicates the equivalence point. Used for cg¥úlbgðajBIcMNucsmmUl. vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;kareFIVGRtakmµ
titrating colored solutions in which
indicators cannot be used. sUluysüúgBN’EdlkñúgenaHFatucg¥úlBN’minGaceRbI)an.
conductor : A material that conducts
heats or electricity.
GgÁFatucMlg ³ rUbFatuEdlcMlgGKÁisnI rWkMedA.
configuration : 1. The three-
dimensional spatial arrangement of
rUbsNæan rWkugPIKUra:süúg ³ 1.tMerobkñúglMhvimaRtbIénGatUmkñúg
atoms in a molecule. 2. The arrangement
of electrons about the nucleus of an
m:UelKulmYy. 2.tMerobeGLicRtugénGatUm.
atom.

69
conformation : In a molecule, a
specific orientation of the atoms that
RTg;RTay b¤kugpma:süúg ³ kñúgm:UelKulmYy kartRmg;TisénGatUm
varies from other possible orientations
by rotation or rotations about single
EdlERbRbYlxusBIkartRmg;TisEdlGacekItmanedayrgVil b¤rgiVlCuMvij
bonds; generally in mobile equilibrium sm<½nmYyCan;. CaTUeTAkñúglMnwgcl½tmanRTg;RTayepSgeToténTMrg;
with other conformations of the same
structure. Also known as conformational dUcKña. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GIusUEmkugpma:süúg.
isomer: conformer.
conjugate acid : In Brønsted-Lowry
Theory, the species formed by accepting
GasIutqøas; ³ kñúgRTwsþI Bronsted-Lowry RbePTKImIEdlRtUv)an
a hydrogen ion. It can donate a proton
and so acts as an acid. e.g. HCN is the
bgáeLIgedaykarTTYlGIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn. vaGacpþl;RbUtug dUecñHvaedIrtY
conjugate acid of CN- CaGasIut. ]TahrN_ HCN CaGasIutqøas;én CN . -
conjugate base : In Brønsted-Lowry

Theory, the species formed by loss of a
)asqøas; ³ kñúgRTwsþI Bronsted-Lowry RbePTKImIEdlRtUvanbgá
hydrogen ion from an acid. It can accept
a proton and so acts as a base. e.g. CN- is
eLIgedaykar)at;bg;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsnBIGasIut. vaGacTTYlykRbUtug
the conjugate base of HCN dUecñHvaedIrtYCa)as. ]TahrN_ CN Ca)asqøas;én HCN.
-
conjugate solutions : Solutions formed

between liquids that are partially
sUluysüúgpSMvtßúrav ³ sUluysüúgEdlbegáIteLIgrvagvtßúravEdl
miscible with each other, e.g. phenol and
water.
rlayedayEpñkCamYyKña ]TahrN_ epNulnigTwk.
conjugated polyene : Polyene for which
there are alternating double and single
b:UlIEGnqøas; ³ b:UlIEGnEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan;qøas;CamYysm<½n§mYy
bonds. Can;.
conjugated protein : Protein that
contains one or more non-protein groups
RbUetGIunqøas; ³ RbUetGIunEdlmanRkumminEmnRbUetGIunmYy b¤eRcIn
in addition to amino acids. (The groups
may be organic or inorganic.)
bEnßmelIGasIutGamIen. RkumenHGacCasmasFatusrIragÁ b¤GsrIragÁ.
conservation law : The total mass and
energy of a system always remains the
c,ab;rkSama:snigfamBl ³ ma:snigfamBlsrubénRbB½n§Rbtikmµ
same, even though there may be
exchanges between these properties.
mYYyCanic©kalrkSaenAdEdleTaHbICamankarpøas;bþÚrrvaglkçN³TaMgenH
k¾eday.
conservation of mass : The law stating
that in any chemical change, no
karrkSama:s ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfama:ssrubénRbB½n§RbtikmµsßitenA
detectable change in the total mass of the
system occurs.
dEdleTaHkñúgbMErbMrYlKImINak¾eday.
consolute temperature :
temperature at which two partially
The
sItuNðPaBrYm ³ sItuNðPaBEdlvtþúravBIrGacrlaycUlKñaedayEpñk
miscible liquids become miscible in all
proportions.
køayeTACaGacrlaycUlKñakñúgRKb;smamaRtTaMgGs;.
constantan : An alloy of copper (50-
60%) and nickel (40-50%) whose
kugsþg;tg; ³ sMelah³énTg;Edg (50-60%) nignIEkl (4050%) Edl
resistance varies only slightly as
temperature changes. Used in resistance
PaBFn;rbs;vaERbRbYltictYcb:ueNÑaHenAeBlsItuNðPaBpøas;bþÚr. vaRtUv
wire, thermocouples etc. )aneRbIR)as;kñúgExSlYser:sIusþg; KUETm:U.l.
constant-boiling
azeotrope.
mixture : See
l,ayefrrMBuH ³ emIl azeotrope mixture.
contact process : Method of producing
sulfuric acid involving the catalytic
lMnaMkarb:H ³ viFIplitGasIuts‘ulpYricEdlTak;Tgdl;GuksIutkmµén
oxidation of SO2 to SO3 and dissolving
the SO3 in water.
katalIkr SO eTACa SO rYcrMlay SO kñúgTwk.
2 3 3
contamination : Pollution, infection, to

make impure.
kxVk; ³ kxVk; karbgáCMgW kareFVIeGayminsuT§.

70
continuous spectrum : An sequence of

radiation which is continuously
s,iúcCab; ³ lMdabénkaMrsIµEdlRtUv)anEbgEckdac;²Kña tMbn;e®bkg;
distributed over a frequency region
without being broken up into lines or
edayKµanbMEbkeTACabnÞat;b¤bg;.
bands.
control sample : A material of known
composition that is analyzed along with
PaKsMNakRtYtBinitü¬sþg;da¦ ³ rUbFatumYyEdleKsÁal;smas-
test samples in order to compare the
accuracy of an analytical procedure.
PaB nigRtUveFIVviPaKCamYyPaKsMNaketsþkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IeRbob
eFobPaBCak;lak;énlMnaMviPaKmYy.
controlled experiment : An experiment
in which only one factor is varied.
BiesaFn_RtYtBinitü ³ BiesaFn_EdlkñúgenaHktþaEtmYyKt;RtUv)aneFIV
eGayERbRbYl.
conversion : Change of a compound
from one isomeric form to another.
bMElg ³ bMErbMrYlénsmasFatuBITMrg;GIusUEmmYyeTATMrg;GIusUEmmYy
epSgeTot.
conversion factor : A number used to
change the units of a measurement. e.g.
emKuNbMElg ³ cMnYnmYyEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrxñatén
to convert miles into km, the conversion
factor is 1.6
rgVas;;. ]TahrN_ edIm,IbMEbøgxñatma:yeTACaKILÚEm:Rt emKuNbMElgKW
esIµnwg 1,6.
coordinate covalent bond : Covalent
bond in which both electrons are
sm<½n§kUva:Lg;kUGrDINasüúg ³ sm<½n§kUva:Lg;EdleTVtaeGLicRtug
contributed by one of the atoms. Also
called Dative or semipolar bond.
RtUv)anpþl;edayGatUmmYyénGatUmTaMgGs;. eKehAmü:ageTotfa
sm<½nædaTIv b¤sm<½n§b:UElBak;kNþal.
coordination compound : A complex
coordinate covalent compound formed
smasFatukUGrDINasüúg ³ smasFatukMupøickUGrDINg;kUv:aLg;
by metals with certain ligands. EdlbgáeLIgedayelah:cgsm<½n§CamYylIkg;.
coordination number : A number
specifying the number of sites of
cMnYnkUGrDINasüúg ³ cMnYnEdlbBa¢ak;BIcMnYnkEnøgP¢ab;rbs;lIkg;enA
attachment of ligands in a coordination
compound; the number of ions of
kñúgsmasFatukUGrDINasüúg. cMnYnGIuy:ugénbnÞúkpÞúyKñaEdlB½T§CMuvij
opposite charge that surround each ion in GIuyu:gnimYy²kñúgsUluysüúg.
solution.
copolymer : A mixed polymer; the
product of polymerization of two or
kUb:UlIEm ³ b:UlIEmlayKña. litplénb:UlIEmkmµénm:UNUEmBIrb¤eRcIn
more different monomers. xus²Kña.
coprecipitation : Simultaneous
precipitation of more than one substance.
shkMNkkkr ³ kkrEdlekIteLIgtMNalKñaénsarFatueRcIn.
cordite : An explosive mixture of
cellulose nitrate and nitroglycerin, with
GgÁFatupÞúH ³ l,ayrMesvpÞúHénEsluyLÚsnIRtat nignIRtUKøIesrInEdl
added plasticisers and stabilisers. Used
as a propellant for guns.
bEnßm)aøsÞIsIus½r nigsþab‘ÍlIs½r. vaRtUv)aneKeRbICarMesvsMrab;kaMePøIg.
core orbital : An atomic orbital that is
one of the inner complete shells of an
Grb‘Ítal;kr ³ Grb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlrgVg;eBjxagkñúgénGatUmmYyCa
atom and so usually has little overlap
with core orbitals of another atom.
FmµtamankarRKbelIKñaCamYyGrb‘Ítal;krénGatUmmYyepSgeTot.
cori cycle : Cycle in which lactic acid
produced in muscle is converted back to
vdþkUrI ³ vdþEdlkñúgenaHGasIutLak;TicEdlRtUv)anplitkñúgsac;dMuRtUv
glucose in the liver. )anbþÚrCaKøúykUsvijenAkñúgeføIm.
corrode : To eat away or eat into by
chemical action.
kat; ³ sIudac;ecj b¤sIucUlkñúgedayRbtikmµKImI.

71
corrosion : The slow oxidation of metal

by its environment, usually by oxygen or
karkat; ³ GuksIutkmµyWt²énelah³edaymCÆdæanCMuvijebs;vaCa
water. FmµtaedayGuksIuEsn b¤Twk.
Cotton effect : (for colored substances
or colorless substances with absorption
plkUttug ³ (sMrab;sarFatuBN’ b¤sarFatuKµanBN’CamYybg;sMrUbkñúg
bands in the ultraviolet) That the optical
rotation angle of radiation passing
BnøWsVayG‘ulRta )EdlmuMrgVilGubTicénkaMrsµIqøgkat;sarFatuGaRs½yelI
through a substance depends on the CMhanrlkénkaM rsIµenAEk,rbg;sMrUb.
wavelength of the radiation near an
absorption band.
coulomb : Symbol C. The SI unit of
electric charge. It is equal to the charge
KULúM ³ nimitþsBaØa C. xñatRbB½n§GnþrCatiénbnÞúkGKÁisnI. vaesµInwgbnÞúk
transferred by a current of one ampere in
one second.
Edl)anepÞredaycrnþmYyGMEBkñúgmYyvinaTI.
coulometric titration : The slow
electrolytic generation of a soluble
GRtakmµKULÚemRTic ³ karbegáIteGLicRtUlItyWténRbePTFaturlay
species which is capable of reacting
quantitatively with the substance sought;
EdlGacmanRbtikmµCabrimaNCamYysarFatuEdlRtUvrk. lkçN³
some independent property must be ÉkraCüxøHRtUvEtsegátBinitüedIm,IbegáItcMNucsmmUlkñúgRbtikmµ.
observed to establish the equivalence
point in the reaction.
coulometry : A determination of the
amount of an electrolyte released during
KULMmaRt ³ karkMNt;brimaNéneGLicRtUlItEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jkñúg
electrolysis by measuring the number of
coulombs used.
eBleGLicRtUlIsedaykarvas;cMnYnKULMúEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;.
coupled reaction : Reaction that
provides energy for an endothermic
RbtikmµpÁÜb ³ RbtikmµEdlpþl;famBlsMrab;RbtikmµRsÚbkMedAedaypSM
reaction by combining it with an
exothermic one.
CamYynwgRbtikmµPaykMedA.
covalent bond : Chemical bond formed
as two atoms share one or more pairs of
sm<½n§kUva:Lg; ³ sm<½n§KImIekIteLIgedayGatUmBIrEdldak;eTVta
electrons. The bond is due to the
common attraction of each nucleus to the
eGLicRtugmYy b¤eRcInrYmKña. sm<½n§enH)anmkBITMnajrYmrvagéNVyU:
same pair of electrons. nimYy²eTAnwgeTVtaeGLicRtugenaH.
covalent crystal : A crystal in which the
atoms are held by covalent bonds.
RkamkUva:Lg; ³ RkamEdlkúñgenaHGatUmRtUv)anP¢ab;Kñaedaysm<½næ
Sometimes called macromolecular or
giant-molecular crystals, e.g. diamond,
kUva:Lg;. eBlxøHeKehAfaRkamma:RkUm:UelKul b¤Rkamm:UelKulykS.
boron nitride. ]TahrN_ eBRC brnIRTY.
covalent radius : Half
intermolecular distance between two
the
kaMkUv:aLg; ³ Bak;kNþalcMgayGnþrm:UelKulrvagGatUmdUcKñaebHbiT
identical atoms in a covalently bonded
compound.
BIrenAkñúgsmasFatusm<½n§kUv:aLg;.
cracking : Heating a high-boiling point
hydrocarbon with a catalyst to break the
RkaKij rWkarbMEbk ³ karkMedAénGIuRdUkabYmancMNucrMBuHx<s;edayeRbI
molecules into smaller molecules with
lower boiling points. e.g. Refining crude
katalIkredIm,IbMEbkm:UelKuleTACam:UelKultUcEdlmancMNucrMBuHTab
oil to produce petrol. Cagmun. ]TahrN_ karcMraj;eRbgkatminTan;søekIm,IpliteRbgsaMg.
crenation : Shrinkage and dehydration
of a cell that occurs when blood cells are
eRkNasüúg ³ karsVitrYjnigedsIuRdatkmµénekasikaEdlekItmanenA
placed in a solution of more than
isotonic concentration and water moves
eBlekasikaQamRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;FMCag
out through the cell membrane. kMhab;GIusUtUnic ehIyTwkRCabecjtamPñasekasika.
crimson : A rich deep red color.
BN’RkhmCaM ³ BN’RkhmCaM.

72
critical point : The temperature and

pressure at which two phases of a
cMNuckMrit ³ sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFEdlpasBIrénsarFatumYykñúgcMNuc
substance in equilibrium with each other
become identical forming one phase.
lMnwgCamYyKñakøayeTACadUcKñaebHbiTEdlbegáIt)anCapasEtmYy.
critical state : The state of a fluid in
which the liquid and gas phases both
PaBenAkMrit ³ sPaBénsnÞnIyEdlpasravnig]s½µnmandg;suIetdUc
have the same density. The fluid is then
at its critical pressure, critical tempe-
Kña. dUecñHsnÞnIysßitenARtg;sMBaFkMrit sItuNðPaBkMrit nigmaDkMrit.
rature and critical volume.
critical temperature : The temperature
of the liquid-vapor critical point, i.e. the
sItuNðPaBkMrit ³ sItuNðPaBéncMNuclMnwgcMhayvtßúurav. mann½yfa
temperature above which a gas cannot be
liquified by an increase in pressure.
sItuNðPaBx<s;CagenH]sµ½nminGacRtUv)ankøayCaravedaykarekIn
sMBaFeT.
cross-linking : The formation of
chemical links between the molecular
CMnab;ExVg ³ kMNCMnab;KImIrvagExSm:UelKulénb:UlIEm.
chains of polymers.
crown ether : A macrocyclic polyether
whose ring structure is capable of
eGETmáúd : b:UlIeGETvg;FMEdlrbs;vaGaccab;ykkacuug edaycgsm½<n§
trapping cations by coordination with a
lone pair of electrons on the oxygen
kUGrDINasüúgKUeGLicRtugEtmYyKUelIGatUmGuksIuEsn.
atoms.
cryoscopy : A phase-equilibrium
technique to determine molecular weight
RKIy:UTsSn_ ³ bec©keTspaslMnwgsMrab;kMNt;ma:sm:UelKul nig
and other properties of a solute by
dissolving it in a liquid solvent and then
lkçN³déTeToténFaturlaymYyedaykarrMlayvakñúgFaturMlayrav
measuring the lowering of the solvent’s nigbnÞab;mkvas;karfycuHéncMNuckMNkrbs;FaturMlayenaH.
freezing point.
cryptand : A macropolycyclic polyazo-
polyether, containing ether chains linked
RKIbtg; ³ b:UlIsUbU:lIeGETvg;FMEdlmanExSeGETRtUvP¢ab;edayGatUm
by three-coordinate nitrogen atoms.
Cryptands are like the crown ethers and
GasUtkUGrDINasüúgbI. RKIbtg;dUceGETmáúd nigGacbegáItkMupøickUGr-
can form coordination complexes with DINasüúgCamYyGIuyug: EdlRtUvKñaeTAnwgTMrg;vimaRtbIcMh.
ions that can fit into the open three-
dimensional structure.
crystal : A substance in which the
atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in
Rkam ³ sarFatuEdlkñúgenaHGatUm GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulRtUv)antMerobtam
an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional
pattern called a crystal lattice.
lMdab;lMedaydEdl²CaKMrUvimaRtbIehAfabNþajRkam.
crystal field theory : The theory which
assumes that the ligands of a
RTwsþIEdnRkam ³ RTwsþIEdlsnµtfalIkg;énsmasFatukuMpøickUGrDINa-
coordination compound are the sources
of negative charge which perturb the
süúgCaRbPBénbnÞúkGviC¢manEdlrMxankMritfamBlénGIuy:ugelah³
energy levels of the central metal ion and kNþal dUecñHeGayGIuyu:gelah³enaHeTACaEdnGKÁisnIRsedogKñaeTAnwg
thus subject the metal ion to an electric
field similar to that within an ionic EdnenAkñúgbNþajRkamGIuy:Unic.
crystalline lattice.
crystal grating : A diffraction grating
for gamma rays or x-rays which uses the
]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúgRkam ³ ]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúgBnøWsMrab;kaMrsµIkama:
equally spaced lattice planes of a crystal. b¤kaMrsµIGiuc EdleRbIR)as;muxrabbNþajcenøaHesIµKñaénRkammYy.
crystal system : A method of
classifying crystalline substances on the
RbB½n§Rkam ³ viFIeFIVcMEnkfñak;sarFatuRkamedayEp¥kelIÉxñat rbs;va.
basis of their unit cell. There are seven
crystal systems: cubic, tetragonal,
manRbB½n§RkamR)aMBIr ³ KUb ctuekaN ctuekaNeRTt qekaN RtIekaN
rhombic, hexagonal, trigonal, mono- m:UNUKøInic RTIKøInic.
clinic, triclinic.
crystallization : The process of forming
crystals from a liquid or gas.
kMNkRkam ³ lMnaMénkarkekItRkamBIvtßúurav b¤]s½µn.

73
cubic centimeter (cm3 or cc) : Unit of

volume equal to 1 mL; the preferred unit
sgÞIEm:RtKUb(cm or cc) ³ ÉktaénmaDesµInwgmYymIlIlIt. xñat
3
in medicine (for which the abbreviation

“cc” is used).
EdleKniymeRbIkñúgEpñkevC¢saRsþsresrkat; “cc”.
cupellation : A method of purifying
gold and silver from other metals by
KuyEBLasüúg ³ viFIpSúT§masnigR)ak;BIelah³déTedaykareRbIbnÞúH
using a blast of hot air in a shallow
porous dish (the cupel). The unwanted
xül;ekþAkñúgcanrak;Edlmanrn§tUc²(KuyEBl). elah³EdlminRtUvkar
metals are oxidised and removed in the RtUv)anrgGuksIutkmµ nigRtUvpþac;ecjkñúgxül;ekþAenaH b¤RtUv)anRsUb
hot air or absorbed by the porous dish.
edaycanEdlmanrn§tUc²enaH.
curd : coagulated milk.
TwkedaHkk ³ TwkedaHEdlRtUveFVIeGaykk.
Curie (Ci) : Amount of radioactivity
equal to 3.7 x 1011 disintegrations per
KuyrI (Ci) ³ brimaNénPaBviTüúskmµesµInwg 3,7x10 bMENkkñúgmYy
11
second. vinaTI.
cyclic AMP : Molecule produced in
some cells in response to hormone
GaedNUsIunm:UNUpUsVatvg; m:UelKulekItmanenAkñúgekasikaxøHkñúg
binding to the cell membrane; cAMP is a
second messenger.
kareqøIytbeTAnwgGrm:UnCab;Pñasekasika. cAMPCaGñknaMsarTIBIr.
cyclisation : Changing an open-chain
hydrocarbon to a closed ring.
vg;kmµ ³ karpaøs;bþÚrGIuRdUkabYExSlateTACavg;biTCit.
cycloalkane : Hydrocarbon compound
with single carbon carbon bonds, in
sIukøÚGal;kan ³ smasFatuGIuRdUkabYEdlmansm<½n§mYyCan;rvagkabUn
which the skeletal carbons form a ring. nigkabUnehIyExSeRKagénkabUnbegáItCargVg;.
cytosol : Fluid interior of the cell,
containing the ions and molecules that
sIutUsul ³ FaturavxagkñúgekasikaEdlmanGIuyu:g nigm:UelKulsMrab;;
support life. Organelles are suspended in
it.
RTRTg;CIvitehIyFatuekasikaGENþtkñúgenaH.
D
D line : The yellow line that is the first
line of the major series of the sodium
bnÞat; D ³ bnÞat;BN_elOgEdlCabnÞat;TImYyénes‘rIbnÞat;sMxan;²én
spectrum; the doublet in the Fraunhofer
lines whose almost equal components
s,úicsUdüÚm nigCabnÞat;eTVkñúgbnÞat; Fraunhofer EdlswgEtesIµnwgbnÞat;
have wavelengths of 5895.93 and rbs;smasFatuEdlmanCMhanlk 5895,93 nig 5889,96 Gg;®sþúg
5889.96 angstroms respectively.
tamerog.
D.P : emIl degree of polymerization.
D.P. : See degree of polymerization.
Dalton’s atomic theory : Theory

forming the basis of accepted modern
RTwsIþGatUm Dalton ³ RTwsIþmUldaænénRTwsIþGatUmfIµEdlRtUv)an
atomic theory, according to which matter
is made of particles called atoms,
eKeRbIR)as;GaRsy½eTAnwgrUbFatuEdlRtUvbegIáteLIgBIPaKli¥tehAfa
reactions must take place between atoms GatUm. RbtikmµRtUvEtekIteLIgrvagGatUm b¤RkumGatUm nigGatUmén
or groups of atoms, and atoms of the
same element are all alike but differ FatuEtmYydUcKañTaMgGs; b:uEnþxusKañBIGatUménFatumYyepSgeTot.
from atoms of another element.
Daniell cell : A primary cell with a
constant electromotive force of 1.1 volts,
fµBildaEj:l ³ fµBilbfmmYyEdlmankMlaMgclnaeGLicRtUefr 1,1
having a copper electrode in a copper
sulfate solution and a zinc electrode in
v:ulEdlmaneGLicRtUtTg;EdgRtaMkñúgsUluysüúgs‘ulpat nigeGLicRtUt
dilute sulfuric acid or zinc sulfate, the s½gásIRtaMkñúgGasIuts‘ulpYricrav b¤s½gásIs‘ulpatEdlsUluysüúgTaMgBIr
solutions separated by a porous partition
or by gravity. enHRtUv)anEjkecjBIKñaedaysnÞHxNÐ½Edlmanrn§tUc².

74
dark reaction : Part of photosynthesis

that uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon
Rbtikmµggwt ³ EpñkRbtikmµrsµIsMeyaKEdleRbI ATP , NADPH
dioxide to make glucose. nigkabUnDIGuksIutedIm,IsMeyaKKøúykUs.
dark-line spectrum : The absorption
spectrum that results when white light
s,úicbnÞat;exµA ³ s,úicsMrUbEdlekIteLIgenAeBlBnøWBN_sqøgkat;
passes through a substance, consisting of
dark lines against a bright background.
sarFatumYyEdlmanbnÞat;exAµCab;nwgépÞxageRkayPWø.
Darzen’s procedure : Preparation of
alkyl halides by refluxing a molecule of
lMnaM Darzen ³ karerobcMeFVIGal;KIlGaLÚEsnYedaykardutCacMhay
an alcohol with a molecule of thionyl
chloride in the presence of a molecule of
vilRtLb;m:UelKulcMhayRtLb;Gal;kulCamYymU:elKultüÚnIlkørYeday
pyridine. manvtþmanm:UelKulBIrIDIn.
Darzen’s reaction : Condensation of
aldehydes and ketones with α-haloesters
Rbtikmµ Darzen ³ Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµénGal;edGIutnigestUnCamYy
to produce glycidic esters. α-GaLÚeGEsÞedIm,IbegátCaeGEsÞKIøsIut.
data : The observations that are recorded
during an experiment.
Tinñn½y³ karsegátEdlkt;RtakñúgeBlBiesaFn_.
dative bond : See coordinate covalent
bond.
sm<½n§daTiv ³ emIl coordinate covalent bond.
daughter nucleus (or isotope) : Product
of radioactive decay. The nucleus of a
éNVy:UkUn¬b¤GIusUtUb¦ ³ plitplénkarbMEbkviTüúskmµ. eBlxøH
specific isotope is sometimes called a
nuclide.
éNVyUr: bs;GIusUtUbedayELkRtUv)aneKehAfa nuyKøIt.
d-block element : A transition element
occupying the first, second, and third
Fatubøúk d ³ FatuGnþrPaBEdlsßitenAkñúgxYbEvgTI1 TI 2 nigTI 3én
long periods of the periodic table. taragxYb.
DDTA : emIl derivative differential thermal analysis.
DDTA : See derivative differential
thermal analysis.
de Brun-van Eckstein rearrangement :
The isomerization of an aldose or ketose
karbNþÚTItaMg de Brun-van Eckstein ³ GIusUEmkmµénGal;
when mixed with aqueous calcium
hydroxide to form a mixture of various
dUsb¤estUsenAeBlEdlRtUv)anlayCamYykalsüÚmGIuRduksIutTwk
monosaccharides and unfermented edIm,IbegIátCal,ayénm:UNUsakarItxus²KañnigestUsEdlmineLIgCUr
ketoses; used to prepare certain ketoses.
nwgRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IerobcMeFVIestUsxøH.
de la Tour method : Measurement of
critical temperature, involving sealing
viFI de la Tour ³ karvas;sItuNðPaBRKITic EdlrYmmankardak;PaK
the sample in a tube and heating it; the
temperature at which the meniscus
sMNakcUlkñúgbMBg;biTCitnigkardutkMedAva. sItuNðPaBenAeBlépÞ
disappears is the critical temperature. elIvtßúrav)at;;CasItuNðPaBRKITic.
deacetylation : The removal of an acetyl
group from a molecule.
edGaesTIlkmµ ³ karpaþc;bgMÁGaesTIlBImU:elKul.
deacidification : 1.Removal of acid. 2.
A process for reducing acidity.
edGasIutkmµ ³ 1. karpaþc;GasIut.
2. dMeNIrsMrab;karbnßyPaBGasIut.
deactivation : 1. Rendering inactive, as
of a catalyst. 2. Loss of radioactivity.
kareFVIeGayGskmµ ³ 1. kareFIVeGayGskmµdUcCaGskmµén
katalIkr. 2. kar)at;bg;PaBvITüúskmµ.
deacylation : Removal of an acyl group
from a compound.
edGasIulkmµ ³ karpaþc;bNþúMGasIulBIsmasFatu.
dealkalization : 1.Removal of alkali. 2.
Reduction of alkalinity, as in the process
edGal;kalIkmµ ³ 1. karpaþc;Gal;kalI.
of neutralization. 2.karbnßyPaBGal;kalI dUcCakñúgdMeNIrénRbtikmµbnSab.
dealkylate : To remove alkyl groups
from a compound.
edGal;KIlLat ³ pþac;RkumGal;KIlBIsmasFatu.

75
dealuminization
aluminium.
: Removal of
edGaluymIj:Úmkmµ ³ karpþac;GaluymIjÚm: .
deamidation : Removal of the amido
edGamIdkmµ ³ karpþac;bgÁúMGamIdUBImUe: lKul.
deamination : Removal of an amino
edGamInkmµ ³ karpþac;bgÁúMGamINUBImUe: lKul.
deashing : A form of deionization in
which inorganic salts are removed from
edGasIug ³ TMrg;énkarbMEbkGIuyu:gEdlGMbilGsrIragÁRtUv)anpþac;BI
solution by the adsorption of both the
anions and cations by ion-exchange
sUluysüúgedaykarRsUbykTaMgGaj:úg nigkacugedayersuInbNþÚr
resins. GIuyu:g.
debenzylation : Removal from a
molecule of the benzyl group.
edbg;sIulkmµ ³ karpþac;m:UelKulénRkumbg;sIul.
Debye force : See induction force
kMlaMg Debye ³ emIl induction force.
Debye relaxation time : According to
the Debye-Huckel theory, the time
eBlsMrak Debye ³ tamRTwsIþ Debye-Huckel ry³eBlRtUvkar
required for the ionic atmosphere of a
charge to reach equilibrium in a current-
sMrab;briyakasGIuyug: énbnÞúk;Qandl;cMNuclMnwgkñúgeGLicRtUlIt
carrying electrolyte, during which time naMcrnþEdlkñúgeBlenaHclnaénbnÞúkRtUv)anBnSWt.
the motion of the charge is retarded.
Debye-Falkenhagen effect :
increase in the conductance of an
The
\Ti§Bl Debye-Falkenhagen ³ karekIneLIgénkugDuctg;rbs;
electrolytic solution when the applied
voltage has a very high frequency.
sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItenAeBlv:ulEdleRbImaneRbkg;xøaMg.
Debye-Huckel theory : A theory of the
behaviour of strong electrolytes,
RTwsIþ Debye-Huckel ³ RTwsIþénkarRbRBwtþeTAéneGLicRtUlItxaMøg
according to which each ion is
surrounded by an ionic atmosphere of
GaRs½yeTAnwgGIuyu:gnimYy²B½T§CMuvijedaybriyakasGIuyug: manbnÞúk
charges of the opposite sign whose pÞúyKañ EdlkarRbRBwtiþrbs;vaBnSWtclnaGIuyu:genAeBlEdlcrnþqøg
behaviour retards the movement of ions
when a current is passed through the kat;mCÄdVanenaH.
medium.
decahydrate : A compound that has 10
water molecules.
edkaGIuRdat ³ smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkTwk10m:UelKul.
decalcification : Loss or removal of
calcium or calcium compounds from a
edkal;süÚmkmµ ³ kar)at;bg; b¤karpþac;kal;süÚm b¤smasFatukal;-
calcified material such as bone or soil. süÚmBIrUbFatmanpÞúkkal;süÚmdUcCaqw¥g nigdI.
decarbonise : To remove carbon by
chemical means.
edkabUnkmµ ³ pþac;kabUnecjedaymeFüa)ayKImI.
decarboxylation : Loss of C02. This
reaction takes place very readily for beta
edkabuksIulkmµ ³ kar)at;bg C; 0 . RbtikmµenHgayekIteLIgcMeBaH
2
keto acids. ebtaestUGasIut.

decay : See radioactive decay.
karbMEbk>karrlay ³ emIl radioactive decay.
dechlorination : Removal of chlorine
from a substance.
edkørkmµ ³ karpþac;kørBIsarFatu.
decinormal : Related to a chemical
solution that is one-tenth normality in
edsINrma:l ³ Tak;TgeTAnwgsUluysüúgKImIEdlmanNrma:lIet
reference to a 1 normal solution. 1/10edayeyageTAtamsUluysüúgNrma:l 1.
decolorizing carbon : Porous or finely
divided carbon (activated or bone) with
kabUnbM)at;BN’ ³ kabUnmanrn§rWkabUnRKab;tUc²EdlmanépÞFMRtUv
large surface area; used to adsorb
colored impurities from liquids, such as
)aneRbIR)as;dIm,IRsUbPaBminsuT§manBN’BIvtßúuravdUcCaeRbglIbrMGil.
lube oils.
decompose : See decomposition.
bMEbk ³ emIl decomposition.

76
decomposition : A chemical change in

which a single compound is broken
karbMEbk ³ karpøas;bþÚrKImIEdlkñúgenaHsmasFatueTalRtUv)anbMEbk
down into two or more simpler products. eTACaplitplgayBIr b¤eRcIn.
decomposition potential : The electrode
potential at which the electrolysis current
b:Utg;EsülbMEbk ³ b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtEdlcrnþeGLicRtUlIscab;
begins to increase appreciably. Also
known as decomposition voltage.
epIþmekIneLIgya:geRcIn. eKehAmüa:geTotfav:ulcMbMEbk.
decomposition voltage
decomposition potential.
: See
v:ulbMEbk ³ emIl decomposition potential.
decyl : An isomeric grouping of
univalent radicals. All with formulas
edsIul ³ RkumGIusUEménra:DIkal;Edlmanva:Lg;mYy. ra:DIkal;TaMgenaH
C10H21, and derived from the decanes by
removing one hydrogen.
manrUbmnþ C H nig)anmkBIedkanedaykarpþac;GIuRdUEsnmYy.
10 21
decylene : Any of a group of isomeric

hydrocarbons with formula C10H20; the
edsIuELn ³ RkumGIuRdUkabYGIusUEmEdlmanrUbmnþ C H . RkumenHCa
10 20
group is part of the ethylene series. Epñkénes‘rIeGTIELn.

definite-composition law : The law that
a given chemical compound always
c,ab;smasPaBCak;lak; ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfasmasFatuKImINamYy
contains the same elements in the same
fixed proportions by weight. Also known
Canic©kalmanFatudUcKañkñúgsmamaRtkMNt;dUcKña KitCama:s;.
as definite-proportions law. eKehAmüa:geTotfa c,ab;smamaRtCak;lak;.
definite-proportions law : See definite-
composition law.
c,ab;smamaRtCak;lak; ³ emIl definite-composition law.
deflagrating spoon : A long-handled
spoon used in chemistry to demonstrate
søabRBadut ³ søaRBadgEvgEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgKImI edIm,Ibgaðj
deflagration. BIcMehHralénFatuKImI.
deflagration : A chemical reaction
accompanied by vigorous evolution of
cMehHral ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlnaMmkCamYynUvvivtþn_ya:gxaMøgénkMedA
heat, flame, sparks, or spattering of
burning particles.
GNþatePIøg páaePIøg b¤karxÞatPaKli¥tEdlkMBugeqH.
deflocculant : An agent that causes
deflocculation; e.g. sodium carbonate
FatuRbqaMgkMNk ³ Pñak;garEdleFIVkMueGaymankMNk. ]TahrN_
and other basic materials used to
deflocculate clay slips.
sUdüÚmkabUNat nigrUbFatu)asdéTeTotRtUv)aneRbIkuMeGaykMeTcdI\dækk
enA)atTwk.
defluorination : Removal of fluorine.
edPøúyGrkmµ ³ karpaþc;ykPøúyGrecj.
degasser : See getter.
bM)at;]sµ½n ³ emIl getter .
degradation : Conversion of an organic
compound to one containing a smaller
tMhyKuNPaB ³ bMElgsmasFatusrIragÁeTACasmasFatusrIragÁ
number of carbon atoms. mYyEdlmancMnYnGatUmkabUnticCag.
1. GgSa ³ rgVas;enAelImaRtdæansItuNðPaB.
degree : 1. A division on a temperature
scale. 2. Anyone of several units for
measuring hardness of water such as the 2.kMrit ³ xañtmYysMrab;vas;PaBrwgénTwk dUcCakMritGg;eKøsb¤kaøk kMrit
English or Clark degree, the French
degree, and the German degree. )araMg nigkMritGalWøm:g;.
degree of crystallinity : In a fairly large
sample of a polymer, the fraction that
kMritkMNkRkam ³ RbPaKEdlpSMeLIgBItMbn;EdlbgðajlMdab;vimaRt
consists of regions showing long-range
three-dimensional order.
bIcenøaHFMkñúgPaKsMNakFMKYrsménb:UlIEm.

77
degree of freedom : Anyone of the

variables including pressure,
kMritesrI ³ GefrNamYyénGefrEdlrYmmansMBaF sItuNðPaB smas-
temperature, composition, and specific
volume which must be specified to
PaB nigmaDyfaRbePT EdlRtUvEt)aneRCIserIsykmkkMNt;sPaB
define the state of a system. énRbB½n§mYy.
degree of polymerization : The number
of structural units in the average polymer
kMritb:UlIEmkmµ ³ cMnYnÉktaTMrg;kñúgm:UelKulb:UlIEmmFümkñúgPaK
molecule in a particular sample.
Abbreviated D.P.
sMNakNamYy. sresrkat; D.P.
dehydrating agent : A substance
capable of removing water from a
Pñak;garsMgYtTwk ³ sarFatumanlT§PaBykTwkecjBIrUbFatu.
material.
dehydration : 1. Formation of an alkene
from an alcohol as a result of the loss of
edsIuRdatkmµ ³ 1. karkekItGal;EsnBIGal;kuledaykar)at;bg;Twk.
water. 2. Removal of water from a 2. karykTwkecjBIsarFatuedIm,IeGayplitplmanrUbmnþKImIfµIeday
substance to give a product with a new
chemical formula, by an elimination RbtikmµbNþac;EdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulmYy)at;bg;RkumGIuRduksIul(OH )
-
reaction in which a molecule loses both a

hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen nigGatUmGIuRdUEsn (H)Edl)ancgsm<½n§enAelIGatUmkabUn. mindUckar
atom (H) that was bonded to an adjacent
carbon.; it is not the same as drying. sMgYteT.
dehydrator : A substance that removes
water from a material; an example is
edsIuRdatkr ³ sarFatuEdlpþac;ykTwkBIrUbFatu. ]TahrN_ GasIut
sulfuric acid. s‘ulpYric.
dehydrogenation : Removal
hydrogen from a compound.
of
edsIuRdUEsnkmµ ³ karpaþc;ykGIuRdUEsnBIsmasFatu.
dehydrohalogenation : Removal of
hydrogen and a halogen from a com-
edsIuRdUGaLÚEsnkmµ ³ karpaþc;ykGIuRdUEsnnigGaLÚEsnBIsmasFatu
pound. mYy.
deionization : An ion-exchange process
in which all charged species or ionizable
edGIuy:ugkmµ ³ lMnaMbNþÚrGIuy:ugEdlkñúgenaHRbePTKImIEdlmanbnÞúk
organic and inorganic salts are removed
from solution.
GKÁisnIb¤GMbilsrIragÁnigGsrIragÁEdlGacbMEbkCaGIuyu:gTaMgGs;RtUv
)anpaþc;ecjBIsUluysüúg.
Delepine reaction : Slow ammonolysis
of alkyl halides in acid to primary
Rbtikmµ Delepine ³ RbtikmµGam:UNUlIsyWténGal;KIlGaLÚEsnYkñúg
amines in the
hexamethylene-tetramine.
presence of GasIuteTACaGamInbfmedaymanvtþmanénGicsaemTIELnetRtaGamIn.
deliquescence : The absorption of
atmospheric water vapor by a crystalline
karRsÚbTwk ³ karRsUbykcMhayTwkbriyakasedayRkamrwgrhUtdl;
solid until the crystal eventually
dissolves into a saturated solution.
RkamenaHrlayeTACasUluysüúgEq¥tenATIbMput.
delocalised bond : A type of molecular
bonding in which the electron density of
sm<½n§dal ³ RbePTsm<½n§mUe: lKulEdlkñúgenaHdg;sIueteGLicRtugén
delocalised electrons is regarded as
being spread over several atoms or over
eGLicRtugdalRtUvcat;Tukfa)anraldalelIGatUmmYycMnYnb¤elImUe: l-
the whole molecule. Also known as KulTaMgmUl.
nonlocalised bond.
delphidenolon : See myricetin.
EdlPIedNULúg ³ emIl myricetin.
demasking : A process by which a
masked substance is made capable of
karbM)at;r)aMg ³ lMnaMEdlsarFatur)aMgRtUv)aneFVIeGayGacdMeNIrkar
undergoing its usual reactions; can be
brought about by a displacement reaction
RbtikmµFmµtarbs;va EdlGacekIteLIgedayRbtikmµCMnYskEnøgrab;TaMg
involving addition of, e.g., another RbtikmµbUk. ]TahrN_ kacugmYyeTotEdlmanRbtikmµxøaMgkøaCamYy
cation that reacts more strongly with the
masking ligand and liberates the masked lIkg;r)aMg nigrMedaHGIuyug: r)aMgenaH.
ion.

78
demethylation : Removal of the methyl

group from a compound.
edemTIlkmµ ³ karpþac;ykRkumemTIlecjBIsmasFatu.
Demjanov
structural
rearrangement
rearrangement
: A
that
bNþÚTItaMg Demjanov ³ tMerobeLIgvijénTMrg; EdlnaMmknUv
accompanies treatment of certain
primary aliphatic amines with nitrous
GMeBIénGamInGalIpaTicfañk;bfmxøHCamYyGasIutnIRtW. GamInnwgTTYl
acid; the amine will undergo a ring rgkarBRgIk b¤karbRgYmvg;.
contraction or expansion.
denaturant : An inert, bad-tasting, or
poisonous chemical substance added to a
FatubMéPøPaBedIm ³ sarFatuKImIniclmanrsCatiGaRkk;b¤BulEdl
product such as ethyl alcohol to make it
unfit for human consumption.
RtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIplitplGVImYy dUcCaeGTIlGal;kuledIm,IeFIVeGayva
minsmRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;mnusS.
denaturation : Process that results in the
loss of a protein’s original conformation
karbMéPøPaBedIm ³ lMnaMEdlbNþaleGay)at;bg;kugpma:süúgRbUet-
and therefore its activity. GIunedIm nigskmµPaBrbs;va.
denature : 1.To change a protein by
heating it or treating it with alkali or acid
bMéPø ³ 1. bþÚrRbUetGIunedaykardutkMedAva b¤GMeBIvaCamYy)asb¤GasIut
so that the original properties such as
solubility are changed as a result of the
dUecñHlkçN:edImrbs;vadUcCalkçN³rlayRtUv)anbþÚredaysarTMrg;
protein’s molecular structure being m:UelKulRbUetGIunRtUv)anbþÚrxøH².
changed in some way. 2. To add a
denaturant, such as methyl alcohol, to 2.bEnßmFatubMéPøPaBedIm dUcCaemTIlGal;kuleTAelIGal;kulFBaØCati
grain alcohol to make the grain alcohol
poisonous and unfit for human edIm,IeGayGal;kulenaHkøayeTACaBul nigminsmRsbsMrab;kareRbI
consumption. R)as;rbs;mnusS.
denatured alcohol : Ethyl alcohol
containing a poisonous substance, such
Gal;kulbMéPø ³ eGTIlGal;kulmansarFatuBul dUcCaeGTIlGal;kul
as methyl alcohol or benzene, which
makes it unfit for human consumption.
b¤bg;EsnEdleFVIeGayvaminsmRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;mnusS.
dendritic macromolecule
macromolecule whose structure is
: A
ma:RkUm:UelKuldg;RDITic ³ ma:RkUmUe: lKulEdlTMrg;rbs;vasMKal;eday
characterised by a high degree of
branching that originates from a single
kMritx<s;énbNþúMExñgEdlkekItBIcMNucRbsBVEtmYy¬kr¦.
focal point (core).
denitration : Removal of nitrates or
nitrogen. Also known as denitrification.
ednIRtatkmµ ³ karpþac;yknIRtatb¤GasUt.
denitrification : A process occurring
naturally in soil by which bacteria break
edGasUtkmµ ³ lMnaMekIteLIgBIFmµCatikñúgdIeday)ak;etrIbMEbknIRtat
down nitrates to give nitrogen gas, which
returns to the atmosphere.
eGayeTACa]sµ½nGasUt EdlRtlb;eTAkñúgbriyakasvij.
density : Mass per unit volume,
commonly expressed in grams per cubic
dg;sIuet¬ma:smaD¦ ³ ma:skñúgmYyxñatmaD CaTUeTAKitCaRkamkñúg
centimeter or grams per milliliter. mYysg;TIEm:RtKUb b¤RkamkñúgmYymIlIlIRt.
density gradient centrifugation :
Separation of particles according to
karEjkRbTajecjtamCMraldg;sIuet ³ karEjkPaKli¥teTA
density by employing a gradient of
varying densities; at equilibrium each
tamdg;sIuetedaykareRbIR)as;CMraléndg;sIuetERbRbYl. enAeBlman
particle settles in the gradient at a point lMnwgPaKli¥tnimYy²sßitenAcMNucCMralesIµnwgdg;sIuetrbs;va.
equal to its density.
deoxidant : See deoxidiser.
emIl deoxidiser.
deoxidation : 1. The condition of a
molecule’s being deoxidised. 2. The
edGuksIutkmµ ³ 1. l½kçx½NÐénm:UelKulEdlkMBugrgedGuksIutkmµ.
process of deoxidizing. 2 .dMeNIrkarénkareFIVedGuksIutkmµ.

79
deoxidise : 1.To remove oxygen by any

of several processes. 2. To reduce from
eFIVedGuksIutkmµ ³ 1. paþc;ykGuksIuEsnedaylMnaMNamYy.
the state of an oxide. 2. eFIVerdukmµBIsPaBénGuksIut.
deoxidiser : Any substance which
reduces the amount of oxygen in a
edGuksIutkr ³ sarFatuEdleFIVerdukmµbrimaNGuksIuEsnkñúgsarFatu
substance, especially a metal, or reduces
oxide compounds. Also known as
Biesselah³ b¤eFIVerdukmµsmasFatuGuksIut. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
deoxidant. edGuksIudg;.
deoxygenation : Removal of oxygen
from a substance, such as blood or
edGuksIuEsnkmµ ³ karpþac;ykGuksuIEsnBIsarFatudUcCaQam b¤Twk
polluted water. kxVk;.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) : Very
large macromolecule found in the cell
GasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiuc ³ ma:RkUmU:elKulya:gFMEdlmanenAkñúg
nucleus. This molecule is the carrier of
genetic information.
éNVyUe: kasika. m:UelKulenHCaGñkpÞúkBt’manesenTic.
depolariser : A substance added to the
electrolyte of a primary cell to prevent
edb:Ulkr ³ sarFatuEdlRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIeGLicRtUlIténfµBiledIm,I
excessive buildup of hydrogen bubbles
by combining chemically with the
karBarkMueGayBBuHGIuRdUEsnekIteRcIneBkedaybnSMKImICamYy]sµ½n
hydrogen gas as it forms. Also known as GIuRdUEsnenAeBlvakekIteLIg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa edb:UlkrGaKuy.
battery depolariser.
depolymerization : Decomposition of
macromolecular compounds into
edb:UlIEmkmµ ³ karbMEbkénsmasFatuma:RkUmU:elKuleGayeTACa
relatively simple compounds. smasFatugayeFob.
deposition potential : The smallest
potential which can produce electrolytic
b:Utg;Esüledb:UsIusüúg ³ b:Utg;EsültUcbMputEdlGacbegáIteLIg
deposition when applied to an
electrolytic cell.
eGaymankarbnßyeGLicRtUlItenAeBldMeNIrkarkñúgBileGLicRtUlIt.
deproteinise : To remove protein from a
substance.
edRbUetGIunkmµ ³ edIm,Ipþac;ykRbUetGIunBIsarFatu.
depside : One of a class of esters that
form from the joining of two or more
edbsIut : fñak;mYyéneGEsÞEdlkekIteLIgBIkarP¢ab;Kñaénm:UelKul
molecules of phenolic carboxylic acid. GasIutkabuksIulicepNUlicBIrb¤eRcIn.
depsidone : One of a class of
compounds that consists of esters such as
edbsIudUn ³ fñak;mYyénsmasFatuEdlbgáeLIgedayeGEsÞdUcCa
depsides, .but are also cyclic ethers. edbsIud b:uEnþGacCaeGEsÞExSsiucpgEdr.
derivative : A substance that is made
from another substance.
FatuRslay ³ sarFatuEdlekIteLIgBIsarFatumYyepSgeTot.
derivative differential
analysis : A method for precise
thermal
karviPaKkMedADIepr:g;EsüledrIev ³ viFIsMrab;kMNt;Cak;lak;kñúg
determination in thermograms of slight
temperature changes by taking the first
ETm:URkaménkarbþÚrsItuNðPaBtictYcedayykedrIevTImYyénExSekag
derivative of the differential thermal viPaKkMedADIepr:g;Esül¬ETm:URkam¦EdlKUreLIgedayry:eBlTl;
analysis curve (thermogram) which plots
time versus differential temperature as nigsItuNðPaBDIepr:g;EsüldUcEdl)anvas;edayKUkMedADIepr:g;Esül.
measured by a differential thermocouple.
Also known as DDTA. sresrkat; DDTA.
derivative polarography
Polarography technique in which the rate
:
b:ULar:URkaPIedrIev ³ bec©keTsb:UElr:URkaPIEdlkñúgenaHel,ÓnbþÚrcrnþ
of change of current with respect to
applied potential is measured as a
cMeBaHb:Utg;EsülGnuvtþRtUv)anvas;CaGnuKmn_énb:Utg;EsülGnuvtþ (di/dE
function of the applied potential (di/dE Tl;nwg EEdl i KWCacrnþ nig E Cab:Utg;EsülGnuvtþ¦.
versus E. where i is current and E is
applied potential).

80
derivative thermometric titration : The

use of a special resistance-capacitance
GRtakmµETm:UemRTicedrIev ³ kareRbIR)as;ka)a:sIuetersIusþg;Biess
network to record first and second
derivatives of a thermometric titration
edIm,Ikt;RtaedrIevTImYynigTIBIrénExSekagGRtakmµETm:UemRTic¬sItuNð-
curve (temperature versus weight change PaBTl;nwgkarpaøs;ma:s;edaykardutkMedA¦edIm,IbegáIt)anCaBicbBa©b;
upon heating) to produce a sharp end-
point peak. Cak;lak;.
descending chromatography : A type
of paper chromatography in which the
RkUma:tURkaPIcuH ³ RbePTénRkUma:tURkaPIRkdasEdlkñúgenaHl,ayFatu
sample-carrying solvent mixture is fed to
the top of the developing chamber being
rMlaysMrab;dwknaMPaKsMNakRtUv)andak;enAEpñkxagelIénRbGb;BN’
separated as it works downward. EdlRtUv)anEjkenAeBlvacuHeTAeRkam.
desiccant : A hydroscopic substance
used as a drying agent. e.g. silica gel.
FatukMhH ³ sarFatuGIuRdUsáÚBiceRbICaPñak;garsMgYt. ]TahrN_
EClsIulIs.
designated volume : The volume of an
item of volumetric glassware as
maDeKal ³ maDkMNt;mYyénEkvvas;maD Edl)ankMNt;enA
calibrated at a given temperature
frequently 20°C.
sItuNðPaBNamYyCajwkjab; 20°C.
desorption : The process of removing a
sorbed substance by the reverse of
dMNksMrUb ³ dMeNIryksarFatusMrUbecjedaykarRtLb;edImvij
adsorption or absorption. énsMrUb nigsMrUbesI.
destructive distillation : Decomposition
of a material by heat in the absence of
bMNitbMpøaj ³ karbMEbkrUbFatuedaykMedAxül; Edlpþl;eGayFatu
air, yielding useful chemicals. KImImanRbeyaCn_.
desulfonation : Removal of the
sulfonate group from an organic
eds‘ulpUnkmµ ³ karpþac;ykRkums‘ulpUNatBImUe: lKulsrIragÁ.
molecule.
desyl : The functional
C6H5COCH(C6H5-); may be formed
group
edsIul ³ RkumnaTI C H COCH(C H -) EdlGacbegáItBIedsuksIubg;
6 5 6 5
from desoxybenzoin. . sUGIun.

detection limit : In chemical analysis,
the minimum amount of a particular
lImIténkarrkeXIj ³ brimaNGb,brmaénsmasPaKNamYyEdl
component that can be determined by a
single measurement with a stated
GackMNt;edaykarvas;mþgCamYykMritBitR)akdEdl)anbBa¢ak;kñúgkar
confidence level. viPaKKImI.
detergent : A surface-active agent
having a long hydrocarbon chain and a
sarFatuCMrHEk¥l rWsarFatukat;Ek¥l ³ Pñak;garskmµelIépÞb:HEdl
polar end. If the polar end is a
carboxylate anion, the detergent is called
manExSGIuRdUkabYEvg nigcugb:Ul. ebIsincugb:UlenaHCaGaj:uúgkabuk-
a soap. Most other polar groups are often sIuLatnu+HvaCasab‘UdMu. Rkumb:UEldéTepSgeTotPaKeRcInRtUv)an
generically classified as detergents.
cat;fñak;CaFatuCMrHEk¥l.
determination : The finding of the value
of a chemical or physical property of a
karkMNt; ³ karrkeXIjtMélénlkçN³rUbrWKImIénsmasFatudUcCakar
compound. such as reaction-rate
determination or specific-gravity
kMNt;el,ÓnRbtikmµ b¤karkMNt;RbCMuTMgn;yfaRbePT.
determination.
detonation : An exothermic chemical
reaction that propagates with such
karpÞúH ³ RbtikmµKImIbeBa©jkMedAEdldalya:grh½s Edlel,Óndal
rapidity that the rate of advance of the
reaction zone into the unreacted material
éntMbn;RbtikmµeTArUbFatuminRbtikmµelIsel,ÓnsMelgkñúgrUbFatumin
exceeds the velocity of sound in the Rbtikmµ. enaHKICatMbn;RbtikmµdaleLIgnaMmuxedayrlksMelgEdl
unreacted material; that is. the advancing
reaction zone is preceded by a shock KYreGaytk;søút.
wave.

81
deuteration : The addition of deuterium

to a chemical compound.
dWetrü:Úmkmµ ³ karbEnßmdWetrüÚ:meTAelIsmasFatuKImI.
deuteride : A hydride in which the
hydrogen is deuterium.
dWetrY ³ GIuRdYEdlkñúgenaHGIuRdUEsnCadWetrü:Úm.
deuterium : The isotope of the element
hydrogen with one neutron and one
dWetrü:Úm ³ GIusUtUbénFatuGIuRdUEsnEdlmanNWRtugmYy nigRbUtugmYy
proton in the nucleus; atomic weight
2.0144.Designated D, d, H2, or 2H.
kñúgéNVy:U. ma:sGatUm 2,0144 kMNt;sresr D b¤ d , H b¤ H.
2 2
developed dye : A direct azo dye that

can be further diazotised by a developer
l½xpþitBN’ ³ l½xGasUEdlGacDIGasUkmµbnþeTotedayFatupiþtBN’
after application to the fiber; it couples
with the fiber to form color-fast shades.
bnÞab;BIkarRClk;srés. vasuICamYysrésedaybegáItBN’RBlaMmin
Also known as diazo dye. sakBN’. eKehAmüa:geTotfa l½xDIGasU.
developer : An organic compound
which interacts on a textile fiber to
FatupiþtBN’ ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdleFIVGnþrkmµelIsrésRkNat;
develop a dye. edIm,IbegáItl½x.
development : In the separation of
mixtures by paper chromatography or
karpiþtBN’ ³ plitplénRsLayBN’énFaturlayedaykar)aj;
thin layer chromatography, the
production of colored derivatives of the
pasGcl½tCamYyFatubnÞal;eRCIserIsedIm,IbegáItTItaMgénsarFatu
solutes by spraying the stationary phase nimYy²kñúgkarEjkl,ayedayeRbIRkUma:tURkaPIRkdas.
with selective reagents in order to
establish the location of individual
substances.
devitrification : The process by which
the glassy texture of a material is
bMElgEkv ³ dMeNIrkarEdlkñúgenaHvayPaBEkvénrUbFatuRtUv)an
converted into a crystalline texture. bMElgeTACavayPaBkBa©k;.
dew point : The temperature and
pressure at which a gas begins to
cMNuckMNejIs ³ sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFEdlenAcMNucenaH]sµ½n
condense to a liquid. cab;epIþmkkeTACavtúßrav.
Dewar structure : A structural formula
for benzene that contains a bond between
TMrg; Dewar ³ rUbmnþTMrg;bg;EsnEdlmansm<½n§rvagGatUmenATl;
opposite atoms. muxKña.
dextrinise : To convert a starch into
dextrins.
dic®sÞInkmµ ³ bMEpøgGamIdugeTACadic®sÞIn.
dezincification : Removal of zinc.
eds½gásIkmµ ³ karpaþc;yks½gásI.
Di : See didymium.
DI ³ emIl didymium.
diacetate : An ester or salt that contains
two acetate groups.
DIGaestat ³ eGEsÞ b¤GMbilEdlmanpÞúkRkumGaestatBIr.
diacetyl : A prefix indicating two acetyl
groups.
DIGaesTIl ³ buBVbTEdlbgðajBIRkumGaesTIlBIr.
diacid : An acid that has two acidic
hydrogen atoms; an example is oxalic
DIGasIut ³ GasIutEdlGatUmGIuRdUEsnCaGasIutBIr. ]TahrN_
acid. GasIutGuksalic.
dialdehyde : A molecule that has two
aldehyde groups, such as dialdehyde
DIGal;edGIut ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGal;edGIutBIrdUcCaGamIdug
starch. DIGal;edGIut.
dialkyl : A molecule that has two alkyl
groups.
DIGal;KIl ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGal;KIlBIr.
dialkyl amine : An amine that has two
alkyl groups bonded to the amino
DIGal;KIlGamIn ³ GamInmYyEdlmanRkumGal;KIlBIrcgsm<½n§
nitrogen. eTAnwgGasUtGamIn.

82
dialysis : A process of selective

diffusion through a membrane; usually
düalIs ³ dMeNIrkarénbnSayeRCIserIsqøgkat;PñasEdlCaFmµta
used to separate low-molecular-weight
solutes which diffuse through the
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;EjkFaturlaymanma:s;mUe: lKultUcEdlsay
membrane from the colloidal and high- qøgkat;PñasBIFatukULÚGIutnigFaturlaymanma:s;mU:elKuulFMEdlminGac
molecular-weight solutes which
do not. sayqøgkat;)an.
dialyzate : The material that does not
diffuse through the membrane during
düalIsat ³ rUbFatuEdlminsayqøgkat;PñaskñúgeBldüalIs.
dialysis; alternatively. it may be
considered the material that has diffused.
b:uEnþvaRtUvcat;TukfaCarUbFatuEdl)ansay.
diamagnetism : (diamagnetic)
Magnetization that is in the opposite
düam:aejTic ³ m:aejTickmµenAkñúgTisedApÞúyKñaeTAnwgEdnma:ejTic
direction to that of the applied field. Gnuvtþ.
diamide : A molecule that has two
amide (--CONH2) groups.
DIGamIt ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGamItBIr(--CONH ). 2
diamidine : A molecule that has two

amidine (--C=NHNH2) groups.
DIGamIDIn ³ m:UelKulmYYyEdlmanRkumGamIDInBIr(--C=NHNH ). 2
diamine : Any compound containing

two amino groups.
DIGamIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumGamINUBIr.
diamino : A term used in chemical
nomenclature to indicate the presence in
DIGamINU ³ BaküEdleRbIR)as;kñúgnamvlIKImIedIm,Ibgðajvtþmankñúg
a molecule of two amino (-NH2) groups. m:UelKulnUvRkumGamINUBIr(-NH ).
2
diamond : The hardest known mineral,

comprising of a cubic variety of
eBRC ³ Er:rwgbMputbgáeLIIgedayRkamkabUnragKUbEdlkekIteLIgeRkam
crystalline carbon, formed under intense
heat and pressure.
kMedAxøaMgnigsMBaFx<s;bMput.
diarsine : An arsenic compound
containing an As-As bond with the
DIGaesnic ³ smasFatuGaesnicmansm½§n< § As-AsEdlmanrUbmnþ
general formula (R2AS)2’ where R
represents a functional group such as
TUeTA (R AS) kñúgenaH RtageGayRkumnaTIdUcCa CH .
2 2’ 3
CH3.
diarylamine : A molecule that contains
an amine group and two aryl groups
DIGarIlGamIn ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGamInmYy nigRkumGarIlBIr
joined to the amino nitrogen. Pa¢b;eTAnwgGasUtGamInenaH.
diastereoisomer : One of a pair of
optical isomers which are not mirror
düaesþerGUGIusUEm ³ GIusUEmmYyénKUGIusUEmGubTicEdlminEmnCarUb
images of each other. Also known as
diastereomer.
PaBqøúHKña. eKehAmüa:geTotfadüaeserGUEm.
diastereomers : These are stereoisomers
that are not enantiomers, that is, they are
düaesþerGUEm ³ vaCaesþerGUGIusUEmEdlminEmnCaeGNg;tüÚEm )ann½y
not mirror images of each other. favaminEmnCarUbPaBqøúHKñaeTAvijeTAmk.
diastereotopic ligand : A ligand whose
replacement or addition gives rise to
lIkg;düaesþerGUtUBic ³ lIkg;EdlkarCMnYskEnøgb¤karbUkbEnßmrbs;
diastereomers. vaeFIVeGaymankarekIneLIgdl;düaesþerGUEm.
diatomic : Consisting of two atoms.
DIGatUmic ³ EdlpSMeLIgedayGatUmBIr.
diatomic molecules : Stable molecules
comprising two atoms of the same
m:UelKulDIGatUm ³ m:UelKulmansßirPaBEdlbgáeLIgBIGatUmBIrénFatu
element. Oxygen (02), nitrogen (N2), and
chlorine (C12) are examples of diatomic
dUcKña. GuksIuEsn(0 ),GasUt(N ),nigkør (C1 ) Ca]TahrN_mUe: lKul
2 2 2
molecules. DIGatUm.

83
diazine : 1. A hydrocarbon consisting of

an unsaturated hexatomic ring of two
DIGasIun ³ 1.GIuRdUkabYEdlpSMeLIgBIvg;GiucsatUmicminEq¥ténGatUm
nitrogen atoms and four carbons. 2.
Suffix indicating a ring compound with
GasUtBIr nigkabUnbYn. 2.bc©½ybgðajfasmasFatuvg;manGatUm
two nitrogen atoms. GasUtBIr.
diazo compound : An
compound containing the
organic
radical
smasFatuDIGasU ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanra:DIkal; -N=N-.
-N=N-.
diazo dye : See developed dye.
l½xDIGasUt ³ emIl developed dye.
diazo group : A functional group with
the formula =N2.
RkumDIGasU ³ RkumnaTImanrUbmnþ =N . 2
diazo oxide : An organic molecule or a

grouping of organic molecules that have
DIGasUGuksIut ³ m:UelKulsrIragÁ b¤bgÁúMm:UelKulsrIragÁmanRkumDIGasU
a diazo group and an oxygen atom joined
to ortho positions of an aromatic
nigGatUmGuksIuEsnEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgTItaMgRtg;énéNVy:UGarU:ma:Tic. eK
nucleus. Also known as diazophenol. ehAmüa:geTotfa DIGasUepNul.
diazo process : See diazotization.
dMeNIrDIGasU ³ emIl diazotization.
diazoalkane : A compound with the
general formula R2C=N2 in which two
DIGasUGal;kan ³ smasFatumanrUbmnþTUeTA R C=N EdlkñúgenaH
2 2
hydrogen atoms of an alkane molecule

have been replaced by a diazo group.
GatUmGIuRdÚEsnBIrénm:UelKulGal;kanRtUv)anCMnYsedayRkumDIGasU.
diazoamine : The
-N=NNH-. Also known as azimino.
grouping
DIGasUGamIn ³ bgÁMú –N=NNH-. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GasIumINU.
diazoate : A salt with molecular formula
of the type C6H5N=NOOM, where M is
DIGasUGat ³ GMbilEdlmanrUbmnþmUe: lKulRbePT C H N=NOOM
6 5
a nonvalent metal. Edl M Caelah³Kµanva:Lg;.

diazoic acid : C6H5N=NOOH An
isomeric form of phenylnitramine.
GasIutDIGasUGiuc ³ C H N=NOOH TMrg;GIusUEménepnIlnIRtamIn.
6 5
diazole : A cyclic hydrocarbon with five

atoms in the ring, two of which are
DIGasUl ³ GIuRdUkabYCMuEdlmanGatUmR)aMkñúgvg; EdlBIrCaGatUmGasUt
nitrogen atoms and three are carbon. nigbICaGatUmkabUn.
diazomethane : CH2N2 A poisonous gas
used in organic synthesis to methylate
DIGasUemtan ³ CH N ]sµ½nBulEdleRbIR)as;kñúgkarsMeyaKsrIragÁ
2 2
compounds. eTACasmasFatuemTILat.
diazonium : The grouping =N≡N.
DIGasUj:Úm ³ bgÁúM =N≡N.
diazonium salts : Compounds of the
type R.X.N:N, where R represents an
GMbilDIGasUj:Úm ³ smasFatuRbePT R.X.N:N Edl R tageGay
alkyl or aryl group and X represents an
anion such as a halide.
RkumGal;KIlb¤GarIl nig X tageGayGaj:úgdUcCaGaLÚEsn.
diazosulfonate : A salt formed from
diazosulfonic acid.
DIGasUs‘ulpUNat ³ GMbilkekItBIGasIutDIGasUs‘ulpUnic.
diazotization : Reaction between a
primary aromatic amine and nitrous acid
DIGasUtkmµ ³ RbtikmµrvagGamInGarU:ma:Ticbzm nigGasIutnIRtWedIm,I
to give a diazo compound. Also known
as diazo process.
pþl;CasmasFatuDIGasU. eKehAmüa:geTotfa dMeNIrDIGasU.
dibasic : 1. Compounds containing two
hydrogens that may be replaced by a
DI)as ³ 1.smasFatuEdlmanGIuRdUEsnBIrGacRtUvCMnYsedayelah³
monovalent metal or radical. 2. An
alcohol that has two hydroxyl groups,
b¤ra:DIkal;mU:NUva:Lg;.
e.g. ethylene glycol. 2.Gal;kulEdlmanRkumGIuRduksIulBIr ]TahrN_eGTIELnKIøkul.
dibasic acid : An acid having two
hydrogen atoms capable of replacement
GasIutDI)as ³ GasIutEdlmanGatUmGIuRdUEsnBIrGacCMnYsedayGatUm
by two basic atoms or radicals. b¤ra:DIkal;)asBIr.

84
dibromide : Indicating the presence of

two bromine atoms in a molecule.
DIRbÚmY ³ EdlbgðajBIvtþmanénGatUmRbÚmBIrkñúgm:UelKul.
dibromo- : A prefix indicating two
bromine atoms.
DIRbU‘m:U ³ buBVbTEdlbgðajfamanGatUmRbÚmBIr.
dibutyl : Indicating the presence of two
butyl groupings bonded through a third
DIb‘uyTIl ³ EdlbgðajBIvtþmanénRkumb‘uyTIlBIrcgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUm
atom or group in a molecule. b¤RkumTIbIkñúgm:UelKul.
dicarbocyanine : 1. A member of a
group of dyes termed the cyanine dyes;
DIkabUsüanIn ³ smaCikénRkuml½x EdlmaneQaµHfa l½xsüanIn.
the structure consists of two heterocyclic
rings joined to the five-carbon chain:
TMrg;rbs;vapSMeLIgBIvg;eGetrU:sIuKøicBIrEdlPa¢b;eTAnwgExSGatUmkabUnR)aM
=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-. 2. A particular =CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-. l½xDIkabUsüanInBiessEdlmanvg;eGetrU:
dicarbocyanine dye containing two
quinoline hetero-cyclic rings. sIuKøicKINUlInBIr.
dicarboxylic acid : A compound with
two carboxyl groups.
GasIutDIkabuksIulic ³ smasFatumanRkumkabuksIulBIr.
dication : A doubly charged cation with
the general formula X2+.
DIkacug ³ kacugmYyEdlmanbnÞúkBIrnigmanrUbmnþTUeTA X . 2+
dichloramine : 1. NH2Cl2 An unstable

molecule considered to be formed from
DIkøra:mIn ³ 1. NH Cl m:UelKulminzitefrEdlcat;TukfaRtUv)anekIt
2 2
ammonia by action of chlorine. Also

known as chlorimide. 2. Any chloramine
eLIgBIGamU:ja:k;edayGMeBIrbs;kør. eKehAmüa:geTotfa køra:mIt.
with two chlorine atoms joined to the 2.køra:mInEdlmanGatUmkørBIrPa¢b;eTAnwgGatUmGasUt.
nitrogen atom.
dichloride : Any inorganic salt or
organic compound that has two chlorine
DIkørY ³ GMbilGsrIragÁ b¤smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanGatUmkørBIrkñúg
atoms in its molecule. m:UelKulrbs;va.
dichromatic dye : Dye or indicator in
which different colors are seen, de-
l½xDIRkUma:t ³ l½x b¤Fatucg¥úlBN’EdlkñúgenaHBN’xus²Kñanwgbgðaj
pending upon the thickness of the
solution.
eGayeXIjeTAtamPaBxab;énsUluysüúg.
dichromic : Pertaining to a molecule
with two atoms of chromium.
DIRkUmic ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgm:UelKulEdlmanGatUmRkUmBIr.
dicovalent carbon : See divalent carbon.
kabUnDIkUva:Lg; ³ emIl divalent carbon.
dicyanide : A salt that has two cyanide
groups.
DIsüanY ³ GMbilmanRkumsüanYBIr.
didymium : A mixture of-the rare-earth
elements praeseodymium and
DIDIm:JÚm ³ l,ayénFatukMrelIEpndIKWeRbesGUDImJ:Úm nigeNGUDImJÚm: .
neodymium. Abbreviated Di. sresrkat; Di.
dielectric vapor detector : Apparatus to
measure the change in the dielectric
edticT½rcMhayDIeGLicRTic ³ ]bkrN_vas;karbþÚrefrDIeGLicRTic
constant of gases or gas mixtures; used
as a detector in gas chromatographs to
én]sµ½n b¤l,ay]sµ½n. vaRtUveRbIR)as;CaedticT½r kñúgRkUma:tURkab]sµ½n
sense changes in carrier gas. edIm,IdwgBIkarERbRbYlkñúg]sµ½n.
dielectrophoresis : The ability of an
uncharged material to move when
DIeGLicRtUpers ³ lT§PaBénrUbFatuKµanbnÞúkkñúgkareFVIbMlas;TIenA
subjected to an electric field. eBldak;vakñúgEdneGLicRTic.
Diels-Alder reaction : The 1, 4 addition
of a conjugated diolefin to a compound,
Rbtikmµ Diels-Alder ³ karbUkbEnßm1,4 DIGUelPInqøas;eTAnwgsmas-
known as a dienophile, containing a
double or triple bond; the dienophile
Fatu dUcCaDIeGNUPIlEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan; b¤bICan;. DIeGNUPIlGacRtUv
may be activated by conjugation with a skmµkmµedaykarqøas;CamYysm<½n§BIrCan;mYy b¤FatuTTYleGLicRtug.
second double bond or with an electron
acceptor.

85
diene : One of a class of organic

compounds containing two ethylenic
DIEGn b¤Edün ³ fñak;mYyénsmasFatusrIragÁEdlmankarcgsm<½n§
linkages (carbon-to-carbon double
bonds) in the molecules. Also known as
eGTIELn BIr¬C=C¦ kñúgm:UelKul. eKehAmüa:geTotfa Gal;kaDIEGn
alkadiene; diolefin. DIGUelPIn.
diene resin : Material containing the
diene group of double bonds that may
ersIunDIEGn ³ rUbFatumanRkumDIEGnsm<½n§BIrCan;EdlGaceFIVµbUl: IEmkmµ.
polymerise.
diene value : A number that represents
the amount of conjugated bonds in a
tMélDIEGn ³ cMnYnEdltageGaybrimaNsm<½n§qøas;kñúgGasIutxaøj;
fatty acid or fat. b¤xaøj;.
dienophile : The alkene component of a
reaction between an alkene and a diene.
DIeGNUPIl b¤cMNUlEdün³ smasPaKGal;EsnénRbtikmµrvag
Gal;EsnnigDIEGn.
diester : A compound containing two
ester groupings.
DIeGEsÞ ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumeGEsÞBIr.
diet : The different kinds of food and the
amount of each kind of food eaten by
rbbGahar ³ RbePTepSg²énGaharnigbrimaNénRbePTGahar
people or animals. It is often described
by the name of the food which provides
nimYy²EdlRtUv)anbriePaKedaymnusS b¤stV. vaeRcInRtUv)anBN’na
most of the energy for nutrition. i.e. a edayeQµaHGaharEdlpþl;famBleRcInCageKsMrab;karciBa©wmCIvit.
rice diet, a wheat diet.
]TahrN_ rbbGahar)ay rbbGaharRsUvsalI.
diether : A molecule that has two
oxygen atoms with ether bonds.
DIeGET ³ m:UelKulEdlmanGatUmGuksIuEsnBIr Edlmansm<½n§eGET
¬-O-¦.
diethyl : Pertaining to a molecule with
two ethyl groups.
DIeGTIl ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgm:UelKulEdlmanRkumeGTIlBIr.
diethylaminoethyl cellulose : A
positively charged resin used in ion-
EsluyLÚsDIeGTIlGamINUeGTIl ³ ersIunEdlamnbnÞúkviC¢man
exchange chromatography; an anion
exchanger. Also known as DEAE-
eRbIkñúgRkUma:tURkaPIbNþÚrGIuyu:g. vaCaFatubNþÚrGaj:úg. eKehAmüa:g
cellulose. eTotfa EsluyLÚs DEAE.
difference spectrophotometer : See
absorption spectrophotometer.
s,icRtUpUtUEm:RtDIepr:g; ³ emIl absorption spectrophotometer.
differential aeration cell : An
electrolytic cell whose electromotive
Bilmanxül;DIepr:g;Esül ³ BileGLicRtUlItEdlkMlaMg
force comes from a difference in
concentration of atmospheric oxygen at
clnaeGLicRtugrbs;va)anmkBIPaBxusKñaénkMhab;GuksIuEsnbriya-
one electrode with reference to another kasenAelIeGLicRtUtmYyCaeKaleyageFobeTAnwgeGLicRtUtmYy
electrode of the same material. Also
known as oxygen concentration cell. eToténrUbFatudUcKña. eKehAmüa:geTotfaekasikakMhab;GuksIuEsn.
differential ebuliometer : Apparatus for
precise and simultaneous measurement
rMBuHEm:RtDIepr:g;Esül ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;RBmKañ nigCak;lak;nUv
of both the boiling temperature of a
liquid and the condensation temperature
sItuNðPaBrMBuHénvtßúrav nigsItuNðPaBkMNCaejIséncMhayvtßúravkMBug
of the vapors of the boiling liquid. BuH.
differential heat of dilution : See heat
of dilution.
kMedADIepr:g;EsülénBRgav ³ emIl heat of dilution.
differential polarography : Technique
of polarographic analysis which
b:ULar:URkaPIDIepr:g;Esül ³ bec©keTsviPaKb:UElr:URkaPicEdlvas;;PaB
measures the difference in current
flowing between two identical dropping-
xusKñaéncrnþEdlqøgkat;rvageGLicRtUt)artbnþk;BIrdUcKañebHbiTenA
mercury electrodes at the same potential cMNucb:Utg;EsüldUcKañ b:uEnþkñúgsUluysüúgxusKañ.
but in different solutions.

86
differential reaction rate : The order of

a chemical reaction expressed as a
el,ÓnRbtikmµDIepr:g;Esül³ lMdab;RbtikmµKImImYyEdlsMEdgeday
differential equation with respect to
time; e.g., dx/dt = k(a – x) for first order,
smIkar DIepr:g;EsülGaRs½yry³eBl. ]TahrN_ dx/dt = k (a – x)
dx/dt = k(a –x)(b –x) for second order, sMrab;Rbtikmµ lMdab;TI1 ehIy dx/dt = k(a –x)(b –x) sMrab;Rbtikmµ
and so on, where k is the specific rate
constant, a is the concentration of lMdab;T I2.l. Edl K Caefrel,ÓnCak;lak; a CakMhab;énRbtikr A
bKWCakMhab;énRbtikrB nig dx/dt Cael,ÓnénkarERbRbYlkMhab;sMrab;
reactant A, b is the concentration of
reactant B, and dx/dt is the rate of
change in concentration for time t. ry³eBl t.
differential spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometric analysis of a sample
:
viFIs,úicRtUpUtUmaRtDIepr:g;Esül ³ karviPaKs,úicRtUpUtUemRTicén
when a solution of the major component
of the sample is placed in the reference
PaKsMNakmYyenAeBlsUluysüúgénsmasPaKsMxan;²rbs;PaK
cell; the recorded spectrum represents sMNakenHRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgfteyag. s,úicEdl)ankt;Rtatag eGay
the difference between the sample and
the reference cell. PaBxusKañrvagPaKsMNak nigekasikaeyag.
differential thermometric titration :
Thermometric titration in which titrant is
GRtakmµETm:UemRTicDIepr:g;Esül ³ GRtakmµETm:UemRTicEdlkñúg
added simultaneously to the reaction
mixture and to a blank in identically
enaHGRtakrRtUv)anbEnßmRBmKñaeTAkñúgl,ayRbtikmµnigftTeTkñúg
equipped cells. ekasikaEdl)andMeLIgdUcKañ.
diffraction grating : An optical device
consisting of an assembly of narrow slits
]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg ³ ]bkrN_GubTicEdlpSMeLIgBIkarpMÁúKñaénsñam
or grooves which produce a large
number of beams that can interfere to
muxkat;b¤sñamlktUc²EdlbegáIt)anCa)ac;BnWøya:geRcInEdlGaceRCot
produce spectra. Also known as grating. ERCkedIm,IbegáIts,úic.
diffraction spectrum : Parallel light and
dark or colored bands of light produced
s,úicDIR)ak;süúg³ bg;BnWønigbg;ggwtb¤bg;BN’RsbKñaénBnWøEdlbegIát
by diffraction. eLIgedayDIR)ak;süúg.
diffuse series : A series occurring in the
spectra of many atoms having one, two,
es‘rIsay ³ es‘rIEdlekIteLIgkñúgs,úicénGatUmeRcInEdlmaneGLic-
or three electrons in the outer shell, in
which the total orbital angular
Rtug 1, 2, b¤ 3 kñúgRsTab;eRkAEdlkñúgenaHcMnYnkg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuMGrb‘Ítal;
momentum quantum number changes srubERbRbYlBI 2 eTA 1.
from 2 to 1.
diffuse spectrum : Any spectrum having
lines which are very broad even when
s,úicsay ³ s,úicEdlmanbnÞat;FMTUsaysUm,IEtenAeBlKµanlT§PaB
there is no possibility of line broadening
by collisions.
BRgIkedaykarb:HTgÁic.
diffusion : The tendency of molecules
and ions to move randomly toward areas
sMNay ³ TMenarbMlas;TIedayécdnþénm:UelKulnigGIuyug: eTAtMbn;
of lower concentration until the
concentration is uniform throughout the
mankMhab;TabCagrhUtdl;kMhab;enHesµIKñakñúgRbB½n§TaMgmUl.
system.
diffusion current : In polarography
with a dropping-mercury electrode, the
crnþsMNay ³ kñúgb:UElr:URkaPImaneGLicRtUt)artbnþk;lMhUrEdlRtUv
flow that is controlled by the rate of
diffusion of the active solution species
)anRtYtBinitüedayel,ÓnsMNayénRbePTsUluysüúgqøgkat;CMral
across the concentration gradient kMhab;EdlbegáIteLIgedaykarpþac;GIuy:ugb¤m:UelKulenAelIépÞeGLic-
produced by the removal of ions or
molecules at the electrode surface. RtUt.
diffusion flame : A long gas flame that
radiates uniformly over its length and
GNþatePIøgsMNay ³ GNþatePIøgEvgén]sµ½nEdlbeBa©jesµIkñúg
precipitates free carbon uniformly. RbEvgrbs;va nigk)ankabUnesrIdUc²Kña.

87
diffusion potential : A potential

difference across the boundary between
b:Utg;EsülsMNay ³ PaBxusKañénb:Utg;Esülqøgkat;RBMEdnrvag
electrolytic solutions with different
compositions. Also known as liquid
sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItEdlmansmasPaKxusKañ. eKehAmüa:geTot
junction potential. fa b:Utg;EsülRbsBVvtßúrav.
diffusivity analysis : Analysis of
difficult-to-separate materials in solution
karviPaKsMNay ³ karviPaKénrUbFatuEdlBi)akEjkkñúgsUluysüúg
by diffusion effects, using, e.g., dialysis,
electrodialysis, interferometry, ampero-
edayplsMNayEdleRbIR)as; ]TahrN_ düalIs eGLicRtUdüalIs
metric titration, polarography, or GaMgETepr:UmaRt GRtakmµGMEBmaRt b:UElr:URkaPIV b¤vu:lEm:Rt.
voltammetry.
difunctional molecule : An organic
structure possessing two sites that are
m:UelKulmuxgarBIr ³ TMrg;srIragÁmantMbn;BIrEdlmanlkçN³Rbtikmµ
highly reactive. x<s;.
digestion : Process that breaks down
food molecules into smaller compounds
karrMlayGahar ³ lMnaMbMEbkm:UelKulénGaharCasmasFatutUc²
that are absorbed by the body. EdlRtUv)anRsUbedaysarBagÁkay.
diglycerol : A compound that is a diester
of glycerol.
DIKIøesr:ul ³ smasFatuEdlCaDIeGEsÞénKIøesr:ul.
dihalide : A molecule containing two
atoms of halogen combined with a
DIGaLÚEsnY ³ m:UelKulEdlmanGatUmGaLÚEsnBIrpSMCamYyra:DIkal;
radical or element. b¤FatumYy.
dihydrate : A compound with two
molecules of water of hydration.
DIGIuRdat ³ smasFatuEdlmanTwkBIrm:UelKulénGIuRdatkmµ.
dihydrazone : A molecule containing
two hydrazone radicals
DIGIuRdasUn ³ m:UelKulEdlmanra:DIkal;GIuRdasUnBIr.
dihydro- : A prefix indicating
combination with two atoms of
DIGIuRdU ³ buBVbTEdlbgðajBIbnSMCamYyGatUmGIuRdUEsnBIr.
hydrogen.
dihydrochloride :
containing two
A compound
molecules of
DIGIuRdUkørY ³ smasFatuEdlmanGasIutkørIRDicBIrm:UelKul.
hydrochloric acid.
dihydroxy : A molecule containing two
hydroxyl groups.
DIGIuRduksIu ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGIuRduksIulBIr.
diluent : An inert substance added to
some other substance or solution so that
FatuBRgav ³ sarFatuniclEdlRtUvbEnßmeTAelIsarFatu b¤sUluysüúg
the volume of the latter substance is
increased and its concentration per unit
mYycMnYnEdlmaDsarFatufµIenaHekIneLIg nigkMhab;kñúgmYyxñatmaDfy
volume is decreased. cuH.
dilute : To make less concentrated.
BRgav ³ eFIVeGaykMhab;fycuH.
dilute solution : A solution containing a
small amount of solute.
sUluysüúgrav ³ sUluysüúgpÞúkeTAedaybrimaNd¾tictYcénFatu
rlay.
dilution : Increasing the proportion of
solvent to solute in any solution and
karBRgav ³ karbegIánsmamaRténFaturMlayeTAelIFaturlaykñúg
thereby decreasing the concentration of
the solute per unit volume.
sUluysüúgNamYyEdlCaehtueFIVeGaykMhab;énFaturlaykñúgmYy
xñatmaDfycuH.
dimensional analysis : Method of
converting a measurement from one unit
karviPaKvimaRt ³ viFIénkarbMElgrgVas;BIÉktamYyeTAÉktamYy
to another by multiplying by an
appropriate conversion factor. The
eTotedayKuNCamYyemKuNbMElgEdlsmRsb. rgVas;enHminERb
measurement does not change, only its RbYleT EtÉktarbs;vab:ueNÑaHEdlERbRbYl.
unit.

88
dimeric water : Water in which pairs of

molecules are joined by hydrogen bonds.
TwkDIEm ³ TwkEdlkñúgKUmUe: lKulrbs;vaRtUv)anPa¢b;edaysm<½n§
GIuRdUEsn.
dimerization : A chemical reaction in
which two identical molecular entities
DIEmkmµ ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHmanm:UelKuldUcKañBIreFIVRbtikmµ
react to form a single dimer. edIm,IbegáItDIEmmYy.
dimetan : The generic name for 5,5-
dimethyldehydroresorcinol dimethyl-
DIemtan ³ eQaµHTUeTAsMrab; 5,5-DIemTIledGIuRdUer:sUsIuNulDIemTIl
carbamate, a synthetic carbamate
insecticide.
ka)ama:tEdlCafñaMsMlab;stVli¥tka)ama:tsMeyaK.
dimethyl : A compound that has two
methyl groups.
DIemTIl ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumemTIlBIr.
dimorphism : Having crystallization in
two forms with the same chemical
eTVsNæan ³ EdlmankMNRkamkñúgTMrg;BIrEdlmansmasPaKKImI
composition. dUcKañ.
dineric : 1.Having two liquid phases. 2.
Pertaining to the interface between two
DIenric ³ 1.EdlmanpasravBIr.
liquids. 2. EdlTak;TgeTAnwgGnþrmuxrvagvtßúravBIr.
dinitrate : A molecule that contains two
nitrate groups.
DInIRtat ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumnIRtatBIr.
dinitrite : A molecule that has two
nitrite groups.
DInIRTIt ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumnIRTItBIr.
dinitrogen : The diatomic molecule of
nitrogen.
DIGasUt ³ m:UelKulDIGatUménGasUt.
dioctyl : A compound that has two octyl
groups.
DIGukTIl ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumGukTIlBIr.
diodide : A molecule that contains two
iodine atoms bonded to an element or
DIGIuy:UDY ³ m:UelKulEdlmanGatUmGIuyUt: BIrcgsm<½n§eTAnwgFatu b¤
radical. ra:DIkal;mYy.
diolefin : See diene.
DIGUelPIn ³ emIl diene.
-dione : Suffix indicating the presence of
two keto groups.
DIGUn ³ bc©½yEdlbgðajBIvtþmanénRkumEstUnBIr.
dioxide : A compound containing two
atoms of oxygen.
DIGuksIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanGatUmGuksIuEsnBIr.
dioxin : A member of a family of highly
toxic chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons;
DIGuksIun ³ smaCikénGMbUrGIuRdUkabYGar:Uma:TicmankørEdlBulxøaMg.
found in a number of chemical products
as lipophilic contaminants. Also known
vaRtUv)anRbTHeXIjkñúgplitplKImICaeRcIn dUcCaFatukxVk;lIbUP: Ilic.
as polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin. eKehAmüa:geTotfa DIbg;sU)a:ra:DIGUksIunmanb:UlIkør.
dioxygen : O2 Molecular oxygen.
DIGuksIuEsn ³ m:UelKulGuksIuEsn O .2
diphenol : A compound that has two

phenol groups, e.g., resorcinol.
DIepNul ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumepNulBIr ]TahrN_
ersrsIuNul.
diphosphate : A salt that has two
phosphate groups.
DIpUsaVt ³ GMbilEdlmanRkumpUsVatBIr.
dipolar gas : A gas whose molecules
have a permanent electric dipole
]sµ½nDIb:UEl ³ ]sµ½nEdlm:UelKulmanm:Um:g;DIbU:leGLicRTicCa
moment. Gcié®nþy_.
dipolar ion : An ion carrying both a
positive and a negative charge. Also
GIuy:ugDIb:UEl ³ GIuy:ugEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man nigGviC¢man.
known as zwitterion.

89
dipole : A molecule that has two

electrically charged regions, or poles. An
DIb:Ul ³ m:UelKulEdlmantMbn;bnÞúkGKÁisnIBIr b¤bUl: BIr. DIbUl: eGLic-
electric dipole is a region of unbalanced
electric charge. A dipole is a
RTicCatMbn;EdlmanbnÞúkGKiÁsnIminesµIKña. DIbUl: CalkçN³sMKal;
characteristic of all polar bonds. Dipoles énsm<½n§bUE: lTaMgGs; ehIyva k¾man\T§iBlelIlkçN³énPaBrlay
also affect the solubility characteristic of
a molecule. rbs;mUe: lKulpgEdr .
dipole moment : The vector sum of the
bond moments in a molecule, a measure
m:Um:g;DIb:Ul ³ vuicTr½srubénm:Um:g;sm<½n§kñúgm:UelKulmYy EdlCargaVs;én
of the polarity of the molecule. PaBb:UElénm:UelKulenaH.
dipole-dipole force : See dipole-dipole
interaction
kMlaMgDIb:Ul-DIb:Ul ³ emIl dipole-dipole interaction.
dipole-dipole interaction : (dipole
moments) A weak intermolecular force
GnþrkmµDIb:Ul-DIb:Ul ³ (m:Um:g;DIbUl: ) kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKulexSay
resulting from the attraction of
oppositely charged regions of
)anmkBITMnayéndMbn;bnÞúkpÞúyKñaénm:UelKulb:UElGcié®nþy_. Gnþrkmµ
permanently polar molecules. Dipole- DIbUl: -DIbU:lTTYlxusRtUvxøH²sMrab;kMlaMgva:ndWva:l nigtMNwgépÞkñúg
dipole interactions are partly responsible
for van de Waals forces and surface vtßúrav.
tension in liquids.
dipole-induced dipole interactions : A
weak intermolecular attraction between a
GnþrkmµDIb:Ul-DIb:UlGnÞg ³ TMnajGnþrm:UelKulexSayrvag
polar molecule and a non-polar molecule
in which polarity is induced.
m:UelKulb:UElnigm:UelKulminb:UElEdlkñúgenaH)annaMmknUvPaBb:UEl.
dipropyl : A compound containing two
propyl groups.
DIRbUBIl ³ smaFatuEdlmanRkumRbUBIlBIr.
diprotic : Pertaining to a chemical
structure that has two ionizable hydrogen
DIRbUTic ³ EdlTak;Tg;eTAnwgTMrg;KImIEdlmanGatUmGIuRdUEsnBIrGac
atoms. bMEbkCaGIuy:ug.
diprotic acid : An acid that has two
ionizable hydrogen atoms in each
GasIutDIRbUTic ³ GasIutEdlmanGatUmGIuRdUEsnGacbMEbkCaGIuyu:gBIr
molecule. kñúgm:UelKulnimYy².
direct effect : A chemical effect caused
by the direct transfer of energy from
plpÞal; ³ plKImIEdlbgáedaybenÞrfamBlpaÞl;BIkaMrsµIGIuyu:gkmµ
ionizing radiation to an atom or molecule
in a medium.
eTAeGayGatUmb¤mUe: lKulkñúgmCÄdæan.
directing groups : Groups already on a
benzene ring that direct the position of
RkumedATis ³ RkummanelIvg;bg;EsnRsab;EdlCaGñkedATItaMg
attachment of electrophiles. CMnab;rbs;eGLicRtUPIl.
direct-vision spectroscope : A
spectroscope that allows the observer to
s,úicRtUsáÚbKMehIjpÞal; ³ s,úicTsSn_EdlGaceGayGñksegátemIl
look in the direction of the light source
by means of an Amici prism.
TisedAénRbPBBnøWedayRBIsGamIsIu.
disaccharide : A sugar, such as sucrose,
formed by the combination of two
DIsakarIt ³ sárdUcCasakar:UsEdlbgáekIteLIgedaybnSMénm:UNU
monosaccharides. e.g. sucrose is
composed of glucose and fructose.
sakarItBIr. ]TahrN_ ³ sárGMeBApSMeLIgBIKøúykUs nigRPuctUs.
discontinuous phase : See disperse
phase.
pasdac; ³ emIl disperse phase.
discrete spectrum : A spectrum in
which the component wavelengths
s,úicdac; ³ s,úicEdlkñúgenaHCMhanrlksmasFatusßitienACalMdab;
constitute a discrete sequence of values
rather than a continuum of values.
tMéldac;BIKña.
disilane Si2H6 : A spontaneously
flammable compound of silicon and
DIsIuLan Si H ³ smasFatuGaceqHedayÉkÉgénsIulIsüÚm nig
2 6
hydrogen; it exists as a liquid at room

temperature.
GIuRdUEsn. vamanGtßiPaBCavtßúravenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;.

90
disilicate : A silicate compound that has

two silicon atoms in the molecule.
DIsIulIkat ³ smasFatusIulIkatEdlmanGatUmsIulIsüÚmBIrkñúg
m:UelKul.
disilicide : A compound that has two
silicon atoms joined to a radical or
DIsIulIsIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanGatUmsIulIsüÚmBIrPa¢b;eTAnwgra:DIkal;
another element. b¤FatumYyeTot.
disk colorimeter : A device for
comparing standard and sample colors
kaLÚrIEm:Rtfas ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;eRbobeFobBN’PaKsMNak nigBN’
by means of rotating color disks. KMrU ¬sþg;da¦edaymeFüa)aybgiVlfasBN’.
disperse phase : The phase of a disperse
system consisting of particles or droplets
pasBRgay ³ pasénRbB½n§rat;rayEdlbgáeLIgedayPaKli¥t b¤
of one substance distributed through
another system. Also known as
dMNk;tUc²énsarFatumYyEdlRtUv)anEbgEckeTARbB½n§mYyeTot.
discontinuous phase; internal phase. eKehAmüa:geTotfa pasdac; b¤pasépÞkñúg.
disperse system : A two-phase system
consisting of a dispersion medium and a
RbB½n§BRgay ³ RbB½n§pasBIrEdlrYmmanmCÄdæanrat;ray nigpas
disperse phase. rat;ray.
dispersible inhibitor : An additive that
can be dispersed in a liquid with only
Fatubg¥ak;BRgay)an ³ FatubEnßmEdlGacBRgaykñúgvtßúraveday
moderate agitation to retard undesirable
chemical action.
manEtkarrBa¢ÜylµmedIm,IBnüWtskmµPaBKImIEdlmincg;)an.
dispersion : A distribution of finely
divided particles in a medium.
r)a:y ³ r)aymYyénPaKli¥ttUc²kñúgmCÄdæan.
dispersion force : The weakest kind of
intermolecular attraction; thought to be
kMlaMgr)a:y ³ RbePTexSaybMputénTMnajGnþrm:UelKulEdlRtUv)an
caused by the random motion of
electrons causing temporary dipoles.
Kitfabgá eLIgedayclnaécdnüéneGLicRtugEdlbNþaleGayman
DIbU:lbeNþaHGasnñ.
dispersion medium : See continuous
phase.
mCÄdæanr)a:y ³ emIl continuous phase.
dispersoid : Matter in a form produced
by a disperse system.
DIEs<sUGIut ³ rUbFatukñúgTMrg; EdlbegIáteLIgedayRbB½n§rat;raymYy.
displacement : A chemical reaction in
which an atom, radical, or molecule
bMlas;TI ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkúñgenaHGatUm ra:DIkal; b¤mUe: lKulpøas;
displaces and sets free an element of a
compound.
kEnøg nigbegIátFatues‘rImYyénsmasFatu.
displacement chromatography
Variation of column-development or
:
RkUma:tURkaPIbMlas;TI ³ karpaøs;bþÚrénkUeLanRkUma:tURkaPIpiþtBN’
elution chromatography in which the
solvent is sorbed more strongly than the
b¤paþc;BN’EdlkñúgenaHFaturMlayRtUvRsUbxaMøgCagsmasFatuPaKsMNak
sample components; the freed sample ehIyPaKsMNakes‘rIpøas;TIcuHtamkUeLanEdlrujedayFaturMlay.
migrates down the column, pushed by
the solvent.
displacement series : The elements in
decreasing order of their negative
es‘rIbMlas;TI ³ FatuKImIkñúglMdab;fycuHénb:Utg;EsülGviC¢manrbs;
potentials. Also known as constant
series; electromotive series; Volta series.
va. eKehAmüa:geTotfa es‘rIefr es‘rIclnaeGLicRtug niges‘rIbUt: g;
Esül.
disproportionation : The changing of a
substance, usually by simultaneous
DIsµÚtkmµ ³ karbþÚrsarFatumYy CaFmµtaedayRbtikmµ GuuksIutkmµ
oxidation and reduction, into two or
more dissimilar substances.
nigerdukmµRBmKñaeTACasarFatuBIr b¤eRcInEdlxus²Kañ.

91
dissociation : Separation of a molecule

into two or more fragments (atoms, ions,
karbMEbk ³ karEjkénm:UelKulmYyeTACabMEnkBIrb¤eRcIn ¬GatUm
radicals) by collision with a second body
or by the absorption of electromagnetic
GIuyu:g ra:DIkal;¦ edaykarTgÁicCamYyGgÁTIBIr b¤edaysMrUbkaMrsIµeGLic-
radiation. RtUma:ejTic.
dissociation constant : A constant
whose numerical value depends on the
efrbMEbk ³ efrEdltMélCaelxrbs;vaGaRs½yeTAnwglMnwgrvagTMrg;
equilibrium between the undissociated
and dissociated forms of a molecule; a
bMEbk nigTMrg;minbMEbkénm:UelKul. tMélFMbgðajfakMlaMgbMEbkxøaMg
higher value indicates greater dissociation. Cag.
dissociation energy : The energy
required for complete separation of the
famBlbMEbk ³ famBlEdlRtUvkarsMrab;karEjkTaMgRsugénGatUm
atoms of a molecule. rbs;mUe: lKul.
dissociation limit : The wavelength, in a
series of vibrational bands in a molecular
lImItbMEbk ³ CMhanrlkkñúges‘rIbg;lMjr½kñúgs,úicénm:UelKulmYy
spectrum, corresponding to the point at
which the molecule dissociates into its
RtUvKñaeTAnwgcMNucEdlm:UelKulenaHbMEbkeTACaGatUmFatubgárbs;va.
constituent atoms; it corresponds to the vaRtUvKñaeTAnwglImItbRgYm.
convergence limit.
dissociation pressure : The pressure, for
a given temperature, at which a chemical
sMBaFbMEbk ³ sMBaFenAsItuNðPaBpþl;eGayEdlsmasFatuKImI
compound dissociates. eFVIkarbMEbk.
dissociation-voltage effect : A change
in the dissociation of a weak electrolyte
plb:Utg;EsülbMEbk ³ karpøas;bþÚrkñúgkarbMEbkéneGLicRtUlIt
produced by a strong electric field. exSaybgáeLIgedayEdneGLicRTicxMøag.
dissolution : Dissolving of a material.
karrlay ³ karrlayénrUbFatu.
dissolve : To cause to disperse. Absorb
or melt into fluid. To cause to pass into
rMlay ³ eFIVeGayray)a:y sMrUb b¤rlayeTACavtßúrav. eFIVeGay
solution. køayeTACasUluysüúg.
dissymmetry coefficient : Ratio of the
intensities of scattered light at 45 and
emKuNGsIuemRTI ³ pleFobGaMgtg;sIueténBnWøRBacenA 45 nig135 0
135°, used to correct for destructive

interference encountered in light-
EdlRtUveRbIedIm,IEkGaMgETepr:g;bMpøajEdlCYbRbTHkñúgkarviPaKpUtU
scattering-photometric analyses of liquid emRTicBnWøRBacénPaKsMNakrav.
samples.
distillate : The liquid products of
distillation formed by condensing
plbMNit ³ plitplravénbMNitEdlkekIteLIgedaycMhayk
vapors. CaejIs.
distillation : A purification process in
which a solution is heated until the
bMNit ³ lMnaMbnSúT§EdlkñúgenaHsUluysüúgRtUv)ankMedArhUtdl;
material of lower boiling point boils,
leaves the solution, and is trapped and
rUbFatuEdlmancMNucrMBuHTabCageKBuHehIyPayecjBIsUluysüúg nig
condensed; used to separate dissolved kCadMNk;Twk. eKeRbIsMrab;EjkvtßúrwgrlayBIvtßúrav b¤vtßúravBIvtßúrav
solids from liquids or liquids from
liquids according to boiling point. eTAtamcMNucrMBuH.
distillation column : A ‘still’ for
fractional distillation.
bMBg;bit ³ ]bkrN_bMNitmYysMrab;bMNitRbPaK.
distillation curve : The graphical plot of
temperature versus overhead product
ExSekagbMNit ³ RkaPicénsItuNðPaBCamYynwgplitpl¬pl
(distillate) volume or weight for a
distillation operation.
bMNit¦CamaD b¤Cama:ssMrab;dMeNIrbMNit.

92
distillation loss : In a laboratory

distillation, the difference between the
kar)at;bg;kñúgbMNit ³ PaBxusKñarvagmaDénvtßúravEdl)andak;cUl
volume of liquid introduced into the
distilling flask and the sum of the residue
eTAkñúgEkvbMNit nigmaDsrubkaksMNl; nigFatukCaejIsEdlTTYl)an
and condensate received. kñúgbMNitenATIBiesaF.
distillation range : The difference
between the temperature at the initial
r:g;bMNit ³ PaBxusKñarvagsItuNðPaBenAcMNucrMBuHedIm nigenAcMNuc
boiling point and at the end point of a
distillation test.
bBa©b;énetsþbMNit.
distilled mustard gas : A delayed-action
dangerous gas (mustard gas) that has
]sµ½nmUtatbit ³ ]sµ½neRKaHfañk;sMrab;BnüarskmµPaB¬]sµ½nm‘Utat¦
been distilled, or purified, to greatly
reduce the odor and thereby increase its
EdlRtUv)anbit b¤bnSúT§edIm,Ikat;bnßykøinya:geRcIn nigbegáInPaBlM)ak
difficulty of detection. énkarrkeXIjrbs;va.
distilled water : Water that has been
freed of dissolved or suspended solids
Twkbit ³ TwkEdl)anBIvtßúrwgrlay b¤GENþtvilvl;nigsarBagÁkay
and organisms by distillation. edaybMNit.
distilling flask : A round-bottomed glass
flask that is capable of holding a liquid
EkvbMNit ³ Ekv)atmUlEdlGacpÞúkvtßúravsMrab;bMNit.
to be distilled.
distribution coefficient : The ratio of
the amounts of solute dissolved in two
emKuNr)ay ³ pleFobénbrimaNFaturlayEdl)anrlaykñúg
immiscible liquids at equilibrium. vtßúravBIrEdlminrlaycUlKañenAcMNuclMnwg.
distribution law : The law stating that if
a substance is dissolved in two
c,ab;r)ay ³ c,ab;EdleBalfa RbsinebIsarFatumYyrlaykñúg
immiscible liquids, the ratio of its
concentration in each is constant.
vtßúravBIrEdlminrlaycUlKañ pleFobénkMhab;rbs;vanimYy²KWmin
ERbRbYl¬efr¦.
distribution ratio : The ratio of the
concentrations of a given solute in equal
pleFobr)ay ³ pleFobénkMhab; Faturlaypþl;eGaykñúgmaD
volumes of two immiscible solvents after
the mixture has been shaken and
esIµKañénFaturMlayBIrEdlminrlaycUlKañbnÞab;BIl,ayenaHRtUv)an
equilibrium established. RkLúk nigbegáIteLIgnUvlMnwg.
disubstituted alkene : An alkene with
the general formula R2C=CH2 or
Gal;EsnmanRkumCMnYsBIr ³ Gal;EsnEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA
RHC=CHR, where R is any organic R C=CH b¤ RHC=CHR Edl R CaRkumCMnYssrIragÁ. GatUmkabUn
2 2
group; a carbon atom is bonded directly
to each end of the double bond. RtUv)ancgsm<½n§edaypÞal;eTAnwgcugbBa©b;nimYy²énsm<½n§BIrCan;.
disulfate : A compound that has two
sulfate radicals.
DIs‘ulpat ³ smasFatuEdlmanra:DIkal;s‘ulpatBIr.
disulfide : 1. A compound that has two
sulfur atoms bonded to a radical or
DIs‘ulpY ³ 1.smasFatuEdlmanGatUms<an;F½rBIrcgsm<½n§eTAra:DIkal;
element. 2. One of a group of
organosulfur compounds RSSR’ that
b¤FatumYy. 2. RkummYyénsmasFatus<an;F½rsrIragÁ RSSR’EdlGac
may be symmetrical (R = R’) or sIuemRTI (R=R’) b¤GsIuemRTI (R nig R’ xusKña ).
unsymmetrical (R and R’, different).
Product of thiol oxidation, having the plitplénGuksIutkmµtüÚlEdlmanTMrg;Ca R-S-S-R.
structure R-S-S-R
disulfide bond : See disulfide bridge.
sm<½n§DIs‘ulpY ³ emIl disulfide bridge.
disulfide bridge : A sulfur-to-sulfur,
covalent bond linking the sulfur atoms of
s<anDIs‘ulpY ³ sm<½n§kUva:Lg;s<an;F½rCamYys<an;F½rEdlCakarPa¢b;
two polypeptide chains. Also known as
disulfide bond.
GatUms<an;F½rénExSb:UlIbuibTItBIr.
disulfonate : A molecule that has two
sulfonate groups.
DIs‘ulpUNat ³ mU:elKulEdlmanRkums‘ulpUNatBIr.

93
disulfonic acid : A molecule that has

two sulfonic acid groups.
GasIutDIs‘ulpUnic ³ m:UelKulEdlmanRkumGasIuts‘ulpUnicBIr.
diterpene C20H32 : 1. A group of
terpenes that have twice as many atoms
DIETEb:n C H ³ 1.RkummYYyénETEb:nEdlmanGatUmkñúgm:UelKul
20 32
in the molecule as monoterpenes. 2. Any

derivative of diterpene.
esµInwgGatUmm:UNUETEb:nBIrdg. 2. RslayNamYyénDIETEb:n.
dithiocarbamate : 1. A salt of
dithiocarbamic acid. 2. Any other
DItüÚka)ama:t ³ 1.GMbilénGasIutDItüÚka)amic.
derivative of dithiocarbamic acid. 2.RsLayepSgeToténGasIutDItüÚka)amic.
dithionate : Any salt formed from
dithionic acid.
DItüÚNat ³ GMbilEdlkekIteLIgBIGasIutDItüÚnic.
divalent carbon : A charged or
uncharged carbon atom that has formed
kabUnDIva:Lg; ³ GatUmkabUnEdlmanbnÞúkb¤KµanbnÞúkEdl)ankekIt
only two covalent bonds. Also known as
dicovalent carbon.
eLIgBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;BIrb:ueNaÑH. eKehAmüa:geTotfa kabUnDIkUva:Lg;.
divalent metal : A metal whose atoms
are each capable of chemically
elah³DIva:Lg; ³ elah³EdlGatUmrbs;vanimYy²Gaccgsm<½n§KimICa
combining with two atoms of hydrogen mYyGatUmGIuRdUEsnBIr.
diver method : Measure of the size of
suspended solid particles; small glass
viFIFatulic ³ karvas;énTMhMénPaKli¥trwgEdlGENþtvilvl; nigCa
divers of known density sink to the level
where the liquid-suspension density is
FatulicCaEkvtUc²éndg;sIuetlicRtUv)ansÁal;enAkMritEdldg;sIuetvtßúrav
equal to that of the diver, allowing GENþtKWesIµnwgdg;sIueténFatulicenaHEdlGacKNnaTMhMPaKl¥it.
calculation of particle size. Also known
as Berg’s diver method. eKehAmüa:geTotfaviFIFatuEb‘k.
divinyl : A molecule that has two vinyl
groups.
DIvInIl ³ m:UelKulmYyEdlmanRkumvInIlBIr.
Dobbin’s reagent : A mercuric chloride-
potassium iodide reagent used to test for
FatubnÞal;dUbb‘Ín ³ FatubnÞal;Tg;EdgkørYbUt: asüÚmGIuy:UDYEdleRbI
caustic alkalies in soap. R)as;;edIm,IeFIVEtsþsMrab;Gal;kalIkat;kñúgsab‘U.
Dobson spectrophotometer : A
photoelectric spectrophotometer used in
s,úicRtUpUtUEm:RtdUbsun ³ s,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RtpUtUeGLicRTicEdlRtUveRbI
the determination of the ozone content of
the atmosphere; compares the solar
R)as;kñúgkarkMNt;cMNuHGUsUnénbriyakasedayeRbobeFobfamBlRBH
energy at two wavelengths in the GaTitüenACMhanrlkBIrkñúgbg;sMrUbénGUsUnedayGnuBaØatieGaykaMrsIµ
absorption band of ozone by permitting
the radiation of each to fall alternately nimYy²b:HeTAelIpUtUekasikaqøas;Kña.
upon a photocell.
Donnan distribution coefficient : A
coefficient in an expression giving the
emKuNr)aydUNan ³ emKuNEdlbgðajBIr)ayenAelIEpñkTaMgBIrén
distribution, on two sides of a boundary
between electrolyte solutions in Donnan
RBMEdnrvagsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItenAlMnwgdUNanénGIuyu:gEdlGac
equilibrium, of ions which can diffuse sayqøgkat;RBMEdnenaH.
across the boundary.
Donnan equilibrium : The particular
equilibrium set up when two coexisting
lMnwgdUNan ³ lMnwgedayELkmYyEdlkekIteLIgenAeBlpasBIr
phases are subject to the restriction that
one or more of the ionic components
manGtßiPaBCamYyKñaRtUv)ankMritfasmasPaKGIuy:UnicmYyb¤eRcInminGac
cannot pass from one phase into the qøgkat;BIpasmYyeTApasmYyeToteT. CaTUeTAkarkMritenHbNþalmk
other; commonly, this restriction is
caused by a membrane which is BIPñasEdlRCabcMeBaHFaturMlay nigGIuy:ugtUc² b:uEnþminRCabcMeBaHGIuyu:g
permeable to the solvent and small ions
but impermeable to colloidal ions or kULÚGIutb¤PaKli¥tEdlmanbnÞúkTMhMbun: kULÚGIut. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
charged particles of colloidal size. Also
known as Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium.
lMnwgdUNanCIb.

94
Donnan potential : The potential

difference across a boundary between
b:Utg;EsüldUNan ³ PaBxusKañénb:Utg;Esülqøgkat;RBMEdnrvag
two electrolytic solutions in Donnan
equilibrium.
sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItBIrenAlMnwgdUNan.
Doppler broadening : Frequency
spreading that occurs in single-frequency
karBRgIkdUbpør½ ³ karBRgIkeRbkg;EdlekIteLIgkñúgkaMrsµIeRbkg;Et
radiation when the radiating atoms,
molecules, or nuclei do not all have the
mYyenAeBlGatUmm:UelKul b¤éNVyUbeB©ajrsµIenaHminmanel,ÓndUcKña
same velocity and may each give rise to nigGaceFIVeGayekIndl;karevndUbpør½xus²Kña.
a different Doppler shift.
Doppler-free spectroscopy : Any of
several techniques, which make use of
karsikSas,úicKµandUbpø½r ³ bec©keTsmYycMnYnEdleRbIR)as;
the intensity and monochromatic nature
of a laser beam to overcome the Doppler
GaMgtg;sIuet nig lkçN³FmµCatimU:NURkUma:Ticén)ac;BnøWLaEs‘edIm,ICMn³
broadening of spectral lines and measure karBRgIkdUbpør énbnÞat;s,úic nigvas;CMhanrlkrbs;vaeGayCak;lak;
their wavelengths with extremely high
accuracy. bMput.
Doppler-free two-photon
troscopy : A version of Doppler-free
spec-
karsikSas,úicpUtugBIrKµandUbpør ³ bMNkRsayéns,úicTsSn_dUbpør½
spectroscopy in which the wavelength of
a. transition induced by the simultaneous
Edl kñúgenaHCMhanrlkénGnþrkmµEdlekIteLIgedaykarRsUbRBmKañén
absorption of two photons is measured pUtugBIrRtUv)anvas;edaykardak;PaKsMNaktampøÚvqøgkat;én)ac;BnøWLaE
by placing a sample in the path of a laser
beam reflected on itself, so that the s‘ EdlcaMgpøatelIva dUecñHkarbþÚrevndUbpør½énBnøWEdlcaMgpøatenaH
Doppler shifts of the incident and
reflected beams cancel. rlub)at;.
Dorn effect : A difference in a potential
resulting from the motions of particles
pldn ³ PaBxusKñaénb:Utg;EsülEdlbNþalmkBIclnaPaKli¥t
through water; the potential exists
between the particles and the water.
qøgkat;Twk. b:Utg;EsülenHekItmanrvagPaKli¥t nigTwk.
double bond : A type of linkage
between atoms in which two pair of
sm<½n§BIrCan; ³ RbePTénCMnab;rvagGatUmEdlkñúgenaHKUeGLicRtug
electrons are shared equally. BIrKURtUv)andak;rYmesIµKañ.
double covalent bond : A covalent bond
in which two pairs of electrons are
sm<½n§kUv:aLg;BIrCan; ³ sm<½n§kUv:aLg;EdlKUeGLicRtugBIr)andak;
shared by two atoms. eTVtarYmedayGatUmTaMgBIr.
double decomposition : The simple
exchange of elements of two sub-
karbMEbkeTV ³ karpøas;bþÚrsmBaØénFaturbs;sarFatuBIredIm,IbegáIt
stances to form two new substances; e.g., sarFatufIµBIreTot. ]TahrN_ CaSO + 2NaCl→CaCl + Na SO .
4 2 2 4
CaSO4 + 2NaCl→ CaCl2 + Na2SO4.
double layer : See electric double layer.
RsTab;eTV ³ emIl electric double layer.
double salt : 1. A salt that upon
hydrolysis forms two different anions
GMbileTV ³ 1. GMbilEdlrgGIuRdUlIsbegáIt)anCaGaj:úgnigkacugBIr
and cations. 2. A salt that is a molecular
combination of two other salts.
xusKañ. 2. GMbilEdlCabnSMmUe: lKulmYyénGMbilepSgKñaBIr.
double-beam spectrophotometer : An
Instrument that uses a photoelectric
s,úicRtUpUtUEm:Rt)ac;BnøWeTV ³]bkrN_EdleRbIR)as;esoKIVeGLicRTic
circuit to measure the difference in
absorption when two closely related
edIm,Ivas;PaBxusKañkñúgkarRsUbenAeBlEdlCMhanrlkenACab;KñaBIrén
wavelengths of light are passed through BnøWRtUv)anqøgkat;tammCÄdaæændUcKañ.
the same medium.
double-blind sample : In chemical
analysis, a sample submitted in such a
PaKsMNakGdMNwgeTV ³kñúgkarviPaKKImI PaKsMNakmYyRtUv)andak;
way that neither its composition nor Its
identification as a check sample is
tamrebobmYyEdlminEmnsmasPaBrbs;va nigminEmnGtþsBaØaNkmµ
known to the analyst. rbs;vaCaPaKsMNaksMrab;epÞógpaÞt;RtUv)ansÁal;cMeBaHGñkviPaKeLIy.

95
double-bond isomerism : Isomerism in

which two or more substances possess
GIusUEmsm<½n§BIrCan; ³ GIusUEmEdlkñúgenaHsarFatuBIr b¤eRcInman
the same elementary composition but
differ in having double bonds in different
smasPaBFatudUcKañ b:uEnþxusKañRtg;sm<½n§BIrCan;manTItaMgxusKañ.
positions.
double-bond shift : In an organic
molecular structure, the occurrence when
rMkilsm<½n§BIrCan; ³ kñúgTMrg;m:UelKulsrIragÁ karekIteLIgenAeBl
a pair of valence bonds that join a pair of
carbons (or other atoms) shifts, via
Edlsm<½n§va:Lg;mYyKUEdlPa¢b;CamYykabUnmYyKU¬b¤GatUmdéTeTot¦
chemical reaction, to a new position, rMkilERbRbYltamRbtikmµKImIeTATItaMgfIµmYy ]TahrN_ H C=C-C-
2
e.g., H2C=C-C-CH2 (butene-1) to H2C-
C=C-CH2 (butene-2). CH ¬b‘uyEtn-1¦eTACa H C-C=C-CH ¬b‘uyEtn-2¦.
2 2 2
double-replacement reaction : A
chemical reaction between compound in
RbtikmµCMnYssm<½n§BIrCan; ³ RbtikmµKImIrvagsmasFatuEdlkñúgenaH
which the elements in the reactants
recombine to form two different
FatukñúgRbtikrpSMeLIgvijedIm,IbegáItsmasFatuxusKañBIr ehIyplitpl
compounds, each of the products having nimYy²manFatumYyEdl)anmkBIRbtikrnimYy²enaH.
one element from each of the reactants.
doublet : Two electrons which are
shared between two atoms and give rise
sm<½n§eTVeGLicRtug ³ eGLicRtugBIrEdlRtUv)andak;rYmrvagGatUmBIr
to a nonpolar valence bond. Two closely
separated spectral lines arising from a
ykvijeFIVeGayekInmansm<½n§va:Lg;minb:UElmYy. bnÞat;s,úicEjkCit
transition between a single state and a KañBIrekIneLIgBIGnþrkalrvagPaBmYynigPaBeTVEdlbegáItCasm<½n§eTV
pair of states forming a doublet as
described in the atomic physics eGLicRtugdUc)anBiBN’nakñúgniymn½yrUbGatUm.
definition.
downflow : In an ion-exchange system,
the direction of the flow of the solution
lMhUrcuH ³ kñúgRbB½n§bNþÚrGIuyu:g TisedAlMhYUrénsUluysüúgRtUv)an
being processed. dMeNIrkareLIg.
dropping point : The temperature at
which grease changes from a semisolid
cMNucdMNk; ³ sItuNðPaBEdlxøaj;bþÚrBIPaBrwgBak;kNþaleTACa
to a liquid state under standardised
conditions.
PaBraveRkaml½kçx½NÐFmµta¬l½kçx½NÐsþg;da¦.
dropping-mercury electrode : An
electrode consisting of a fine-bore
eGLicRtUtkNþk;)art ³ eGLicRtUtEdlbgáeLIgedaybMBg;brman
capillary tube above which a constant
head of mercury is maintained; the
rn§tUcqµarEdlxagelImankNþk;)artefr. )artecjBIcugénbMBg;tUcqµar
mercury emerges from the tip of the enaHenAel,ÓnénBIrbImIlIRkamkñúgmYyvinaTI nigbegáItCadMNk;ragEsV
capillary at the rate of a few milligrams
per second and forms a spherical drop EdlFøak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúgkñúgel,ÓnmYydMNk;erogral;BI 2-10 vinaTI.
which falls into the solution at the rate of
one every 2-10 seconds
dry acid : Nonaqueous acetic acid used
for oil-well reservoir acidizing treatment.
GasIuts¶Üt ³ GasIutGaesTicEdlKµanTwkRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;
sMGatGasIutkmµkñúgGNþÚgsþúkeRbg.
dry ashing : The conversion of an
organic compound into ash
kMNepHs¶Üt ³ bMElgénsmasFatusrIragÁeTACaepH¬karbMEbk¦eday
(decomposition) by a burner or in a
muffle furnace.
Rbdab;kMedA b¤kñúgLbiTCitmYYy.
dry box : A container or chamber filled
with argon, or sometimes dry air or air
RbGb;s¶Üt ³ Fug b¤kEnøgmYyEdlmandak;]sµ½nGakug¬Ar¦ b¤CYnkal
with no carbon dioxide (CO2), to provide
an inert atmosphere in which
xül;s¶Ütb¤xül;EdlKaµnkabUnDIGukGIut(CO )edIm,Ipþl;nUvsMBaFniclEdl
2
manipulation of very reactive chemicals kñúgenaHkarBinitüénFatuKImIRbtikmµx<s;RtUv)anRbRBwtiþenAkñúgTIBiesaF.

is carried out in the 1aboratory.

96
dry distillation : A process in which a

solid is heated in the absence of liquid to
bMNits¶Üt ³ lMnaMEdlkñúgenaHvtßúrwgRtUv)andutkMedAedayGvtþman
release vapors or liquids from the solid,
e.g., heating a hydrate to produce the
vtßúravedIm,IbeBa©jcMhay b¤vtßúravBIvtßúrwgenaH. ]TahrN_ kardutkMedA
anhydrous salt. GIuRdatedIm,IbegáItCaGMbilKµanCatiTwk.
dry ice : Carbon dioxide in the solid
form, usually made in blocks to be used
Twkkks¶Üt ³ kabUnDIGuksIutkñúgTMrg;Cavtßúrwg CaFmµtaRtUv)aneFIVCaduM
as a coolant; changes directly to a gas at
–78.5°C as heat is absorbed.
edIm,IeRbIR)as;CaFatubgák. vapøas;bþÚredaypÞal;eTACa]sµ½nenAsItuNð-
PaB–78.5°C edaykMedARtUv)anRsUb.
dry point : The temperature at which the
last drop of liquid evaporates from the
cMNucs¶Üt ³ sItuNðPaBEdldMNk;cugeRkayénvtßúravPaycMhayBI
bottom of the flask. )atEkv.
drying : 1. An operation in which a
liquid, usually water, is removed from a
karsMgYt ³ 1. dMeNIrkarEdlkñúgenaHvtßúrav CaFmµtaTwkRtUv)anpþac;
wet solid in equipment termed a dryer. 2.
A process of oxidation whereby a liquid
ecjBIvtßúrwgesImkñúg]bkrN_eQaµHfa]bkrN_sMgYt. 2. lMnaMGuksIutkmµ
such as linseed oil changes into a solid efIVeGayvtßúrav dUcCaeRbgRKab;éFµbþÚreTACaRsTab; rwg.
film
drying agent : Soluble or insoluble
chemical substance that has such a great
FatusMgYt ³ sarFatuKImIrlay b¤minrlayEdlmancMNUlTwkya:g
affinity for water that it will abstract
water from a great many fluid materials;
xaøMgEdlvanwgbnßyTwkBIrUbFaturavCaeRcIn. FatuKImIrlayKWkal;süÚmkørY
soluble chemicals are calcium chloride nigKIøesr:ulnigFatuKImIminrlayKWbuksIutnigEClsIulIka. eKehAmüa:g
and glycerol, and insoluble chemicals are
bauxite and silica gel. Also known as eTotfa FatucMhH.
desiccant.
dual-function catalyst
bifunctional catalyst.
: See
katalIkrmuxgarBIr ³ emIl bifunctional catalyst.
ductile : Metal capable of being drawn
into a wire; pliable and easily molded.
hUtCalYs)an ³ elah³manlT§PaBhUtCalYs Gacbt;Ebn)annig
gaycak;BumÖ.
Duhem’s equation : See Gibbs-Duhem
equation.
smIkar Duhem ³ emIl Gibbs-Duhem equation.
Dühring’s rule : The rule that a plot of
the temperature at which a liquid exerts a
viFan Dühring ³ viFanEdlEcgfaRkaPicénsItuNðPaBEdlvtßúrav
particular vapour pressure against the
temperature at which a similar reference
dak;sMBaFcMhayedayELkTl;nwgsItuNðPaBEdlvtßúraveKaldak;sMBaF
liquid exerts the same vapour pressure cMhaydUcKñabegáIt)anCabnÞat;Rtg;b¤CitRtg;.
produces a straight or nearly straight
line.
Dumas method : A procedure for the
determination of nitrogen in organic
viFIsa®sþ Dumas ³ lMnaMsMrab;karkMNt;rkGasUtkñúgsarFatu
substances by combustion of the
substance.
srIragÁedaycMehHénsarFatuenaH.
duplicate measurement : An additional
measurement made on the same
karvas;cMlgeTV ³ karvas;bEnßmelIPaKsMNakdUcKñaeénrUbFatu
(identical) sample of material to evaluate
the variance in the measurement.
edIm,IvaytMélbMErbMrYlkñúgkarvas;;.
duplicate sample : A second sample
randomly selected from a material being
PaKsMNakcMlgeTV ³ PaKsMNakTIBIrEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIseday
analyzed in order to evaluate sample
variance.
écdnüBIrUbFatuEdlkMBugviPaKedIm,IvaytMélbMErbMrYlénPaKsMNak.
durable-press resin : See permanent-
press resin.
ersIunhab;rhUt³emIl permanent-press resin.

97
dye : A colored substance which imparts

more or less permanent color to other
l½x ³ sarFatuBN’Edlpþl;BN’vatic b¤eRcIneTAeGayrUbFatudéT
materials. Also known as dyestuff. eTot.
dyeing assistant : Material such as
sodium sulfate added to a dye bath to
FatuCMnYyl½x ³ rUbFatudUcCasUdüÚms‘ulpatEdlRtUvbEnßmeTAkñúg
control or promote the action of a textile
dye.
Twkl½xedIm,IRtYtBinitü b¤begáInskmµPaBénl½xvaynPNÐ.
dynamic allotropy : A phenomenon in
which the allotropes of an element exist
vismrUbDINamic ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaHvismrUbénFatumYyekItman
in dynamic equilibrium. kñúglMnwgDINamic.
dynamic allotropy : When all the
allotropes of an element exist in dynamic
vismrUbDINamic ³ vismrUbTaMgGs;énFatuekItmanmanpÞúkkñúglMnwg
equilibrium. DINamic.
dynamic equilibrium : See equilibrium.
lMnwgDINamic ³ emIl equilibrium.
dynamo :
machine
A simple generator, or
used for transforming
DINam:U ³ CnitarWm:asIungayeRbIsMrab;bMElgfamBleTACafamBl
mechanical energy into electrical energy. emkanicGKÁisnI.
Dyson notation : A notation system for
representing organic chemicals
karkMNt;Rta Dyson ³ RbB½n§kMNt;RtamYysMrab;kartageGayFatu
developed by G. Malcolm Dyson; the
compound is described on a single line,
KImIsrIragÁEdlGPivDÄeday G. Malcolm Dyson. smasFatuRtUv)an
symbols are used for the chemical BN’naelIbnÞat;EtmYy. nimitþsBaØaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;FatuKImIEdlBak;B½nV
elements involved as well as for the
functional groups and various ring k¾dUcCasMrab;RkumnaTInigRbB½n§vg;epSg²Edr. ]TahrN_ emTIlGal;kul
C.Q nigepNul B6.Q.
systems; e.g., methyl alcohol is C.Q and
phenol is B6.Q.
dysprosium : A metallic rare-earth
element, symbol Dy, atomic number 66,
DIsRbUsüÚm ³ elah³kMrelIdIEdlmannimitþsBaØa Dy cMnYnGatUm 66
atomic weight 162.50. ma:sGatUm 162,50.
dystetic mixture : A mixture of two or
more substances that has the highest
l,ayDIesTic ³ l,ayénsarFatuBIrb¤eRcInEdlmancMNucrlayx<s;
possible melting point of all mixtures of
these substances.
CageKbMputénl,aysarFatuTaMgenaH.
E
ebulliometer : The instrument used for
ebullometry. Also known as
rMBuHEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;vas;rMBuHmaRt. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
ebullioscopy. rMBuHTsSn_.
ebulliometry : The
measurement of the absolute or
precise
rMBuHmaRt ³ rgVas;Cak;lak;cMNucrMBuHdac;xatb¤rbs;sUluysüúg.
differential boiling points of solution.
ebullioscopic constant : The ratio of
the elevation of the boiling point of a
efrrMBuH ³ smamaRténkarbegáIncMNucrMBuHénFaturMlayEdlbNþal
solvent caused by dissolving a solute to
the molality of the solution, taken at
mkBIkarrlayFaturlayeTACam:ULalIeténsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;
extremely low concentrations. Also TabbMput. eKehAmüa:geTotfa karbegáInm:UléncMNucrMBuH.
known as molar elevation of the boiling
point.
ebullioscopy : See ebulliometer.
rMBuHTsSn_ : emIl ebulliometer.

98
echelette grating : A diffraction grating

with coarse groove spacing, designed for
]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg ³ bnÞHDIR)ak;süúgmansñamlkCafñak;EdleFIV
the infrared region; has grooves with
almost flat sides and concentrates most
sMrab;tMbn;RkhmGaMg®)amansñamlkCaeRcInEdlmanRCugsMEb:t nig
of the radiation into a small angle by RbmUlkaMrsµIesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAkñúgmMutUcmYyedaycMNaMgxÞat.
reflection.
echelon grating : A diffraction grating
with consist of about 20 plane-parallel
]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg ³ bnÞHDIR)ak;süúgEdlbgáeLIgedaybnÞHsMEb:t
plates about 1 centimeter thick, cut from
1 sheet, each plate extending beyond the
Rsb²KñaRbEhl 20kMras;RbEhl1s>mkat;ecjBIpÞaMgmYyehIybnÞH
by about 1 millimeter, and which has nimYy²manbnÞarRbEhl 1 m>mnigmanfamBl 10 . 6
resolving power on the order of 106.

eclipsed conformation : A particular
arrangement of constituent atoms that
RTg;RTayCan; ³ kartMerobedayEpñkénPaKpSMGatUmEdlGac
may rotate about the single bond in a
molecule; e.g. for ethane, it is when the
bgVilCMuvijsm<½n§eTalkñúgm:UelKul. ]TahrN_ eGtan KWkalNaGatUm
hydrogen atoms of one methyl group are GIuRdUEsnénRkumemTIlmYyEdlKWBitCaenAkñúgbnÞat;EdlGatUmGIuRdUEsn
exactly in line which those of the other
methyl group. TaMgenaHenAkñúgRkumemTIlepSgeTot.
edge-bridging ligand : A ligand that
forms a bridge over one edge of the
lIkg;s<anEKm ³ lIkg;EdlbgáCas<anKgelIEKmBhumuxénTMrg;Rkum
polyhedron of a metal cluster structure. elah³.
EELS ³emIl electron energy loss spectroscopy.
EELS : See electron energy loss
spectroscopy.
eff : emIl efficiency.
eff : See efficiency.
effective molecular diameter : The

general limit of the electron cloud
bnÞat;p©itm:UelKul)ankar ³ EdnkMNt;TUeTAénBBkeGLicRtugB½T§
surrounding a gas molecule. CMuvijm:UelKul]s½µn.
effective permeability : The observed
permeability exhibited by a porous
CRmab)ankar ³ CRmabsegáteXIjbgðajedaymCÄdæanmanrn§tUc²
medium to one fluid phase when there is
physical interaction between this phase
sMrab;passnÞnIykalNamanGnþrkmµrUbrvagpasenH nigpassnÞnIy
and other fluid phases present. epSgeTotenATIenaH.
effervescence : The bubbling of a
solution of an element or chemical
karBuH ³ karecjBBuHénsUluysüúgrbs;Fatu b¤smasFatuKImIEdlCa
compound as the result of the emission
of gas without the application of heat;
lT§plénkarbeBa©j]sµ½nedaymineRbIkMedA. ]TahrN_ karrMedaHkabUn
e.g., the escape of carbon dioxide from DIGuksIutBITwkkabUNat.
carbonated water
efficiency : In an ion-exchange system,
a measurement of the effectiveness of a
RbsiT§PaB ³ kñúgRbB½n§bNþÚrGIuyug: rgVas;RbsiT§PaBénRbB½n§R)ab;BIi
system expressed as the amount of
regenerant required to remove a given
cMnYnFatukMNeLIgvijRtUvkarfµIedIm,Ipþac;mYyÉktarUbFatusMrUb.
unit of adsorbed material. Abbreviated sresrkat; eff .
eff.
efflorescence : The loss of water of
hydration by crystalline hydrates upon
eGpøersg; ³ kar)at;bg;TwkénGIRdatkmµBIGIuRdatdak;halkñúg
standing in air, forming a powdery
residue.
xül;EdlbegIátCakaksMNl;emSA .
effusion : The movement of a gas
through an opening which is small as
Payecj ³ clnaén]s½µntamrn§cMhrtUcebIeRbobeFobnwgcMgay
compared with the average distance
which the gas molecules travel between
mFümEdlm:UelKul]sµ½nqøgkat;rvagkarTgÁic.
collisions.
EGA : See evolved gas analysis.
EGA ³ emIl evolved gas analysis.

99
Einchluss thermometer : All-glass,

liquid-filled thermometer, temperature
ETm:UEm:Rt Einchluss ³ ETm:UEm:RteFIVBIEkv nigbMeBjedayvtßúravEdl
range –201 to +360°C, used for
laboratory test work.
RkwtsItuNðPaBBI –201 eTA + 360 C eRbIsMrab;kargarkñúgTIBiesaF.
o
Einstein photochemical equivalence

law : The law that each molecule taking
c,ab;smmUlpUtUKImI Einstein ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfa m:UelKulnimYy²
part in a chemical reaction caused by
electromagnetic radiation absorbs one
EdlcUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµKImIbgáeLIgedaykarPayeGLicRtUm:aejTicRsUb
photon of the radiation. Also known as edaypUtugmYyénkarPayecjenH. eKehAmüa:geTotfa c,ab; Stark-
Stark-Einstein law
Einstein.
Einstein viscosity equation : An
equation that gives the viscosity of a sol
smIkarPaBGn§il Einstein ³ smIkarEdlpþl;PaBGn§ilénsUluy-
in terms of the volume of dissolved
particles divided by the total volume.
süúgkULÚGIutCamaDPaKl¥itrlayEcknwgmaDsrub.
elaidin reaction : A test that
differentiates nondrying oils such as
RbtikmµeGELDIn ³ etsþEdlbgðajPaBxusKñaéneRbgminTan;sMgYt
olein from semidrying oils and drying
oils; nitrous acid converts olein into its
dUcCaGUelGIunBIeRbgBak;kNþals¶Üt nigeRbgs¶Üt. GasIutnIRTWbMElg
solid isomer, while semidrying oils in GUelGIuneTACaGIusUEmrWgrbs;va enAeBlEdleRbgBak;kNþals¶Üt)anb:H
contact with nitrous acid thicken slowly,
and drying oils such as tung oil become CamYynwgGasIutnIRTWeLIgxab;yWt² nigeRbgs¶ÜtdUcCaeRbg tung køay
hard and resinous.
CarWg niger:sIun.
elaidinization : The process of changing
the geometric cis form of an unsaturated
eGELDInkmµ ³ lMnaMénbNþÚrsNæanFrNImaRt sIusénGasIutxøaj;min
fatty acid into the trans form, resulting in
an acid that is more resistant to
Eq¥teTACasNæanRtg; EdlCalT§plenAkñúgGasIutEdlFn;nwgGuksIutkmµ
oxidation. xøaMgCag.
Elbs reaction : The formation of
anthracene derivatives by dehydration
Rbtikmµ Elbs ³ kMNRsLayGg;RdaEsnedayedsIuRdatkmµ nigCuMkmµén
and cyclization of diaryl ketone
compounds which have a methyl group
smasFatuDIGarIlestUnEdlmanRkumemTIl b¤RkumemTIlELnEdlkar
or methylene group; heating to high dutkMedAsItuNðPaBxçs;CatMrUvkarFmµta.
temperature is usually required.
electric cells : See electrochemical cells
emIl electrochemical cells.
electric charge : Presence of excess
positive or negative particles in or on an
bnÞúkGKiÁsnI ³ vtþmanénPaKl¥itviC¢manb¤GviC¢manelIsenAkñúgb¤elI
object. Objects with opposite electric
charge attract each other, whereas
vtßúmYy. vtßúEdlmanbnÞúkGKiÁsnIpÞúyKñaTajKñaeTAvijeTAmkcMENkÉvtßú
objects of the same electric charge repel EdlmanbnÞúkdUcKñaRcanKñaecj.
each other.
electric double layer : A phenomenon
found at a solid – liquid interface e.g.
RsTab;GKiÁsnIeTV ³ )atuPUtRbTHenAGnþrmuxrvagvtßúrwg nigrav.
between an electrode and the solution
close to it. It is made up of a layer of one
]TahrN_ rvageGLicRtUt nigsUluysüúgEk,rva. vabegáeLIgeday
charge type, which is fixed to the surface RsTab;manbnÞúkmYyRbePTP¢ab;eTAnwgépÞvtßúrwg nigRsTab;GIuyug: cl½t
of the solid, and another layer of mobile
ions of the opposite charge which mYyeTotEdlmanbnÞúkpÞúyKñaB½T§CMuvijRsTab;TImYy.
surrounds the first layer.
electric field effect : See Stark effect
plEdnGKÁisnI ³ emIl Stark effect.
electrical calorimeter : Device to
measure heat evolved (e.g. from fusion
kaLÚrIEm;tGKÁisnI ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;kMedAEdlvivtþ (]TahrN_
or vaporization); heat is added
electrically to the sample, and the
BIkarrMlay b¤rMhYt). kMedARtUv)anbEnßmeGayPaKsMNakedaycrnþ
temperature rise is noted. GKÁisnIehIyRtUv)ansItuNðPaBekIneLIg.

100
electrical conductivity : Ability of a

material to transfer electric charge. A
PaBcMlgcrnþGKIÁsnI ³ lT§PaBénrUbFatukñúgkarbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkGKIÁsnI.
material that conducts electricity has
either mobile electrons or mobile anions
rUbFatuEdlcMlgcrnþGKÁisnImaneGLicRtug b¤Gaj:úg nigkacugcl½t.
and cations.
electrical equivalent : In conductimetric
analyses of electrolyte solutions, an
smmUlGKÁisnI ³ kñúgkarviPaKcMlgGKiÁsnImaRténsUluysüúg
outside, calibrated current source as
compared to the current passing through
eGLicRtUlItRbPBcrnþRkittamxñatGVIxageRkAedayeRbobeFobeTAnwg
the sample being analyzed. e.g. a crnþqøgkat;tamsMNakEdlRtUv)anviPaK. ]TahrN_ RkitelIs<anCBa¢Ij
Wheatstone bridge balanced reading.
Wheatstone.
electrically active fluid : A fluid whose
properties are altered by either an
snÞnIyskmµGKÁisnI ³ snÞnIyEdllkçN³RtUv)anbMEbøgedayEdn
electric field (electro-rheological fluid )
or a magnetic field (Ferro fluid).
GKÁísnI b¤Ednm:aejTic.
electrobalance : Analytical
microbalance using electromagnetic
CBa¢IgeGLicRtUnic ³ CBa¢IgmIRkUviPaKeRbIR)as;kñúgkarføwgTMgn;eGLic-
weighing; the sample weight is balanced
by the force produced by current in a coil
RtUm:aejTic. TMgn;énsMNakRtUv)anføwgedaykMlaMgbegáIteLIgeday
in a magnetic field with force crnþkñúgregVlkñúgEdnm:aejTicEdlkMlaMgsmamaRteTAnwgcrnþ.
proportional to the current.
electrocatalysis : Any one of the
mechanisms which produces a speeding
eGLicRtUkatalIs ³ clnkarEdlbegáInel,ÓnRbtikmµPaKkNþal
up of half cell reactions at electrode
surface.
BIlenA épÞeGLicRtUt.
electrochemical cell : Any device that
converts chemical energy into electrical
BileGLicRtUKImI ³ ]bkrN_EdlbMElgfamBlKImIeTACafamBl
energy (See voltaic cell) or electrical
energy into chemical energy (See
GKÁisnI ¬emIl voltaic cell¦ b¤famBlGKÁisnI eTACafamBlKImI
electrolytic cell). ¬emIl electrolytic cell¦.
electrochemical effect : Conversion of
chemical to electric energy as in
pleGLicRtUKImI ³ bMElgénfamBlKImIeTACafamBlGKÁisnI dUckñúg
electrochemical cells or the reverse
process used to produce elemental
fµBileGLicRtUKImIb¤lMnaMbRBa©asEdleRbIsMrab;plitFatuGaluymIj:Úm
aluminum magnesium and bromine from m:aej:süÚm nigRbÚmBIsmasFatuénFatuTaMgenH.
compounds of these elements
electrochemical emf : Electrical force
generated by chemical action, in
kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkreGLicRtUKImI ³ kMlaMgGKÁisnIbegáIteLIgeday
manufactured cells (such as dry batteries
)or by natural means (galvanic reaction).
GMeBIKImIkñúgfµBilplit(dUcCaGaKuys¶Üt) b¤edayviFItamFmµCati(Rbtikmµ
kal;v:anic).
electrochemical equivalent : The mass
of a substance produced or consumed
smmUleGLicRtUKImI ³ m:assarFatuEdlbegáIteLIg b¤eRbIR)as;kñúg
during electrolysis the flow of electricity
equal to one unit of charge, which can be
eBleGLicRtUlIslMhUrcrnþGKÁisnIesµInwgmYyÉktaénbnÞúkEdlGacCa
1 coulomb or 1faraday (96.487 + 1.6 1KULMú b¤1par:aed (96,487 ± 1,6 KULMú ) énbnÞúk.
coulombs) of charge.
electrochemical potential : The
difference in potential (voltage) that
b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUKImI ³ PaBxusKñaenAkñúgb:Utg;Esül(v:ul)Edl
exists when two dissimilar electrodes are
connected through an external
manenAeBleGLicRtUtBIrmindUcKñaRtUv)anP¢ab;Kñatamry³esoKVIcMlg
conducting circuit and the two electrodes xageRkA nig eGLicRtUtBIrRtUv)andak;kñúgsUluysüúgcMlgGKÁisnIEdl
are placed in a conducting solution so
that electrochemical reactions occur. RbtikmµeGLicRtUKImI ekItmaneLIg.

101
electrochemical reduction cell : The

cathode component of an
fµBilerdukmµeGLicRtUKImI ³ smasPaKxagkatUténfµBileGLicRtU-
electrochemical cell, at which chemical
reduction occurs (while at the anode,
KImIEdlerdukmµKImIekIteLIg (cMENkenAGaNUtmanGuksIutkmµKImIekIt
chemical oxidation occurs). eLIg).
electrochemical series : Listing of
half-reactions in order of increasing
es‘rIeGLicRtÚKImI ³ taragBak;kNþalRbtikmµtamlMdab;ekIneLIgén
tendency to gain electrons. Used to
predict whether a given electron-transfer
TMenarkarcab;ykeGLicRtug. taragenHRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I)a:n;sµanfaetI
reaction will proceed. Any half-reaction RbtikmµbenÞreGLicRtugnwgdMeNIrkarEdrb¤eT. Bak;kNþalRbtikmµGac
can remove electrons from any
half-reaction below it in the series. pþac;eGLicRtugBIBak;kNþalRbtikmµEdlenAeRkamvakñúges‘rI.
electrochemiluminescence : Emission
of light produced by an electrochemical
cMNaMgBnøWeGLicRtUKImI ³ karbeBa©jBnøWEdlbegáIteLIgedayRbti-
reaction. Also, known
electrogenerated chemiluminescence.
as kmµeGLicRtUKImI. eKehAmüa:geTotfakarbeBa©jBnøWedayeGLicRtUKImI.
electrochemistry : The study of
chemical properties and reactions
eGLicRtUKImI ³ karsikSaGMBIlkçN³KImI nigRbtikmµEdlTak;Tgnwg
involving ions in solution, including
electrolysis and voltaic cells.
GIuyu:gkñúgsUluysüúgrab;bB©aÚlTaMgeGLicRtUlIs nigfµBilv:ultapgEdr.
electrochromatography : Type of
chromatography that uses an electric
eGLicRtURkUm:atURkaP ³ RbePTRkUm:atURkaPEdleRbIbUt: g;Esül
potential.
electrophoresis.
Also, known as GKÁisnI. eKehAmüa:geTotfa eGLicRtUpers.
electrocratic : Referring to the repulsion
exhibited by soap films and other
eGLicRtURkaTic ³ sMedAeTAelIcMranbgðajedayRsTab;sab‘U ehIy
colloids in solutions; this repulsion is
largely controlled by electrical forces but
nwgkULÚGIutepSgeTotkñúgsUluysüúg. cMranenHRtUv)anRtYtBinitüeday
also involves osmotic forces. kMlaMgGKÁisnI b:uEnþk¾Tak;TgeTAnwgkMlaMgGUsµÚspgEdr.
electrocyclic reaction :
interconversion of a linear π–system
The
RbtikmµeGLicRtUsIuKøic ³ GnþrbMElgénRbB½n§ π lIenEG‘pÞúk n π-
containing n π–electrons and a cyclic
molecule containing (n-2) π–electrons
eGLicRtug nigm:UelKulsIuKøicpÞúk (n-2) π eGLicRtugEdlbegáIteLIg
which is formed by joining the ends of edaykarP¢ab;cugExSénm:UelKullIenEG‘.
linear molecule.
electrode : A conductor in a circuit that
carries electrons to or from a substance
eGLicRtUt ³ GgÁFatucMlgkñúgesoKVIEdlnaMeGLicRtugeTAb¤BIsar
other than a metal. See anode, cathode FatuepSgeTotCaCagelah³. emIl anode, cathode.
electrode efficiency : The ratio of the
amount of metal actually deposited in an
RbsiT§PaBeGLicRtUt ³ pleFobbrimaNelah³Edl)ankkkñúg
electrolytic cell to the amount that could
theoretically be deposited as a result of
BileGLicRtUlIRteTAnwgbrimaN)ankktamRTwsþI EdlCalT§pl
electricity passing through the cell. énkarqøgkat;Biledaycrnþ.
electrode potential : The voltage
existing between an electrode and the
b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUt ³ b:Utg;EsülekItmanrvageGLicRtUtnig
solution or electrolyte in which it is
immersed; usually electrode potentials
sUluysüúg b¤eGLicRtUlIRtCuMvijva. CaFmµtab:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUt
are compared with a standard electrode, RtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYyeGLicRtUtsþg;da dUcCaeGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn.
such as the hydrogen electrode. Also,
known as electrode voltage. See standard emIl standard electrode potential.
electrode potential
electrode voltage : See electrode
potential.
eGLicRtUtv:ul ³ emIl electrode potential.

102
electrodecantation : A modification of
electrodialysis in which a cell is divided
eGLicRtUedkg;tasüúg ³ kMENERbéneGLicRtUdüalIEdlBil
into three sections by two membranes,
and electrodes are placed in the end
RtUv)anEckCabIEpñkedayPñasBIrRsTab; ehIyeGLicRtUtRtUv)andak;
sections; colloidal matter is concentrated enAkñúgEpñkxagcug. rUbFatukULÚGIutpþúM;enAcMehognigxageRkaménEpñk
at the sides and bottom of the middle
section, and the liquid that floats to the kNþal ehIyvtßúuravEdlGENþtenAxagelIRtUv)anykecj.
top is removed.
electrodeposition analysis : An
electroanalytical technique in which an
viPaKeGLicRtUedb:UsuIsüúg ³ bec©keTsviPaKGKÁisnIEdlkñúgenaH
element is deposited quantitatively on an
electrode.
FatuKImIkkKrelIeGLicRtUt.
electrodialysis : Dialysis that is
conducted with the aid of an
Rbdab;eGLicRtUdüalIs ³ düalIsEdldMeNIrkaredaymanCMnYyén
electromotive force applied to electrodes
adjacent to both sides of the membrane.
kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr)anGnuvtþelIeGLicRtUtCab;Pñassgxag.
electrodialyzer : An instrument used to
conduct electrodialysis.
eGLicRtUdüalIs ³ ]bkrN_EdleRbIedIm,IdMeNIrkareGLicRtUdüa
lIs.
electrofocusing : See isoelectric
focusing.
karRbmUlpþúMGKÁisnI ³ emIl isoelectric focusing.
electrogenerated chemiluminescence :
See electrochemiluminescence.
cMNaMgBnøWKImIekItBIeGLicRtug ³ emIl electrochemilumine-
scence.
electrogravimetry : Electro-deposition
analysis in which the quantities of metals
eGLicRtURkavIemRTI ³ viPaKeGLicRtUedb:UsuIsüúgEdlkñúgenaHbrimaN
deposited may be determined by
weighting a suitable electrode before
elah³kkKrGacRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarfwøgeGLicRtUtsmRsbmunnig
and after deposition. eRkayedb:UsuIsüúg.
electrohydraulic effect : Generation of
shock waves and highly reactive species
pleGLicRtUGIuRdUlic ³ karbegáItlMj½rrlk nigRbePTRbtikmµxøaMg
in a liquid as the result of application of
very brief powerful electrical pulses.
kñúgvtßúravEdlCalT§plénkarGnuvtþsnÞúHfamBlGKÁisnIry³eBlxøI.
electrohydrodynamic ionization mass
spectroscopy : A technique for analysis
karsikSas,úicma:sGIuy:ugkmµeGLicRtUGIuRdUDINamic ³ bec©k-
of nonvolatile molecules in which the
nonvolatile material is dissolved in a
eTs sMrab;karviPaKm:UelKulminehIrEdlkñúgenaHrUbFatuminehIrrMlaykñúg
volatile solvent with a high dielectric Fatu rMlaygayehIrEdlmanefrDIeGLicRTicx<s; dUcCaKøIesr:ul nigCMral
constant such as glycerol, and high
electric field gradients at the surface of EdnGKÁisnIx<s;enAelIépÞdMNk;tUc²rbs;sUluysüúgvtßúravCaehtunaM
droplets of the liquid solution induce ion
emission. eGaymankarbeBa©jGIuyug: .
electrokinetic phenomena :
phenomena associated with movement of
The
)atuPUteGLicRtUsIuenTic ³ )atuPUtpSMCamYyclnarbs;GKÁisnI
charged particles through a continuous
medium or with the movement of a
PaKl¥itmanbnÞúkqøgkat;mCÄdæanbnþbnÞab; b¤CamYyclnaénmCÄdæanbnþ
continuous medium over a charged bnÞab;elIépÞmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI.
surface.
electroluminescence : The emission of
light by a substance when they return to
cMNaMgBnøWeGLicRtug ³ karbeBa©jBnøwedaysarFatuenAeBlva
the ground state after having been
excited by an electron.
RtLb;mkPaBRKwHvijbnÞab;RtUv)anePJacedayeGLicRtug.
electrolysis : A method by which
chemical reactions are carried out by
GKÁisnIviPaK rWeGLicRtUlIs ³ viFIEdlRbtikmµKImIRbRBwtþeTA
passing an electric current through a
solution of an electrolyte or through a
edaykarbBa¢ÚncrnþGKÁisnIqøgkat;sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlIt b¤tamry³
molten salt. GMbilrlay.

103
electrolyte : A compound that conducts

an electric current in aqueous solution or
eGLicRtUlIt ³ smasFatuEdlcMlgcrnþGKÁisnIkñúgsUluysüúgTwk
in the molten state; all ionic compounds
are electrolytes, but most covalent
b¤kñúgsNæanrlay. RKb;smasFatuGIuyUn: icCaeGLicRtUlIt b:uEnþPaK
compounds are not; a solution that eRcInminEmnCasmasFatukUv:aLg;eT. sUluysüúgEdlmanGIuyu:gnig
contains ions and conducts electricity.
cMlgcrnþGKÁisnI.
electrolytic cell : An arrangement of
two electrodes in contact with an
BileGLicRtUlIt ³ karerobcMeGLicRtUtBIreGayb:HeTAnwgeGLic-
electrolyte in which a chemical change is
produced by passing current from an
RtUlItEdlkñúgenaHmanbNþÚrKImIekIteLIgedaykarbBa¢ÚncrnþBIRbPB
outside source through the electrolyte. xageRkAqøgkat;eGLicRtUlIt.
electromagnet : Magnet produced by an
electric current in a wire coiled around
eGLicRtUm:aejTic ³ m:aejTicEdlbegáIteLIgedaycrnþGKÁisnIkñúg
an iron core. ExSlYsragCaregVlB½T§CMuvijsñÚlEdk.
electromagnetic radiation : Form of
wave motion comprising alternating
rsµIµeGLicRtUma:ejTic ³ sNæanclnarlkEdlmanEdnGKÁisnIqøas;
electric and magnetic fields that travels
at an extremely high speed (3 X 108m/s).
nigEdnma:ejTicEdlrt;kñúgel,ÓnelOnx<s;bMput (3 X 10 m/s).
8
electromotive force : (emf) The

difference in electric potential between
kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr ³ PaBxusKñakñúgb:Utg;EsülGKÁisnIrvageGLic-
two different electrodes in the same
electrolyte.
RtUtBIrkñúgeGLicRtUlItEtmYy.
electron : Light, negative particle that
can be relatively easily removed from an
eGLicRtug ³ BnøWCaPaKl¥itGviC¢manRsalEdlGacpþac;ecjBIGatUm
atom. The charge of an electron is – 1
and its mass is 1/1837 that of a hydrogen
)any:aggay. ma:srbs;eGLicRtugKW 1/1837énma:sGatUmGIuRdUEsn
atom. nigbnÞúkvaesµI -1.
electron affinity : Energy change when
a neutral atom or molecule gains an
cMNUleGLicRtug ³ bNþÚrfamBlenAeBlGatUm b¤mUe: lKulNWtmYy
electron to form a negative ion. cMeNj ¬ekIn¦eGLicRtugmYyedIm,IbegáItCaGIuyu:gGviC¢man.
electron configuration :
arrangement of electrons around the
The
rUbsNæaneGLicRtug ³ kartMerobeGLicRtugCMuvijéNVyUé: nGatUm
nucleus of an atom in its ground state. kñúgPaBRKwHrbs;va.
electron dot structure : See Lewis
diagram.
TMrg;eGLicRtugcMNuc ³ emIl Lewis diagram.
electron energy loss spectroscopy : The
technique for studying atoms, molecules
karsikSas,úic)at;bg;famBleGLicRtug ³ viFIsaRsþsMrab;
or solids in which a substance is
bombarded with electrons of one energy,
karsikSaBIGatUmm:UelKul b¤vtßúrwgEdlkñúgenaHsarFatumYyRtUv)aj;eday
and the energies of scattered electrons eGLicRtug énfamBlmYyehIynigfamBléneGLicRtugray)a:yRtUv
are measured to determine the
distribution of energy loss. Abbreviated )anvas;edIm,I kMNt;r)ayfamBl)at;bg;. sresrkat; EELS.
EELS.
electron exchanger : See redox
polymer.
FatubþÚreGLicRtug ³ emIl redox polymer.
electron nuclear double resonance : A
type of electron paramagnetic
ersUNg;eTVnuyekøEG‘eGLicRtug ³ RbePTs,úicTsSn_ersUNg;
resonance[EPR] spectroscopy permitting
greatly enhanced resolution in which a
eGLicRtug):ar:am:aejTic [EPR] EdlGacbegáIndMeNaHRsayya:geRcIn
material is simultaneously irradiated at EdlkñúgenaHrUbFatumYyRtUv)anbBa©aMgBnøWenAeRbkg;mYyéneRbkg; EPR
one of its EPR frequencies and by a
second field whose frequency oscillates rbs;va nigedayEdnTIBIrEdleRbkg;rbs;vaeyalenAcenøaHeRbkg;
over the range of nuclear frequencies.
Abbreviated ENDOR. éNVy:U. sresrkat; ENDOR.

104
electron pair : A pair of valence

electrons which form a nonpolar bond
KUeGLicRtug ³ KUeGLicRtugv:aLg;EdlbegáIt)anCasm<½nminb:UElrvag
between two neighboring atoms. GatUmCitxagBIr.
electron pair bond : See covalent bond.
sm<½n§KUeGLicRtug ³ emIl covalent bond.
electron probe x-ray microanalysis :
An analytical technique that uses a
mIRkUviPaKkaMrsµIGiucsÞg;eGLicRtug ³ bec©keTsviPaKEdleRbI)ac;
narrow electron beam usually with a
diameter less than 1millimeter, focused
BnøWeGLicRtugceg¥ót CaTUeTAmanbnÞat;p©ittUcCag 1mIlIEm:RtsMedAelI
on a solid specimen to produce an x-ray sMNakvtßú rwgedIm,IbegáIts,iúckaMrsµIGiucEdlpþl;Bt’manBIKuNPaB nig
spectrum that provides qualitative and
quantitative information characteristic of brimaNGMBIlkçN³én FatukñúgsMNak. sresrkat; EPXMA.
the elements in the sample. Abbreviated
EPXMA.
electron spectroscopy : The study of the
energy spectra of photoelectrons or
karsikSas,úiceGLicRtug ³ karsikSaGMBIs,iúcfamBlrbs;pUtU
Auger electrons emitted from a
substance when bombarded by
eGLicRtug b¤eGLicRtug Auger EdlRtUv)anbeBa©jBIsarFatuenAeBl
electromagnetic radiation, electrons or RtUv)aj; edaykaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTic eGLicRtug b¤GuIyu:g. eKeRbIva
ions; used to investigate atomic
molecular or solid-state structure and in edIm,IGegátBinitüTMrg;PaBrwg rWTMrg;mUe: lKulGatUmnigeRbIvakñúgkarviPaK
chemical analysis.
KImI.
electron spectrum : A photograph or
dot-graph of the kinetic energy of
s,iúceGLicRtug ³ rUbft b¤cMNucRsemalfamBlsIuenTicéneGLic-
electrons emitted from a substance
bombarded by X- rays or other radiation.
RtugEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jBIsarFatu)aj;edaykaMrsµIGiucb¤kaMrsµIepSgeTot.
electron transfer reaction : Reactions
involving transfer of electrons from one
RbtikmµbenÞreGLicRtug ³ RbtikmµEdlmanbenÞreGLicRtugBIRkum
group to another; i.e. reduction and
oxidation reactions.
mYyeTARkummYyepSgeTot. mann½yfa RbtikmµGuksIutkmµnigRbtikmµ
erdukmµ.
electron volt (eV) : Unit describing the
energy of an electron.
eGLicRtugv:ul (eV) ³ ÉktabBa¢ak;BIfamBlrbs;eGLicRtug.
electron–dot formula : See Lewis
structure.
TMrg;eGLicRtugcMNuc ³ emIl Lewis structure.
electron-dot method : Graphic
shorthand for writing the outer electron
viFIdMeNAcMNuceGLicRtug ³ sMeNrkat;sMKal;kartMerobeGLic-
arrangement of an atom. Used
principally for showing electron sharing
RtugxageRkAénGatUm. eKeRbIvaCasMxan;sMrab;bgðajBIkardak;rYmeG-
in electron transfer but does not specify LicRtugkñúgbenÞreGLicRtugb:uEnþminkMNt;c,as;elIGrb‘Ítal;NamYyeT.
the orbitals involved.
electronegative : Describing an atom or
group of atoms that tend to attract
eGLicRtUGviC¢man ³ karBN’naBIGatUmb¤RkuménGatUmEdlmanTMenar
electrons and form negative ions. TajykeGLicRtugehIybegáItCaGIuyu:gGviC¢man.
electronegativity : Measure of an
atom’s ability to attract electrons. The
kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man ³ rgVas;lT§PaBrbs;GatUmkñúgkarTajyk
type of chemical bond that forms
between two atoms can be predicted by
eGLicRtug. RbePTsm<½n§KImIEdlekIteLIgrvagGatUmBIrGacRbmaN
calculating the difference in their )anedayKNnaPaBxusKñaéneGLicRtUGviC¢manPaB.
electronegativities.
electroneutrality principle : The
principle that in an electrolytic solution
eKalkarN_eGLicRtUNWRtalIet ³ eKalkarN_EdlkñúgsUluy-
the concentrations of all the ionic species
are such that the solution as a whole is
süúgeGLicRtUlItkMhab;RbePTGIuyug: TaMgGs;k¾dUcCasUluysüúgenaH
neutral. man lkçN³NWt.

105
electron-filling series : System by

which orbitals are filled with electrons,
es‘rIbMeBjeGLicRtug ³ RbB½n§EdlGrb‘Ítal;RtUv)anbMeBjeGLic-
beginning with orbitals of lowest energy. Rtugedaykarcab;epþImedayG½rb‘Ítal;EdlmanfamBlTabbMput.
electronic absorption spectrum :
Spectrum resulting from absorption of
s,iúcsMrUbeGLicRtug ³ s,iúc)anmkBIsMrUbrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTic
electromagnetic radiation by atoms ions
and molecules due to excitations of their
edayGIuyug: GatUm nigm:UelKuledaysarkarePJaceGLicRtugrbs;va.
electrons.
electronic band spectrum : Bands of
spectral lines associated with a change of
s,iúcbnÞHeGLicRtug ³ bg;bnÞat;s,úicEdlpSMCamYybNþÚrsNæan
electronic state of a molecule; each band
corresponds to certain vibrational
eGLicRtugrbs;mUe: lKul. bg;nimYy²RtUvKñaeTAnwgfamBllMj½rxøHkñúg
energies in the initial and final states and PaBedImPaBbBa©b; nigpSMeLIgedaybnÞat;vily:ageRcIn.
consists of numerous rotational lines.
electronic emission spectrum :
Spectrum resulting from emission of
s,iúcbeBa©jedayeGLicRtug ³ s,iúc)anmkBIkarbeBa©jrsµI
electromagnetic radiation by atoms ions
and molecules following excitations of
eGLicRtUm:aejTicedayGIuyu:g GatUm nigm:UelKulbnÞab;karePJac
their electrons. eGLicRtugrbs;va.
electronic energy curve : A graph of the
energy of a diatomic molecule that
ExSekagfamBleGLicRtug ³ RkamfamBlrbs;mUe: lKulDIGatUm
shows the distance between the nuclei of
the atoms.
EdlbgðajBIcMgayrvagéNVyUG: atUm.
electronic spectrum : Spectrum
resulting from emission or absorption of
s,iúceGLicRtug ³ s,iúc)anmkBIkarbeBa©jb¤sMrUbénrsµIeGLicRtU
electromagnetic radiation during changes
in the electron configuration of atoms
m:aejTicenAeBlbNþÚrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugénGIuy:ug GatUm m:UelKul.
ions, molecules. (note: not due to (cMNaM ³ minEmnedaysarTMrg;l¥it²b¤s,úictUc²bMputénlMj½r rgVileT).
vibrational, rotational fine structure or
hyperfine spectra).
electron-transport chain : Series of
electron carriers that transport electrons
ExSdwknaMeGLicRtug ³ es‘rIénFatunaMeGLicRtugEdldwknaMeGLicRtug
from the reduced coenzymes NADH and
FADH2 to oxygen. Energy released
BIkUGg;sIumerdukr NADH nig FADH eTAdl;GuksIuEsn. famBl
2
during this process is used to pump beBa©jeBldMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;TajykRbUtug.

protons.
electroosmosis : In an electric field, the
separation of liquid from colloidal
eGLicRtUGUsµÚs ³ kñúgEdnGKÁisnI karEjkvtßúravBIPaKl¥itkULÚGIutEdl
particles that are trapped in a porous
diaphragm or a single capillary tube.
Cab;elIbnÞHx½NÐ b¤bMBg;qµarEtmYy.
electropherography
electrophoresis
: See
eGLicRtUeprURkaPI : emIl electrophoresis.
electrophile : An electron deficient ion
or molecule that can accept electrons.
eGLicRtUPIl ³ GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulxVHeGLicRtugEdlGacTTYlyk
Electrophiles are often reducing agents
and Lewis acids. They are either positive
eGLicRtug. eGLicRtUPIleRcInEtCaPñak;garerdukmµ nigCaGasIutLWvIs.
ions (e.g. NO2+) or molecules with an vaGacCaGIuyug: viC¢man ¬]TahrN_ NO ¦b¤Cam:UelKulEdlmanGatUmxVH
2+
electron deficient atom (e.g. S in SO3).

eGLicRtug ¬]TahrN_ S kñúg SO ¦.3
electrophilic addition : An addition

reaction in which the first step is attack
karbUkeGLicRtUPIl ³ RbtikmµbUkEdlkñúgenaHdMNak;kalTImYyKWCa
by an electrophile on an electron-rich
part of a molecule.
karP¢ab;edayeGLicRtUPIleTAelIEpñksMbUreGLicRtugénm:UelKul.
electrophilic reagent : A reactant which
accepts an electron pair from a molecule
FatubnÞal;eGLicRtUPIl ³ RbtikrEdlTTYlKUeGLicRtugBImUe: lKul
with which it forms a covalent bond EdlvabegáItCasm<n½§kUv:aLg;.

106
electrophilic substitution : A
substitution reaction in which the first
karCMnYseGLicRtÚPIl ³ RbtikmµCMnYsEdlkñúgenaHdMNak;karTImYy
step is attack by an electrophile. e.g.
substitution of an H on an aromatic ring
CakarP¢ab;edayeGLicRtUPIlmYy. ]TahrN_karCMnYsGIuRdUEsneTAelI
by a positive ion. vg;Gar:Uma:TicedayGIuy:ugviC¢man.
electrophoresis : Technique that
separates charged particles in an electric
eGLicRtÚpers ³ bec©keTsEjkPaKl¥itmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIkñúgEdn
field; especially useful for detection of
amino acids, peptides, or proteins.
GKiÁsnICaBiesssMrab;rkGasIutGamIen biubTIt b¤RbUetGIun.
electrophoretic effect : Slowing down
of an ion in an electrolytic solution
pleGLicRtUperTic ³ karfycuHénGIuyug: kñúgsUluysüúgeGLic-
which is caused by the motion of ions in
the opposite direction.
RtUlItEdlbNþalmkBIclnaénGIuyug: kñúgTispÞúyKña.
electroplating : Deposition of metals
upon metallic surfaces by electrolysis for
kareRsabeGLicRtUt ³ kareRsabelah³elIépÞelah³edayGKÁisnI
decorative and/or protective purposes. viPaK kñúgeKalbMNg;tubEtg¬l¥emIl¦nig/b¤karBar.
electropositive : Describing elements,
ions or radicals that tend to give up or
eGLicRtUviC¢man ³ karBN’naGMBIFatu GIuyu:g b¤r:aDIkal;EdlmanTMenar
lose electrons .e.g. the alkali metals. pþl;eGay b¤)at;bg;eGLicRtug. ]TahrN_ elah³Gal;kaLaMg.
electropositive potential : Potential of
an electrode expressed as positive with
bU:tg;EsüleGLicRtUviC¢man ³ b:Utg;Esülrbs;eGLicRtUtsMEdg
respect to the hydrogen electrode. edaytMélviC¢mantameGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn.
electroreflectance: Eletromodulation in
which reflection spectra are studied.
eGLicRtUtcMNaMgRtLb; ³ eGLicRtUmUD: IlkmµEdlkñúgenaHeKsikSa
Abbreviated ER. elIs,úiccMNaMgRtLb;. sresrkat; ER.
electrorheological fluid : A colloidal
suspension of finely divided particles in
snÞnIyeGLicRtUer:GULÚsIuc ³ karGENþtvilvl;énPaKl¥itkULÚGIut
a liquid, usually an insulating oil, whose
flow characteristics are changed through
tUc²kñúgvtßúrav. CaFmµtaeRbgGIusULg;EdllkçN³hUrrbs;vaRtUv)an
an increase in resistance when an electric pøas;bþÚrtamkMNInPaBFn;enAeBlsßitenAkñúgEdnGKÁisnI.
field is applied.
electrostatic : Describes effects caused
by electric charges at rest, such as an
eGLicRtUsþaTic ³ Bnül;GMBIplEdl)anbgáeLIgedaybnÞúkGKÁisnI
electric charge on an object. enAnwg dUcCabnÞúkGKÁisnIelIvtßúmYy.
electrostatic bond : A valence bond in
which two atoms are kept together by
sm<½n§eGLicRtUsþaTic ³ sm<½n§v:aLg;EdlkñúgenaHGatUmBIrsßitenACa
electrostatic force caused by transferring
one or more electrons from one atom to
mYyKñaedaykMlaMgeGLicRtUsþaTicEdlbgáeLIgedaykarepÞreGLicRtug
the other. mYyb¤eRcInBIGatUmmYyeTAGatUmmYyeTot.
electrostatic valence rule : The
proposition that in a stable ionic
viFanv:aLg;eGLicRtUsþaTic ³ sMeNIEdlEcgfakñúgTMrg;GIuyUn: icefr
structure the valence of each anion, with
changed sign equals the sum of the
v:aLg;rbs;Gaj:úgnimYy²mansBaØabþÚresµInwgplbUkénkMlaMgrbs;sm<½n§
strengths of its electrostatic bonds to the eGLicRtUsþaTicrbs;vaeTAnwgkacugEk,renaH.
adjacent cations.
electrosynthesis : A reaction in which
synthesis occurs as the result of an
eGLicRtUsMeyaK ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHkarsMeyaKekIteLIgeday
electric current. sarcrnþGKÁisnI.
electrovalence : The valence of an atom
that has formed an ionic bond.
eGLicRtUv:aLg; ³ v:aLg;rbs;GatUmEdlbegáItsm<½n§GIuyU:nic.
electrovalent bond : See ionic bond.
sm<½n§eGLicRtUv:aLg; ³ emIl ionic bond.

107
element : Pure substances that cannot be

broken down by chemical means to
Fatu b¤FatuKImI ³ sarFatusuT§EdlminGacbMEbk)antamviFIKImIeGay
simpler substances. Each element is
unique.
eTACasarFatugayCagva. FatunImYy²manEtmYy.
elementary particle : One of the
fundamental particles of which matter is
PaKl¥itbzm¬tUc¦ ³ PaKl¥itmYyénPaKl¥itmUldæanrbs;rUbFatu
composed. e.g. electrons, proton,
neutron.
mYYy. ]TahrN_eGLicRtug RbUtug NWRtug.
elementary process : In chemical
kinetics the particular events at the atoms
lMnaMbzm ³ kñúgsIuenTicKImI ehtukarN_enAkMritGatUm b¤mUe: lKulEdl
or molecular level which make up an
overall reaction.
begáItCaRbtikmµTaMgRsug.
elementary reaction : A reaction in
which reactants are converted into
Rbtikmµgay ³ RbtikmµEdlRbtikrRtUv)anbMElgeTACaplitplkñúg
products in a single step. mYYydMNak;kar.
elimination reaction : A chemical
reaction involving elimination of some
RbtikmµbNþac; ³ RbtikmµKimIEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarpþac;EpñkxøHénsmas-
part of a reactant compound with the
production of a second compound.
FatuRbtikr nigbegáIt)ansmasFatuTIBIr.
eluant : A solvent used to extract
chemicals adsorbed onto a stationary
eGluyGg; ³ FaturMlayeRbIsMrab;cMraj;sarFatuKImIEdlRtUv)anRsUb
medium, as in chromatography. elImCÄdæannwg dUcCakñúgRkUm:atURkaPI.
eluant gas : See carrier gas.
]s½µneGluyGg; ³ emIl carrier gas.
eluate : The solution that results from
the elution process.
eGluyGat ³ sUluysüúgEdl)anmkBIlMnaMeGluysüúg.
elution : The removal of adsorbed
species from a porous bed or
eGluysüúg ³ karpþac;RbePTKImIsMrUbBIfñales<at b¤kUelanRkUm:atU-
chromatographic column by means of a
stream of liquid or gas.
RkaPIedayviFIcrnþvtßúrav b¤]s½µn.
emf ³ emIl electromotive force.
emf : See electromotive force.
emission : The sending out of radiant

heat. Also the giving out of light, sound,
karbeB©aj ³ karbeBa©jkaMrsµIkMedA nigkarpþl;BnøW sMelg rlkviTüú
radio waves, other kinds of radiation,
and electrons.
RbePTkaMrsµIepSgeTot nigeGLicRtug.
emission flame photometry : A form of
flame photometry in which the sample
pUtUmaRtbeBa©jGNþatePøIg ³ TMrg;énpUtUmaRtGNþatePøIgEdlkñúg
solution to be analyzed is sprayed into a
hydrogen-oxygen or acetylene-oxygen
enaHsUluysüúgPaKsMNakEdlRtUvviPaKRtUv)an)aj;eTAkñúgGNþatePøIg
flame; the line emission spectrum is GIuRdUEsn-GuksIuEsn b¤GaesTIELn-GuksIuEsn. s,iúcecjCabnÞat;)an
formed and the line or band of the
element of interest is isolated with a ekIteLIgehIy bnÞat; b¤bg;rbs;Fatucg;)anRtUv)anEjkedaym:UNURkUm:a-
monochromator. Its intensity
measured photoelectrically and so the
is
T½r. GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;vaRtUv)anvas;edaypUtUGKÁisnI dUcenHeKGackMNt;
concentration of the element can be
determined.
kMhab;énFatuenaH)an.
emission lines : Spectral lines resulting
from emission of electromagnetic
bnÞat;beBa©jBnøW ³ bnÞat;s,iúcEdl)anmkBIkarbeBa©jrsµIeGLicRtU-
radiation by atoms ions or molecules
during changes from excited states to
m:aejTic GIuy:ugGatUm b¤mUe: lKulenAeBlbNþÚrBIsNæanePJaceTAsNæan
states of lower energy. famBlTabCag.

108
emission spectrometer : An instrument

that measures percentage concentrations
s,iúcRtUEm:RtbeBa©jBnøW ³ ]bkrN_vas;kMhab;PaKryrbs;FatukñúgKMrU
of elements in samples of metals and
other materials; when the sample is
elah³ nigrUbFatuepSgeTot. kalNasMNakRtUv)anrMhYtedaypáaePøIg
vaporised by an electric spark the GKÁisnI CMhanrlkénBnøWEdlbeBa©jedayFatunimYy²RtUv)anvas;eday
characteristic wavelengths of light
emitted by each element are measured ]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg nigpUtUedticTr½.
with a diffraction grating and an array of
photodetectors.
emission spectrum : The characteristic
range of radiation emitted when a
s,iúcbeBa©jBnøW ³ lkçN³cenøaHkaMrsµIEdl)anbeBa©jenAeBl
substance is heated, bombarded by
electrons or ions, or absorbs photons.
sarFatuRtUv)andutkMedA b¤)aj;edayeGLicRtugrW GIuy:ug b¤sMrUbpUtug.
empirical formula : Simplest ratio of
atoms in a compound, usually derived
rUbmnþgay ³ pleFobgay¬sMrYl¦bMputénGatUmkñúgsmasFatuCa
from experimental
composition data.
percentage Fmµta)anmkBITinñn½ysmasPaBCaPaKrytamBiesaFn_.
emulsification : The process of
dispersing one liquid in a second
eGmulsüúgkmµ ³ lMnaMénkarBRgayvtßúvavmYyenAkñúgvtßúravTIBIrmin
immiscible liquid; the largest group of
emulsifying agents are soaps detergent
rlaycUlKña. RkumFMCageKrbs;Pñak;gareGm:ulsüúgKWsab‘U sarFatuCMrH
and other compounds whose basic Ek¥l nigsmasFatuepSgeTotEdlTMrg;sMxan;rbs;vaCaExS)a:r:aPInEdl
structure is a paraffin chain with a polar
end group. manRkumb:UElxagcug.
emulsion : A stable dispersion of one
liquid in a second immiscible liquid such
eGmulsüúg ³ karBRgayefrénvtßúravmYYykñúgvtßúravTIBIrminrlaycUl
as milk. Kña dUcCaTwkedaHeKa.
emulsion breaking : In an emulsion,
the combined sedimentation and
karbMEbkeGmulsüúg ³ kñúgeGm:ulsüúg kMNkkrpSMKña nigkMNkén
coalescence of emulsified drops of the
dispersed phase so that they will settle
dMNk;eGmu:lsüúgrbs;pasray):ay dUecñHvanwgrgcuHBIvtßúravpÞúkva.
out of the carrier liquid.
emulsion polymerization :
polymerization reaction that occurs in
A
b:UlIEmkmµeGmulsüúg ³ RbtikmµbUl: IEmkmµEdlekIteLIgkñúgpas
one phase of an emulsion. mYyéneGm:ulsüúg.
enantiomeric excess : In chemical
synthesis, a yield that contains more of
eGNn;tüúÚEmhYs ³ kñúgsMeyaKKWmI TinñplEdlpÞúkeGNg;tüÚEmEdl
the desired enantiomer than other
products.
cg;)aneRcInCagplitplepSgeTot.
enantiomers : Pair of isomers that are
mirror images of each other and are not
eGNg;tüÚEm ³ KUGIusUEmEdlCarUbPaBqøúH nigminRtÜtelIKña. vaCaKU
superimposable; a pair of chiral
molecules. L-isomer (-), D-isomer(+)
m:UelKulKIra:l;.
enantiomorph : See enantiomer.
eGNg;tüÚm½B ³ emIl enantiomer.
enantiomorphism : A phenomenon of
mirror-image relationship shown by right-
eGNg;tüÚmPIs ³ )atuPUténTMnak;TMngrUbPaB kBa©k;qøúHEdl)anbgðaj
handed and left-handed crystals or by the
molecular structures of two stereo
edayRkamxagsþaMédnigxageqVgéd b¤edayTMrg;mUe: lKulesþer:GUGIusUEm
isomers. BIr.
enantioselective reaction :
stereoselective reaction.
See
RbtikmµeRCIserIseGNg;süÚEm ³emIl stereoselective reaction.
enantiotopic ligand : A ligand whose
replacement or addition produces
lIkg;eGNg;tüÚtUBic ³ lIkg;EdlkarCMnYs karbEnßmrbs;vabegáIt
enantiomers. )anCaeGNg;tüÚEm.

109
enantiotropy : The relation of crystal

forms of the same substance in which
eGNg;tüÚRtUBI ³ TMnak;TMngénTMrg;Rkamrbs;sarFatudUcKñaEdlkñúg
one form is stable above the transition-
point temperature, and the other form is
enaHTMrg;mYyzitefrenAelIsItuNPaBcMNucqøg nigTMrg;mYyeTotzitefr
stable below the transition-point enAeRkamsItuNðPaBcMNucqøg dUecñHTMrg;TaMgenHGacpøas;bþÚrBImYyeTA
temperature, so that the forms can
change from one to the other. mYyeTot.
encounter : A group of collisions, each
of which consists of two molecules that
karb:HTgÁic ³ Rkuménkarb:HKñaEdlRkumnimYy²manm:UelKulBIrb:HKña
collide without reacting and do not
separate immediately because of the of
edayKµanRbtikmµnigminEjkBIKñaPøam²eTedaysarm:UelKulB½T§CMuvij.
surrounding molecules.
end point : The stage in a titration at
which reaction is complete, usually as
cMNucbBa©b; ³ dMNak;kalkñúgGRtakmµEdlRbtikmµ)ancb;sBVRKb;Ca
shown by a color change. FmµtaRtUv)anbgðajedaykarbþÚrBN’.
end radiation : See quantum limit.
kaMrsµIbBa©b; ³ emIl quantum limit.
endo- : Prefix that denotes inward-
directed valence bonds of a six-
Gg;dU- ³ buBVbTcg¥úlR)ab;Tissm<½n§va:Lg;eTAxagkñúgénvg;mankabUnR)aM-
membered ring in its boat form. mYykñúgsNæanTUkrbs;va.
endocyclic double bond : In a
molecular structure, a double bond that
sm<½n§eTVGg;dUsIuKøic ³ kñúgTMrg;mU:elKul sm<½n§BIrCan;EdlCaEpñkén
is part of the ring system. RbB½n§vg;.
endoergic : See endothermic.
famBlkñúg ³ emIl endothermic.
endoplasmic reticulum : Membranous
organelle within the eucaryotic cell
erTIKuyLÚmGg;dU)øas ³ FatuekasikamanPñasenAkñúgekasikaGWkarI-
where some of the cellular synthesis and
transport of materials occurs.
y:UtEdlCakEnøgmankarsMeyaKekasikamYycMnYn nigkardwknaMrUbFatu.
ENDOR : See electron nuclear double
resonance.
emIl electron nuclear double resonance.
endotherm : A graph of the temperature
difference between a sample compound
tMrUvkarkMedA ³ Rkabrbs;PaBxusKñaénsItuNðPaBrvagsmasFatuPaK
and a thermally inert reference
compound (usually aluminum oxide) as
sMNak nigsmasFatueKalniclekþA (CaFmµtaGaluymIjÚm: GuksIut)
the substances are both heated to high enAeBlsarFatuTaMgBIrRtUv)andutkMedAenAsItuNðPaBx<s; ehIysmas-
temperatures, and the sample compound
undergoes endothermal or exothermal FatuPaKsMNakrgdMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA nigRsUbkMedA.
processes.
endothermic : Chemical reaction that
requires a continual input of energy to
RsÚbkMedA ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlRtUvkarfamBl\tdac;edIm,IdMeNIrkar
keep going. Rbtikmµ .
energy : The capacity for doing work; it
exists in several forms including
famBl ³ smµtßPaBsMrab;dMeNIrkarkmµnþ vamanGtßiPaBkñúgsNæan
chemical, nuclear, electrical, radiant,
mechanical, and thermal energies.
mYycMnYn dUcCafamBlKImI nuyekøEG‘ GKÁisnI rsµI emkanic nigkMedA.
energy level : A region around the
nucleus of an atom where an electron is
kMritfamBl ³ tMbn;CMuvijéNVyU:énGatUmEdleGLicRtugRtUveFVIclna.
likely to be moving.
energy profile : A diagram of the energy
changes that take place during a reaction in a
KMnUstagfamBl ³ düaRkambNþÚrfamBlEdlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgRbB½n§
chemical system.
RbtikmµKImI.
energy sublevels : Orbitals in which
electrons move around the nucleus.
kMritfamBlrg ³ Grb‘Ítal;EdlkñúgenaHeGLicRtugeFVIclnaCMuvij
éNVy:U.

110
energy value : Another name for

calorific value.
tMélfamBl ³ eQµaHepSgeTotsMrab;tMélkaLÚrI.
English degree : A unit of water
harness, equal to 1 part calcium
GgSaGg;eKøs ³ ÉktaénPaBrwgénTwkesµIeTAnwg 1 Epñkénkal;süÚm-
carbonate to70, 000 parts water; Also
known as Clark degree.
kabUNat nig 70,000EpñkTwk. eKehAm:üageTotfa GgSa Clark.
English vermilion : Bright red pigment
of precipitated mercury sulfide; in paints,
BN’Rkhmeq¥AGg;eKøs ³ CatiBN’Rkhmeq¥Aénkkr)arts‘ulPY.
it tends to darken when exposed to light. kñúgfñaMBN’ vamanTMenareTACaBN’RkemAenAeBlRtUvBnøW.
enhanced line : See enhanced spectral
line.
bnÞat;ekIt ³ emIl enhanced spectral line.
enhanced spectral line : A spectral line
of a very hot source, such as a spark,
bnÞat;s,iúcbegáIt ³ bnÞat;s,iúcénRbPBekþAxøaMg dUcCapáaePøIgEdl
whose intensity is much greater than
that of a line in a flame spectrum. Also
GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;vaFMCagbnÞat;s,úickñúgs,úicGNþatePøIg. eKehAm:üag
known as enhanced line. eTotfa bnÞat;begáIt .
enium ion : A cationic part of an ion in
which the valence shell of a positively
GIuy:ugeGj:Úm ³ Epñkkacugrbs;GIuyu:gEdlkñúgenaHRsTab;v:aLg;rbs;
charged nonmetallic atom has two
electrons less than normal, and the
GatUmGelah³bnÞúkviC¢manmaneGLicRtugBIrticCagFmµta ehIysrub
charged entity has one covalent bond bnÞúkmansm<½n§kUv:aLg;mYyticCagRbePTKµanbnÞúkEdlRtUvKña. eKeRbICa
less than the corresponding uncharged
species; used as a suffix with the root bcäimbTCamYynwgeQµaHedIm. eKehAmü:ageTotfa GIuy:ugGIulüÚm.
name. Also known as ileum ion.
enol : An organic compound with a
hydroxide group next to a double bond;
eGNul ³ smasFatusrIragÁmanRkumGIuRdUksIutCab;eTAnwgsm<½n§BIrCan;
varies with a ketone form in the effect
known as enol-keto tautomerism; e.g.
EdlERbRbYltamTMrg;estUnedayplehAfa eGNulestUfUtUemrIs.
CH3COH═CHCO2C2H5 ]TahrN_ CH COH═CHCO C H .
3 2 2 5
enolate anion : The delocalised anion

which is left after the removal of a
Gaj:úgeGNULat ³ Gaj:úgKµanTItaMgc,as;las;Edl)anbnÞab;BIkar
proton from an enol, or of the carbonyl
compound in equilibrium with the enol.
pþac;RbUtugBIeGNul b¤smasFatukabUnIlmanlMnwgCamYyeGNul.
enol-keto tautomerism :
movement of a hydrogen atom from a
The
eGNul-estUfUtUemrIs ³ clnarbs;GatUmGIuRdUEsnBIGatUmkabUn
carbon atom next to a carbonyl group of
a keto compound to produce the isomeric
Ek,rRkumkabUnIlrbs;smasFatuestUedIm,IbegáItsNæanGIusUEmeGNul
enol form of the compound; the reverse énsmasFatuenaH. lMnaMbRBa©asénbMlas;TIGatUmGIuRdUEsnk¾ekItman
process of hydrogen atom migration also
occurs. pgEdr.
entering group : An atom or group that
becomes bonded to the main part of the
RkumcUl ³ GatUm b¤RkumEdlcgsm<½n§eTAnwgEpñksMxan;éns‘u®sþaenA
substrate during a chemical reaction. eBlmanRbtikmµKImI.
enthalpimetric analysis : General term
for themochemical methods such as
karviPaKGg;tal;BIemRTic ³ BaküTUeTAsMrab;viFIETm:UKImI dUcCaGRta-
thermometric enthalpy titrations, which
measure the temperature changes
kmµGg;tal;BIETm:UemRTicEdlvas;karbþÚrsItuNðPaBkñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtGa-
produced in adiabatic calorimeters by düa)aTicedaykMedAénRbtikmµekIteLIgkñúgsUluysüúg.
heats of reaction occurring in solution.
enthalpy : Symbol H. The heat content
of a substance at a given temperature and
Gg;tal;BI ³ nimitþsBaØa H. brimaNkMedAénsarFatuenAsItuNðPaB
pressure. nigsMBaFNamYYy.
enthalpy change : Symbol ∆H.
Alternative term for energy of reaction,
bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI ³ nimitþsBaØa ∆H. BaküeRbICMnYssMrab;famBl
the heat associated with chemical
change.
RbtikmµEdlCakMedAekItmanCamYynwgbNþÚrKImI.

111
enthalpy of atomization : See heat of

atomisation
Gg;tal;BIGatUmkmµ ³ emIl heat of atomisation.
enthalpy of combustion : See heat of
combustion
Gg;tal;BIcMehH ³ emIl heat of combustion.
enthalpy of evaporation : See heat of
vaporisation.
Gg;tal;BIrMhYt ³ emIl heat of vaporisation.
enthalpy of formation : See heat of
formation.
Gg;tal;BIkMN ³ emIl heat of formation.
enthalpy of fusion : See heat of fusion.
Gg;tal;BIrlay ³ emIl heat of fusion.
enthalpy of ionisation : See heat of
ionisation
Gg;tal;BIGIuy:ugkmµ ³ emIl heat of ionisation.
enthalpy of neutralization : See heat of
neutralisation
Gg;tal;BINWtkmµ ³ emIl heat of neutralisation.
enthalpy of reaction (Symbol ∆H) : The
change in enthalpy accompanying a
Gg;tal;BIRbtikmµ ( nimitþsBaØa ∆H ) ³ bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIeTA
chemical reaction. See enthalpy change. tamRbtikmµKImI. emIl enthalpy change.
enthalpy of transition : The change of
enthalpy accompanying a phase
Gg;tal;BIGnþrPaB ³ bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIeTAtamGnþrPaBpas.
transition.
enthalpy titration : See thermometric
titration.
GRtakmµGg;tal;BI ³ emIl thermometric titration.
entrance slit : Narrow slit through
which passes the light entering a
rgVHRckcUl ³ rgVHceg¥ótEdlBnøWqøgkat;cUleTAkñúgs,iúcRtUEm:t.
spectrometer.
entropy : Tendency for the universe to
go from more order to less order. Energy
Gg;RtÚBI ³ TMenarBIPaBmansNþab;Fñab;eTAPaBKµansNþab;edayfamBl
must be used to temporarily prevent this
tendency in living organism.
RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ICYyTMenarenHCabeNþaHGasnñenAkñúgsarBagÁkayrs;.
entropy of activation : The difference
in entropy between the activated
Gg;RtUBIskmµkmµ ³ PaBxusKñakñúgGg;RtUBIrvagkuMpøicskmµkmµkñúg
complex in a chemical reaction and the
reactants.
RbtikmµKImI nigRbtikr.
entropy of mixing : After mixing
substances, the difference between the
Gg;RtUBIl,ay ³ bnÞab;BIkarlaysarFatu PaBxusKñarvagGg;RtUBI
entropy of the mixture and the sum of
the entropies of the components of the
énl,ay nigplbUkGg;RtUBIénsmasPaKrbs;l,ay.
mixture.
entropy of transition : The heat
absorbed or liberated in a phase change
Gg;RtUBIGnþrPaB ³ kMedARsUb b¤rMedaHecjkñúgbNþÚrpasEckeGay
divided by the absolute temperature at which
the change occurs.
sItuNðPaBdac;xatenAeBlEdlbNþÚrekIteLIg.
enzyme : Protein that has specific
catalytic activity.
Gg;sIum ³ RbUetGIunEdlmanskmµPaBkatalIsyfaRbePT.
epi- : A prefix used in naming
compounds to indicate the presence of a
eGBI- ³ buBVbTeRbIkñúgkarehAeQµaHsmasFatuedIm,IbgaðjBIvtþman
bridge or intermolecular connection. énkarP¢ab;s<an b¤Gnþrm:UelKul.
epimer : A type of isomer in which the
difference between the two compounds
eGBIEm ³ RbePTGIusUEmEdlkñúgenaHPaBxusKñarvagsmasFatuBIrKWCaTI
is the relative position of the H
(hydrogen) group and OH (hydroxyl)
taMgeFobénRkum H (GIuRdUEsn) nig Rkum OH (GIuRdUsIul) enAelIGatUm
group on the last asymmetric C (carbon) kabUn C GsIuemRTI cugeRkayrbs;ExS dUcCaenAkñúgsár D-KøúykUs nig
atom of the chain, as in the a sugars D-
glucose and D-mannose. D-m:aNUs.

112
epimerization : In an optically active

compound that contains two or more
eGBIEmkmµ ³ kñúgsmasFatuskmµGubTicEdlpÞúkmNÐlGsIuemRTIBIrb¤
asymmetric centers, a process in which
only one of these centers is altered by
eRcIn CalMnaMEdlkñúgenaHmanmNÐlEtmYykt;EdlRtUv)anbMEbøgeday
some reaction to form an epimer. RbtikmµmYycMnYneTACasNæaneGBIEm.
epoxidation : Reaction yielding an
epoxy compound such as the conversion
eGb:uksIutkmµ ³ RbtikmµEdlpþl;plCasmasFatueGb:uksIu dUcCa
of ethylene to ethylene oxide. bMElgeGTIELneTACaeGTIELnGuksIut.
epoxide : 1. A reactive group in which
an oxygen atom is joined to each of two
eGb:uksIut ³ 1. RkumRbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGatUmGuksIuEsn)anP¢ab;
carbon atoms which are already bonded.
2. A three-membered cyclic ether. Also
eTAnwgGatUmkabUnBIrEdl)ancgsm<½n§rYcCaeRsc.
known as oxirane. 2. eGETExSbiTEdlmanbIRCug. eKehAmüageTotfa GuksIur:an.
epoxide :
oxygen-containing ring.
Three-membered,
eGb:uksIut ³ CMuEdlmanGuksIuEsnbIRCúg.
epoxy : A prefix indicating presence of an
epoxide group in a molecule.
eGb:uksIu ³ buBVbTbgaðjBIvtþmanRkumeGb:uksIutkñúgm:UelKul.
epoxy resin : A polyether resin formed
originally by the polymerization of
eGb:uksIuersIun ³ b:UlIeGETer:sIunkekIteLIgBIPaBedImedayb:UlIEm-
bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin, having
high strength, and low shrinkage during
kmµénb‘ÍepNul A nigeGBIkørUG: IuRDInEdlmankMlaMgxøaMg nigkarrYjxøItic
curing; used as a coating, adhesive, enAeBldMeNIrkarRtUv)aneRbICasarFatueRsab s¥it sµit b¤BBuH.
casting, or foam.
EPXMA : See electron probe x-ray
microanalysis.
emIl electron probe x-ray microanalysis.
equation : Symbols that represent a
chemical change; an equation (e.g. 2H2 +
smIkar ³ nimitþsBaØaEdltageGaybNþÚrKImI>smIkarmYy ¬ ]TahrN_
O2 → 2H2O) shows: (i) what reactants 2H + O → 2H O¦ bgðaj ³ (1) etIRbtikrGVIEdl)aneRbI (H and
2 2 2 2
are used (H2 and O2), (ii) what products
are formed (H2O), (iii) the correct O ); (2) etIplitplGIVEdl)anekIteLIg ( H O); (3) rUbmnþRtwmRtUvén
2 2
formula of each reactant and product,
and (iv) satisfies the law of conservation RbtikrnigplitplnimYy² ehIynig(4)smRsbeTAnwgc,ab;GPirkS
of atoms (the number of atoms reacting
equals the number of atoms of products). GatUm(cMnYnGatUmRbtikmµesµInwgcMnYnGatUmplitpl).
equation of state : A mathematical
expression which defines the physical
sNæansmIkar ³ kenSamKNitviTüaEdlkMNt;sNæanrUbrbs;sarFatu
state of a substance (gas, liquid, or solid) (]s½µn vtßúrav b¤vtßúrwg) edayeFobmaDeTAnwgsMBaF nigsItuNðPaBdac;xat
by the relating volume to pressure and
absolute temperature for a given mass of cMeBaHma:srUbFatuNamYy. ]TahrN_ c,ab;]s½µnbrsuT§ pV = nRT.
the material. e.g. the ideal gas law pV =
nRT
equidensity technique : Interference
microscopy technique using the Sabattier
bec©keTsdg;sIuetsmrUb ³ bec©keTsGaMgETepr:g;mIRkUTsSn_sikSa
effect in photographic emulsions to
measure photographic film emulsion
edayeRbIR)as;pl SabattierkñúgeGmulsüúgftrUbedIm,Ivas;dg;sIuet
density; lines of equal density in a GIumulsüúghVIlftrUb. bnÞat;dg;sIuetesµIKñakñúgeGmulsüúgftrUb¬dg;sIu-
photographic emulsion (equidensities)
are produced by exactly superimposing etsmmUl¦RtUv)anbegáItedaykardak;BIelIKñaénhIVlminTan;pþit nighIVl
a positive and a negative of the same
picture, and making a copy. pþitrYcénrUbPaBdUcKña nigeFVIkarcMlg.
equilibrium : Condition in which the
rate of a chemical reaction is the same in
lMnwg ³ l½kçx½NÐEdlel,ÓnRbtikmµKImItamTisedAeTAnigmkesµIKña.
the forward and reverse directions.
Concentrations of substances on the right
kMhab;sarFatuenAxagsþaMnigxageqVgkMresIµKñaNas;kñúgsßanPaBlMnwg.
and left are seldom equal at equilibrium. eKehAmü:ageTotfa lMnwgDINamic.
Also called dynamic equilibrium.

113
equilibrium constant : Mathematical

constant Keq that relates to the
efrlMnwg ³ efrKNitviTüa K EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkMhab;Rbtikr nig
eq
concentrations of reactants and products

at equilibrium. For a reversible reaction
plitplenAcMNuclMnwg. sMrab;smIkareTAmk xA + yB ↔ zC + wD
xA + yB ↔ zC + wD Keq = K = [C] .[D] /[A] .[B] . vaGacCakarRbmaNTisedAsMxan;én
eq
z w x y
[C]z.[D]w/[A]x.[B]y. It enables the

prediction of the main direction of a Rbtikmµ.
reaction.
equilibrium diagram : A phase
diagram of the equilibrium relationship
düaRkamlMnwg ³düaRkampasénTMnak;TMnglMnwgrvagsItuNðPaB
between temperature, pressure, and
composition in any system.
sMBaF nigsmasPaBkñúgRbB½n§NamYy.
equilibrium dialysis : A technique used
to determine the amount of ion bonding
düalIslMnwg ³ bec©keTseRbIsMrab;kMNt;brimaNénkarcgsm<½n§
to a protein; the protein solution is
placed in a bag which is impermeable to
GIuyu:geTAnwgRbUetGIun. sUluysüúgRbUetGIunRtUv)andak;enAkñúgfg;Edl
protein but permeable to small ions. The minRCabsMrab;RbUetGIun b:uEnþRCabsMrab;GIuyug: tUc². fg;enHRtUvRtaMkñúg
bag is immersed in a solution containing
the ion that is being studied; after sUluysüúgEdlmanGIuy:ugEdlkMBugsikSa. bnÞab;BIlMnwgkmµénGIuyu:g
equilibration of the ion across the
membrane, the concentration of ion qøgkat;PñaskMhab;énGIuyu:gxageRkAfg;RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarykecj.
outside the bag is determined by
subtraction; if binding has occurred, the
ebIkarcgsm<½n§)anekIteLIgenaHkMhab;rbs;GIuyug: kñúgsUluysüúgRbUet-
concentration of ion in the protein GIunRtUvEtFMCag.
solution must be greater.
equilibrium film : A liquid film that is
stable or metastable at a certain thickness
hIVllMnwg ³ hVIlénvtßúravEdlefr b¤esÞIrefrenAkMras;Cak;lak;mYy
with respect to small changes in the
thickness.
cMeBaHkarERbRbYlkMras;tictYc.
equilibrium moisture content : The
moisture content in a hydroscopic
cMNuHsMeNImlMnwg ³ cMNuHsMeNImkñúgrUbFatuGIuRdUsáÚBic enAeBl
material when a definite, fixed
(equilibrium) moisture content in the
cMNuHsMeNImkMNt;minERbRbYl(lMnwg)enAkñúgvtßúrwgdl;kMritbnÞab;BIkar
solid is reached after being dried by sMgYtedayb:HCamYyxül;enAsItuNðPaB nigsMeNImefr.
contact with air at constant temperature
and humidity.
equilibrium potential : A point in
which forward and reverse reaction rates
b:Utg;EsüllMnwg ³ cMNucEdlkñúgenaHel,ÓnRbtikmµeTAnigRtLb;
are equal in an electrolytic solution,
thereby establishing the potential of an
esµIKñakñúgsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlIt EdlbegáIt)anCab:Utg;EsüleGLic-
electrode. RtUt.
equilibrium prism : Three-dimensional
(solid) diagram for multicomponent
RBIslMnwg ³ düaRkam (vtßúrwg)vimaRtbIsMrab;l,ayEdlmansmas-
mixtures to show the effects of
composition changes on some key
PaKeRcInedIm,IbgðajBIplénkarpøas;bþÚrsmasPaKelIlkçN³sMxan;²
property, such as freezing point. mYycMnYn dUcCacMNuckMNk.
equilibrium ratio : 1. In any system,
relation of the proportions of the various
pleFoblMnwg ³ 1. kñúgRbB½n§mYy TMnak;TMngénsmamaRtrbs;PaK
components (gas, liquid) at equilibrium
conditions. 2. See equilibrium
pSMepSgKña (]sµ½n vtßúrav)enAlkç½NÐlMnwg.
vaporization ratio. 2.emIlpleFob rMhYtlMnwg .
equilibrium solubility : The maximum
solubility of one material in another
lMnwglkçN³rlay ³ lkçN³rlayGtibrmarbs;rUbFatumYykñúg
(e.g., water in hydrocarbons) for
specified conditions of temperature and
rUbFatumYyepSgeTot (]TahrN_ TwkkñúgGIuRdUkabY)cMeBaHlkç½NÐeday
pressure. ELkénsItuNðPaB nigsMBaF.

114
equilibrium still : Recirculating

distillation apparatus (no product
]bkrN_bMNitlMnwg ³ ]bkrN_bMNitsayPayeLIgvij (Kµankar
withdrawal) used to determine vapor-
liquid equilibrium data.
ykplitplecj ) eRbIsMrab;kMNt;Tinñn½ylMnwgcMhay-vtßúrav.
equilibrium vaporization ratio : In a
liquid-vapor equilibrium mixture, the
pleFobrMhYtlMnwg ³ kñúgl,aylMnwgcMhay-vtßúravpleFobRbPaK
ratio of the mole fraction of a component
in the vapor phase (y) to the mole
Cam:UlénsmasPaKkñúgpascMhay (y) eTAnwgRbPaKCam:Ulénsmas-
fraction of the same component in the PaKdUcKñakñúgpasrav (x), b¤ W y/x = K (K CaemKuN). eKehAmüa:g
liquid phase (x), or y/x = K (the K factor).
Also known as equilibrium ratio. eTotfa pleFoblMnwg.
equipartition : 1. In a gas, when the
molecules maintain the same average
r)ayesµIPaK ³ 1. kñúg]sµ½n enAeBlm:UelKulrkSacMgaymFümdUcKña
distance between each other. 2. The
equal distribution of a compound
rvagKñaeTAvijeTAmk.
between two solvents. 3. The distribution 2. r)ayesµIKñarbs;smasFaturvagFaturMlayBIr.
of the atoms in an orderly fashion, such
as in crystal. 3. r)ayGatUmkñúgrebobmanlMdab;lMedaydUcCakñúgRkam.
equivalence point : The point in a
titration at which the reaction is
cMNucsmmUl ³ cMNuckñúgGRtakmµ enAeBlEdlRbtikmµcb;sBVRKb;.
complete. See end point. emIl end point.
equivalent conductance : Property of
an electrolyte, equal to the specific
kugDuctg;smmUl ³ lkçN³rbs;eGLicRtUtEdlesµIeTAnwgkugDuc-
conductance divided by the number of
gram equivalents of solute per cubic
tg;yfaRbePTEckeGaycMnYnsmmUlRkaménÁFaturlaykñúgmYysg;TI-
centimeter of solvent. Em:RtKUbénFaturMlay.
equivalent weight : One equivalent is
the amount of an element or compound
ma:ssmmUl ³ mYysmmUlCabrimaNénFatub¤smasFatuEdlGacpSM
that can combine with or displace one
gram of hydrogen (or 8g of oxygen or
CamYyb¤CMnYsmYyRkaménGIuRdUEsn¬b¤ 8génGuksIuEsn b¤ 35,5génkør¦
35.5g of chlorine) in a chemical reaction. kñúgRbtikmµKImI.
ER : See electroreflectance.
emIl electroreflectance.
erbium halide : A compound of erbium
and one of the halide elements.
e½G‘büÚmGaLÚEsnY ³ smasFatuéne½G‘büÚmnigFatuGaLÚEsnmYy.
ergot : Any of the five optically
isomeric pairs of alkaloids obtained from
EG‘kU ³ KUNamYyénKUGIusUEmGubTicR)aMrbs;Gal;kaLÚGIut)anmkBIpSit.
this fungus; only the levorotatory
isomers are physiologically active.
manEtGIusUEmelvUrUtatUrIEtEdlskmµsrIr³.
Erlenmeyer flask : A conical glass
laboratory flask, with a broad bottom
EkvEGkELn ³ EkvBiesaFn_ragsaCIEdlman)atrab nigktUc.
and a narrow neck.
Erlenmeyer Synthesis : Preparation of
cyclic ethers by the condensation of an
sMeyaKEG‘LinbuIEy ³ karerobcMbegáIteGETExSbitedaykugdg;kmµén
aldehyde with an α-acylamino acid in the
presence of acetic anhydride and sodium
Gal;edGIutCamYyGasIut α- GasIuLamINUkñúgvtþmanGanIRDiItGaesTic
acetate. nigsUdüÚmGaestat.
erosion : The wearing away of soil by
wind, ice, water, and gravity.
sMNwk/ cMeraH ³ karswkéndIedayxül; Twkkk Twk nigTMnajEpndI.
escaping tendency : The tendency of a
solute species to escape from solution;
TMenarcakecj ³ TMenarénFaturlaycakecjBIsUluysüúgEdlTak;
related to the chemical potential of the
solute.
TgeTAnwgb:Utg;EsülKImIénFaturlay.

115
Eschka mixture : A mixture of two

parts magnesium oxide and one part
l,ay Eschka ³ l,ayénBIrEpñkénm:aej:süÚmGuksIutnigmYyEpñk
anhydrous sodium carbonate; used as a
fusion mixture for determining sulfur in
énsUdüÚmkabUNatGanIRDIt. vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgl,ayrMlaysMrab;
coal. kMNt;s<an;F½rkñúgFüÚg.
Eschweiler-Clarke modification : A
modification of the Leukart reaction,
kMENERb Eschweiler-Clarke ³ kMENERbénRbtikmµLeukart Edl
involving reductive alkylation of
ammonia or amines (except tertiary
rYmmanGal;KIlkmµbnßyénGam:Ujak;b¤GamIn (elIkElgGamInfñak;bI)
amines) by formaldehyde and formic edaypm:al;edGIut nigGasIutpmic.
acid.
essential oil : A natural oil with a
distinctive scent produced by some
eRbgRkGUb ³ eRbgFmµCatimankøincMElk EdlplitedayrukçCatixøH.
plants. They are used in perfumes,
flavourings and medicines, e.g. eucaly-
vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgTwkGb; eRKOgbEnßmrsCati nigfñaMeBTü. ]>eRbgrukçCati
ptus oil, rose oil. eRbgxül; eRbgpáakUlab.
ester : The compound formed by the
bonding of an alcohol and an organic
eGEsÞ ³ smasFatuEdlbegáIteLIgedaykarcgsm<½n§énGal;kul nig
acid with the elimination of water. GasIutsrIragÁedaymankarykTwkecj.
ester gum : A compound obtained by
forming an ester of a natural resin with a
kaveGEsÞ ³ smasFatu)anmkedaykarbegáIteGEsÞénersIunFmµCati
polyhydric alcohol; used in varnishes,
paints, and cellulosic lacquers. Also
CamYyGal;kulb:UlIGIuRDic. eKeRbIR)as;vakñúgEvnI fñaMBN’ nig Rm½kSN_xµúk
known as rosin ester. EsluyLÚs. eKehAmü:ageTotfa eGEsÞC½rs¥it.
ester hydrolysis : A reaction in which
an ester is converted into its alcohol and
GIuRdUlIseGEsÞ ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHeGEsÞRtUv)anbMElgeTACaGal;-
acid molecules. Also known as
esterolysis.
kulrbs;vanigm:UelKulGasIut. eKehAmü:ageTotfa karbMEbkeGEsÞ.
esterification : A chemical reaction
whereby esters are formed.
eGEsÞkmµ ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlbgáIt)aneGEsÞ.
esterolysis : See ester hydrolysis.
karbMEbkeGEsÞr ³ emIl ester hydrolysis.
Etard reaction : Direct oxidation of an
aromatic or heterocyclic bound methyl
Rbtikmµ Etard ³ GuksIutkmµedaypÞal;énRkumemTIlEdlcgsm<½n§
group to an aldehyde by using chromyl
chloride or certain metallic oxides.
Gar:Um:aTic b¤eGetr:UsIuKøiceTAnwgGal;edGIutedayeRbIRkUmkørY b¤GuksIut
elah³xøH.
ethanal (acetaldehyde) : A colorless
highly flammable liquid aldehyde.
eGtaNal;¬Gaestal;edGIut¦ ³ Gal;edGIutravgayeqH KµanBN’.
CH3CHO manrUbmnþ CH CHO.
3
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) : A colorless

water-soluble alcohol. C2H5OH
eGtaNul¬eGTIlGal;kul¦ ³ Gal;kulrlaykñúgTwkKµanBN’.
manrUbmnþ C H OH.
2 5
ether : Family of organic compounds

formed when an oxygen atom serves as a
eGET ³ GMbUrénsmasFatusrIragÁEdlkekItenAeBlGatUmGuksIuEsn
bridge between two alkyl groups. mYyeFIVCas<anrvagRkumGal;KIlBIr.
etherification : The process of making
an ether from an alcohol.
eGETkmµ ³ lMnaMeFVIEGETBIGal;kul.
ethoxide : A compound formed from
ethanol by replacing the hydrogen of the
eGtuksIut ³ smasFatuekIteLIgBIeGtaNuledaykarCMnYsGIuRdUEsn
hydroxyl group by a monovalent metal.
Also known as ethylate.
énRkumGIuRduksIuledayelah³v:aLg;mYy. eKehAmü:ageTotfa
eGTIlLat.

116
ethoxy : The C2H5O- radical from ethyl

alcohol. Also known as ethyoxyl.
eGtuksIu ³ (r:aDIkal; C H O- ) )anBIeGTIlGal;kul. eKehAmü:ag
2 5
eTotfa eGTIGuksIul.
ethyl : 1. The hydrocarbon radical -
C2H5. 2. Trade name for the tetraethyl
eGTIl ³ 1. r:aDIkal;GIuRdUkabUn -C H . 2. eQµaHkñúgBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;
2 5
lead antiknock compound in gasoline. smasFatuGg;TINuksMNetRtaeGTIlkñúgeRbgsaMg.

ethyl alcohol : See ethanol.
eGTIlGal;kul ³ emIl ethanol.
ethylic compound : Generic term for
ethyl compounds.
smasFatueGTIlic ³ BaküTUeTAsMrab;smasFatueGTIl.
ethynylation : Production of an
acetylenic derivative by the condensation
eGTInIlkmµ ³ karplitRsLayGaesTIELnedaykugdg;kmµGaes-
of acetylene with a compound such as an
aldehyde; e.g., production of butynediol
TIELnCamYysmasFatudUcCaGal;edGIut.
from the union of formaldehyde with ]TahrN_karplitb‘uyTIndüúlBIpm:al;edGIut CamYyGaesTIELn.
acetylene.
ethyoxyl : See ethoxy.
eGTIGuksIul ³ emIl ethoxy.
eutectic mixture : An alloy or solution
that has the lowest constant melting
l,ayGWetkTic ³ sMelah³ b¤sUluysüúgEdlmanefrcMNucrlay
point of any possible combination of its
components.
TabbMputénlT§PaBbnSMénsmasPaKrbs;va.
eutectic point : The lowest melting
point of a eutectic mixture.
cMNucGWetkTic ³ cMNucrlayTabbMputrbs;l,ayGWetkTic.
evaporation : The vaporization of a
liquid in an open container at a
rMhYt ³ karhYténvtßúravkñúgeRKOgpÞúkEdlcMhenAsItuNðPaBeRkam
temperature below its boiling point. cMNucrMBuHrbs;va.
evolved gas analysis : An analytical
technique in which the characteristics or
viPaK]sµ½nvivtþn_ ³ bec©keTsviPaKEdlkñúgenaHlkçN³ b¤brimaN
the amount of volatile products released
by a substance and its reaction products
plitplehIrRtUv)anbeBa©jedaysarFatunigplitplRbtikmµrbs;va
are determined as a function of RtUv)ankMNt;CaGnuKmn_énsItuNðPaBenAeBlPaKsMNakRtUv)andak;
temperature while the sample is
subjected to a series of controlled eTAkñúges‘rIénbNþÚrsItuNðPaBRtYtBinitü. sresrkat; EGA.
temperature changes. Abbreviated EGA.
exchange broadening : The broadening
of a spectral line by some type of
karBRgIkbNþÚr ³ karBRgIkbnÞat;s,iúcedayRbePTKImImYycMnYnb¤lMnaM
chemical or spin exchange process
which limits the lifetime of the absorbing
bNþÚrs<InEdlkMNt;ry³eBlCIviténRbePTRsUbb¤beB©aj nigbegáItCa
or emitting species and produces the karBRgIktameKalkarN_minR)akd Heisenberg.
broadening via the Heisenberg
uncertainly principle.
exchange narrowing :
phenomenon in which, when a spectral
The
karbRgYmbNþÚr ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaH kalNabnÞat;s,iúcRtUv)an
line is split and thereby broadened by
some variable perturbation, the
bMEbknigBRgIkedaykarrMxanénGefrxøH karBRgIkGacRtUvbRgYmeday
broadening may be narrowed by a lMnaMDINamicEdlbþÚrtMélxus²KñaénkarrMxan.
dynamic process that exchanges different
values of the perturbation.
exchange reaction : Reaction in which
two atoms or ions exchange places either
RbtikmµbNþÚr ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGatUm b¤GIuyu:gBIrbþÚrkEnøgkñúg
in two different molecules or in the same
molecule.
m:UelKulBIrxusKña b¤kñúgm:UelKulEtmYy.
exchange velocity : In an ion-exchange
process, the speed with which one ion is
el,ÓnbNþÚr ³ kñúglMnaMbNþÚrGIuyug: el,ÓnEdlkñúgenaHGIuyu:gmYyRtUv
displaced by another ion. )anCMnYsedayGIuyu:gmYyepSgeTot.

117
excimer : An transient excited

association of two identical atoms.
GicsIuEm ³ karpSMcUlKñaminzitefredayePJacénGatUmdUcKñaebHbitBIr.
exciplex : An excited diatomic complex
containing two different atoms.
GicsIuepøc ³ kMuepøcDIGatUmePJacEdlpÞúkGatUmBIrxusKña.
excitation index : In emission
spectroscopy, the ratio of intensities of a
snÞsSn_ejac ³ kñúgs,iúcTsSn_say pleFobGaMgtg;sIueténKU
pair of extremely different spectra lines;
used to provide a sensitive indication of
bnÞat;s,úicEdlxusKñaya:gxøaMg. eKeRbIvasMrab;pþl;eGaykarbgðajPaB
variation in excitation conditions rYsénbMErbMrYlkñúg l½kçx½NÐrMejac.
excited state : Any energy level higher
than the ground state.
PaBePJac ³ kMritfamBlEdlx<s;CagsPaBRKwH.
exciting line : The frequency of
electromagnetic radiation, (spectral line)
bnÞat;ePJac ³ eRbkg;kaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTic (bnÞat;s,iúc)Edl)an
which is absorbed. RsUb.
exhale : 1. To breath out. 2. To give off
vapour.
beBa©jxül; ³ 1.dkdegðImecjeRkA. 2. beBa©jcMhay.
exhaustion point : In an ion-exchange
process, the state of an adsorbent at
cMNucGs; ³ kñúglMnaMbNþÚrGIuy:ug sPaBénFatusMrUbenAeBlvaminGac
which it no longer can produce a useful
ion exchange.
begáItbNþÚrGIuyu:gEdlmanRbeyaCn_teTot.
exo- : A form of carbon bonds in a six-
membered ring such that the molecule is
GicsU- ³ TMrg;sm<½n§kabUnkñúgvg;R)aMmYyRCug dUcCam:UelKulmanrag
boat-shaped with one or more
substituents directed outward from the
CaTUkEdlmanRkumCMnYsmYy b¤eRcInEdlmanTiseq<aHeTAeRkAedjBI
ring. ExSbiT.
exocyclic double bond : A double bond
that is connected to, and external to a
sm<½n§BIrCan;GicsUsIuKøic ³ sm<½n§BIrCan;Edl)anP¢ab;eTAxageRkA
ring structure. TMrg;ExSbiT.
exothermic : a chemical change in
which energy is released in the form of
GicsUETmic b¤beBa©jkMedA ³ bNþÚrKImIEdlfamBl)anbeBa©j
heat; the energy content of the products
is less than the energy content of the
kñúgsNæanCakMedA. brimaNfamBlénplitplticCagbrimaNfam-
reactants. BlénRbtikr.
expansion : The increase in size of a
constant mass of substance.
karrIkeLIg ³ karekIneLIgénTMhMrbs;m:asefrénsarFatu.
experiment : A carefully controlled,
repeatable procedure for gathering data
karBiesaFn_ ³ karRtYtBinitüy:agm:t;ct;elIdMeNIrkarGaceFVIsarcuH
to test a hypothesis. eLIg)ansMrab;karRbmUlTinñn½yedIm,IeFIVetsþsmµtikmµ.
explosion : A chemical reaction or
change of state which occurs in a very
bnÞúH ³ RbtikmµKImI b¤bNþÚrsNæanEdlekIteLIgkñúgry³eBld_xøIeFIV
short time, generates a high temperature
and usually a large quantity of gas.
eGaymansItuNðPaBx<s; nigbrimaN]sµ½nd_eRcInCaFmµta.
explosion : An extremely rapid
combustion or decomposition reaction
karpÞúH ³ cMehHd¾qab;eh½s b¤RbtikmµbMEbkEdlbegáItCa]s½µn nigkMedA.
that produces gas and heat.
explosives : Substances that can be made
to produce large amounts of gas very
eRKÓgpÞúH ³ sarFatuEdlGacbegáIteLIg)anedIm,IplitbrimaN]sµ½n
suddenly. d¾eRcInPøam².
extender : An inert material used to
dilute or extend or change the properties
FatuBRgIk ³ rUbFatunicleRbIsMrab;BRgav b¤BRgIk b¤bNþÚrlkçN³rbs;
of resins, ceramics, paints, rubber, and so
on.
ersIun esr:amic fñaMlab ekAs‘U.l.
extensive properties : Properties that
change with the amount of material in a
lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv ³ lkçN³Edlpøas;bþÚreTAtambrimaNrUbFatukñúg
system, e.g. volume, mass, total energy. RbB½n§]TahrN_ maD ma:s nigfamBlsrub.

118
external circuit : All connecting wires,

devices, and current sources outside an
esoKVIeRkA ³ RKb;kartP¢ab;ExS ]bkrN_ nigRbPBcrnþxageRkABil
electrolytic cell. eGLicRtUlIRt.
external phase : See continuous phase.
paseRkA ³ emIl continuous phase.
extinction : See absorbance.
karrlt; ³ emIl absorbance.
extinction coefficient :
absorptivity.
See
emKuNrlt; ³ emIl absorptivity.
extract : Material separated from liquid
or solid mixture by a solvent.
Ejk ³ karEjkrUbFatuBIl,ayrav b¤rwgedayeRbIFaturMlay.
extractant : The liquid solvent used to
remove a solute from another liquid.
FatuEjk ³ FaturMlayraveRbIsMrab;EjkFaturlayecjBIvtßúrav
epSgeTot.
extracting agent : In a liquid-liquid
mixture, the reagent forming a complex
Pñak;garEjk ³ kñúgl,ayrav-vtßúrav FatubnÞal;begáItCakMuepøcEdlman
that has different solubilities in the two
immiscible liquids.
lkçN³rlayxusKñaBIkñúgvtßúravminrlaycUlKñaBIr.
extraction : A method of separation in
which a solid or solution is contacted
eyabk ³ viFIEjk EdlkñúgenaHvtßúrwg b¤sUluysüúgb:HCamYyFatu
with a liquid solvent to transfer one or
more components into the solvent.
rMlayravedIm,IbMEbøgFatubgámYy b¤eRcIneTACaFaturMlay.
extraction : The separation of a
component from its mixture by selective
dMNk ³ karEjkFatubgáBIl,ayrbs;vatamlkçN³rlayeRCIs.
solubility.
extrapolation : Estimation based on
existing data.
kar)a:n;sµanBITinñy½EdlsÁal;
extrinsic sol : A colloid whose stability
is due to the electric charge on the
sUluysüúgkULÚGIuteRkA ³ kULÚGIutEdlsißrPaBrbs;vaGaRs½yeday
surface of the colloidal particles. bnÞúkGKÁisnIelIépÞPaKl¥itkULÚGIut.
Eyring equation : An equation based on
statistical mechanics, which gives the
smIkar Eyring ³ smIkarEpñkelIclnkarsißtiEdlpþl;eGayl,Ón
specific reaction rate for a chemical
reaction in terms of the heat of
RbtikmµyfaRbePTsMrab;RbtikmµKimIKWkMedAénskmµkmµGg;RtUBIPaB
activation, entropy of activation, the skmµkmµ sItuNðPaB nigefrnana.
temperature, and various constants.
F
face-bridging ligand : A ligand that
forms a bridge over one triangular face
lIkg;muxs<an ³ lIkg;EdlbegáItCas<anxagelImuxRtIekaNénBhu
of the polyhedron of a metal cluster
structure.
ekaNrbs;TMrg;Rkumelah³.
facilitated diffusion : Transport of
substances across the membrane of a cell
bnSaygay ³ karbBa¢ÚnsarFatuqøgkat;PñasekasikaEdlkñúgenaH
in which proteins speed up the
movement. The substances can only flow
RbUetGIunbegáInel,Ónclna. sarFatuGachUrcuHEttamCMralkMhab;
down their gradient. rbs;va¬BIkMhab;xøaMg eTAkMhab;exSay¦.
Fahrenheit scale : Temperature scale
used in the United States in which water
maRtdæanparinéh ³ maRtdæansItuNðPaBEdleKeRbIenAshrdæGaem-
freezes at 320F and boils at 2120F. oF=
(1.8 x oC) + 32.
ricEdlkñúgenaHTwkkkenA 32 F nigBuHenA 212 F.. F = (1.80x C) +
0 0 o o
32.
false body : The property of some
colloidal substances, of solidifying when
FatuminBit ³ lkçN³sarFatukULÚGIutmYycMnYnEdleLIgrwgkalNa
left standing. e.g. paints and printing
inks.
eKTukvaecal. ]TahrN_ fñaMBN’ nigTwkexµAsMrab;e)aHBumÖ.

119
family : A group of elements whose

chemical properties, such as valence,
GMbUr ³ RkumFatuEdllkçN³KimIrbs;vadUcCav:aLg; lkçN³rlayén
solubility of salts, and behavior toward
reagents, are similar.
GMbil niglkçN³cMeBaHFatubnÞal;RsedogKña.
faradaic current : See faradic current.
crnþpara:Dic ³ emIl faradic current.
Faraday constant : Symbol F. The
electric charge carried by one mole of
efrpar:aed ³ nimitþsBaØa FCabnþúkGKÁisnIEdldwknaMedaymYym:Ul én
electrons or ions with a single charge;
equal to the amount of electricity
eGLicRtug b¤GIuyu:gEdlmanbnÞúkEtmYy. vaesIµIeTAnwgbrimaNGKÁisnIcaM
necessary to free one gram atomic )ac;edIm,IrMedaHma:smYyGatUmRkaménFatuv:aLg;eTalkñúgGKÁisnIviPaK
weight of a univalent element in
electrolysis: equal to 96,485 coulombs. esµInwg 96,485 KULMú.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis :
1. The amount of any substance
c,ab;GKÁisnIviPaKpar:aed ³ 1.brimaNénsarFaturlay b¤kkKrkñúg
dissolved or deposited in electrolysis is
proportional to the total electric charge
GKÁisnIviPaKsmamaRteTAnwgbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrubEdl)anqøgkat;.
passed. 2.The amount of different 2. CabrimaNsarFatuxus²Kñarlayb¤kkKredaykarqøgkat;bnÞúk
substances dissolved or deposited by the
passage of the same electric charge are GKÁisnIdUcKñasmamaRteTAnwgm:assmmUlrbs;va.
proportional to their equivalent weights.
faradic current : An electric current that
corresponds to the reduction or oxidation
crnþpar:aDic ³ crnþGKÁisnIEdlRtUveTAnwgerdukmµ b¤GuksIutkmµ
of a chemical species. Also spelled
faradaic current.
énRbePTKImI. sresrmü:ageTot faradaic current.
fast chemical reaction : A reaction with
a half-life of milliseconds or less; such
RbtikmµKImIelOn ³ Rbtikmµkñúgry³eBlBak;kNþalmIlIvinaTI b¤tic
reactions occur so rapidly that special
experimental techniques are required to
Cag.RbtikmµTaMgenaHekIteLIgy:agrh½sEdleKRtUveRbIbec©keTs
observe their rate. BiesaFBiessedIm,Isegátel,Ónrbs;va.
fats : High-energy nutrients consisting of
esters of carboxylic acids and glycerol;
xøaj; ³ sarFatuciBa©wmEdlmanfamBlx<s;manenAkñúgeGEsÞGasIut-
Triacy1 glycerols; Lipids that are solids
at room temperature.
kabuksIulic nigKøIesr:ul. RTIGasIulKøIesr:ul. lIBItEdlrwgenAsItuNð-
PaBbnÞb;.
fatty acid : An organic monobasic acid
of the general formula CnH2n+1COOH
GasIutxøaj; ³ m:UNUGasIut-)assrIragÁEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA
derived from the saturated series of C H COOH )anmkBIes‘rIGIuRdUkabYGalIpaTicEq¥t EdlCaTUeTAman
n 2n+1
aliphatic hydrocarbons that generally
contain ten or more carbon atoms; GatUmkabUndb; b¤eRcInCag . ]TahrN_ GasIut):al;mITicGasIutesþGaric
examples are palmitic acid; stearic acid;
and oleic acid; used as a lubricant in nigGasIutGUelGicEdleRbICaeRbg b¤xøaj;kñúgkarsMGag nigsarFatu
cosmetics and nutrition, and for soaps
and detergents. ciBa©wm ehIysMrab;Casab‘U nigsarFatuCMrHEk¥l.
fatty alcohol : A high-molecular-weight,
straight-chain primary alcohol derived
Gal;kulxøaj; ³ Gal;kulfñak;bfmExSRtg;manma:sm:UelKulFM)an
from natural fats and oils; includes
lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl
mkBIxøaj;FmµCati nigeRbg rYmmanLÚrIl esþGarIl GUelGIul nigGal;-
alcohols; used in pharmaceuticals, kullINUelGIulEdleRbIkñúg»sfsa®sþ eRKOgsMGag sarFatuCMrHEk¥l
cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube
oils and in textile manufacture. )øasÞic eRbgrMGil nigkñúgkarplitRkNat;.
fatty amine RCH-2NH2 : A normal
aliphatic amine from oils and fats; used
GamInxøaj; RCH- NH ³ GamInGalIpaTicFmµta)anmkBIeRbg nig
2 2
as a plasticiser, in medicine, as a
chemical intermediate, and in rubber
xøaj;eRbICaFatubnÞn; kñúgevC¢sa®sþCaFatukNþalKImI nigkñúgkarplit
manufacture. ekAs‘U.

120
fatty ester RCOOR’ : A fatty acid in

which the alkyl group (R’) of a
eGEsÞxøaj; RCOOR’ ³ GasIutxøaj;EdlkñúgenaHRkumGal;KIil (R’)
monohydric alcohol replaces the active
hydrogen; e.g., RCOOCH3 from reaction
énGal;kulm:UNUGIuRTicCMnYsGIudUEsnskmµ. ]TahrN_ RCOOCH 3
of RCOOH with methane. )anmkBIRbtikmµén RCOOH CamYyemtan.

fatty nitrile RCN : An ester of
hydrogen cyanide derived from fatty
nIRTIlxøaj; RCN ³ eGEsÞénGIuRdUEsnsüanY)anmkBIGasIutxøaj;.
acid; used in lube oil additives and
plasticisers, and as a chemical
eKeRbIvakñúgeRKÓgbEnßmeRbgrMGil nigFatubnÞn; nigCaFatukNþalKImI.
intermediate.
Favorskii rearrangement : A reaction
in which ∝-halogenated ketones undergo
karbNþÚTItaMg Favorskii ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaH ∝- GaLÚEsNU
rearrangement in the presence of base,
with loss of the halogen and formation of
estUnrgnUvkartMerobeLIgvijkñúgvtþman)as edaymankar)at;bg;GaLÚ-
carboxylic acids of their derivatives with Esn nigkarekIteLIgGasIutkabuksIulicénRsLayrbs;vaEdlmancMnYn
the same number of carbon atoms.
GatUmkabUnesIµKña.
feedback : In a stepwise reaction, the
formation of a substance in one step that
\T§iBlRtLb; ³ kñúgdMNak;kalRbtikmµ kMNsarFatukñúgmYydMNak;
affects the rate of a previous step. karEdlman\T§iBlelIel,ÓnéndMNal;karBImun.
Fehling’s reagent : A solution of cupric
sulfate, sodium potassium tartrate, and
FatubnÞal;Fehling ³ sUluysüúgTg;Edgs‘ulpat sUdüÚmb:UtasüÚm
sodium hydroxide, used to test for the
presence of reducing compounds such as
tak;Rtat nigsUdüÚmGIuRdUksIut. eKeRbIvasMrab;etsþcMeBaHvtþmanénkar
sugars. eFIVerdukmµsmasFatumYycMnYndUcCasár.
fermentation : An anaerobic process
whereby organic compounds such as
el,Ig ³ dMeNIrKµanxül;EdlsmasFatusrIragÁdUcCakabUGIuRdatRtUv)an
carbohydrates are broken down to form
products such as lactic acid or alcohol.
bMEbkedIm,IbegáItCaplitplepSgeTot dUcCaGasIutLak;Ticb¤Gal;kul.
Fermi resonance : In a polyatomic
molecule, the relationship of two
ersUNg;Fermi ³ kñúgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUm TMnak;TMngrvagkMritlMj½rBIr
vibrational levels that have nearly the
same energy; they repel each other, and
EdlmanfamBlswgEtesµIKña. vaRcanKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyGnuKmn_
the eigen functions of the two states mix. eigen énl,aysNæanBIr.
ferrofluid : A colloidal suspension that
becomes magnetised in a magnetic field
snÞnIyEdk ³ kkrvilvl;kULÚGIutEdlrgm:aejTickmµkñúgEdn
because of a disperse phase consisting of
ferromagnetic or ferri-magnetic particles.
m:aejTicedaysarpasBRgayEdlmanPaKl¥itEdkm:aejTic.
ferromagnetic : The property of a
material that allows it to become and
Edkm:aejTic ³ lkçN³rUbFatuEdlGaceGayvakøaynigrkSalkçN³
retain its magnetism within a certain
temperature range. e.g. Iron, nickel,
m:aejTicrbs;vakñúgcenøaHsItuNðPaBCak;lak;. ]TahrN_ Edk nIEkl
cobalt. nigkU)al;.
fertiliser : Any substance which is added
to the soil to provide nutrients for plants.
CI ³ sarFatuEdlRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIdIedIm,Ipþl;sarFatuciBa©wmsMrab;
rukçCati.
Fery spectrograph : A spectrograph
whose only optical element consists of a
s,iúc®tUkabFery ³ s,iúctURkabEdlFatuGubTicrbs;vabgáeLIgeday
back-reflecting prism with cylindrically
curved faces.
RBIscMNaMgRtLb;manmuxekagragsIuLaMg .

121
Feulgen reaction : An aldehyde specific

reaction based on the formation of a
Rbtikmµ Feulgen ³ RbtikmµGal;edGIutEp¥kelIkMNénsmasFatuBN’
purple-colored compound
aldehydes react with fuchsin-sulfuric
when sVaykalNaGal;edGIutRbtikmµCamYyGasIuthVúcsIut-s‘ulpYric.
acid; deoxyribonucleic acid give this GasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGIucmanRbtikmµenHbnÞab;BIpþac;)asBuyvInrbs;va
reaction after removal of its purine bases
by acid hydrolysis; used as a nuclear edayGIuRdUlIsGasuIt. eKeRbIvaCal½xdak;BN’éNVy:U.
stain.
fiber : Indigestible carbohydrates of the
human diet; mostly polysaccharides,
srés ³ kabUGIuRdatminGacrlayEdlmankñúgcMNIGaharmnusSPaK
such as cellulose, and complexes of
polysaccharides.
eRcInCab:UlIsakarIt dUcCaEsluyLÚs nigkuMepøcb:UlIsakarIt.
fibrous proteins : Fiber-like proteins
that are usually insoluble.
RbUetGIunsrés ³ RbUetGIunmanTMrg;CasrésEdlCaTUeTAminrlay.
field-desorption mass spectroscopy : A
technique for analysis of non volatile
karsikSasi,úcma:sEdndMNksMrUb ³ bec©keTsviPaKm:UelKulmin
molecules in which a sample is deposited
on a thin tungsten wire containing sharp
ehIr EdlkñúgenaHPaKsMNakRtUv)aneRsabeTAelIsréstg;EsþnesþIgpÞúk
micro needles of carbon on the surface; a m¢úlRsYctUc²én kabUnenAelIépÞrbs;va. b:Utg;EsülRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwg
voltage is applied to the wire and
moderate heating then causes desorption ExS nigbnÞab;mkkarkMedAmFümbgáeGaymandMNksMrUbBIépÞrbs;GIuyu:g
from the surface of molecular ions,
which are then focused into a mass m:UelKulEdlbnÞab;mksMedAeTArks,iúcRtUEm:tma:s.
spectrometer.
film development chromatography :
Liquid-analysis chromatographic
RkUm:atURkaPIhIVlpþitBN’ ³ bec©keTsRkUm:atURkahVIviPaKGgÁFaturav
technique in which the stationary phase
(adsorbent) is a strip or layer, as in paper
EdlkñúgenaHpasnwg (sMrUb) CabnÞH b¤CaRsTab;dUckñúgRkUm:atURkaPIRkdas
or thin-layer chromatography. b¤RsTab;esþIg.
film tension : The contractile force per
unit length that is exerted by an
tg;süúghIVl ³ kMlaMgrYjkñúgmYyxñatRbEvgEdlRbwgedayhVIllMnwg
equilibrium film in contact with a
supporting substrate.
kñúgkarb:HCamYysu‘b®sþa.
filter flask : A flask with a side arm to
which a vacuum can be applied; usually
EkveRcaH ³ EkvmanédcMehogEdlsuBaØakasGacGnuvtþ)an. CaFmµta
filter flasks have heavy side walls to
withstand high vacuum.
EkveRcaHmanépÞcMehogRkas nigFn;suBaØakasx<s;.
filter photometry : 1. Colorimetric
analysis of solution colors with a filter
pUtUmaRttMrg¬RkdassÞg;BnøW¦ ³ 1. viPaKBN’sUluysüúgeday
applied to the eyepiece of a conventional
colorimeter. 2. Inspection of a pair of
kaLÚrIEm:Rtedaydak;tMrgeTAelIbMENksMrab;emIlénkaLÚrIEm:RtFmµta.
Nessler tubes through a filter. 2. karRtYtBinitüKUbMBg; Nessler tamtMrg.
filter spectrophotometer :
Spectrophotographic analyzer of spectral
s,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RttMrg ³ FatuviPaKsi,úcRtURtaPicénkaMrsµIs,iúcEdlkñúg
radiations in which a filter is used to
isolate narrow portions of the spectrum.
enaHeKeRbItMrgsMrab;EjkEpñkceg¥oténs,iúc.
filter-press cell : An electrolytic cell
consisting of several units in series, as in
BiltMrg-sgát; ³ BileGLicRtUlItEdlbgáeLIgÉktamYy
filter press, in which each electrode acts
as an anode on one side and cathode on
cMnYnCaes‘rIdUckñúgtMrgsgát;EdlkñúgenaHeGLicRtUtnimYy²edIrtYCaGaNUt
the other, and the space between enAcMehogmçag nigkatUtenAcMehogmçageTot ehIylMhrvageGLicRtUt
electrodes is divided by porous
diaphragms. RtUv)anx½NÐEckedaybnÞHx½NÐ.
filtrate : The clear liquid obtained by
filtration.
pleRcaH ³ vtßúravføa)anmkedaykareRcaH.
filtration : The process of separating
solid particles from a liquid or gas using
cMeraH ³ lMnaMénkarEjkPaKl¥itrwgBIvtßúrav b¤]sµ½nedayeRbItMrg.
a filter.

122
fingerprint : Evidence for the presence

or the identity of a substance that is
PIgK½rRBIn ³ PsþútagsMrab;vtþman b¤GtþsBaØaNsarFatuEdl)aneday
obtained by techniques such as
spectroscopy, chromatography, or
bec©keTsdUcCas,iúcsikSaRkUm:atURkaPVI b¤eGLicRtUpers.
electrophoresis.
fire : The appearance of rapid
combustion, or combination of materials
ePøIg ³ karbgðajeGayeXIjcMehHrh½s b¤bnSMrUbFatuCamYYyGuksIu-
with oxygen. See flame. Esn. emIl flame.
fire point : The lowest temperature at
which a volatile combustible substance
cMNuceqH ³ sItuNðPaBTabbMputEdlsarFatuehIrGaceqHhYty:ag
vaporises rapidly enough to form above
its surface an air-vapor mixture which
rh½sRKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáItelIépÞrbs;vanUvl,aycMhayxül;EdleqH
burns continuously when igniter by a Cab;kalNaGuCedayGNþatePøIgtic.
small flame.
first ionization energy : Energy
required to remove one electron from a
famBlGIuy:ugkmµdMbUg ³ famBlEdlRtUvkaredIm,Ipþac;eGLicRtug
neutral atom. mYyBIGatUmNWt.
first-order reaction : A chemical
reaction in which the rate of decrease of
RbtikmµlMdab;TI1 ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlel,OnbnßykMab;rbs;smas-
concentration of component A with time
is proportional to the concentration of A.
PaK A CamYyry³eBlsmamaRteTAnwgkMhab;rbs; A.
first-order spectrum : A spectrum,
produced by a diffraction grating, in
s,iúclMdab;TI1 ³ s,iúcbegáIteLIgeday]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúgEdlPaB
which the difference in path length of
light from adjacent slits is one
xusKñaéncMgayBnøWBIrgVHCit²KWmYyCMhanrlk.
wavelength.
Fischer indole synthesis : A reaction to
form indole derivatives by means of a
sMeyaKGaMgdUl Fischer ³ RbtikmµedIm,IbegáItCaRsLayGaMgdUl
ring closure of aromatic hydrazones. edayviFI énkarbiTvg;rbs;Gar:Um:aTicGIuRdasUn.
Fischer polypeptide synthesis : A
synthesis of peptides in which ∝-amino
sMeyaKb:UlIbiubTIt Fischer ³ sMeyaKbuibTItEdlkñúgenaHGasIut
acids or those peptide with a free amino ∝-GamINU b¤buibTItepSgeTotmanRkumGamINUesrIRbtikmµCamYyRsLay
group react with acid halides of ∝-
haloacids, followed by amination with GasIutGaLÚEsnénGasIut∝-GaLÚbnþedayGamInkmµCamYyGam:Uj:ak;.
ammonia.
Fischer projection : A method for
representing the arrangement of groups
cMeNal Fischer ³ viFItagkartMerobRkumCMuvijGatUmkabUnKIra:l;.
around chiral carbon atoms; the four
bonds to the chiral carbon are
sm½<n§bYneTAnwgkabUnKIra:l;RtUv)antagedayTMrg;ExVgsnµtfa sm<½n§epþk
represented by a cross, assuming that the )aj;eq<aHeTArkGñkemIl nigsm<½n§QrecjBIGñkemIl.
horizontal bonds project toward the
viewer and the vertical bonds away from
the viewer.
Fischer-Hepp rearrangement : A
rearrangement of a nitroso derivative of
karbNþÚTItaMg Fischer-Hepp ³ kartMerobeLIgvijrbs;RsLay
a secondary aromatic amine to a p-
nitrosoarylamine; the reaction is brought
nIRtUsUénGamInGar:Um:aTicfñak;TIBIreTACa P-nIRtUsUGarIlLamIn. Rbtikmµ
about by an alcoholic solution of enHekItmaneLIgedaysarsUluysüúgGal;kulénGIuRdUEsnkørY.
hydrogen chloride.
fissiochemistry : The process of
producing chemical change by means of
bnÞúHKImI ³ lMnaMbegáItbNþÚrKImIedayfamBlnuyekøEG‘.
nuclear energy.
fission : The splitting of a heavy nucleus
into two or more lighter nuclei in which
karbMEbk¬bnÞúH¦ ³ karbMEbkéNVyUF: ¶n;eTACaéNVyUB: Ir b¤eRcInRsal
much energy is released. CagEdlbeBa©jfamBleRcIn.

123
Fittig’s synthesis : The synthesis of

aromatic hydrocarbons by the
sMeyaK Fittig ³ sMeyaKénGIuRdUkabYGar:Um:aTicedayRbtikmµkug-
condensation of aryl halides with alkyl
halides, using sodium as a catalyst.
dg;kmµénGarIlGaLÚEsnYCamYyGal;KIlGaLÚEsnYedayeRbIsUdüÚmCa
katalIkr.
fixed carbon : Solid, combustible
residue remaining after removal of
kabUnsißrPaB ³ sMNl;vtßúrwgGaceqHEdlenAsl;bnÞab;BIdMNk
moisture, ash and volatile materials from
coal, coke, and bituminous materials;
sMeNIm epH nigrUbFatuehIrBIFüÚg kMeTcFüÚgfµ nigb‘ÍTUmEdlKitCa
expressed as a percentage. PaKry.
fixed ion : An ion in the lattice of a solid
ion exchanger.
GIuy:ugnwg ³ GIuy:ugkñúgbNþajénFatubNþÚrGIuyu:grwg.
flame : A hot, luminous reaction front
(or wave) in a gaseous medium in which
GNþatePøIg ³ RbtikmµPøWnigekþAenAkñúgmCÆdæan]s½µnEdlkñúgenaHRbtikr
reactants flow in and products flow out. hUrcUleTAkñúgnigplitplhUrecjeRkA.
flame emission spectroscopy : A flame
photometry technique in which the
karsikSas,úicbeBa©jGNþatePøIg ³ bec©keTspUtUEm:RtGNþat
solution containing the sample to be
analyzed is optically exited in a flame.
ePøIg EdlkñúgenaHsUluysüúgEdlpÞúksMNakRtUvviPaKRtUv)anePJacGubTic
kñúgGNþatePøIg.
flame excitation : Use of a high-
temperature flame (such as
rMejacGNþatePøIg ³ kareRbIGNþatePøIgsItuNðPaBx<s; (dUcCaGuksIu
oxyacetylene) to excite spectra emission
line from alkali and alkaline-earth
GaesTIELn)edIm,ImePJackarbeBa©jbnÞat;s,úicBIFatuGal;kalI nigGal;
elements and metals. kalI-dInigelah³.
flame ionization detector : A device in
which a gas or vapor is detected by the
edticT½rGIuy:ugkmµGNþatePøIg ³ ]bkrN_EdlkñúgenaH ]sµ½n b¤
change in conductivity of a standard
flame (usually hydrogen) as the vapor is
cMhayRtUv)anrkeXIjedaybNþúÚrPaBcMlgGNþatePøIgsþg;da (CaTUeTA
inserted. GIuRdUEsn)enAeBlcMhayRtUv)anbBa©Úl.
flame photometer : An instrument in
which a solution is first vaporised in a
pUtUEm:RtGNþatePøIg ³ ]bkrN_EdlkñúgenaHsUlusüúgRtUvrMhYtCa
flame, then a light source is passed
through the vapors. The spectral lines
dMbUgkñúgGNþatePøIg bnÞab;mkeKdak;eGayRbPBBnøWqøgkat;va. bnÞat;
produced enter a monochromator that s,iúcEdlekItLIg)ancUleTAkñúgm:UNURkUm:aT½rEdleRCIserIsbg;EdlRtUv
selects the band or bands of interest. e.g.
emission flame photometer and the kar. ]TahrN_ pUtUEm:RtbeBa©jGNþatePøIg nigs,úicRtUpUtUEm:RtsMrUb
atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
GatUm.
flame photometry : A branch of
spectrochemical analysis in which
pUtUmaRtGNþatePøIg ³ EpñkmYyénkarviPaKs,úicRtUKImIEdlsUluy-
samples of solution are excited to
produce line emission spectra by
süúgPaKsMNakRtUv)anePJacedIm,IbegáIts,úicbnÞat;beBa©jedaykarcak;
injection into a flame. bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGNþatePøIg.
flame propagation : The spread of a
flame outward from the point at which
kardalGNþatePøIg ³ karraldalénGNþatePøIgeTAeRkABIcMNucEdl
the combustion started. cMehH)ancab;epþIm.
flame spectrometry : A procedure used
to measure the spectra or to determine
viFIs,úicRtUmaRtGNþatePøIg ³ lMnaMeRbIsMrab;vas;s,iúc
wavelengths emitted by flame-excited
substances.
b¤kMNt;CMhan rlkEdlbeBa©jedaysarFatuePJacGNþatePøIg.
flame spectrophotometry : A method
used to determine the intensity of
viFIs,iúcRtUpUtUEm:RtGNþatePøIg ³ viFIeRbIsMrab;kMNt;GaMgtg;sIuet
radiations of various wavelengths in a
spectrum emitted by a chemical inserted
kaMrsµI énCMhanrlkepSg²kñúgs,iúcEdlbeBa©jedaysarFatuKImIEdl
into a flame. bBa©Úl eTAkñúgGNþatePøIg.

124
flame spectrum : An emission spectrum

obtained by evaporating substances in a
s,iúcGNþatePøIg ³ s,iúcbeBa©jedaykarhYtsarFatukñúgGNþatePøIg
nonluminous flame. KµanBnøW.
flame speed : The rate which
combustion moves through an explosive
el,ÓnGNþatePøIg ³ el,ÓnEdlcMehHqøgkat;l,ayeRKÓgpÞúH.
mixture.
flammability : A measure of the extent
to which a material will support
kMriteqH ³ rgVas;TMhMEdlrUbFatuGacnwgRTRTg;cMehH)an. eKehAmü:ag
combustion.
inflammability.
Also known as eTotfa PaBGaceqH)an.
flammability limits : The stoichiometric
composition limits (maximum and
EdnkMNt;kMriteqH ³ EdnkMNt;smasPaBGtibrima nigGb,brimaén
minimum) of an oxidiser-fuel mixture
what will continue to burn without
l,ay\nÞn³-GuksIutkrEdlnwgbnþeqHedayKµankarGuCbEnßm.
further ignition.
flammable : Easily set on fire.
gayeqH ³ gayqabeqHCaePøIg.
flash photolysis : A method of studying
fast photochemical reactions in gas
pUtUlIscMNaMgEPøt ³ viFIsikSaRbtikmµpUtUKImIelOnkñúgm:UelKul
molecules; a powerful lamp is
discharged in microsecond flashes near a
]sµ½n. GMBUlGKÁisnIbeBa©jcMNaMgEPøtkñúgmIRukUvinaTIEk,rPaCn_Rbtikmµ
reaction vessel holding the gas, and the Edlman]s½µn ehIyplitplekIteLIgedaycMNaMgEPøtRtUv)ansegát
products formed by the flash are
observed spectroscopically. edays,iúcTsSn_.
flash point : The lowest temperature at
which vapors from a volatile liquid will
cMNuccMNaMgEPøt ³ sItuNðPaBTabbMputEdlcMhayBIvtßúravehIrnwg
ignite briefly (not burn continuously)
upon the application of a small flame.
eqHeLIgya:grh½s(mineqHbnþ)edaykareRbIGNþatePøIgtic.
flash spectroscopy : The study of the
electronic states of molecules after they
karsikSas,iúccMNaMgEPøt ³ karsikSaénsNæaneGLicRtUnic
absorb energy from an intense, brief
light flash.
rbs;mUe: lKulbnÞab;BIvaRsUbfamBlBIcMNaMgEPøtrh½sya:gxøaMg.
flask : A long-necked vessel, usually
made of glass, used for holding liquids.
dbksþÜc ³ dbkEvg CaTUeTAeFVIBIEkveRbIsMrab;dak;vtßúrav.
F-line : A green-blue line in the
spectrum of hydrogen, at a wavelength
ExSbnÞat; F ³ ExSbnÞat;ébtg-exovkñúgs,iúcrbs;GIuRdUEsnenACMhan
of 486.133 nanometers. rlk485,133 NaNUEm:Rt.
floc : Small masses formed in a fluid
through coagulation, agglomeration, or
dMu ³ m:astUckekItkñúgsnÞnIyedaykMNk karpþúMKña b¤RbtikmµKImICIv³rbs;
biochemical reaction of fine suspended
particles.
PaKl¥itEdlGENþtvilvl;.
floc point : The temperature at which
wax or solids separate from kerosine and
cMNucpþMú ³ sItuNðPaBenAeBlEdlRkmYn b¤vtßúrwgEjkBiIekr:UsIun nig
other illuminating oils as a definite floc. eRbgsMrab;bMPøWepSgeTotCadMuCak;lak;.
floc test : A quantitative test applied to
kerosine and other illuminating oils to
etsþdMu ³ etsþbrimaNEdl)anGnuvtþeTAelIekr:UsIun nigeRbgsMrab;bMPøW
detect substances made insoluble by
heat.
edIm,IrksarFatuEdleFIVeGayminrlayedaykMedA.
flocculant : See flocculating agent.
FatubgákdMu ³ emIl flocculating agent.
flocculate : To cause to aggregate or
coalesce into a flocculent mass.
eFIVeGaykkdMu ³ bNþaleGaypþMúKña b¤bBa©ÚlKñaeTACam:askkCadMu.
flocculating agent : A reagent added to
a dispersion of solids in a liquid to bring
FatubgákdMu ³ FatubnÞal;EdlRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIvtßúrwgray)a:ykñúg
together the fine particles to form flocs.
Also known as flocculant.
vtßúravedIm,IRbmUlPaKl¥ittUc²eGaykCadMuFM.

125
flocculent : Describing a material that is

cloudlike and noncrystalline.
dMukk ³ BN’naBIrUbFatuEdldUcBBk nigKµanRkam.
Flood’s equation : A relation used to
determine the liquidus temperature in a
smIkar Flood ³ TMnak;TMngeRbIsMrab;kMNt;sItuNðPaBvtßúravkñúgRbB½n§
binary fused salt system. GMbilrlayeTVFatu.
flores : A form of a chemical compound
made by the process of sublimation.
Pøers ³ sNæanénsmasFatuKImIEdlkekIteLIgedaylMnaMrMehIr.
flotation agent : A chemical which

alters the surface tension of water or
FatupøÚtasüúg ³ FatuKImIEdlEkERbtMNwgépÞTwk b¤EdleFVIeGayvaeLIg
which makes it froth easily. BBuHy:aggay.
flow birefringence : Orientation of
long, thin asymmetric molecules in the
karbMEbkeTVlMhUr ³ kartMrg;Tisénm:UelKulGsIuemRTIesþIgEvgkñúg
direction of flow of a solution forced to
flow through a capillary tube.
TisedAlMhUrrbs;sUluysüúgEdlbgçMeGayhUrtambMBg;qµar.
flow-programmed chromatography : A
chromatographic procedure in which the
RkUm:atURkaPVIlMhUrerobcM ³ lMnaMRkUm:atURkaPVIEdlkñúgenaHel,ÓnlMhUr
rate of flow of the mobile phase is
periodically changed.
rbs;pascl½tERbRbYlCaxYb.
fluorescence : Emission of visible light
when an object is struck by another form
cMNaMgBnøW ³ karbeBa©jBnWøEdlGacemIleXIj enAeBlvtßúmYyRtUvb:H
of light that cannot be seen, such as
ultraviolet; The release of energy at a
eTAnwgBnøWepSgeTotEdlminGacemIleXIj dUcCasVayG‘ulRta b¤
longer wavelength than the energy that karbeBa©jfamBlkñúgCMhanrlkmYyEvgCagfamBlEdlRtUv)an
was absorbed.
RsUbcUl.
fluorescence analysis : See fluorometric
analysis.
viPaKcMNaMgBnøW ³ emIl fluorometric analysis.
fluorescence spectra : Emission spectra
in which an atom or molecule is excited
s,úiccMNaMgBnøW ³ s,iúcbnSayEdlkñúgenaHGatUm b¤mUe: lKulRtUv
by absorbing light and then emits light of
characteristic frequencies.
)anePJacedaykarRsUbBnøW ehIybnÞab;mkbeBa©jBnøWéneRbkg;sMKal;
lkçN³.
fluorescent dye : A highly reflective dye
that intensifies color and adds to the
l½xrelIb ³ l½xcaMgy:agxøaMgEdlbEnßmBN’ nigPaBPøWrelagén
brilliance of a fabric. RkNat;.
fluorescent pigment : A pigment
capable of absorbing both visible and
CatirelIb ³ CatiBN’EdlGacRsUbkaMrsµIeGLIcRtUm:aejTicTaMgemIl
nonvisible electromagnetic radiations
and releasing them quickly as energy of
eXIjTaMgemIlmineXIj nigbeBa©jkaMrsµITaMgenaHy:agqab;rh½sCafam-
desired wavelength; examples are zinc BlCMhanrlkEdlcg;)an. ]TahrN_ sgá½sIs‘ulPIt b¤kat;mJÚms‘ul-
sulfide or cadmium sulfide.
PIt.
fluoride : A salt of hydrofluoric acid,
HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the –
PøúyGrY ³ GMbilrbs;GasIutPøúyGrIRTic HFEdlkñúgenaHGatUmPøúyGr
1oxidation state. manPaBGuksIutkmµ -1.
fluorination : A chemical reaction in
which fluorine is introduced into a
PøúyGrkmµ ³ RbtikmµKImIEdl PøúyGrRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgsmasFatu
chemical compound. KImI.
fluoroacetate : Acetate in which carbon-
connected hydrogen atoms are replace
PøúyGrGaestat : GaestatEdlkabUnP¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmGIuRdUEsnRtUv
by fluorine atoms. )anCMnYsedayGatUmPøúyGr.

126
fluoroalkane : Straight-chain, saturated

hydrocarbon compound (or analog of it )
PøúyGr:UGal;kan ³ smasFatuGIudUkabYEq¥tExSlatEdlkñúgenaHGatUm
in which some of the hydrogen atoms are
replaced by fluorine atoms.
GIuRdUEsnmYycMnYnRtUv)anCMnYsedayGatUmPøúyGr.
fluoroborate : 1. Any of a group of
compounds related to the borates in
PøúyGr:Ubr:at ³ 1. RkumsmasFatuEdlTak;TgeTAnwgbr:atkñúgenaH
which one or more oxygens have been
replaced by fluorine atoms. 2. The BF4-
GuksIuEsnmYyb¤eRcInRtUv)anCMnYsedayGatUmPøúyGr.
ion, which is derived from fluoroboric 2. GIuyug
: BF Edl)anmkBIGasIutPøúyGr:Ubric HBF . eKehAmü:ag
4
-
4
acid, HBF4 . Also known as fluoborate.
eTotfa PøúyGrbr:at.
fluorocarbon : A hydrocarbon in which
part or all hydrogen atoms have been
PøúyGr:UkabUn ³ GIuRdUkabYEdlEpñkb¤RKb;GatUmGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anCMnYs
replaced by fluorine atoms; can be liquid
or gas and is nonflammable and heat-
edayGatUmPøúyGr. vaGacCavtßúrav b¤]s½µnEdlmineqHehIyFn;nwg
stable; used as refrigerant, aerosol kMedA. eKeRbIvaCasItkr GaeGr:Usul nigFaturMlay. eKehAmü:ageTot
propellant, and solvent. Also known as
fluorohydrocarbon. fa PøúyGr:UGIuRdUkabY.
fluorocarbon fiber : Fiber made from a
fluorocarbon resin, such as Teflon
srésPøúyGr:UkabUn ³ srésEdlbegáIteLIgBIersIunPøúyGr:UkabUn dUcCa
[poly(tetrafluoroethylene)]. etpøn [ b:UlIetRtaPøúyGr:UeGTIELn].
fluorocarbon resin : Polymeric material
made up of carbon and fluorine with or
ersIunPøúyGr:UkabUn ³ rUbFatubUl: IEmEdlkekIteLIgBIkabUnnigPøúyGr
without other halogens (such as chlorine)
or hydrogen; the resin is extremely inert
edaymanb¤KµanGaLÚEsnepSgeTot (dUcCakør:)Y b¤GIuRdUEsn. ersIunenH
and more dense than corresponding manPaBniclxøaMg ehIyxab;xøaMgCagPøúyGr:UkabUnRtUvKña dUcCab:UlIetRta-
fluorocarbons such as poly
(tetrafluoroethylene). PøúyGr:UeGTIELn.
fluorochemical : Any chemical
compound containing fluorine; usually
PøúyGrUKImI ³ smasFatuKImINamYyEdlmanpÞúkPøúyGr.
refers to the fluorocarbons. CaFmµtasMedAeTAelI PøúyGr:UkabUn.
fluorogenic substrate : A
nonfluorescent material that is acted
s‘ub®sþaPøúyGr:UEsn ³ rUbFatmincaMgBnøWEdlrgGMeBIedayGg;sIumedIm,I
upon by an enzyme to produce a
fluorescent compound.
begáItsmasFatucaMgBnøW.
fluorohydrocarbon : See fluorocarbon.
PøúyGr:UGIuRdUkabUn ³ emIl fluorocarbon.
fluorometric analysis : A method of
chemical analysis in which a sample is
viPaKPøúyGrmaRt ³ viFIviPaKKImIEdlkñúgenaHPaKsMNak)andak;
exposed to radiation of one wavelength,
which is absorbed and reemitted at the
eGayRtUvkaMrsµIénCMhanrlkmYyEdlRtUvRsUbehIybeBa©jeTAvijenA
same or longer wavelength in about CMhanrlkEvgCag b¤esµIKñakñúgRbEhlCa 10 vinaTI. GaMtg;sIuetkaMrsµI
-9
10-9second; the intensity of reemitted

radiation is almost directly proportional Edl)anbeBa©jeTAvijswgEtsmamaRteTAnwgkMhab;rbs;rUbFatucaMg
to the concentration of the fluorescing
material. Also known as fluorescence BnøWenaH. ehAmüa:geTotfa viPaKcMNaMgBnøWPøúyGrmaRt.
analysis; fluorometry.
fluorometry : See fluorometric analysis.
PøúyGrmaRt ³ emIl fluorometric analysis.
fluxional compound : Molecules which
undergo rearrangements in which the
smasFatuPøúc ³ m:UelKulEdlrgkartMerobeLIgvijEdlkñúgenaH
bonds are broken and reformed as
component atoms are interchanged. e.g.
sm<½n§RtUv)anpþac;nigbegáIteLIgvijenAeBlGatUm smasPaKRtUv)an
ClF3 pøas;bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmk. ]TahrN_³ ClF . 3

127
foam : A dispersion of bubbles in a

liquid. Also called lather
BBuH ³ karBRgayBBuHxül;kñúgvtßúrav. eKehAmü:ageTotfa lather
¬BBuH¦.
Folin solution : An aqueous solution of
500 grams of ammonium sulfate, 5
sUluysüúg Folin ³ sUluysüúgTwkEdlman 500RkamGam:UjÚm: -
grams of uranium acetate, and 6 grams
of acetic acid in a volume of 1 liter; used
s‘ulpat 5 RkamG‘uyr:aj:ÚmGaestat nig 6RkamGasIutGaesTickñúg
to test for uric acid. cMNuH 1lIRt. eKeRbIvaedIm,IeFIVetsþGasIutG‘uyric.
food : Anything eaten by human beings
or other animals to sustain life and
Gahar ³ vtßúEdlGacbriePaK)anedaymnusSb¤stVedIm,IRTRTg;Civit
health. nigsuxPaB.
foot’s oil : The oil sweated out of wax;
it takes its name from the fact that it goes
eRbgeCIg ³ eRbgekItmkBIejIsénRkmYn. eKdak;eQµaHvatamehtu-
to the bottom, or foot, of the pan when
sweated.
karN_EdlvargeTAEpñkxageRkam b¤)ateRkamrbs;qñaMg b¤xÞHkalNa
manejIs.
force constant : A constant related to
the strength of the bond in a diatomic
efrkMlaMg ³ efrEdlTak;TgeTAnwgPaBxøaMgénsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKulDI-
molecule. GatUm.
force field method : See molecular
mechanics.
viFIEdnkMlaMg ³ emIl molecular mechanics.
forensic chemistry : The application of
chemistry to the study of materials or
KImInitiRkm ³ Gnuvtþn_KImIkñúgkarsikSarUbFatu b¤bBaðakñúgkrNIc,ab;Edl
problems in police cases where the
findings may be presented as technical
karrkeXIjGacbgðajfaCaPsþútagbec©keTskñúgc,ab;tulakar.
evidence in a court of law.
formal charge : The apparent charge of
an element in a compound; e.g.,
bnÞúkCak;lak; ³ bnÞúkrbs;FatuEdlbgðajeGayeXIjkñúgsmas
magnesium has a formal charge of +2 in
MgO and oxygen has a charge of –2.
Fatu. ]TahrN_ m:aejsüÚmmanbnÞúkCak;lak; +2 kñúg MgO nigGuk-
sIuEsnmanbnÞúk – 2.
formality : A concentration scale that
gives the number of formula weights of
pm:alIet ³ maRtdæankMhab;Edlpþl;cMnYnm:asrUbmnþFaturlaykñúg
solute per liter of solution; written as F 1lIRt sUluysüúg. eKsresrCa F manelxenAmuxsMrab;bgðajkMhab;
preceded by a number to show solute
concentration. Faturlay.
formate : A compound containing the
HCOO-functional group.
pm:at ³ smasFatupÞúkRkumnaTI HCOO . -
formation : The action of bringing a

material into being by a chemical
kMN¬karkekIt¦ ³ GMeBIEdlbegáIt)anCarUbFatuedaykarpøas;bþÚrKImI.
change.
formula : Abbreviated notation for a
chemical compound that describes its
rUbmnþ ³ kMNt;sMKal;bMRbÜjsMrab;smasFatuKImIEdlerobrab;BI
composition in terms of the ratio of one
ion to another. E.g., the compound
smasPaKrbs;vaCapleFobénGIuyug: mYyeTAnwgGIuy:ugmYyepSgeTo.
MgC12 has two chloride ions for every ]TahrN_ smasFatu MgC1 manGIuyug: kørBIrsMrab;ral;GIuyu:gma:ejsüÚm
2
magnesium ion.
nimYy².
formula weight : Sum of the atomic
weights of the elements constituting the
ma:srUbmnþ ³ plbUkma:sGatUménFatuTaMgGs;EdlbgáCarUbmnþgay
simplest formula of an ionic compound. bMputrbs;smasFatuGIuy:Unic.
formulation : The particular mixture of
base chemicals and additives required
karbegáItrUbmnþ ³ l,ayNamYyénFatuKImImUldæannigFatuKImIRtUv
for a product. karbEnßmedIm,IbegáItCaplitpl.

128
formyl : The formic acid radical,

HCOO-; it is characteristic of aldehydes.
pmIl ³ r:aDIkal;GasIutpmic HCOO . enHCalkçN:rbs;Gal;edGIut.
-
Fortrat parabola : Graph of wave

numbers of lines in a molecular spectral
bnÞat;)a:r:abUl Fortrat ³ RkabcMnYnrlkrbs;bnÞat;kñúgbg;s,iúc
band versus the serial number of the
successive lines.
m:UelKulCamYynwgcMnYnes‘rIbnÞat;bnþbnÞab;.
Foulger’s test : A test for fructose in
which urea, sulfuric acid, and stannous
karsakl,g Foulger ³ karsakl,gsMrab;RPuctUsEdlkñúgenaH
chloride are added to the solution to be
tested, the solution is boiled, and in the
G‘uyer GasIuts‘ulpYric nigsMNr)a:haMgkørY)anbEnßmeTAkñúgsUluysüúg
presence of fructose a blue coloration edIm,Isakl,g . sUluysüúgRtUv)andaMeGayBuH ehIyBN’exovekIt
forms.
eLIgkñúgvtþmanRPuctUs.
four-degree calorie : The heat needed to
change the temperature of 1 gram of
kal;LÚrIbYndWeRk ³ kMedARtUvkaredIm,IbþÚrsItuNðPaBTwkmYyRkamBI 3,5
water from 3.5 to 4.5oC. eTA 4,5 GgSaes.
Fourier transform spectroscopy : A
spectroscopic technique in which the
karsikSas,iúcbMElg Fourier ³ bec©keTss,iúcsikSaEdlkñúgenaH
absorption spectrum is found by
mathematical manipulation using Fourier
s,iúc sMrUbRtUv)anrkeXIjedaykarKNnaKNitviTüa edayeRbIbMElg
transformations. This method is very Fourier viFIenHmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUv
useful for improving the resolution of
spectra when the signal to noise ratio is dMeNaHRsay rbs;s,iúckalNapleFobénsBaØanigsemøgCax<s;.
high.
fp : See freezing point.
fp ³ emIl freezing point.
fraction : One of the portions of a
volatile liquid within certain boiling
RbPaK ³ cMENkmYyénvtßúravehIrenAkñúgcenøaHcMNucrMBuHxøHdUcCaRbPaK
point ranges, such as petroleum naphtha
fractions or gas-oil fractions.
Nab;ta eRbgkat b¤RbPaKeRbg ]sµ½n.
fractional condensation : Separation
of components of vaporised liquid
kMNkRbPaK ³ karEjksmasPaKrbs;l,ayvtßúravEdlhYteday
mixtures by condensing the vapors in
stages( partial condensation); highest-
kMNkcMhaykñúgdMNak;kalCaeRcIn(kMNkedayEpñk). smasPaK
boiling-point components condense in EdlmancMNucrMBuHx<s;bMputkCaejIskñúgdMNak;kMNkTIimYy.
the first condenser stages.
fractional crystalisation : Separation of
a mixture of substances into pure
kMNkRkamtamRbPaK ³ karbMEbkl,ayénsarFatuCaeRcIneGay
components on the basis of different
solubilities
eTACasarFatusuT§GaRs½yeTAelIkMritrlayepSgKña
fractional distillation : A method to
separate a mixture of several volatile
bMNittamRbPaK ³ viFIEjkl,aysmasPaKehIrmYycMnYnéncMnuc
components of different boiling points;
the mixture is distilled at the lowest
rMBuHxusKña. l,ayRtUv)anbitenAcMnucrMBuHTabbMput ehIyplbMNitRtUv
boiling point, and the distillate is )anRbmUlCaRbPaKmYyrhUtdl;sItuNðPaBcMhayekIneLIgbgðajfa
collected as one fraction until the
temperature of the vapor rises, showing smasPaKmancMnucrMBuHx<s;CagbnÞab;énl,aycab;epþImbit. smasPaK
that the next higher boiling component
of the mixture is beginning to distill; this enHbnÞab;mkRtUv)anRbmUlCaRbPaKEjk.
component is then collected as a separate
fraction.
fractional precipitation : Method for
separating elements or compounds with
kabegáItkkrtamRbPaK ³ viFIsMrab;EjkFatub¤smasFatuEdl
similar solubilities by a series of
analytical precipitation, each one
lkçN³rlayRbEhlKñaeday es‘rIbegáItkkrtamRbPaK. begáItkkr
improving the purity of the desired tamRbPaKnimYy²eFVIeGay RbesIreLIgnUvPaBsuT§énFatuEdlcg;)an.
element.

129
fractionating column : An apparatus

used widely for separation of fluid
bMBg;bMNitRbPaK ³ ]bkrN_eRbIy:agTUlMTUlaysMrab;karEjk
(gaseous or liquid) components by
vapor-liquid fractionation or liquid-
smasFatusnÞnIy (]sµ½nb¤GgÁvtßúrav) edayRbPaKkmµcMhay-vtßúrav
liquid extraction or liquid-solid b¤eyabk vtßúrav-vtßúrav b¤sMrUb vtßúrav-vtßúrwg.
adsorption.
fractionation : Separation of a mixture
in successive stages, each stage
RbPaKkmµ ³ karEjkl,aykñúgdMNak;kalbnþbnÞab;EdldMNak;kal
removing from the mixture some
proportion of one of the substances, as
nimYy²pþac;BIl,aynUvsmamaRtmYycMnYnrbs;sarFatumYykñúgcMeNam
by differential solubility in water-solvent sarFatuTaMgLayedaylkçN³rlayDIepr:g;Esülkñúgl,ayFatu
mixtures.
rMlayTwk.
frameshift mutation : Mutation
resulting from insertion or deletion of a
muytasüúgbþÚreRKag ³ muytasüúgEdlbNþalmkBIkarbBa©Úl b¤
base from a DNA strand. The codon at
that point plus all that follow are
dMNk)asecjBIRcvak; ADN. kUdugenARtg;cMNucenaHnigkUdugbnþbnÞab;
changed causing the genetic message to RtUv)anpøas;bþÚreFIVeGaysaresenTicbkERbxus.
be translated incorrectly.
Franck-Condon principle : The
principle that in any molecular system
eKalkarN_ Franck-Condon ³ eKalkarN_EdlkñúgRbB½n§mU:elKuul
the transition from one energy state to
another is so rapid that the nuclei of the
NamYykarqøgBIPaBfamBlmYyeTAPaBfamBlmYyeTotqab;bMputEdl
atoms involved can be considered to be éNVyUG: atUmrYmcMENkGacRtUv)ancat;TukfaenAnwgkñúgkMLúgeBlkarqøg.
stationary during the transition.
Franck-Rabinowitch hypothesis : The
hypothesis that the decreased quantum
smµtikmµ Franck-Rabinowitch ³ smµtikmµEdlRbsiT§PaBkg;TUm
efficiencies of certain photochemical
reactions observed in the dissolved or
fycuHrbs;RbtikmµpUtUKImIxøHRtUv)ansegátkñúgPaBrlay b¤PaBrav
liquid state are due to the formation of a GaRs½yeTAnwgkMNbNþajm:UelKulFaturMlayCMuvijm:UelKulEdlRtUv
cage of solvent molecules around the
molecule which has been excited by )anePJacedaysMrUbpUtug.
absorption of a photon.
Frankland’s method : Reaction of
dialkyl zinc compounds with alkyl
viFI Frankland ³ Rbtikmµrbs;smasFatuDIGal;KIls½gásICamYy
halides to form hydrocarbons; may be
used to form paraffin containing a
RsLayGal;KIledIm,IbegáIteTACaGIuRdUkabY. eKGaceRbIvaedIm,IbegáIt
quaternary carbon atom. )a:r:ahVInEdlmanpÞúkGatUmkabUnfñak;TIbYn.
Fraunhofer : A unit for measurement of
the reduced width of a spectrum line
eRhVanhUhV½r ³ xñatrgVas;bnÞarfycuHénbnÞat;s,iúcdUcCabnÞarfycuH
such that a spectrum line’s reduced
width in fraunhofers equals 106 times its
bnÞat;s,iúckñúgeRhVanhUhV½resµIeTAnwg 10 KuNnwgbnÞarsmmUlrbs;va
6
equivalent width divided by its EckeGayCMhanrlkrbs;va.

wavelength.
Fraunhofer lines : The dark lines
constituting the Fraunhofer spectrum.
bnÞat;eRhVanhUhV½r ³ bnÞat;ggwtbgáCas,iúceRhVanhUhV½r.
Fraunhofer spectrum : The absorption
lines in sunlight, due to the cooler outer
s,úic Fraunhofer ³ bnÞat;sMrUbkñúgBnøWRBHGaTitüGaRs½yeTAnwg
layers of the sun’s atmosphere. RsTab;xageRkARtCak;rbs;briyakasRBHGaTitü.
free cyanide : Cyanide not combined as
part of an ionic complex.
süanYesrI ³ süanYEdlminpSMCaEpñkNamYyénkMuepøcGIuyug: .
free ion : An ion, such as found in an
ionised gas, whose properties, such as
GIuy:ugesrI ³ GIuyug: dUcCaRbTHeXIjkñúg]s½µnkmµGuIy:ug EdllkçN³
spectrum and magnetic moment (turning
force), are not significantly affected by
rbs;vadUc Cas,iúcnigm:Um:g;m:aej:Tic(kMlaMgrbt;)minrg\T§iBlCasMxan;
other atoms, ions, or molecules nearby. edayGatUm GIuyug: epSgeTot b¤mU:elKulEk,r².

130
free energy G : The energy available to

do work. G = H - TS, where H is the
famBlesrI G ³ CafamBlEdlGaceFVIkmµnþ. G = H - TS Edl H
enthalpy or the system, T is its
temperature and S is its entropy.
CaGg;tal;BI TCasituNðPaB nig S CaGg;RtUBIénRbBn§½
free molecule : A molecule, as in a gas,
whose properties, such as spectrum and
m:UelKulesrI ³ m:UelKul dUcCakñúg]s½µnEdllkçN³rbs;vadUcCas,iúc
magnetic moment, are not affected by
other atoms, ions, and molecules nearby.
nig m:Um:g;m:aej:Tic(kMlaMgrbt;)minrg\T§iBlCasMxan;edayGatUm GIuyug:
epSgeTot b¤ m:UelKulCitxag.
free radical : An atom or molecule that
has an unpaired electron and is therefore
r:aDIkal;esrI ³ GatUm b¤mUe: lKulEdlmaneGLicRtugmindak;rYm
highly reactive. Also known as a radical. ¬ess¦ dUecñHvamanRbtikmµxøaMg. eKehAmü:ageTotfa r:aDIkal;.
free water : The volume of water that is
not contained in suspension in a vessel
TwkesrI ³ maDénTwkEdlKµantMNk;vilvl;kñúgPaCn_EdlpÞúkTaMgTwknig
containing both water and a suspension
of water and another liquid.
tMNk;vilvl;énTwknigvtßúravepSgeTot.
freeboard : The space provided above
the resin bed in an ion-exchange column
lMhesrI ³ lMhr)anpþl;eGayxagelIfñalersIun kñúgkUeLanGIuyu:gbNþÚr
to allow or expansion of the bed during
backwashing.
edIm,IélTuksMrab; b¤karBRgIkénfñalkñúgkMLúgeBlkarvilénTwk.
free-radical reaction : See homolytic
cleavage.
Rbtikmµr:aDIkal;esrI ³ emIl homolytic cleavage.
freeze : To solidify a liquid by removal
of heat.
eFIVeGaykk ³ eFVIeGayvtßúraveTACaPaBrwgedayykkMedAecj.
freezing mixture : A mixture of
substances whose freezing point is lower
l,aykk ³ l,ayénsarFatuEdlcMNuckkTabCagFatubgárbs;va.
than that of its constituents.
freezing point : The temperature at
which a liquid and a solid may be in
cMNuckk ³ sItuNðPaBEdlvtßúrav nigvtßúrwgGacmanlMnwg dUcCaenA
equilibrium. as when water becomes ice
(equal to the melting point of the
eBlTwkkøayCaTwkkk (esµIeTAnwgcMNucrlayénvtßúrwg). sresrkat;
solid).Abbreviated fp. fp.
freezing point depression :
lowering of the freezing point of a
The
karbnßycMNuckk ³ karbBa©úHcMNuckkénsUluysüúgeRbobeFob
solution compared to the pure solvent;
the depression is proportional to the
eTAnwgFaturMlaysuT§. karbnßyenHsmamaRteTAnwgma:sskmµénFatu
active mass of the solute in a given rlaykñúgbrimaNFaturMlayNamYy.
amount of solvent.
frequency : Number of waves that
crosses a certain point each second,
eRbkg; ³ cMnYnrlkEdlqøgkat;cMNucNamYykñúgmYyvinaTI ehIyRtUv
measured in waves per second, or hertz. )anvas;CarlkkñúgmYyvinaTI b¤ hertz.
frequency factor : The constant A (or v)
in the Arrhenius equation, which is the
emKuNeRbkg; ³ efr A ( b¤ V) kñúgsmIkar Arrhenius EdlCaTMnak;
relation between reaction rate and
absolute temperature T; the equation is
TMngrvag el,OnRbtikmµnigsItuNðPaBdac;xat T. smIkarenHKW k=Ae-
k=Ae-(ΔHact/RT), where k is the (ΔH /RT) Edl k Caefrel,ÓnNamYy ΔH CakMedAskmµ nig R
act act
specific rate constant, ΔHact is the heat
of activation , and R is the gas constant. Caefr]sµ½n.
Freund method : A method for
preparation of cycloparaffins in which
viFI Freund ³ viFIsMrab;erobcMsIukøÚ)a:r:ahVInEdlkñúgenaHRsLayDI
dihalo derivatives of the paraffins are
treated with zinc to produce the
GaLÚEsnrbs;)a:r:ahVInRtUvrgRbRBwtþkmµCamYys½gásIedIm,IbegáItsIukøÚ
cycloparaffin. )a:ra:PIn.

131
Friedel-Crafts reaction : A substitution

reaction, catalyzed by aluminum
Rbtikmµ Friedel-Crafts ³ RbtikmµCMnYsEdlrgkatalIseday
chloride in which an alkyl (R-) or an acyl
(RCO-) group replaces a hydrogen atom
GaluymIj:ÚmkørYEdlkñúgenaH RkumGal;KIl (R-) b¤GasIul (RCO-) CMnYs
of an aromatic nucleus to produce GatUmGIuRdUEsnrbs;éNVy:UGar:Um:aTicedIm,IbegáItGiIuRdUkabUn b¤estUn.
hydrocarbon or a ketone.
Friedlander synthesis : A synthesis of
quinolines; the method is usually
sMeyaK Friedlander ³ sMeyaKénGaKINUlIn. viFIenHRtUv)an
catalyzed by bases and consists of
condensation of an aromatic o-amino-
katalIseday)asCaFmµta nigCakugdg;kmµRsLay O-GamINU-
carbonyl derivative with a compound kabUnIlGar:Um:aTicCamYysmasFatumYyEdlmanRkumemTIlELnkñúgTI
containing a methylene group in the
alpha position to the carbonyl. taMgGal;hVaeTAnwgkabUnIl.
Fries rearrangement : The conversion
of a phenolic ester into the
karbNþÚTItaMg Fries ³ bMElgeGEsÞepNUliceTACa O-nig p-
corresponding o- and p-hydroxyketone
by treatment with catalysts of the type of
GIuRduksIuestUnRtUvKñaedayRbRBwtþkmµCamYykatlIkmµénRbePTGaluy-
aluminum chloride. mIjÚm: kørY.
Fries’ rule : The rule that the most
stable form of the bonds of a polynuclear
viFan Fries ³ viFanEdlsNæanzitefrbMputénsm<½n§rbs;smasFatu
compound is that arrangement, which
has the maximum number of rings in the
b:UlIéNVyU:KwkartMerobEdlmancMnYnvg;GtibrimakñúgsNæanbg;EsNUGIut
benzenoid form, that is, three double EdlCasm<½n§BIrCan;bIkñúgvg;nimYy².
bonds in each ring.
frontier orbitals : Orbitals of two
molecules that are arranged so that a
Grb‘Ítal;RBMEdn ³ Grb‘Ítal;mUe: lKulBIrEdlRtUv)antMerobedIm,IeGay
significant amount of overlap occurs
between them.
brimaNénEpñkKgelIKñaFMekIteLIgrvagG½rb‘Ítal;TaMgBIrenaH.
froth promoter : A chemical compound
used with a frothing agent.
RbUm:UT½rBBuH ³ smasFatuKImIeRbICamYyPñak;garBBuH.
frother : Substance used in flotation
processes to make air bubbles
FatukBBuH ³ sarFatueRbIkñúglMnaMbegáItBBuHedIm,IeFVIeGaymanBBuH
sufficiently permanent, mainly by
reducing surface tension.
xül;RKb;RKan;CaRbcaM PaKeRcInedaykarbnßytMNwgépÞ.
frustrated internal reflectance : See
attenuated total reflectance.
cMNaMgRtLb;bg¥ak ³ emIl attenuated total reflectance.
fuel cell : A voltaic cell in which a fuel
substance undergoes oxidation to
fµBil\nÞn³ ³ fµBilv:ultaEdlsarFatu\nÞ³rgGuksIutkmµedIm,IbegáIt
produce electrical energy. famBlGKÁisnI.
fuel-cell catalyst : A substance, such as
platinum, silver, or nickel, from which
katalIkrfµBil\nÞn³ ³ sarFatudUcCa)øaTIn R)ak; b¤nIEklsMrab;eFIV
the electrodes of a fuel cell are made,
and which speeds the reaction of the cell;
eGLicRtUtfµBil\nÞn³ nigbegáInel,OnRbtikmµénfµBilenaH. CaBiess
it is especially important in a fuel cell vamansar³sMxan;kñúgfµBil\nÞn³EdlmineRbIenAsItuNðPaBx<s;.
which does not operate at high
temperatures.
fuel-cell electrolyte : The substance
which conducts electricity between the
eGLicRtUlItfµBil\nÞn³ ³ sarFatuEdlcMlgGKÁisnIrvageGLic-
electrodes of a fuel cell. RtUtfµBil \nÞn³.
fuel-cell fuel : A substance, such as
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sodium,
\nÞn³fµBil\nÞn³ ³ sarFatudUcCaGIuRdUEsn kabUnm:UNUGuksIut sUdüÚm
alcohol, or a hydrocarbon, which reacts
with oxygen to generate energy in a fuel
Gal;kul b¤GIuRdUkabYEdlRbtikmµCamYyGuksIuEsnedIm,IIbegáIt)anCa
cell. famBlkñúgfµBil\nÞn³.

132
fugacity : Symbol f. A thermodynamic

function used instead of partial pressure
PuykasIuet ³ nimitþsBaØa f. muxgarETm:UDINamicEdlRtUveRbICMnYs
in reactions involving real gases and
mixtures. It has the same units as
sMBaFedayEpñkkñúgRbtikmµEdlTak;TgeTAnwg]sµ½nbrisuT§ nigl,ay.
pressure. If the gas is ideal then fugacity RbsinebI]sµ½nbrisuT§enaHPuykasIuetesµIeTAnwgsMBaF. PuykasIuetvtßú
is equal to the pressure. The fugacity of a
liquid or solid is equal to the fugacity of ravb¤vtßúrwgesµInwgPuykasIuetcMhaykñúglMnwgCamYyKña.
the vapor in equilibrium with it.
fugitive dye : A dye that is unstable, that
is, not ‘fast’; used in the textile
l½xqab;sakBN’ ³ l½xminzitefr min ‘Gcié®nþy_’ EdleRbIenAkñúg
processing for purposes of identity. dMeNIrplitvaynPNÐsMrab;eKalbMNgGtþsBaØaN.
Fulcher bands : A group of bands in the
spectrum of molecular hydrogen that are
bg; Fulcher ³ Rkumbg;kñúgs,iúcrbs;mUe: lKulGIuRdUEsn EdlRtUv)an
preferentially excited by a low-voltage
discharge.
ePJacedaykarsakb:Utg;EsülexSay.
fullerene : A large molecule composed
entirely of carbon, with the chemical
PulLWEr:n ³ m:UelKulFMpSMedaykabUnEdlmanrUbmnþKImI C Edl n
n
formula Cn, where n is any even number

from 32 to over 100; believed to have the
CacMnYnKUcab;BI 32rhUtdl;100. eKeCOCak;famanTMrg;eRKagEsV‘Rbehag
structure of a hollow spheroidal cage EdlmanbNþajépÞénGatUmkabUnP¢ab;eTAnwgvg;qekaN nigbB©aekaN.
with a surface network of carbon atoms
connected in hexagonal and pentagonal
rings.
fume hood : A fume-collection device
over an enclosed shelf or table, so that
TUsMrUb ³]bkrN_RbmUlEpSgelIeFñIb¤ elItubitCit. dUecñHBiesaFn_
experiments involving poisonous or
unpleasant fumes or gases may be
enaHTak;TgeTAnwgEpSgb¤]sµ½nminl¥b¤BulEdlGacnaMecjBIdMbn;BiesaF.
conducted away from the experimental
area.
fumes : Particulate matter consisting of
the solid particles generated by
EpSg ³ rUbFatuPakl¥itEdlmanpÞúkPaKl¥itrwgbegáIteLIgedaykMNk
condensation from the gaseous state,
generally after volatilization from melted
BIPaB]sµ½n CaTUeTAbnÞab;BIkarehIrBIsarFaturlay nigeRcInEtman
substances, and often accompanied by a RbtikmµKImIekIteLIg dUcCaGuksIutkmµ.
chemical reaction, such as oxidation.
fumigant : A chemical compound which
acts in the gaseous state to destroy
PuymIkg; ³ smasFatuKImIEdledIrtYkñúgsNæanCa]sµ½nedIm,IbMpøaj
insects and their larvae and other pests;
examples are dichlorethyl ether, p-
stVl¥it nigdgáÚvrbs;va nigstVcéRgepSg²eTot. ]TahrN_ DIkøerTIl
dichlorobenzene, and ethylene oxide. eGET p-DIkørUb: g;Esn nigeGTIELnGuksIut.
fuming nitric acid : Concentrated nitric
acid containing dissolved nitrogen
GasIutnIRDichuy ³ GasIutnIRDicxab;pÞúkGasUtDIGuksIutrlay.
dioxide; may be prepared by adding
formaldehyde to concentrated nitric acid.
eKGacerobcMvaeLIgedaykarbEnßmpm:al;edGIuteTAelIGasIutnIRDicxab;.
fuming sulfuric acid : Concentrated
sulfuric acid containing dissolved sulfur
GasuIts‘ulpYrichuy ³ GasIuts‘ulpYricxab;pÞúks<an;F½rRTIGuksIut
trioxide. Also known as oleum. rlay. eKehAmü:ageTotfa GUelGU‘m.
function : Mathematical relationship
between different quantities, e.g. [I2] =
GnuKmn¾ ³ TMnak;TMngKNitviTüarvagbrimaNxus²Kµa. ]TahrN¾
f(t) means, the concentration of iodine is [I ] = f(t) mann½yfakMhab;GIuy:UtTak;TgeTAnwgry³eBl. enAeBl
2
related to time : as t changes [I2] also
changes tERbRbYl [I ] k¾ERb RbYlpgEdr.
2

133
functional group : An atom or group of

atoms, acting as a unit, that has replaced
RkumnaTI b¤bgÁúMnaTI³ GatUm b¤RkumGatUmedIrtYCaÉktaEdl)anCMnYs
a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon
molecule and whose presence imparts
GatUmGIuRdUEsnkñúgm:UelKulGIuRdUkabY nigvtþmanrbs;vasMKal;lkçN³
characteristic properties to this molecule; rbs;mUe: lKulenH. Cajwkjab; tageday R. eKehAmüa:geTotfa
frequently represented as R . Also
known as functionality. bgÁMúnaTI.
functionality : See functional group.
bgÁMúnaTI ³ emIl functional group.
fundamental series : A series occurring
in the line spectra of many atoms and
es‘rIRKwH ³ es’rIekIteLIgkñúgs,iúcbnÞat;énGatUm nigGIuyug: eRcInman
ions having one, two, or three electrons
in the outer shell, in which the total
eGLicRtugmYy BIrb¤bIkñúgRsTab;eRkAEdlkñúgenaHcMnYnsrubénGrb‘Ítal;
orbital angular momentum quantum m:Um:g;tUmCamMucMnYnkg;TUmERbRbYlBI 3 eTA 2.
number changes from 3 to 2.
fungicide : Chemical used to kill
unwanted fungi.
fñaMsMlab;pSit ³ sarFatuKImIEdleRbIsMrab;sMlab;BBYkpSitEdlmin
RtUvkar.
funicular distribution : The distribution
of a two-phase, immiscible liquid
r)ayPuynIKUEl ³ r)ayénl,ayvtßúravmanpasBIrminrlaycUlKña
mixture (such as oil and water, one a (dUcCa eRbgnigTwkmYyCapasesIm nigmYyeTotminesIm) kñúgRbB½n§
wetting phase, the other non wetting) in
a porous system when the wetting phase es<at(rn§) kalNapasesImecHEtbnþelIépÞvtßúrwg.
is continuous over the surface of the
solids.
funnel : Cone-shaped tube for guiding
liquid.
Lav¬CIvLav¦ ³ bMBg;ragekaNsMrab;bgðÚrvtßúrav.
furanose : Five-membered ring form of
monosaccharides. The ring resembles the
pYra:NUs ³ TMrg;vg;R)aMRCúgénm:UNUsakarIt. vg;enHdUcCaPuyra:neGET
cyclic ether furan. sIuKøin.
furnace black : A carbon black formed
by partial combustion of liquid and
Lggwt ³ kabUnexµAekIteLIgedaysarcMehHminsBVénGIURdUkabYrav
gaseous hydrocarbons in a closed
furnace with a deficiency of oxygen;
nig]sµ½nkñúgLbitCitEdlxVHGuksIuEsn. eKeRbIvaCaCMnYybEnßmsMrab;
used as a reinforcing filler for synthetic ekAs‘UsMeyaK.
rubber.
fused aromatic ring : A molecule
structure in which two or more aromatic
vg;Gar:Um:aTicrlay ³ TMrg;mUe: lKulEdlkñúgenaHvg;Gar:Um:aTicBIrb¤eRcIn
rings have two carbon atoms in common. manGatUmkabUnBIrrYmKña.
fused-salt electrolysis : Electrolysis
with use of purified fused salts as raw
GKÁisnIviPaKGMbilrlay ³ GKÁisnIviPaKEdleRbIGMbilrlaysuT§Ca
material and as an electrolyte. rUbFatuedIm nigCaeGLicRtUlIt.
fusion : 1. A change in the state of a
substance from the solid phase to the
karrMlay ³ 1.bNþÚrsNæanénsarFatumYyBIpasrwgeTApasrav.
liquid phase. Also known as melting. 2.
See nuclear fusion
eKehAmü:ageTotfakarrMlay. 2.emI;l nuclear fusion.
fusion tube : Device used for the
analysis of the elements in a compound
bMBg;rMlay ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;viPaKFatukñúgsmasFatuedayrMlay
by fusing them with another compound,
e.g., analysis of nitrogen in organic
FatuenaHCamYysmasFatudéTeTot. ]TahrN_ viPaKGasUtkñúgsma-
compounds by fusing the compound sFatusrIragÁedayrMlaysmasFatuCamYysUdüÚm nigeFVIviPaKsMrab;
with sodium and analyzing for sodium
cyanide. sUdüÚmsüaNat.

134
G
Gabriel’s synthesis : A synthesis of
primary amines by the hydrolysis of N-
sMeyaKrbs; Gabriel ³ sMeyaKGamInbzmedayGIuRdUlIsén N-
alkylphthalimides, which are obtained
from potassium phthalimide and alkyl
Gal;KIlpþalImItEdl)anmkBIbUt: asüÚmpþalImIt nigGal;KIlGaLÚEsnY.
halides.
galvanic cell : See voltaic cell.
fµBilkal;v:anic ³ emIl voltaic cell.
galvanic series : See electrochemical
series.
es‘rIkal;va:nic ³ emIl electrochemical series.
galvanizing : Process for making iron
rustproof, by plunging it into molten zinc
karRClk;s½gásI ³ lMnaMsMrab;EdkkMueGayeRcHsIuedaykarRCmuCva
(the dipping method),
electroplating it with zinc.
or by eTAkñúgs½gásIrlay (viFIRClk;)b¤edaykarRClk;vaedayeGLicRtUlIs
CamYys½gásI.
gamma (γ) radiation : Highly kaMrsµIkama: (γ) ³ kaMrsµIeRCotcUlxøaMgCamYybnÞúk nigma:ssUnüEdl
penetrating radiation with zero charge
and zero mass that often accompanies naMmkCamYynUvkarbeBa©jkaMrsIµGal;hVa nigebtaedaysarFatuviTüús-
the emission of alpha and beta radiation
by radioactive materials; electromagnetic kmµ. kaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTicénCMhanrlkxøICagkaMrsµIGiucRbmaNCa
rays of shorter wavelength than x-rays,
about 10-10 to 10-14 of a metre. 10 eTA 10 Em:Rt.
-10 -14
gamma position : The third carbon

atom in an aliphatic carbon chain.
TItaMgkama: ³ GatUmkabUnTIbIkñúgExSkabUnGalIpaTic.
gamma transition :
transition.
See glass
GnþrPaBkama: ³ emIl glass transition.
gammil : A unit of concentration, equal
to a concentration of 1 milligram of
kamil ³ xñatkMhab;EdlesIµnwgkMhab;én1mIlIRkamFaturlaykñúg
solute in 1 liter of solvent. Also known 1lIRtFaturMlay. eKehAmüa:geTotfa mIRKIlb¤mIRkUkamIl.
as micril; microgammil.
gas : Air-like substance, one not liquid
or solid at ordinary temperatures. Matter
]sµ½n ³ sarFatudUcxül;EdlminEmnCavtßúrav b¤rwgenAsItuNðPaB
that has no definite shape or volume; it
adapts the shape and volume of its
Fmµta. rUbFatuEdlKµanragerAb¤maDCak;lak;. vamanragerAnigmaDeTA
container. tam]bkrN_EdlpÞúkva.
gas adsorption : The concentration of a
gas upon the surface of a solid substance
sMrUbesI]sµ½n ³ kMhab;]sµ½nCab;enAelIépÞGgÁFaturwgedaykMlaMg
by attractive force between the surface
and the gas molecules.
TMnajrvagépÞnigm:UelKul]sµ½n.
gas analysis : Analysis of the
constituents or properties of a gas (either
karviPaK]sµ½n ³ karviPaKFatubgáb¤lkçN³én]sµ½n (suT§ b¤l,ay).
pure or mixed); composition can be
measured by chemical adsorption,
smasPaBGacRtUv)anvas;edaysMrUbesIKImIcMehH ekasikaeGLicRtUKImI
combustion, electrochemical cells, Rkdas;cg¥úlBN’ RkUma:tURkaPI s,úicma:s.l. lkçN³TaMgLayRtUv
indicator papers, chromatography, mass
spectroscopy, and so on; properties viPaKrYmmantMélkMedA ma:sm:UelKul dg;sIuet nigPaBGn§il.
analyzed for include heating value,
molecular weight, density, and viscosity.
gas black : Fine particles of carbon
formed by partial combustion or thermal
]sµ½nexµA ³ PaKli¥ttUc²énkabUnEdlekIteLIgedaycMehHminsBVb¤
decomposition of natural gas; used to
reinforce rubber products such as tyres.
karbMEbkedaykMedAén]sµ½nFmµCati ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IBRgwg
Also known as carbon black; channel plitplekAs‘U dUcCaekAs‘Ukg;rfynþ. eKehAmüa:geTotfa kabUnexµA.
black.

135
gas chromatography : A separation

technique involving passage of a gaseous
RkUma:tURkaPVI]sµ½n ³ bec©keTsEjkEdlTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrénpas
moving phase through a column
containing a fixed adsorbent phase; It is
cl½tén]sµ½nqøgkat;bMBg;EdlmanpassMrUbesIGcl½t. vaRtUv)aneRbI
used mainly as a quantitative analytical R)as;PaKeRcInCabec©keTsviPaKbrimaNsMrab;smasFatuehIr.
technique for volatile compounds.
gas constant :
constant
See universal gas
efr]sµ½n³emIl universal gas constant.
gas laws : Laws relating the temperature,
pressure and volume of an ideal gas. A
c,ab;]sµ½n ³ c,ab;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsItuNðPaB sMBaF nigmaDén]sµ½n
combination of Boyle’s Law (pV =
constant), Charles' Law (V/T = constant)
brisuT§. bnSMc,ab;; Boyle(p.V = efr) c,ab; Charle (V/T = efr) nig
and the pressure law, forms the universal c,ab;sMBaFbegáIt )anCasmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ p.V = n.R.T Edl nCa
gas equation pV = nRT in which n =
amount of gas in moles, and R = the brimaN]sµ½nKitCam:Ul nig R Caefr]sµ½nbrisuT§.
universal gas constant.
gas solubility : The amount that a gas
dissolves in a liquid.
lkçN³rlay]s½µn ³ brimaNEdl]sµ½nrlaykñúgvtßúrav.
gas-condensate liquid : A hydrocarbon,
such as propane, butane and pentane,
vtßúravkBI]sµ½n ³ GIuRdUkabYdUcCaRbU)a:n b‘uytannigb:g;tanEdlkCa
that condenses when wet natural gas is
compressed or cooled.
TwkenAeBlEdl]sµ½nFmµCatiesImRtUUv)anbENÑnb¤bBa©úHsItuNðPaB.
gas-liquid chromatography : A form of
gas chromatography in which the fixed
RkUma:tURkaPIVGgÁFatrav-]sµ½n ³ TMrg;RkUma:tURkaPIV]sµ½nEdlkñúgenaH
phase (column packing) is a liquid
solvent coating on an inert solid support.
pas Gcl½t(bMBg;)CaFaturMlayravkkeRsabelITMrvtßßúrwgnicl.
Abbreviated GLC. Also known as gas- sresrkat; GLC.
liquid partition chromatography.
gas-liquid partition chromatography : See
gas-liquid chromatography.
RkUma:tURkaPIEpñkGgÁFatrav-]sµ½n ³ emIl gas-liquid
chromatography.
gas-solid chromatography : A form of
gas chromatography in which the
RkUma:tURkaPVIGgÁFatrwg-]sµ½n ³ TMrg;RkUma:tURkaPVI]sµ½nEdlkñúgenaH
moving phase is a gas and the stationary
phase is a surface-active sorbent
pascl½tCa]sµ½n nigpasGc½ltCasarFatusMrUbépÞskmµ
(charcoal, silica gel, or activated (FüÚgEClsIulIs b¤GaluymIjÚm
: GuksIutskmµ¦. sresrkat; GSC.
alumina). Abbreviated GSC.
Gatterman reaction : 1. Reaction of a
phenol or phenol ester, and hydrogen
Rbtikmµ Gatterman ³ 1.RbtikmµénepNulb¤epNuleGEsÞ nigGIuRdU-
chloride or hydrogen cyanide, in the
presence of a metallic chloride such as
EsnkørYb¤GIuRdUEsnsüanYkñúgmanvtþmankørYénelah³dUcCaGaluymIjÚ:m-
aluminum chloride to form, after kørYedIm,IbegáItCaGal;edGIutbnaÞb;BIGIuRdUlIs.
hydrolysis, an aldehyde. 2. Reaction of
an aqueous ethanol solution of 2. RbtikmµénsUluysüúgeGtaNulénGMbilDIGasUjÚm : CamYykkremSA
diazonium salts with precipitated copper
powder or other reducing agent to form Tg;Edg b¤Pañk;garerdukmµdéTeTotedIm,IbegáItCasmasFatuDIGarIl.
diaryl compounds.
Gatterman-Koch synthesis :
synthesis of aldehydes; aldehydes form
A
sMeyaK Gatterman-Koch ³ sMeyaKGal;edGIut. Gal;edGIutekIt
when an aromatic hydrocarbon is heated
in the presence of hydrogen chloride,
eLIg enAeBlEdlGIuRdUkabYGar:Uma:TicRtUv)andutkMedAkñúgvtþmanGIuRdUEsn-
certain metallic chloride catalysts, and kørYkatalIkrkørYénelah³xøH nigkabUnm:UNUGuksIutb¤GuIRdUEsnsüanY.
either carbon monoxide or hydrogen
cyanide.
Gay-Lussac’s law of volumes : See
combining principle.
c,ab;maD Gay-Lussac : emIl combining principle.

136
Geiger-Müller counter : An instrument

that detects and counts alpha, beta and
kugTr½ Geiger-Müller ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;BinitüemIl nigrab;kaMrsIµ
gamma radiation by recording the
ionised gas particles produced as the
Gal;haV Ebta nigkama:edaykarkt;RtaPaKl¥it]sµ½nGIuyu:gkmµEdlekIt
radiation passes through a gas filled eLIg enAeBlEdlkaMrsIµenaHqøgkat;bMBg;pÞúk]sµ½n.
tube.
gel : A two-phase colloidal substance
consisting of a solid and a liquid that
ECl ³ sarFatukULÚGIutpasBIrEdlpSMeLIgedayvtßúrwg nigvtßúrav
coagulates to a jelly-like semi-solid, e.g.
silica gel, gelatin, agar
EdlkkeTAvtßúrwg Bak;kNaþlkkdUccahYy ]TahrN_ eClsIulIs
esLaTInGaka.
gel electrophoresis : A technique by
which nucleic acids or proteins are
eGLicRtUpersECl ³ bec©keTsmYyEdlkñúgenaHGasuItnuyekøGiuc
separated in a gel that is placed in an
electric field.
b¤RbUetGuInRtUv)anEjkecjBIKñakñúgeClEdldak;enAkñúgEdnGKÁisnI.
gel filtration : A type of column
chromatography in which a mixture of
cMeraHECl ³ RbePTRkUma:tURkaPIbMBg;EdlkñúgenaHl,ayvtßúravRtUv
liquids is separated on the basis of their
molecular size by passing down a
)anEjktamTMhMm:UelKulrbs;vaedaykarqøgkat;tambMBg;pÞúkECl.
column containing a gel. Small m:UelKultUc²EdlGaccUltamrn§kñúgeClpøas;TIyWt² b:uEnþmUe: lKulFM²
molecules that can enter pores in the gel
move slowly, but large molecules that EdlminGaccUltamrn§kñúgEClpøas;TIya:grh½s.
cannot enter pores in the gel move
quickly.
gel permeation chromatography : See
gel filtration
RkUma:tURkaPIRCabECl ³ emIl gel filtration.
gel point : Stage at which a liquid
begins to show elastic properties and
cMNucECl ³ dMNak;kalEdlvtßúravcab;epþImbgðajlkçN³yWt
increased viscosity nigPaBGni§lekIneLIg.
gelation : 1. The act or process of
freezing. 2. Formation of a gel from a sol
EClkmµ ³ 1. GMeBIb¤dMeNIrénkarkk. 2. karbegáIteLIgénCatiGni§l
BIsUluysüúgkULÚGIutmYy.
geminal : Referring to similar atoms or
groups attached to the same atom in a
EsmINal; ³ sMedAeTAelIGatUm b¤RkumGatUmdUcKañEdlP¢ab;eTAnwg
molecule. GatUmEtmYykñúgm:UelKul.
gene : That portion of a DNA molecule
that codes for a specific transcript. Since
Esn ³ Epñkénm:UelKul ADNEdlcMlgRkmsMrab;RkmyfaRbePT.
most transcripts become mRNA
molecules, a gene can be considered the
edayehtufaRkmPaKeRcInkøayeTACam:UelKul ARNm enaH EsnGac
information in a DNA molecule that RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaBt’mankñúgm:UelKulADNEdlcMlgRkmsMrab;ExS
codes for one polypeptide chain.
b:UlIbiubTIt.
general formula : A formula that can
apply to a series of related compounds;
rUbmnþTUeTA ³ rUbmnþEdlGaceRbIcMeBaHes‘rIsmasFatuEdlTak;TgKañ.
e.g., CnH2n+2 is the general formula for
alkanes.
]TahrN_ C H CarUbmnþTUeTAsMrab;Gal;kan.
n 2n+2
genetic engineering : The branch of

technology that manipulates genetic
visVkmµesenTic ³ EpñkmYyénbec©kviTüaEdleRbIBt’manesenTic
information to produce biological
products, or organisms with permanently
edIm,IbegáItplitplCIv³saRsþ b¤sarBagÁkaymanlT§PaBpøas;bþÚrCa
altered abilities. GciéRnþy_.
Geneva system : An international
system of naming organic compounds;
RbB½n§ Geneva ³ RbB½n§GnþrCatimYyénkardak;eQaµHsmasFatu
names correspond to the longest straight
carbon chain in the molecule.
srIragÁ. eQaµHRtUveTAnwgExSkabUnlatEvgCageKbMputkñúgm:UelKul.

137
geometric structure : Geometric form

representing a molecule; carbon atoms
TMrg;FrNImaRt ³ TMrg;FrNImaRtEdltageGaym:UelKul. GatUm
are assumed to be at each vertex and
hydrogens are not shown.
kabUnRtUvfitenAelIkMBUlmMuimYy²nigGIuRdUEsnminRtUv)anbgðajeGay
eXIjeT.
geometrical isomerism :
phenomenon in which
The
chemical
GIusUEmFrNImaRt ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaHsmasFatuKImImanrUbmnþ
compounds have the same molecular
formulae but different molecular
m:UelKuldUcKañ b:uEnþmanTMrg;mUe: lKulxusKañ.
structure.
Gerard reagent : The quaternary
ammonium compounds, acethydrazide-
FatubnÞal; Gerard ³ smasFatuGam:UjÚm: fñak;TIbYn GaesTIRdasIued-
pyridinium chloride and trimethylacet-
hydrazide ammonium chloride; used to
BIrIDIjÚm: kørY nigRTIemTIlGaesTIRdasIutGam:UjÚm: kørYEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
separate aldehydes and ketone from oily edIm,IEjkGal;edGIut nigestUnBIrUbFatuFmµCatieRbgb¤xaøj; nigedIm,I
or fatty natural materials and to extract
sex hormones from urine. TajykGrm:UnePTBITwkenam.
getter : A substance used to remove
small amounts of other substances from
bM)at;]sµ½n ³ sarFatuEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Ipþac;ykbrimaNtic
a system by chemical combination. e.g. a
metal such as magnesium may be used to
tYcén sarFatuepSgBIRbB½n§mYyedaybnSMKImI. ]TahrN_ elah³dUcCa
remove the last traces of air when ma:ejsüÚmGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ipþac;ecjbrimaNxül;tictYccugeRkay
making a high vacuum. Various getters
are also used to remove impurities from enAeBlbegáItsuBaØakasx<s;. EkETepSg²k¾RtUv)aneRbIR)as;pgEdredIm,I
semiconductors. See also scavenger.
pþac;FatuminsuT§BIvtßúcMlgGKiÁsnIBak;kNaþl. emIl scavenger.
ghost image : A false image of a spectral
line produced by irregularities in the
rUbPaBEkøg ³ rUbPaBminBiténbnÞat;s,iúcEdlekIteLIgedayPaBel¥og
lines of a diffraction grating. kñúgbnÞat;én]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg.
Gibbs adsorption equation : A formula
for a system involving a solvent and a
smIkarsMrUbesI Gibbs ³ rUbmnþsMrab;RbB½n§EdlrYmmanFaturMlay
solute, which states; if the solute
decreases the surface tension there will
nigFaturlay. RbsinebIFaturlayfycuHtMNwgépÞKWCakMhab;épÞelIs
be an excess surface concentration of Faturlay nigRbsinebIFaturlayekIneLIgtMNwgépÞkMhab;énFaturlay
solute, and if the solute increases the
surface tension the concentration of enAelIépÞenaHnwgminRKb;RKan;.
solute at the surface will be a deficient.
Gibbs free energy : See Free energy
famBlesrI Gibbs ³ emIl Free energy
Gibbs phase rule : A relationship used
to determine the number of state
c,ab;pas Gibbs ³ TMnak;TMngeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;cMnYnGefrsNæan F
variables F, usually chosen from among
temperature, pressure, and species
CaFmµtaRtUv)aneRCIserIsBIcMenamsItuNðPaB sMBaF nigsmasPaB
composition in each phase, which must RbePTKImIkñúgpasnimYy²EdlRtUvEtbBa¢ak;edIm,IkMNt;PaBETm:UDINamic
be specified to fix the thermodynamic
state of a system in equilibrium: F = C – énRbB½n§lMnwg. F = C – P – M + 2 Edl C CacMnYnénRbePTKImIenA
P – M + 2, where C is the number of
chemical species presented at cMNuclMnwg P CacMnYnpas nig M KICacMnYnRbtikmµKImIEdlÉkraCü.
equilibrium, P is the number of phase,
and M is the number of independent
eKehAmüa:geTotfa viFan Gibbs; viFanpas.
chemical reactions. Also known as Gibbs
rule; phase rule.
Gibbs rule : See Gibbs phase rule.
viFan Gibbs : emIl Gibbs phase rule.
Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium :
Donnan equilibrium.
See
lMnwg Gibbs-Donnan : emIl Donnan equilibrium.

138
Gibbs-Duhem equation : An equation

describing the relation between the
smIkar Gibbs-Duhem ³ smIkarmYyEdlB’NnaGMBITMnak;TMngrvag
chemical potentials of the components in
a mixture,
b:Utg;EsülKImIénsmasPaBkñúgl,ay
r
∑ n dµ = 0
r
∑i=1
nidµi = 0
i=1
i i
where ni the number of moles of Edl n CacMnYnm:UlénsarFatu i nig µ KWCab:Utg;EsülKImIén i. smIkar

i i
substance i , and µi is the chemical
potential of i. The equation shows that enHbgðajfab:Utg;EsülKImIénsarFatukñúgl,ayminpaøs;bþÚredayÉkraCü
the chemical potentials of substances in a
mixture do not change independently.
eT.
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation : An
expression for the influence of temperature
smIkar Gibbs-Helmholtz ³ kenSamsMrab;\Ti§BlsItuNðPaBEdl
upon the equilibrium constant of a
chemical reaction, (d ln K°/dT)p
GaRs½yeTAnwgefrlMnwgRbtikmµKImI (d ln K°/dT) =∆Hº/RT Edl Kº
p
2
=∆Hº/RT2 where Kº is the equilibrium CaefrlMnwg ∆Hº CakMedAsþg;daénRbtikmµenAsItuNðPaBCak;lak; T nig

constant, ∆Hº the standard heat of the
reaction at the absolute temperature T, R Caefr]sµ½n.
and R the gas constant.
Gibbs-Poynting equation : An
expression relating the effect of the total
smIkar Gibbs-Poynting ³ kenSamTak;TgplsMBaFGnuvtþsrub P
applied pressure P upon the vapor
pressure p of a liquid, (dp/dP):yT =
EdlGaRs½yeTAnwgsMBaFcMhay p énvtßúrav (dp/dP):yT = V /V Edl
1 a
V1/Va, where V1 and Va are molar V nig V CamaDm:UlénvtßúravnigcMhay.

1 a
volumes of the liquid and vapor.
Giemsa stain : A stain for blood and
blood protozoa such as the malarial
BN’ Giemsa ³ BN’sMrab;QamnigRbUtUsEUG‘QamdUcCabrasitRKun-
parasite, consisting of
glycerol/methanol solution, basic dyes
a caj;EdlpSMeLIgBIsUluysüúgKIøesr:ul¼emtaNul l½xmUldçan(BN’exov
(azure A, azure B and methylene blue) épÞemX ABN’exovépÞemX BnigemTIELnexov)nigl½xeGGUsIunGasVIt.
and acid eosin dye.
Gillespie equilibrium still : A
recirculating equilibrium distillation
eRKOgRbdab;bMNitlMnwg Gillespie ³ ]bkrN_bMNitlMnwgvilRtlb;
apparatus used to confirm azeotropic
properties of liquid mixtures.
EdleRbIR)as;edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIlkçN³énl,ayravEdlcMNucrMBuHrbs;vamin
ERbRbYlkñúgeBlbit.
glass transition : The change in an
amorphous region of a partially
GnþrPaBCatiEkv ³ karpaøs;bþÚrkñúgtMbn;nisNæanénb:UlIEmRkameday
crystalline polymer from a viscous or
rubbery condition to a hard and brittle
EpñkBIsNæanGn§il b¤ekAs‘UeTACasNæanrwgnigRsYy. CaFmµtabNaþl
one; usually caused by changing the mkBIkarpaøs;bþÚrsItuNðPaB. eKehAmüa:geTotCaGnþrPaBkama: GnþrPaB
temperature. Also known as gamma
transition; glassy transition. Ekv.
globular proteins : Spheroid, generally
soluble proteins.
RbUetGIunRKab; ³ RbUetGuInragEs‘Vr CaTUeTACaRbUetGIunrlay.
glucagon : A hormone secreted by the
Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, that
Køúykakug ³ Grm:UnbeBa©jedayGIuLÚLg;ekr:g;énlMEBgEdlbMElg
converts glycogen to glucose which is
then released into the blood as needed.
KøIkUEsneGayeTACaKøúykUs ehIybeBa©jcUleTAkñúgQamenAeBlRtUv
Its effect is opposite to insulin kar. vaman\T§iBlpÞúyBIGaMgs‘uylIn.
gluconeogenesis : Synthesis of glucose
from several small common molecules
kMNKøúykUs ³ karsMeyaKKøúykUsBImU:elKultUc²énemtabUlIs.
of metabolism.
glucose : A common monosaccharide
whose empirical formula is C6H12O6
KøúykUs ³ m:UNUsakarItsamBaØEdlmanrUbmnþ C6H12O6 eRbICaRbPB
used as fuel in most living things. famBlcMeBaHPavrs;PaKeRcIn.

139
glycerol (glycerine) : A colorless sweet

tasting viscous liquid.
KøIesr:ul ¬KøIesrIn¦ ³ vtßúravGn§ilmanrsCatiEp¥mKµanBN’manrUbmnþ
HOCH2CH(OH)C2OH HOCH CH(OH)C OH .
2 2
glyco- :Chemical prefix indicating

sweetness, or relating to sugar or
KøIkU- ³ buBVbTKImIEdlbBa¢ak;famanCatiEp¥m b¤Tak;TgeTAnwgsár
glycine. b¤KIøsIun.
glycogen : Animal equivalent of starch;
the polysaccharide that is the storage
KøIkUEsn ³ smmUlGamIdugstV b:UlIsakarItEdlCaTMrg;sþúkTukén
form of glucose in animals. KøúykUs cMeBaHstV .
glycogenesis : Synthesis of glycogen
within the muscles and liver.
kMNKøIkUEsn ³ karsMeyaKKIøkUEsnenAkñúgsac;dMu nigefIøm.
glycol : A dihydroxylic alcohol, that is,
one with two –OH groups.
KIøkul ³ Gal;kulGIuRduksIulicEdlmanRkum-OHBIr.
glycolysis : Cytosolic process that
converts glucose to two molecules of
KIøkUlI ³ lMnaMsIutUsulEdlbMElgKøúykUsCam:UelKulBIruyva:tBIreday
pyruvate with the production of two
molecules of ATP and two molecules of
mankarplitGaedNUsIunRTIpUsVat ¬ATP ¦BIrmU:elKulnignIkUTINamIt-
NADH. GaednInDInuyekøGUTIt¬NADH¦BIrmU:elKul.
glycoside : Compound formed when a
cyclic sugar is bonded to an alcohol
KIøkUsIut ³ smasFatuEdlekIteLIgenAeBlsársuIKøic)anRtUvP¢ab;eTAnwg
through a glycosidic bond. Gal;kultamsm<½n§KIøkUsIut.
glycosidic bond : Bond between the
anomeric carbon of a cyclic sugar and
sm<½n§KIøkUsIut ³ sm<½n§rvagkabUnGaNUemricénsársIuKøicCamYynwg
the –OH group of another sugar or an
alcohol. This bond links sugars together
Rkum-OHénsárb¤Gal;kulepSgeTot. sm<½n§enHP¢ab;sárCamYyKñakñúg
in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. GUlIkUsakarIt nigb:UlIsakarIt.
gold ‘size’ : A solution of white and red
lead and yellow ocher in linseed oil;
kavBN’mas ³ sUluysüúgsMNBN’Rhm s nigfañMRkhmelOgkñúg
used to seal permanently microscopical
preparations.
eRbgécñEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Ie)aHRtakñúgkarerobcMMmIRkUTsSn_Ca
Gcié®nþ.
gold number : A measure of the amount
of protective colloid which must be
cMnYnmas ³ rgVas;brimaNkULÚGIutkarBarEdlRtUvbEnßmeTAkñúgsUluy-
added to a standard red gold sol mixed
with sodium chloride solution to prevent
süúgRkhmmassþg;dalayCamYysUluysüúgsUdüÚmkørY edIm,IkarBar
the solution from causing the sol to sUluysüúgkuMeGaysuluysüúgkULÚGIutkkedaykarpaøs;bþÚrBN’BIRkhm
coagulate by a change in color from red
to blue. eTAexov.
Gomberg reaction : The production of
free radicals by reaction of metals with
Rbtikmµ Gomberg ³ karbegáItra:DIkal;esrIedayRbtikmµénelah³
triarylmethyl halides. CamYyRTIya:rIlemTIlGaLÚEsnY.
Gomberg-Bachmann-Hey reaction :
Production of diaryl compounds by
Rbtikmµ Gomberg-Bachmann-Hey ³ karplitsmasFatuDIGarIl
adding alkali to a mixture of a diazonium
salt and liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
edaykarbEnßmGal;kalIeTAkñúgl,ayénGMbilDIGasUjÚm: nigGIuRdUkabY
Gar:Uma:Ticrav.
Gooch crucible : A ceramic cup with a
perforated base; in analysis it is used for
Ekvesra:mic Gooch ³ EBgesra:micEdlman)atFøúH. kñúgkarviPaK
filtration through asbestos or glass. vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;kareRcaHtamrUbFatuEdlmineqH b¤Ekv.
Gouy : An electrokinetic unit equal to
the product of electrokinetic potential
hÁÚG‘uy ³ xañteGLicRtUsIuenTicEdlesIµnwgplbUkb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtU-
and the electric displacement divided by sIuenTic nigbNþÚrGKIÁsnIEcknwg 4π KuNnwgb:UlkmµéneGLicRtUlIt.
4π times the polarization of the
electrolyte.

140
Gouy balance : Device for measuring

of diamagnetic and paramagnetic
CBa¢IghÁÚG‘uy ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;PaBqab;TTYldüama:ejTic nig)a:ra:-
susceptibilities of samples (solid, liquid,
solution).
ma:ejTicénPaKsMNak(vtßúrwg vtßúrav sUluysüúg).
gradient elution analysis : A form of
gas-liquid chromatography in which the
karviPaKeGluysüúgCRmal ³ TMrg;RkUma:tURkaPvtßúrav-]sµ½nEdl
eluting solvent is slowly changed, either
by gradually mixing a second solvent of
kñúgenaHFaturMlaysMrab;paþc;ykRtUv)anpaøs;bþÚryWt² edaykarlay
greater dissolving power; a less powerful bniþcmþg²CamYyFaturMlayTIBIrEdlmanGMNacrMlayxaøMgCag Fatu
solvent; or by a gradual change in pH or
other property. rMlayEdlmanfamBltictYc b¤edaykarpaøs;bþÚrbnþicmþg²éntMél pH
b¤lkçN³déTeTot.
graduated cylinder : A cylindrical
vessel that is marked in milliliters; used
sIuLaMgRkit ³ EkvEdlmanragsIuLaMgEdlRkwtCamIlIlIRtRtUv)aneRbI
to measure the volume of liquids. R)as;edIm,Ivas;maDvtßúrav.
Graebe-Ullman reaction :
Production of fluorenone by boiling 2-
1.
Rbtikmµ Graebe-Ullman ³ 1. karPøúyGerNUnedaykardaMGMbil 2-
benzoylbenzene-diazonium salts in
dilute acid solution. 2. Reaction of 2-
bg;sUGIul-bg;EsnDIGasUjÚm: kñúgsUluysüúgGasIutrav.
amino-diphenylamines with nitrous acid 2. Rbtikmµén2-GamINUDIepnIlGamInCamYyGasIutnIRtWedIm,IbegáItbg;-
to form a benzotriazole which loses
nitrogen to form carbazole when heated. sUlRTIGasUEdl)at;bg;GasUtedIm,IbegáItka)asUlenAeBldutkMedA.
graft copolymer : Any high mol. wt.
polymer composed of two or more
kUb:UlIEmpSaM ³ b:UlIEmEdlmanma:s;mU:elKulFMpSMeLIgBIbUl: IEmxusKañ
different polymers chemically united. BIrb¤eRcInbBa©ÚlKñatamEbbKImI.
Graham’s law : The rates at which
gasses diffuse is inversely proportional
c,ab; Graham ³ el,ÓnEdl]sµ½nsaysmamaRtb®B©aaseTAnwgrws
to the square roots of their densities. This
law is used in the diffusion method of
kaeréndg;sIuetrbs;va. c,ab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgvIFIsMNayEjkGIusU-
separating isotopes. tUb.
gram : a metric mass unit equal to the
mass of 1 cm³ of water at 4oC.
Rkam ³ xñatrgVas;ma:sesµIeTAnwgma:sén 1cm énTwkenA 4 C.
3 o
gram atomic mass : the mass in grams

of 6.023 x 10²³ atoms (one mole) of an
m:asGatUmRkam ³ ma:sCaRkamRkamén 6,023 x 10²³ GatUm
element. (mYym:Ul) énFatuKImImYy.
gram formula mass : (gfm) the mass of
one mole of an ionic compound, equal to
ma:srUbmnþRkam(gfm) ³ m:askñúgmYym:UlénsmasFatuGIuy:UnicesµI
the formula mass expressed in grams; the
expression may be used in broader sense
m:asrUbmnþKitCaRkam. karbgðajenHGaceRbIkñúgn½yTUlaysMedAelI
to refer to a mole of any element, m:UlénFatuNamYy smasFatumUe: lKul b¤smasFatuGIuy:Unic.
molecular compound, or ionic
compound.
gram molecular mass : (gmm) the mass
of one mole of a molecular substance; it
ma:sm:UelKulRkam(gmm) ³ m:askñúgmYym:Ulénm:UelKulsarFatu
is equal to formula mass expressed in
moles. The mass in grams of 6.023 x
EdlesµIeTAnwgm:asrUbmnþKitCamUl. m:asCaRkamén 6,023 x 10²³
10²³ molecules (one mole) of a m:UelKul (mYym:Ul) rbs;smasFatu.
compound.
gram-atomic weight : The atomic
weight of an element expressed in grams
ma:sGatUmRkam ³ ma:sGatUménFatumYyEdlKitCaRkamtammaRtdæan
on a scale on which the atomic weight of
carbon-12 isotope is taken as 12 exactly.
Edlma:sGatUmGIusUtUbkabUn 12 yktMél 12 Kt;. esIµnwg 1 mU:l.
Equal to 1 mole.

141
gram-molecular volume : The volume

occupied by a gram-molecular weight of
maDm:UelKulRkam ³ maDpÞúkedayma:sm:UelKulRkaménFatuuKImIkñúg
a chemical in the gaseous state at 0oC
and 760 millimeters of pressure (101.325
PaBCa]sµ½nenA 0 C nig 760mIlIEm:RténsMBaF(101,325)a:saÁl); .
0
pascals ), Equal to 1 mole. esIµnwg 1 m:Ul.

gram-molecular weight :
molecular weight of a compound
The
ma:sm:UelKulRkam ³ ma:sm:UelKulénsmasFatuKitCaRkam
expressed in grams, that is, the molecular
weight on a scale on which the atomic
EdlCama:s m:UelKultammaRtdæanEdlma:sGatUménGIusUtUbkabUn 12
weight of carbon-12 isotope is taken as yktMél 12 Kt; esIµ nwg 1m:Ul.
12 exactly, Equal to 1 mole.
granule : Crystals or small masses
about the same size as grains of rice.
RKab;tUc ³ Rkam b¤ma:stUc²TMhMRbhak;RbEhlRKab;RsUv.
graphical formula :
formula that shows the three-
A chemical
rUbmnþRkaPic ³ rUbmnþKImIEdlbgðajBITMrg;vimaRtbIénm:UelKul. sm<½n§
dimensional structure of a molecule;
chemical bonds above the plane of the
KImIxagelIbøg;RkdasRtUv)anbgðajCabnÞat;dac;² b¤CaduMKMnUsdac;².
paper are shown as broken lines or
broken-line wedges.
graphite : An allotrope of carbon with
atoms arranged in layers. It is a soft
RkaPIt ³ TMrg;énkabUnEdlmanGatUmRtUv)anerobcMkñúgRsTab;. vaCa
black slippery substance used in pencils
and in electrical devices.
sarFaturGilB’NexµATn;RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgexµAédnigkñúg ]bkrN_
GKÁisnI.
graphitization : The formation of
graphite like material from organic
RkaPItkmµ ³ kMNFüÚgfµdUcCarUbFatuEdl)anmkBIsmasFatusrIragÁ.
compounds.
Grassmann’s laws : Seven laws of
color identification and mixing that form
c,ab; Grassmann ³ c,ab;R)aMBIrénGtþsBaØaNkmµBN’ nigkarlay
the basis of modern analytical
colorimetry.
EdlbegáItCamUldæankULÚrImaRtviPaKTMenIb.
grating : See diffraction grating.
RkaFIg ³ emIl diffraction grating.
grating constant :
between consecutive
The distance
grooves of a
efr]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg ³ cMgayrvagsñamlkt²Kañén]bkrN_
diffraction grating. DIR)ak;süúg.
grating spectrograph : A grating
spectroscope provided with a
s,úicRtURkabRkaFIg ³ s,úicTsSn_RkaFIgEdlmanma:sIunft
photographic camera or other device for
recording the spectrum.
rUbPaBb¤]bkrN_déTeTotsMrab;kt;Rtas,úic.
grating spectroscope : A spectroscope
which uses a transmission or reflection
s,úicRtUEm:RtRkaFIg ³ s,úicTsSn_EdleRbIR)as;karbBa¢Ún b¤cMNaMg
grating to produce a spectrum. It usually
has a slit for light to enter, a mirror or
RtLb;edIm,IbegáIts,úic. CaTUeTAvamanrgVHsMrab;BnøWcUlmankBa©k;qøúH b¤
lenses to collimate and focus the light, Lg;TIsMrab;sMrYlBnWønigRbmUlpþúMBnøW nigCaEkvBRgIkEk,rEPñksMrab;emIl
and an eyepiece for viewing the
spectrum. s,úic.
gravimetric absorption method : A
method of measuring the moisture
viFIsMrUbRkavimaRt ³ viFIvas;sMeNImén]sµ½nEdleKdwgcMNuHqøgkat;
content of a gas in which a known
volume of gas is passed through a
FatukMhHsmRsbdUcCapUsVrb:g;GuksIut b¤EClsIulIs nigkarpøas;bþÚr
suitable desiccant, such as phosphorus ma:sénFatukMhHRtUv)ansegát.
pentoxide or silica gel and the change in
weight of the desiccant is observed.
gravimetric analysis : A branch of
quantitative analytical chemistry that
karviPaKRkavImaRt ³ EpñkmYyénKImIviPaKbrimaNEdlGaRs½ykar
depends on weighing to determine
chemical composition.
fwøgedIm,IkMNt;smasPaBKImI.

142
gravity cell : An electrolytic cell in

which two ionic solutions are separated
BilRbCMuTMgn; ³ BileGLicRtUlItEdlkñúgenaHsUluysüúg
by means of gravity. GIuyU:nicBIrRtUv)anEjkedayRbCMuTMgn;.
gray : The SI unit of absorbed dose of
ionising radiation. Symbol Gy.
eRK ³ xañtGnþrCatiénkMritsMrUbkaMrsIµGIuyu:gkmµ. nimitþsBaØa Gy.
grid spectrometer : A grating
spectrometer in which entrance and exit
s,úicRtUEm:RtsMNaj;lYs ³ s,úicRtUEm:RtcMNaMgpøatEdlRckcUl
slits are replaced with grids consisting of
opaque and transparent areas. A large
nigrgVHRckecjRtUv)anCMnYsedaysMNaj;EdlpSMeLIgBItMbn;Xµwknig
increase in light intensity is achieved tMbg;føa. karekIneLIgxøaMgéndg;sIuetBnøWRtUv)ansMercedayKµankar)at;
without loss of resolution.
bg;PaBc,as;.
Griess reagent : A reagent used to test
for nitrous acid; it is solution of
FatubnÞal; Griess ³ FatubnÞal;eRbIsMrab;viPaKGasIutnIRtW. vaCa
sulfanilic acid, α-naphthyl-amine and
acetic acid in water.
sUluysüúgGasIuts‘ulhaVnIlic α-Nab;TIlGamIn nigGasIutGaesTic
kñúgTwk.
Grignard synthesis : Use of the
Grignard reagent in any one of a vast
sMeyaKRKIj:a ³ kareRbIR)as;FatubnÞal;RKIj:akñúgsMeyaKNamYy
number of organic syntheses e.g. with
methanal they give a primary alcohol;
énsMeyaKsrIragÁCaeRcIn. ]TahrN_ CamYyemtaNal;vapþl;Gal;kul
other aldehydes give a secondary fñak;bzm Gal;edGIutdéTeTotpþl;Gal;kulfañk;TIBIr. CamYyGal;kul
alcohol; with alcohols or water,
hydrocarbons are formed. b¤TwkGIuRdUkabYkekIteLIg.
Grignard reagent : The organometallic
halide with the general formula RMgX
FatubnÞal;RKIj:a ³ GaLÚEsnYsrIragÁelah³EdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA
where R is an organic group and X is a RMgX Edl R CaRkumsrIragÁ nig X CaRkumGaLÚEsn. vaRtUv)anplit
halogen. Made by reaction between an
haloalkane with magnesium metal in edayRbtikmµrvagGaLÚGal;kanCamYyelah³ma:ej:süÚmkñúgeGETkñúg
ether, in the Grignard reaction; e.g.
C2H5MgCl; it is useful in organic RbtikmµRKIj:a. ]TahrN_ C H MgCl manRbeyaCn_kñúgsMeyaK-
2 5
synthesis.
srIragÁ.
gross sample : One or more amounts
taken from a larger quantity of a material
PaKsMNakeRcIn ³ brimaNmYy b¤eRcInEdlykecjBIbrimaNeRcIn
that is to be analyzed. Also known as
bulk sample; lot sample.
énrUbFatuEdlRtUvviPaK. eKehAmüa:geTotfaPaKsMNakdMu.
ground state : (of a molecule, atom or
nucleus) The lowest stable energy level
PaBRKwH ³ ¬énm:UelKul GatUm b¤éNVyU¦: kMritfamBlefrTabbMput
under normal laboratory conditions. eRkaml½kçx½NÐFmµtakñúgTIBiesaF.
group : 1. A family of elements in the
Periodic Table with similar chemical
Rkum ³ 1.GMbUrFatuTaMgLaykñúgtaragxYbEdlmanlkçN³KImIRsedogKña.
properties. 2. A combination of bonded 2. bnSMGatUmcgsm<½n§EdlmanlkçN³CaÉktaeRkaml½kçx½NÐxøH
atoms that behave as a unit under certain
conditions, e.g., the sulfate group, SO42-. ]TahrN_ Rkums‘ulpat SO . 4
2-
Grove’s synthesis : Production of alkyl

chlorides by passing hydrochloric acid
sMeyaK Grove ³ karplitGal;KIlkørYedaykarcak;GasIutkørIRTic
into an alcohol in the presence of
anhydrous zinc chloride.
eTAkñúgGal;kuledaymanvtþmansgá½sIkørYs¶Üt.
GSC : emIl gas-solid chromatography.
GSC : See gas-solid chromatography.
Guerbet reaction : A condensation of

alcohols at high temperatures through
Rbtikmµ Guerbet ³ Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµGal;kulenAsItuNðPaBx<s;
the action of sodium alkoxides. eRkamGMeBIénsUdüÚmGal;kuksIut.

143
guest molecule : The molecule that is

trapped in the host structure of a
m:UelKulePJóv ³ m:UelKulEdlRtUvCab;kñúgTMrg;FµÜlénsmasFatuKImIka
clathrate compound. Also known as
guest substance.
Rtat. eKehAmüa:geTotfa sarFatuePJóv.
guest substance : See guest molecule.
sarFatuePJov ³ emIl guest molecule.
Guldberg and Waage law : See mass
action law.
c,ab; Guldberg nig Waage ³ emIl mass action law.
Günzberg reagent : A solution used as
a test reagent for determining free
FatubnÞal; Günzberg ³ sUluysüúgeRbIR)as;CaFatubnÞal;viPaK
hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. It
contains 2 grams of vanillin and 4 grams
sMrab;karkMNt;rkGasIutkørIRTicesrIkñúgrsRkBH. vaman 2 Rkamva:nIlIn
of phloroglucinol in 80 milliliters of 95% nig 4 RkamPørU:KøúysIuNulkñúg 80 mIlIlIRtGal;kul 95%.
alcohol.
Gurney-Mott theory : A theory of the
photographic process that proposes a
RTwsIþGurney-Mott ³ RTwsIþmYyéndMeNIrftrUbPaBEdlesñIeGayman
two-stage mechanism to explain how
light interacts with the silver halide
clnkarBIrdMNak;karedIm,IBnül;BIrebobEdlBnøWeFIVGnþrkmµCamYyes-
gelatin, to form silver atoms. LaTItR)ak;GaLÚEsnY edIm,IbegáItGatUmR)ak;.
Gutzeit test : A test for arsenic. Zinc
and dilute sulfuric acid are added to the
etsþ Gutzeit ³ etsþsMrab;rkGakesnic. sgá½sI nigGasIuts‘ulpYric
substance, which is then covered with a
filter paper moistened with mercuric
ravRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIsarFatuenaHbnÞab;mkeKRKbCamYyRkdaseRcaH
chloride solution; a yellow spot forms on EdlepSImCamYynwgsUluysüúg)artkørY. cMNucBN’elOgnwgekIteLIg
the paper if arsenic is in the sample.
elIRkdasRbsinebIGakesnicmanenAkñúgPaKsMNak.
H
Haber process : An industrial process
for producing ammonia by reaction of
lMnaMhaEb‘ ³ lMnaM]sSahkmµsMrab;plitGam:Uja:k;edayRbtikmµ
hydrogen with nitrogen over an iron
catalyst at 450oC and 250 atm. pressure.
GIuRdUEsnCamYyGasUtelIkatalIkrEdk enA 450 C nig sMBaF 250
o
N2 + 3H2 ⇔ 2NH3 The process has Gatb:UEsV N + 3H ⇔ 2NH . lMnaMenHmansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkar

2 2 3
immense importance in the production of
ammonium nitrate fertilisers. plitCIGam:UjÚmnIRtat.
haemoglobin : See hemoglobin
eGm:UkøÚb‘Ín ³ emIl hemoglobin.
Haggenmacher equation : Equation to
calculate latent heats of vaporizations of
smIkar Haggenmacher ³ smIkarsMrab;KNnakMedAsJb;énrMhYt
pure compounds by using critical
conditions with Antoine constants.
smasFatusuT§edayeRbIl½kçx½NÐkMNt;CamYyefr Antoine.
half-cell : A single electrode immersed
in an electrolyte, that forms part of an
Bak;kNþalBil ³ eGLicRtUteTalRtaMkñúgeGLicRtUlItEdl
electrochemical cell, in which only
oxidation or reduction takes place.
begáItCaEpñkmYyénfµBileGLicRtUKImIEdlekItmanEtlMnaMGuksIutkmµ
b¤erdukmµbue: NÑaH.
half-cell potential : In electrochemical
cells, the electrical potential developed
b:Utg;EsülBak;kNþalBil ³ kñúgfµBileGLicRtUKImIbUt: g;Esül
by the overall cell reaction; can be
considered, for calculation purposes, as
GKÁisnIbegáIteLIgedayRbtikmµfµBilsrub. eKGacKNna
the sum of the potential developed at the va)antamry³plbUkb:Utg;Esül)anbegáIteLIgenAGaNUt nigb:Utg;-
anode and the potential developed at the
cathode. Esül)anbegáIteLIgenAkatUt.

144
half-life : 1. The time required for one-

half of a substance to undergo chemical
Bak;kNþalCIvit ³ 1. ry³eBlcaM)ac;sMrab;Bak;kNþalsarFaturg
reaction. 2. Time required for half of the
radioactive nuclei present to undergo
RbtikmµKImI . 2. ry³eBlcaM)ac;sMrab;Bak;kNþaléNVyUv: iTüúskmµrg
radioactive decay. karbMEbkviTüúskmµ.
half-reaction : Oxidation or reduction
component of a redox reaction, stated as
Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ ³ smasPaKGuksIutkmµ b¤erdukmµénRbtikmµ
a separate reaction. erdukEdlCaRbtikmµedayELkKña .
halide : A compound of the type MX,
where X is fluorine, chlorine, iodine,
GaLÚEsnY ³ smasFatuRbePT MX Edl X CaPøúyGr:Y kørY: GIUy:UdY RbU‘mU:
bromine, or astatine, and M is another
element or organic radical.
b¤ GasþaTIn nig M CaFatuepSgeTot b¤r:aDIkal;srIragÁ.
haloalkane : Halogenated aliphatic
hydrocarbon.
GaLÚGal;kan ³ GIuRdUkabYGalIpaTicEdlmanGaLÚEsn.
halocarbon : A compound of carbon
and a halogen, sometimes with
GaLÚkabUn ³ smasFatukabUn nigGaLÚEsn xøHCamYYyGIuRdUEsn.
hydrogen.
halocarbon resin : Resin produced by
the polymerization of monomers made
ersIunGaLÚkabUn ³ ersIunekIteLIgedayb:UlIEmkmµénm:UNUEmeRcIn
of halogenated hydrocarbons, such as
tetrafluoro-ethylene, C2F4 and
kekItBIGIuRdUkabYGaLÚEsnkmµdUcCaetRtaPøúyGr:UeGTIELn C F nig
2 4
trifluorochloro-ethylene, C2F3Cl. RTIPøúyGr:Ukør:UeGTIELn C F Cl.

2 3
haloform CHX3 : A compound made

by reaction of acetaldehyde or methyl
GaLÚpm CHX ³ smasFatuekIteLIgedayRbtikmµGaestal;edGIut
3
ketones with NaOX, where X is a

halogen; an example is iodoform, HCI3,
b¤emTIlestUnCamYy NaOX Edl X CaGLÚEsn. ]TahrN_ GIuyUd: Upm
or bromoform, HCBr3 or chloroform, HCI b¤ RbUmUp
3 : m HCBr b¤ kørU:pm HCCl .
3 3
HCCl3.
haloform reaction : Halogenation of
acetaldehyde or methyl ketone in
RbtikmµGaLÚpm ³ GaLÚEsnkmµénGaestal;edGIut b¤emTIlestUnkñúg
aqueous basis solution; the reaction is
characteristic of compounds containing a
sUluysüúgTwk)as. RbtikmµenHCalkçN³smasFatupÞúkRkum CH CO 3
CH3CO group linked to a hydrogen or to P¢ab;eTAGIuRdUEsn b¤kabUndéTeTot.

another carbon.
halogen : Any of the elements of the
halogen family, group 7A of the periodic
GaLÚEsn ³ FatumYyénGMhYUrGaLÚEsnkñúgRkum 7A éntaragxYbEdl
table, consisting of fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, and astatine.
rYmmanPøúyGr RbÚm GIuy:Ud nig GasþaTIn.
halogen acid : A compound composed
of hydrogen bonded to a halogen
GasIutGaLÚEsn ³ smasFatuEdlpSMedayGIuRdUEsncgsm<½n§eTAnwg
element, e.g. hydrochloric acid. FatuGaLÚEsn. ]TahrN_ GasIutkørIRTic.
halogenated hydrocarbon : A group of
hydrocarbons containing halogens that
GIuRdUkabYGaLÚEsnY ³ RkumGIuRdUkabYEdlmanGaLÚEsnrab;TaMgsmas-
includes, monohalogen compounds
(alkyl or aryl halides) and polyhalogen
FatumUN: ULÚEsn (Gal;KIl b¤GarIlGaLÚEsnY) nigsmasFatubU:lIGaLÚ-
compounds that contain the same or EsnEdlmanGatUmGaLÚEsndUcKña b¤xusKña.
different halogen atoms.
halogenation : A chemical process or
reaction in which a halogen element is
GaLÚEsnkmµ ³ lMnaM b¤RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHFatuGaLÚEsnRtUv)an
introduced into a substance; it can be by
direct reaction with the halogen, by
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsarFatumYy. vaGacekIteLIgedayRbtikmµpÞal;CamYy
electrophilic substitution, or by addition GaLÚEsnedaykarCMnYseGLicRtUPIl b¤edaykarbEnßmPñak;garGaLÚ-
with halogenating agents e.g. PCl3 ,
SOCl3 Esnkmµ. ]TahrN_ PCl , SOCl .
3 3

145
halohydrin : A compound with the

general formula X-R-OH where X is a
GaLÚGIuRDIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanrUbmnþeTA X-R-OH Edl X
halide such as Cl-; an example is
chlorohydrin.
CaGaLÚEsnYdUcCa Cl . ]TahrN_ kør:UGIuRDIn.
-
halon : A fluorocarbon that has one or

more bromine atoms in its molecule.
GaLÚn ³ PøúyGr:UkabUnEdlmanGatUmRbUmmYy b¤eRcInkñúgm:UelKul
rbs;va.
Hammett acidity function :
expression for the acidity of a medium,
An
GnuKmn_GasIut Hammett ³ kenSamsMrab;lkçN³GasIutrbs;
defined as ho = KBH+[BH+]/[B], where
KBH+ is the dissociation constant of the
mCÆdæankMNt;eday h = K [BH ]/[B] Edl K CaefrbMEbkTMrg;
o BH
+ +
BH
+
acid form of the indicator, and [BH+] and GasIutrbs;Fatucg¥úlBN’ ehIy [BH ] nig [B]CakMhab;)asEdlrg
+
[B] are the concentrations of the

protonated base and the unprotonated RbUtugkmµ nig)asminrgRbUtugkmµ.
base respectively.
hand sugar refractometer : Portable
device to read refractive indices of sugar
cMNaMgEbrcl½t ³ ]bkrN_Gacdak;tamxøÜn)ansMrab;GansnÞsSn¾
solutions. Also known as proteinometer. cMMNaMgEbrénsUluysüúgsár. eKehAmüa:geTotfa RbUetGIunNUEm:Rt.
Hansa yellow : Group of organic azo
pigments with strong tinting power, but
BN’elOg Hansa ³ RkumCatiBN’srIragÁGasUEdlmanGMNaceGay
poor opticity in paints; used where
nontoxicity is important.
BN’xøaMg b:uEnþPaBGubTicexSaykñúgfñaMBN’. eKeRbIvaenATINaEdlKµan
BMnulCasMxan;.
Hantzsch synthesis : The reaction
whereby a propyl compound is formed
sMeyaK Hantzsch ³ RbtikmµEdlsmasFatuRbUBIlRtUv)anbegáIt
when a β-ketoester, chloroacetone, and a
primary amine condense.
eLIgenAeBlEdl β-estUeGEsÞ kørUG: aestUn nigGamInfñak;TI1 man
Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµ.
Hanus solution : Iodine monobromide
in glacial acetic acid; used to determine
sUluysüúg Hanus ³ GIuy:Utm:UNURbU‘mYkñúgGasIutGaesTicxab;. eK
iodine values in oils containing
unsaturated organic compounds.
eRbIedIm,IkMNt;tMélGIuyUt: kñúgeRbgEdlpÞúknUvsmasFatusrIragÁminEq¥t.
haphazard : Done by chance, random.
Kµanrebob ³ ekIteLIgedayécdnü.
hard acid : A Lewis acid of low
polarizability, small size, and high
GasIutrwg ³ GasIut Lewis EdlmankMritb:UlkmµTab TMhMtUc nigPaB
positive oxidation state; it does not have
easily excitable outer electrons; some
GuksIutkmµviC¢manx<s;. vamingayePJacedayeGLicRtugeRkAeT.
examples are H+, Li+, and Al3+. ]TahrN_mYycMnYndUcCa H Li nig Al .
+ + 3+
hard base : A Lewis base (electron

donor) that has high polarizability and
)asrwg ³ )as Lewis (Gñkpþl;eGLicRtug) EdlmankMritb:Ulkmµx<s;
low electronegativity, is easily oxidised,
or possesses low lying empty orbitals;
ehIynWgkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manTabgayrgGuksIutkmµ b¤man
some examples are H2O, HO-, OCH3-, Grb‘Ítal;TMenr. ]TahrN_mYycMnYndUcCa H O HO OCH nig F .
2
-
3
- -
and F-.
hard detergent : A nonbiodegradable
detergent.
FatuCMrHEk¥lrwg ³ sarFatuCMrHEk¥lminGacCIvbMEbk)an.
hard water : Water that contains salts,
such as those of calcium or magnesium,
Twkrwg ³ TwkEdlpÞúknUvGMbil dUcCaGMbilkal;süÚm b¤m:aejsüÚmEdl
which form insoluble precipitates with
soap. Does not lather easily.
kCakkrminrlayCamYysab‘U. mingayeLIgBBuH.

146
hardener : Compound reacted with a

resin polymer to harden it, such as the
FatuBRgwg ³ smasFatuRbtikmµCamYYyersIunb:UlIEmedIm,IeFIVeGayva
amines or anhydrides that react with
epoxides to cure or harden them into
eLIgrwgdUcCaGamIn b¤GanIRDItEdlRbtikmµCamYyGIubu:ksIutedIm,IeFIVeGay
plastic materials. Also known as curing Tuk)anyUrb¤eFVIeGayrwgeTACarUbFatu)aøsÞIc. eKehAmüa:geTotfaPñak;gar
agent.
Büa)al.
hardness test : A test to determine the
calcium and magnesium content of
etsþrbwg ³ etsþedIm,IkMNt;kal;süÚmnigm:aejsüÚmmanenAkñúgTwk.
water.
hard-sphere collision theory : A theory
for calculating reaction rate constants for
RTwsþITgÁicEsVrwg ³ RTwsþIsMrab;KNnaefrel,ÓnRbtikmµcMeBaHRbtikmµ
biomolecular gas phase reactions in
which the molecules are considered to be
b‘ÍmU:elKulpas]s½µnEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulRtUv)ancat;TukfaTgÁicEsV‘rwg.
colliding, hard spheres.
Hardy-Schulz rule : An increase in the
charge of ions results in a large increase
viFan Hardy-Schulz ³ karekIneLIgénbnÞúkGIuyug: eFIVeGaymankar
in their flocculating power. ekInGMNacbgákduMrbs;vaya:gxøaMg.
Haring cell : An electrolytic cell with
four electrodes used to measure
Bil Haring ³ BileGLicRtUlIRtEdlmaneGLicRtUtbYn
electrolyte resistance and polarization of
electrodes.
eRbIsMrab;vas;PaBFn;eGLicRtUlIt nigb:UlkmµeGLicRtUt.
harmonic vibration-rotation band : A
vibration-rotation band of a molecule in
bg;rgVillMj½rsIuKña ³ bg;rgVillMj½rm:UelKulEdlkñúgenaHkarRbmaN
which the harmonic oscillator
approximation holds for the vibrational
énlMeyalsIuKñarkSakMritlMj½r dUecñHkMritlMj½rXøatBIKñaesµI²Kña.
levels, so that the vibrational levels are
equally spaced.
Hartmann diagram :
device for positive
Comparison
element-
düaRkam Hartmann ³ ]bkrN_eRbobeFobsMrab;GMNanGtþ-
identification-readings from emission
spectra.
sBaaØNkmµFatuviC¢manBIs,úicbnSay.
Hartmann test : A test of spectrometers
in which light is passed through different
etsþ Hartmann ³ etsþs,iúcRkUEm:RtEdlkñúgenaHBnøW )anqøgkat;tam
parts of the entrance slit; any resulting
changes of the spectrum indicate a fault
EpñkepSg²énrgVHcUl. karERbRbYls,iúcEdlbgðajBIkMhuskñúg]bkrN_.
in the instrument.
Hartmann’s solution : Solution of
thymol, ethyl alcohol, and sulfuric ether;
sUluysüúg Hartmann ³ sUluysüúgTIm:ul eGTIlGal;kul nig
used for selective dentin analysis. eGETs‘ulpYric. eKeRbIvasMrab;viPaKPøúkeFµjeRCIserIs.
hazardous : Dangerous, exposure to
risk.
eRKaHfñak; ³ EdleRKaHfñak;RbQmnwgeRKaHfµñak;.
heat : A form of energy which materials
possess from the kinetic energy in their
kMedA ³ sNæanfamBlEdlrUbFatumanBIfamBlsIuenTickñúgm:UelKul
molecules; heat is measured in joules (J). rbs;va. kMedARtUv)anvas;KitCas‘Ul.
heat capacity : The quantity of heat
required to change an objects
cMNuHkMedA ³ brimaNkMedARtUvkarsMrab;bþÚrsItuNðPaBvtßú 1 CKt;.
o
temperature by exactly 1oC.Measured in

J/K. See specific heat capacity, molar
vas;Ca J/K. emIl specific heat capacity, molar heat capacity.
heat capacity
heat of activation : The increase in
enthalpy when a substance is
kMedAskmµ ³ kMNInGg;tal;BIkalNasarFatu)anbMElgBIsNæan
transformed from a less active to a more
reactive form at constant pressure.
skmµticeTACaskmµxøaMgenAsMBaFefr.

147
heat of association : Increase in

enthalpy accompanying the formation of
kMedAbnSM ³ kMeNInGg;tal;BIEdlnaMeGayekItmYym:UlsmasFatu
1 mole of a coordination compound from
its constituent molecules or other
kUGrDINasüúgBImUe: lKulsmasPaKrbs;va b¤PaKl¥itepSgeTotenA
particles at constant pressure. sMBaFefr.
heat of atomisation : The enthalpy
change when 1 mole of a substance at
kMedAGatUmkmµ ³ bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIenAeBlEdl 1m:UlénsarFatu
298K and 1atm changes into free atoms. mYyenA 298K nig 1atm pøas;bþÚreTACaGatUmesrI.
heat of combustion : The amount of
heat released in the oxidation of 1 mole
kMedAcMehH ³ brimaNkMedAEdl)anbeBa©jkñúgGuksIutkmµ 1m:Ulén
of a substance at constant pressure, or
constant volume. Also known as heat
sarFatuenAsMBaFefr b¤maDefr. eKehAmüa:geTotfa tMélkMedA tMél
value; heating value. karkMedA.
heat of decomposition : The change in
enthalpy accompanying the
kMedAbMEbkFatu ³ bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIEdlnaMeGaymankarbMEbk 1
decomposition of 1 mole a compound
into its element at constant pressure.
m:UlsmasFatueTACaFaturbs;vaenAsMBaFefr.
heat of dilution : 1. The increase in
enthalpy accompanying the addition of a
kMedABRgav ³ 1.kMeNInGg;tal;BIedaykarbEnßmbrimaNCak;lak;én
specified amount of solvent to a solution
of constant pressure. Also known as
FaturMlayeTAkñúgsUluysüúgsMBaFefr. eKehAmüa:geTotfakMedABRgav
integral heat of dilution; total heat of TaMgRsugkMedABRgavsrub. 2. kMeNInGg;tal;BIkalNabrimaNd_tictYc
dilution. 2. The increase in enthalpy
when an infinitesimal amount of solvent énFaturMlayRtUv)anbEnßm eTAkñúgsUluysüúgenAsMBaFefr. eKehA
is added to a solution at constant
pressure. Also known as differential of müa:geTotfa DIepr:g;Esl BRgav.
dilution.
heat of dissociation : The increase in
enthalpy at constant pressure, when
kMedAbMEbk ³ kMeNInGg;tal;BIenAsMBaFefr kalNam:UelKulEbkExJk
molecules break apart or valence
linkages break.
b¤sm<½n§va:Lg;Ebk)ak;.
heat of formation : Heat consumed or
released when one mole of a substance is
kMedAkMN ³ kMedAEdleRbIR)as; b¤beBa©jenAeBlEdlmYym:Ulén
formed from its elements in their
standard states.
sarFatumYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgBIFaturbs;vakñúgPaBsþg;darbs;va.
heat of fusion : Amount of heat that
must be added to change from solid to
kMedArlay ³ brimaNkMedAEdlRtUvbEnßmsMrab;bþÚrBIvtßúrwgeTACavtßúrav
liquid state or the amount that must be
removed to change the material from
b¤brimaNkMedAEdlRtUvrMedaHecjsMrab;bþÚrrUbFatuBIvtßúraveTACavtßúrwg.
liquid to solid.
heat of hydration : The increase in
enthalpy accompanying the formation of
kMedAGIuRdatkmµ ³ kMeNInGg;tal;BIEdlnaMeGayekItmYym:Ulén
1 mole of a hydrate from the anhydrous
form of the compound and from water at
GIuRdatBIsNæanKµanTwkénsmasFatu nigBITwkenAsMBaFefr.
constant pressure.
heat of ionization : The increase in
enthalpy when 1 mole of a substance is
kMedAGIuy:ugkmµ ³ kMeNInGg;tal;BIkalNamYym:UlénsarFatu)an
completely ionised at constant pressure. køayCaGIuyug: TaMgRsugenAsMBaFefr.
heat of linkage : The bond energy of a
particular type of valence linkage
kMedAsm<½n§ ³ famBlsm<½n§énRbePTsm<½n§va:Lg;NamYyrvagGatUm
between atoms in a molecule, as
determined by the energy required to
kñúgm:UelKuldUc)ankMNt;edayfamBlRtUvkarsMrab;bMEbkRKb;RbePT
dissociate all bonds of the type in 1 mole sm<½n§kñúgmYym:UlsmasFatuEckeGaycMnYnsm<½n§kñúgsmasFatumYy.
of the compound divided by the number
of such bonds in a compound.

148
heat of reaction (Symbol ∆H) : Heat

consumed or released when a reaction
kMedARbtikmµ¬Gg;tal;BI¦ (Symbol ∆H) ³ kMedA)aneRbIR)as; b¤
takes place. See enthalpy change beBa©jenAeBlEdlRbtikmµdMeNIrkar. emIl enthalpy change.
heat of solution : Heat consumed or
released when one mole of a substance is
kMedAsUluysüúg ³ kMedAeRbIR)as; b¤beBa©jenAeBlEdlmYym:Ulén
dissolved in a large volume of solvent. sarFatuRtUv)anrMlaykñúgmaDFaturMlayya:geRcIn.
heat of vaporization : Amount of heat
that must be added to change a liquid to
kMedAkarbgðÜt ³ brimaNkMedAEdlRtUveRbIedIm,IbMElgGgÁFaturaveTA
a gas at constant temperature. Ca]sµ½nenAsMBaFefr.
heat transfer : The energy that is
transferred from one body to another
benÞrkMedA ³ famBlEdlRtUvepÞrBIGgÁFatumYyeTAGgÁFatumYyepSg
because of a temperature difference. eTotedaysarEtPaBxusKñaénsItuNðPaB.
heat value : See heat of combustion.
tMélkMedA ³ emIl heat of combustion.
heating oil : A product of fractional
distillation of crude oil with boiling point
eRbgdutkMedA ³ plitplénbMNitRbPaKéneRbgeqAEdlmancMNuc
range 260-350°C.Used for heating
homes and for electricity production.
rMBuHBI 260-350°C. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;dutkMedAkñúgpÞH nigsMrab;kar
plitGKÁisnI.
heavy water : A compound of hydrogen
and oxygen containing a higher
TwkF¶n; ³ smassFatuGIuRdUEsn nigGuksIuEsnEdlmansmamaRt
proportion of the hydrogen isotope
deuterium than does naturally occurring
GIusUtUbGIuRdUEsndWetrüÚmeRcInCagTwkkekItedayFmµCati. eKehAmüa:g
water. Also known as deuterium oxide. eTotfa dWetrüÚmGuksIut.
Hefner lamp : A flame lamp that burns
amyl acetate.
cegáog Hefner ³ cegáogGNþatePøIgEdldutGamIlGaestat.
Hehner number : Weight percent of
water-insoluble fatty acids in fats and
cMnYnHehner ³ PaKryma:sénGasIutxøaj;EdlminrlaykñúgTwkenA
oils. kñúgxøaj; nigeRbg.
Heitler-London covalence theory : A
calculation of binding energy and the
RTwsþIkUv:aLg; Heitler-London ³ karKNnafamBlsm<½n§ nigcMgay
distance between the atoms of diatomic
molecule, which assumes that the two
rvagGatUmrbs;mU:elKulDIGatUmEdlKitfaeGLicRtugBIrsßitenAkñúg
electrons are in atomic orbitals about Grb‘Ítal;GatUmCMuvijéNVyU:nimYy² ehIybnÞab;mkpSMGrb‘Ítal;TaMenHcUl
each of the nuclei, and then combines
these orbitals into a symmetric or KñaeTAkñúgbgÁMúsIuemRTI b¤GsIuemRTI.
antisymmetric function.
helicate : Any number of a group of
synthetic, helical arrays of molecules
eGlIkat ³ cMnYnRkuménm:UelKuleRcInkñúgeRKagsaMgetTicCaregVl
formed by the chemical recognition and
organization of metals and organic bases.
EdlbegáIteLIgedaykarTTYlsÁal;FatuKImI nigkarerobcMénelah³
nig)assrIragÁ.
helium spectrometer : A small mass
spectrometer used to detect the presence
s,iúcRtUEm:RteGlü:Úm ³ ]bkrN_s,iúcm:asxñattUceRbIsMrab;emIl
of helium in a vacuum system; for leak
detection, a jet of helium is applied to
vtþmaneGlüÚ:mkñúgRbBn½§suBaaØkas. sMrab;kartamemIlBnøWelcecj
suspected leaks in the outer surface of karbeBa©jkaMrsµIeGlüÚ:mRtUv)anGnuvtþeTAelICRmabEdlsgS½yelc
the system.
ecjelIépÞeRkAénRbBn½§.

149
Hell-volhard-Zelinsky reaction
Preparation of an ester or α-halo
:
Rbtikmµ Hell-volhard-Zelinsky ³ karerobcMeGEsÞ b¤ α- Gal;LÚ
substituted acid ( chloro or bromo) by
reacting the halogen on the acid in the
CMnYsGasIut (kørU: b¤RbÚm):U edayRbtikmµGaLÚEsnelIGasIutEdlman
presence of phosphorus halide, and then vtþmanpUsVrGaLÚEsnY ehIybnÞab;mkeFIVRbtikmµGIuRdUlIsGal;kulIsén
followed by hydrolysis of alcoholysis of
the haloacyl halide resulting. GaLÚGasIulGaLÚEsnYEdlTTYl)an.
Helmholtz equation : The relationship
stating that the emf (electromotive force)
smIkar Helmholtz ³ TMnak;TMngEdlEcgfa emf (kMlaMgGKÁisnI
of a reversible electrolytic cell equals the
work equivalent of the chemical reaction
clkr) BileGLicRtUlIRteTAmkesµIeTAnwgkmµnþsmmUlénRbtikmµ-KImI
when charge passes through the cell plus kalNabnÞúkqøgkat;tamBilbUknwgplKuNénsItuNðPaBnigedrIev én
the product of the temperature and the
derivative of the emf with respect to emf eTAtamsItuNðPaB.
temperature.
hemiacetal : A class of compounds that
have the grouping C(OH) (OR) and that
eGmIGaestal; ³ fñak;smasFatuEdlmanRkum C(OH) (OR) nig)an
result from the reaction of an aldehyde
and alcohol.
mkBIRbtikmµGal;edGIut nigGal;kul.
hemiketal : A carbonyl compound that
results from the addition of an alcohol to
eGmIestal; ³ smasFatukabUnIlEdl)anmkBIkarbEnßmGal;kul
the carbonyl group of a ketone, with the
general formula R(R’)C(OH)(OR).
eTAelIRkumkabUnIlénGaestUn EdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA R(R’)C(OH)(OR)
hemoglobin : Protein in red blood cells
that binds oxygen. The presence of
eGm:UkøÚb‘Ín ³ RbUetGIunkñúgekasikaQamRkhmEdlP¢ab;CamYyGuksIu-
hemoglobin in blood greatly increases
the capacity of blood for oxygen
Esn. vtþmaneGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnkñúgQambgáItya:gxøaMgnUvlT§PaBdwkbBa¢ÚnGuk-
transport. sIuEsnenAkñúgQam.
hemolysis : Swelling and rupturing of a
cell that occurs when blood cells are
eGm:UlIs ³ kareLIge)a:g nigkarpÞúHEbkénekasikaEdlekItmaneLIg
placed in a solution of less than isotonic
concentration, and water moves in
enAeBlekasikaQamRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;Tab
through the cell membrane. CagkMhab;GIusUtUnic nigTwkRCabcUltamPñasekasika.
Henderson equation for pH : An
equation for the pH of an acid during its
smIkar pH Henderson ³ smIkar pH rbs;GasIutenAeBlvaNWt
neutralization: pH = pKa + log pH = pKa + log [GMbil]/[GasIut] Edl pKa CaLÚkarIteKal10 én
[salt]/[acid], where pKa is the logarithm
to base 10 of the reciprocal of the bdikarefrbMEbkrbs;GasIut. smIkarenHmanRbeyaCn_sMrab; pH BI
dissociation constant of the acid; the
equation is found to useful for the pH 4 –10 Edlpþl;eGaysUluysüúgminraveBk.
range 4-10, providing the solutions are
not too dilute.
Henry’s law : The law that sufficiently
high dilution in a liquid solution, the
c,ab; Henry ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfakarBRgavxøaMgkñúgsUluysüúgvtßúrav
fugacity of a nondissociating solute
becomes proportional to its
PuykasIueténFaturlayminGacbMEbk)aneTACasmamaRteTAnwgkMhab;
concentration. rbs;va.
heparin : Polysaccharide that functions
as an anticoagulant.
eG):arIn ³ b:UlIsakarItEdledIrtYCaFatuRbqaMgnwgkMnk.
heptyl : CH3(CH2)6 The functional
group from heptane, CH3(CH2)5CH3.
GibTIl ³ CH (CH ) RkumbgÁMúnaTI)anBIGibtan CH (CH ) CH .
3 2 6 3 2 5 3
herbicide : Chemical used to kill

unwanted plants or weeds.
fñaMsMrab;rukçCati ³ FatuKImIEdleRbIIsMlab;rukçCatiEdlmin RtUvkar
e.g. 2,4-D , Paraquat) b¤rukçCaticéRg]TahrN_ 2,4-D )a:ra:kVat.
Hercules trap : Water-measuring liquid
trap used in aquametry when the material
bNþaj Hercules ³ bNáajsMrab;vas;TwkEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúg
collected is heavier than water. GakVam:aRt (]bkrN_vas;Twk) kalNarUbFatuRbmUlpþúMF¶n;CagTwk.

150
Hess’s law : The law that the heat

evolved or absorbed in a chemical
c,ab; Hess ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfakMedAEdldMeNIrkarb¤RsUbkñuúgRbtikmµ
reaction is the same whether the reaction
takes one step or several steps. Also
KImWKWesµIKñaeTaHbIRbtikmµekIteLIgmYydMNak;karb¤eRcIndMNak;kark¾
known as the law of constant heat eday. eKehAmü:ageTotfa c,ab;kMedAsrubefr.
summation.
hetero- : Prefix meaning different; e.g.,
a heterocyclic compound is one in which
eGetr:U- ³ buBVbTmann½yfaxusKña. ]TahrN_smasFatueGetr:UEdl
the ring is made of more than one kind
of atom.
kñúgenaHvg;mYyekIteLIgBIGatUmeRcInRbePT.
heteroatom : In an organic compound,
any atom other than carbon or hydrogen.
eGetr:UGatUm ³ kñúgsmasFatusrIragÁ GatUmNamYyeRkABIkabUn
nigGIuRdUEsn.
heterocyclic compound : Compound in
which the ring structure is a combination
smasFatueGetr:UsuIKøic ³ smasFatuEdlkñúgenaHTMrg;vg;pSMeday
of more than one kind of atom; e.g.,
pyridine, C5H5N.
GatUmeRcInRbePT. ]TahrN_ BIrIDIn C H N.
5 5
heterogeneous : Related to a mixture of

phases such as liquid-vapor, or liquid-
eGetr:UEsn rWminesµIsac; ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgl,ayénpasTaMg-
vapor-solid. Lay dUcCacMhayvtßúurav b¤vtßúurav-cMhay-vtßúurwg.
heterogeneous catalysis : Catalysis
occurring at a phase boundary, usually a
katalIsminesµIsac; ³ katalIsEdlekIteLIgenAelIRBMEdnpas
solid-fluid interface. CaTUeTAépÞGnþrmuxvtßúrwg-rav.
heterogeneous chemical reaction :
Chemical reaction system in which the
RbtikmµKImIminesµIsac; ³ RbB½n§RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHRbtikrman
reactants are of different phases; e.g., gas
with liquid, liquid with solid, or a solid
pasepSgKña. ]TahrN_]sµ½nCamYyvtßúrav vtßúuravCamYyvtßúrwg b¤katalI-
catalyst with liquid or gaseous reactants. krvtßúrwgCamYyvtßúrav b¤Rbtikr]s½µn.
heterogeneous mixture : A mixture that
is not uniform in composition; its
l,ayminesµIsac; ³ l,ayEdlsmasPaBminÉksNæansmasPaK
components are readily distinguished. rbs;vaxusKñaxøaMg.
heterolysis : See heterolytic cleavage.
eGetr:UlIs ³ emIl heterolytic cleavage.
heterolytic bond dissociation energy :
The change in enthalpy that occurs when
famBlbMEbksm<½n§minesµIPaK ³ bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIEdlekIteLIg
a chemical bond undergoes heterolytic
cleavage.
kalNasm<½n§KImIrgbNþac;minesµIPaK.
heterolytic cleavage : The breaking of a
single (two-electron) chemical bond in
bNþac;minesµIPaK b¤bNþaceGetrU:lITic ³ karbMEbksm<½n§KIm
which both electrons remain on one of
the atoms. Also known as heterolysis.
eTal(BIreGLicRtug) Edl kñúgenaHeGLicRtugTaMgBIrsßitenAEtelIGatUm
mYy. eKehAmüa:geTotfa eGetr:UlIs.
heterolytic fission : The breaking of a
bond in a compound in which the two
bMEbkminesµIPaK b¤bMEbkeGetrU:lITic³ karpþac;sm<½n§kñúgsmas-
fragments are oppositely charged ions.
e.g. HCl→H+ + Cl-
FatumYyEdlkñúgenaHbMENkBIrKWCaGIuyu:gEdlmanbnÞúkpÞúyKña.
]TahrN_ HCl→H + Cl .
+ -
heteronuclear molecule : A diatomic

molecule having atoms of different
m:UelKuleGetr:UéNVy:U ³ m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanGatUménFatuxus
elements. Kña.
heteropolar bond : A covalent bond
whose total dipole moment is not 0.
sm<½n§eGetr:Ub:UEl ³ sm<½n§kUv:aLg;Edlm:Um:g;DIb:UlsrubminesµIsUnü.

151
heteropoly acid : Complex acids of

metals, whose specific gravity is greater
GasIuteGetr:Ub:UlI ³ GasIutsaMjauMénelah³Edldg;sIueteFobrbs;vaFMM
than 4, with phosphoric acid; e.g.
phosphomolybdic acid.
Cag $ CamYyGasIutpUsVric. ]TahrN_ GasIutpUsVÚm:UlIbDic.
heteropoly compound :
compounds of molybdates
Polymeric
with
smasFatueGetr:Ub:UlI ³ smasFatubUl: IEmrbs;m:UlIbdatCamYy
anhydrides of other elements such as
phosphorus; e.g. the yellow precipitate
GanIRDItFatuepSgeTot dUcCa pUsVr. ]TahrN_ kkrBN’elOg
(NH4)3P(Mo3O10)4 (NH ) P(Mo O ) .
4 3 3 10 4
heterotopic faces : On molecules, faces

of double bonds where addition gives
muxeGetr:UtUBic ³ elImUe: lKulmuxénsm<½n§BIrCan;EdlkarbEnßmbNþal
rise to isomeric structures. eGaymanTMrg;GIusUEm.
heterotopic ligands : Constitutionally
identical ligands whose separate
lIkg;eGetr:UtUBic ³ lIkg;EdlmansNæanrUbdUcKñaebHbiTEdlEjkkar
replacement by a different ligand gives
rise to isomeric structures.
CMnYsedaylIkg;xusKñabNþaleGaymanTMrg;GIusUEm.
heterotrophic organism : Organism that
must consume organic matter to obtain
Pavrs;brCIB ³ sarBagÁkayEdlRtUvEteRbIR)as;rUbFatusrIragÁedIm,I
energy and carbon atoms. TTYl)anfamBlnigGatUmkabUn.
heterozeotrope : Liquid mixture that is
not completely miscible in all
eGetr:UesGURtUb ³ l,ayravEdlminrlayTaMgRsugkñúgRKb;smamaRt
proportions in the liquid phase, yet does
not form an azeotrope. Also known as
kñúgpasrav nigminbegáItCaGaesGURtUb. eKehAm:üaeTotfa esGURtUbmin
heterogeneous zeotrope. esµIsac;.
hexadendate ligand : A chelating agent
having six groups capable of attachment
lIkg;eFµjR)aMmYy ³ Pñak;gardegáobmanR)aMmYyRkummanlT§PaBP¢ab;
to a metal ion. Also known as
sexadendate ligand.
eTAnwgGIuyu:gelah³. eKehAm:üageTotfa lIkg; sexadentate.
hfs ³ emIl hyperfine structure.
hfs : See hyperfine structure.
high polymer : A large molecule (of

molecular weight greater than 10,000)
b:UlIEmFM ³ m:UelKulFM (Edlmanm:asm:UelKulFMCag 10.000)CaFmµta
usually composed of repeat units of low-
molecular-weight species; e.g., ethylene
pSMeLIgedaybNþúMdUc²KñaénRbePTma:sm:UelKultUc. ]TahrN_
or propylene. eGTIELn b¤RbUBIELn.
high-density polyethylene : A
thermoplastic polyolefin with a density
b:UlIeGTIELndg;sIuetFM ³ b:UlIGUelPInETm:U)øasÞicEdlmandg;sIuetBI
of 0.941-0.960 gram per cubic 0,941-0,960 RkamkñúgmYysgÞIEm:RtKUb (0,543-0,555 eGankñúgmYy
centimeter (0.543-0.555 ounce per cubic
inch). Abbreviated HDPE. GIugKUb). sresrkat; HDPE.
high-energy bond : Any chemical bond
yielding a decrease in free energy of at
sm<½n§famBlx<s; ³ sm<½n§KImIEdleFIVeGaymantMhyfamBlesrI
least 5 kilocalories per mole. y:agticbMput 5 KILÚkaLÚrIkñúgmYym:Ul.
high-frequency titration :
conductimetric titration in which two
A
GRtakmµeRbgkg;x<s; ³ GRtakmµFatucMlgFatuEdleGLicRtUtTaMgBIr
electrodes are mounted on the outside of
the beaker or vessel containing the
dak;enAEpñkxageRkAEkvEbEs‘ b¤PaCn¾pÞúksUluysüúgEdlRtUvviPaKehIy
solution to be analyzed and an RbPBcrnþqøas; rab;ebkaEG‘kRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ivas;el,ÓnGRtakmµ.
alternating current source in the
megahertz range is used to measure the
course of a titration.
high-performance
matography :
liquid chro-
A type of column
RkUm:atURkaPIvtßúravkMritx<s; ³ RbePTRkUm:atURkaPIkUeLanEdlkñúg
chromatography in which the solvent is
conveyed through the column under
enaHFaturMlayRtUv)annaMtamkUelaneRkamsMBaF. sresrkat; HPLC.
pressure. Abbreviated HPLC.

152
high-resolution electron energy loss

spectroscopy : A type of electron
karsikSas,iúckar)at;bg;famBleGLicRtugc,as;xøaMg ³ RbePT
energy loss spectroscopy in which
electron scattering is performed by using
s,iúcsikSakar)at;bg;famBleGLicRtugEdlkñúgenaHkarBRgayeGLic-
a monoenergy beam and electron energy RtugekIteLIgedaykareRbIR)as;bgámUN : UfamBl nig]bkrN_viPaKfam-
analyzers to achieve a resolution of 5 to
10 millielectronvolts. Abbreviated BleGLicRtugedIm,IeGay eXIjc,as;BI 5 eTA 10 mIlIeGLicRtugv:ul.
HREELS.
sresrtat; HREELS.
high-temperature chemistry : The
study of chemical phenomena occurring
KImIsItuNðPaBxç<s; ³ karsikSaGMBI)atuPUtKImIEdlekIteLIgenA
above about 500 K. sItuNðPaBx<s;Cag 500 K.
Hill reaction : Production of substituted
phenylacetic acids by the oxidation of
Rbtikmµ Hill ³ karplitGasIutepnIlGaesTicCMnYsedayGuksIutkmµ
the corresponding alkylbenzene by
potassium permanganate in the presence
Gal;KIlbg;EsnEdlRtUvKñaedayb:UtasüÚmEBm:g;kaNatkñúgvtþmanGasIut
of acetic acid. GaesTic.
Hinsberg test : A test to distinguish
between primary and secondary amines;
karsakl,g Hinshberg ³ karsakl,gEbgEckrvagGamInfñak;TI
it involves reaction of an amine with
benzene disulforyl chloride in alkaline
mYynigGamInfñak;TIBIr. varYmmanRbtikmµénGamInCamYybg;EsnDIs‘ul-
solution; secondary amines give pUrIl kørYkñúgsUluysüúgGal;kaLaMg. GamInfñak;TIBIrpþl;RsLaymin
insoluble derivatives; tertiary amines do
not react with the reagent. rlay. GamInfñak;TIbIminRbtikmµCamYyFatubnÞal;eT.
Hittorf method : A procedure for
determining transference numbers in
viFI Hittorf ³ lMnaMsMrab;kMNt;cMnYnbenÞrEdlkñúgenaHrgVas;mYypøas;
which one measures changes in the
composition of the solution near the
bþÚrkñúgsmasPaBsUluysüúgEk,rkatUtnigEk,rGaNUténBileGLic-
cathode and near the anode of an RtUlItedaysarkarqøgkat;énbrimaNsÁal;énGKÁisnI.
electrolytic cell, due to passage of a
known amount of electricity.
Hofmamm exhaustive methylation
reaction : A reaction in which amides
RbtikmµemTIlkmµ Hofmann ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGamItRtUv)an
are degraded by treatment with bromine
and alkali (caustic soda) to amines
bMEbkedayRBwtþkmµCamYyRbU‘mnigGal;kalI (sUdakat;) eTACaGamInEdl
containing one less carbon; used mankabUnticCagmYy. eKeRbIvakñúgplitkmµnILúgEbbBaNiC¢kmµ.
commercially in the production of nylon.
Hofmann amine separation :
technique to separate a mixture of
A
karEjkGamIn Hofmann ³ bec©keTssMrab;Ejkl,ayGamInfñak;
primary, secondary, and tertiary amines;
they are heated with ethyl oxalate; there
TImYy TIBIr nigTIbI. eKkMedAvaCamYyeGTIlGuksaLat. KµanRbtikmµ
is no reaction with tertiary amines, CamYyGamInTIbI EtGamInTImYykCaDIGamIt ehIyGamInTIBIrkCam:UNU
primary amines form a diamide, and the
secondary amines form a monoamide; GamIt. enAeBll,ayRbtikmµ enHrgbMNitl,ayRtUv)anEjkeTACa
when the reaction mixture is distilled,
the mixture is separated into smasPaK.
components.
Hofmann degradation : The action of
bromine and an alkali on an amide so
tMhyKuNPaB Hofmann ³ GMeBIénRbÚ nigGal;kalIeTAelIGamIt
that it is converted into a primary amine
with one less carbon atom.
EdlbNþaleGayvabMElgeTACaGamInTImanGatUmkabUnticmYy.
Hofmann rearrangement : A chemical
rearrangement of the hydrohalides of N-
bNþÚTItaMg Hofmann ³ tMerobeLIgvijénsarFatuKImIGIuRdUGaLÚEsnY
alkylanilines upon heating to give
aminoalkyl benzenes.
én N-Gal;KIlGanIlInedaykardutkMedAedIm,Ipþl;CaGamINUGal;KIl
bg;Esn.

153
Hofmeister series : An arrangement of

anions or cations in order of decreasing
es‘rI Hofmeister ³ tMerobénGaj:ugb¤kacugtamlMdab;fycuHén
ability to produce coagulation when their
salts are added to lyophilic sols. Also
smtßPaBbegáItkMNkkalNaGMbilrbs;RtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIsUluysüúg
known as lyotopic series, aminoalkyl kULÚGIutlIGUPIl. eKehAmü:ageTotfa es‘rIlIGUtUBic> GamINUGal;KIl
benzenes.
bg;Esn.
Hole-burning spectroscopy : A method
of observing extremely narrow line
karsikSas,iúccMehHrn§ ³ viFIGegátbnÞarbnÞat;d¾tUcceg¥ótbMputén
widths in certain ions and molecules
embedded in crystalline solids, in which
GIuyu:gnigm:UelKulxøHkb;enAkñúgRkamrwgEdlkñúgenaHkarBRgIkekIteLIg
broadening produced by crystal-site- edaybMErbMrYlEdnsßitiGaRs½ymuxRkamTTYl)anC½yCMnHedaymanLaEs‘
dependent statistical field variations is
overcome by having a monochromatic m:UNURkUm:aTicpþac;ykGIuyu:gb¤mUe: lKulecjCabeNþaHGasnñenAmuxRkam
laser temporarily remove ions or
molecules at selected crystal sites from eRCIserIsBIkMritsMrUbrbs;vanigsegátCMralTMrg;sMrUbTTYl)anCamYybgÁúM
their absorption levels, and observing the
resulting dip in the absorption profile
BnøWLaEs‘TIBIr.
with a second laser beam.
homeostasis : Maintenance of a constant
internal environment.
GUemGUsþasIus rwlMnwgefr ³ karEfTaMmCÄdæanxagkñúgeGayenAefr
dEdl.
homo- : 1. Indicating the homolog of a
compound differing in formula from the
GUm:U- ³ 1.karbgððajBIPaBdUcKñaénsmasFatuEdlrUbmnþxusKñaBI
latter by an increase of one CH2 group.
2. Indicating a homopolymer made up of
smasFatuedImedaykMNInRkum CH mYy.2
a single type of monomer, such as 2. karbgðajBIbUl

: IEmdUcKñaEdlekIteLIgBI RbePTm:UNUEmeTal.
polyethelene from ethylene. 3. Indicating
that a skeletal atom has been added to a 3.karbgðajfaeRKagGatUmRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelITMrg; c,as;las;.
well-known structure.
homogeneous : Relating to a substance
having uniform composition or structure.
esµIsac; ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsarFatupasEtmYy. smasPaB b¤TMrg;
ÉksNæan.
homogeneous : Relating to only one
phase.
esµIsac; ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsarFatumanpasEtmYy.
homogeneous catalysis : occurring within
a single phase, usually a gas or liquid.
katalIsesµIsac; ³ karekIteLIgenAkñúgpasEtmYy CaFmµta
Ca]s½µn b¤vtßúrav.
homogeneous chemical reaction :
Chemical reaction system in which all
RbtikmµKImIesµIsac; ³ RbB½n§RbtikmµKImI EdlkñúgenaHFatubgáTaMgGs;
constituents ( reactants and catalyst ) are (Rbtikr nig katalIkr) sßitkñúgpasEtmYy.
of the same phase.
homogeneous mixture : A mixture that
is uniform in composition; its
l,ayesµIsac; ³ l,ayEdlsmasPaBÉksNæan.
components are readily distinguished.
homologation : A type of
hydroformylation in which carbon
GUm:ULÚkkmµ ³ RbePTGIuRdUprmIlkmµEdlkñúgenaHkabUnm:UNUGuksIut
monoxide reacts with certain saturated
alcohols to yield either aldehydes or
RbtikmµCamYyGal;kulEq¥tmYycMnYneGayplCaGal;edGIut b¤Gal;kul
alcohols (or a mixture of both (b¤l,ayTaMgBIr)EdlpÞúkGatUmkabUnmYyeRcInCagFatuedIm.
)containing one more carbon atom then
the parent.
homologous series : Family of
compounds differing only by the
es‘rIGUm:ULÚk ³ GMbUrsmasFatuEdlxusKñaEtcMnYnRkum-CH kñúgrUbmnþ.
2
number of -CH2 groups in the formula.

The alkane series is represented by the
es‘rIGal;kantagedayrUbmnþTUeTA C H .
n 2n+2
general formula CnH2n+2

154
homology : The relation among

elements of the same group, or family, in
GUm:ULÚsIu ³ TMnak;TMngrvagFatuTaMgLaykñúgRkumb¤GMbUrEtmYykñúgtarag
the periodic table. A series of related
organic compounds that show gradual
xYb. es‘rIsmasFatusrIragÁTak;TgKñaEdlbgðajBIlkçN³pøas;bþÚrCa
change in their properties. e.g. Alkanes. lMdab;. ]TahrN_ Gal;kan.
homolysis : See homolytic cleavage.
GUm:UlIs ³ emIl homolytic cleavage.
homolytic cleavage : The breaking of a
single (two-electron) bond in which one
karbMEbkesµIPaK ³ karbMEbksm<½n§eTal (eGLicRtugBIr) Edlkñúg
electron remains on each of the atoms.
Also known as free-radical reaction,
enaHeGLicRtugmYyenAEtsßitenAelIGatUmnimYy². eKehAmü:ageTot
homolysis, homolytic fission. e.g. fa Rbtikmµr:aDIkal;esrIGUmUl: IsbNþac;esµIPaK. ]TahrN_
Cl2→Cl. + Cl.
Cl →Cl + Cl .
2
. .
homomorphs : Chemical molecules

that are similar in size and shape, but not
GUm:Um:hV ³ m:UelKulKImIEdlRsedogKñaTaMgTMhM nigRTg;RTay b:uEnþ
necessarily having
characteristics in common.
any other mincaM)ac;manlkçN³epSgeTotdUcKñaeT.
homonuclear molecule : A diatomic
molecule, both of whose atoms are of the
m:UelKulGUm:UéNVy:U ³ m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlGatUmTaMgBIrenaHCaFatu
same element. EtmYy.
homopolar bond : A covalent bond
whose total dipole moment is zero.
sm<½n§GUm:uUbU:El ³ sm<½n§kUv:aLg;Edlm:Um:g;DIbU:lsrubrbs;vaesµIsUnü.
homopolymer : A polymer formed
from a single monomer. e.g.
GUm:Ub:UlIEm ³ b:UlIEmekIteLIgBImUN: UEmEtmYyRbePT. ]TahrN_
polyethylene, formed by polymerization
of ethylene.
b:UlIeGTIELnekIteLIgedayb:UlIEmkmµeGTIELn.
homozeotrope : Mixture in which the
liquid components are miscible in all
GUm:UesGURtUb ³ l,ayEdlkñúgenaHsmasPaKravGacrlaycUlKña)an
proportions in the liquid phase. and may
be separated by ordinary distillation.
kñúgRKb;smamaRtenAkñúgpasrav ehIyGacEjk)anedaybMNitFmµta.
Hopkins-Cole reaction
appearance of a violet ring when
: The
Rbtikmµ Hopkins-Cole ³karbgðajvg;B’NsVaykalNaGasIuts‘ul-
concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a
mixture that includes a protein and
pYricxab;RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúgl,ayEdlrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbUetGIunnigGasIut
glyoxylic acid, however, gelatin and zein KøIGuksIulic. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edayesLaTIn nigesGIunminbgðaj
do not show the reaction.
RbtikmµenHeT.
horizontal chromatography : Paper
chromatography in which the
RkUm:atURkaPIedk ³ RkUm:atURkaPIRkdasEdlRkUm:atURkamedkCaCMnYs
chromatogram is horizontal instead of
vertical.
RkUm:atURkamQr.
hormone : Messenger molecule
produced in one part of the body that is
Grm:Un ³ m:UelKulnaMsarEdlRtUv)anplitenAkñúgEpñkmYyénsarBagÁ-
transported throughout the body in blood
and that binds to target cells, triggering
kaynigRtUv)andwknaMtamQameTABaseBjsarBagÁkayrYcP¢ab;eTAnwg
events that alter the metabolism of the ekasikaeKaledAbNþaleGaymanehtukarN¾pøas;bþÚremtabUlIs
cell.
ekasika.
Hortvet sublimator :
determination of
Device for the
the condensation
s‘ublIma:T½r Hortvet ³]bkrN_sMrab;kMNt;sItuNðPaBkugdg;kmµ
temperature (sublimation point) of (cMNucrMehIr) rbs;vtßúrwgbMElgCa]sµ½n.
sublimed solids.
host structure : The crystal structure
that forms the cage in which the guest
TMrg;FµÜl ³ TMrg;RkamEdlbegáItCaRTugEdlm:UelKulFatusñak;GaRs½y
molecule is trapped in a clathrate
compound. Also known as host
RtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgsmasFatuRbTas. eKehAmüa:geTotfa sarFatu
substance. FµÜl.

155
host substance : See host structure.

sarFatuFµÜl ³ emIl host structure.
host-guest complexation chemistry :
The design, synthesis and study of
KImIkMupiøckmµFµÜl-Fatusñak;GaRs½y ³ KMeragsMeyaK nigkarsikSa
highly structured organic molecular
complexes that mimic biological
énkMupiøcm:UelKulsrIragÁkMritx<s;EdleFVItamkuMpiøcCIvsaRsþ.
complexes.
Houben-Hoesch
Condensation of
synthesis
cyanides
:
with
sMeyaK Houben-Hoesch ³ Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµsüanYCamYyepNul
polyhydric phenols in the presence of
hydrogen chloride and zinc chloride to
b:UlIGIuRDickñúgvtþmanGIuRdUEsnkørY nigs½gásIkørYeGayplCaestUnepNU-
yield phenolic ketones. lic.
HPLC : emIl high-performance liquid chromatography.
HPLC : See high-performance liquid
chromatography.
Hund’s rule : Electrons do not pair
(occupy the same orbital) until all
viFan Hund ³ eGLicRtugminsßitenACaKU¬sßitenAelIGrb‘Ítal;EtmYy¦
orbitals of that energy have at least one
electron. Electrons are negative and stay
rhUtTal;EtGrb‘Ítal;TaMgGs;énfamBlenaHmaneGLicRtugmYyy:ag
as far apart as possible as long as tic. eGLicRtugmanbnÞúkGviC¢man ehIysißtenAq¶ayBIeKbMput.
possible.
hyaluronic acid : Complex
polysaccharide found in connective
GasIutGIuya:lYrU:nic ³ b:UlIsakarItsaMjaMúEdlmanenAkñúgCalikasn§an
tissue and in bone. nigkñúgq¥wg.
hybridization : Rearrangement of
bonding and nonbonding electrons
GIuRb‘Ítkmµ ³ tMerobeLIgvijéneGLicRtugcgsm<½n§ nigmincgsm<½n§
around an atom that occurs during
bonding.
enACMuvijGatUmEdlekItmankñúgeBlcgsm<½n§.
hydrate : A substance formed by a
combination of a compound with water.
GIuRdat ³ sarFatuekIteLIgedaybnSMsmasFatuCamYyTwk.
hydrated ion : Ion surrounded by water
molecules.
GIuy:ugGIuRdat ³ GIuyu:gEdlB½T§CMuvijedaym:UelKulTwk.
hydration : Addition of water to an
alkene or alkyne. An H is added to one
GIuRdatkmµ ³ karbUkbEnßmTwkeTAelIGal;Esn b¤Gal;sIun. GIuRdUEsn
of the carbon atoms of the double or
triple bond, and an –OH is added to the
RtUv)anbUkbEnßmelIGatUmkabUnmYyénsm<½n§BIrCan;b¤bICan; ehIyRkum–
other carbon atom. A pi bond is lost. OH RtUv)anbUk bEnßmeTAelIGatUmkabUnepSgeTot. sm<½n§ πRtUv)at;.
hydrocarbon : Compound consisting
only of the elements hydrogen and
GIuRdUkabY ³ smasFatuEdlmanEtFatuGIuRdUEsnnigkabUn. GIuRdUkabY
carbon. Hydrocarbons are almost always
nonpolar.
PaKeRcInCanic©kalmanlkçN³minb:UEl.
hydrogen bond : A relatively weak
intermolecular force in which a
sm<½n§GIuRdUEsn ³ kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKulexSayEdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdU-
hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded
to a very electronegative atom (F, N, O)
Esncgsm<½n§kUv:aLg;eTAnwgGatUmEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg (F,
is also weakly bonded to an unshared N, O) ehIycgsm<½n§exSaypgEdreTAnwgeTVtaeGLicRtugmindak;rYmén
electron pair of electronegative atom or
one nearby. GatUmEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manGatUmenAEk,renaH.
hydrogen electrode : (hydrogen half
cell) A type of half cell in which a noble-
eGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn ³ ( Bak;kNþalBilGIuRdUEsn) RbePTBak;
metal (i.e. platinum) foil is immersed in
a solution of hydrogen ions and
kNþalBilEdlbnÞHelah³mantMél (]TahrN_ )aøTIn) RtUv)an
hydrogen gas is bubbled over the foil. RtaMkñúgsUluysüúgénGIuyug: GIuRdUEsnnigmanBBuH]s½µnGIuRdUEsnenAelI
bnÞHenaH.

156
hydrogenation : Addition of hydrogen

to an alkene or alkyne. An H is added to
GIuRdUEsnkmµ ³ karbUkGIuRdUEsneTAelIGal;Esnb¤Gal;sIun. GIuRdUEsn
both carbon atoms of the double or triple
bond, and a pi bond is lost. RtUvbUkeTAelIGatUmkabUnTaMgBIrénsm<½n§BIrCan;b¤bICan;ehIysm<½n§πRtUv
)at;.
hydrolysis : A chemical reaction of a
compound with water.
GIuiRdUlIs ³ RbtikmµKImIénsmasFatuCamYyTwk.
hydronium ion : The ion H30+ that
exists in water solutions because the
GIuy:ugGIuRdUj:ÚUm ³ GIuyu:g H 0 EdlmankñúgsUluysüúgTwkBIeRBaHGIuyu:g
3
+
hydrogen ion (H+) is not stable by itself. H KµansßirPaB. Twk (H O) + RbUtug (H ).

+
2
+
Water (H2O) + proton (H+).
hydrophilic : Having an affinity
(chemical attraction) for water.
cMNUlTwk ³ EdlmanTMenar¬TMnajKImI¦eTArkTwk.
hydroquinone : Common name for
p-hydroxyphenol, an effective
GIuRdUKINUn ³ eQµaHTUeTAsMrab;):ar:aGIuRduksIuepNulEdlCaGg;TIGuksuI
antioxidant. dg;manRbsiT§PaB.
hydrotrope : Compound with the ability
to increase the solubility of certain
GuIRdURtUb ³ smasFatuEdlmanlT§PaBbegáInlkçN³rlayrbs;
slightly soluble organic compounds. smasFatusrIragÁrlaytictYcmYycMnYn.
hydroxide ion : (OH-) The negative ion
formed when a water molecule loses a
GIuy:ugGIuRduksIut ³ (OH ) GIuyug: GviC¢man)anekIteLIgenAeBlEdl
-
hydrogen ion. m:UelKulTwk)at;bg;GIuyug: GIuRdUEsn.

hydroxyl group : The group –OH in a
chemical compound.
RkumGIuRduksIul ³ Rkum –OH enAkñúgsmasFatu.
hygroscopic : A term describing salts
and other compounds that remove
RsUbsMeNIm ³ BaküBN’naBIGMbilnigsmasFatuepSgeTotEdlcab;
moisture from the air. yksMeNImBIxül;.
hypertonic solution : A solution that has
a higher osmotic pressure than some
sUluysüúgGIuEBtUnic ³ sUluysüúgEdlmansMBaFGUsµÚTicFMCag
other solution. sUluysüúgepSgeTot.
hypothermia : Condition of lowered
body temperature that causes a decrease
GIub:UETmI ³ l½kçx½NÐfycuHénsItuNðPaBkñúgsarBagÁkayEdlbNþal
in the chemical reactions that support
body functions and life. The chemical
eGayRbtikmµKImIsMrab;RTRTg;muxgarrbs;sarBagÁkaynigCIvitfycuH.
reactions in the human body operate RbtikmµKImIkñúgsarBagÁkaymnusSRbRBwtþeTAya:gRtwmRtUvEtenAsItuNð-
properly only in a narrow range of
temperatures centered on 98.6oF (37oC) PaB 98,6 F (37 C)¦.
o o
hypotheses : A hypothesis is a theory or

law that may not be universally true, e.g.
smµtikmµ ³ smµtikmµCARTwsþI b¤c,ab;EdlminGacBitCaskl.
Avogadro’s hypothesis. ]TahrN_ smµtikmµGav:UkaRdU.
hypothesis : A descriptive model used to
explain observations.
smµtikmµ ³ KMrUBN’naeRbIsMrab;Bnül;karsegát.
hypotonic solution : A solution that has
a lower osmotic pressure than some
sUluysüúgGIub:UtUnic ³ sUluysüúgEdlmansMBaFGUsµÚTicTabCag
other solution. sUluysüúgdéTeTot.
I
-ic : Suffix indicating the higher of two
possible oxidation states. E.g., in ferric
-Giuc ³ bc©½yEdlbBa¢ak;BIlT§PaBx<s;CagénPaBGuksIutkmµBIr.
nitrate the iron is + 3. ]TahrN_ kñúgEdknIRtatmanEdk + 3.

157
ice : Solid formed by freezing of water,

with a melting point of 0°C. It has an
Twkkk ³ vtßúrwgEdlekIteLIgedaykarkkénTwk EdlmancMNucrlay
open structure made of rings containing 0 C . vamanTMrg;ebIkEdl)anekIteLIgBIExSbitpÞúkR)aMmYym:UelKul
o
six water molecules. Its density is less
than liquid water at 0°C, causing it to Twk. dg;sIuetrbs;vaticCagTwkravenA 0 C EdleFVIeGayvaGENþt.
o
float.
ice point : The temperature at which
there is equilibrium between ice and
cMNucTwkkk ³ sItuNðPaBEdlmanlMnwgrvagTwkkknigTwkenAsMBaF
water at standard atmospheric pressure
(i.e. the freezing or melting point under
briyakassþg;da (]TahrN_ cMNuckMNkb¤cMNucrlayeRkaml½kçx½NÐ
standard conditions). It was used as a sþg;da). vaRtUv)aneRbICacMNuckMNt; (0 C) elImaRtdæanEsls‘üús
o
fixed point (0°C) on the Celsius scale,

but the Kelvin and the International b:uEnþcMeBaHmaRtdæanEklvin nigmaRtdæansItuNðPaBGnuvtþCaGnþrCatiKW
Practical Temperature Scale are based on
the triple point of water. Ep¥kelIcMNucbIénTwk.
icosahedron : A polyhedron having 20
triangular faces with five edges meeting
eTVTsmux ³ b:UlIeGRdugEdlmanmuxRtIekaN 20 nigmanR)aMRCug
at each vertex. Icosahedral symmetry
occurs in certain quasicrystals, such as
RbsBVKñaenAelIkMBUlnimYy². PaBsIuemRTIénGIukUsaeGRdal;ekIteLIg
alloys of aluminium and manganese. enAkñúgkVasIuRKIsþal;mYycMnYn dUcCasMelah³énGaluymIj:Úmnigm:g;ka-
ENs.
ideal crystal : A single crystal with a
perfectly regular lattice that contains no
RkamsuT§ ³ RkameTalmanRbTasKImIeTogTat;\tex©aHEdlKµanpÞúk
impurities, imperfections, or other
defects.
FatudéTrWGsuRkitPaBepSgeToteLIy.
ideal gas : Theoretical gas composed of
infinitely small molecules that behave
]sµ½nbrisuT§ ³ ]sµ½ntamRTwsþImanm:UelKultUcbMputEdlmanlkçN³
exactly as predicted by kinetic molecular
theory.
RtwmRtUvdUckar):an;sµantamRTwsþImU:elKulsIuenTic.
ideal gas law : Equation relating gas
volume to number of moles of gas
c,ab;]sµ½nbrisuT§ ³ smIkarEdlmanTMnak;TMngrvagmaD]sµ½neTAnwg
present, temperature, and pressure: PV
= nRT
cMnYnm:Ul]sµ½n sItuNðPaB nigsMBaF PV = nRT.
ideal solution : See Raoult’s law.
sUluysüúgsuT§ ³ emIl Raoult’s law.
ignition point : The temperature at
which a flammable material will ignite in
cMNuccMehH ³ sItuNðPaBEdlrUbFatugayeqHnwgeqHkñúgxül;.
air.
Ilkovic equation : A relation used in
polarography relating the diffusion
smIkar Ilkovic ³ TMnak;TMngeRbIkñúgb:ULar:URkaPIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgcrnþ
current ia and the concentration c. The
Ilkovic equation has the form ia = kc,
sMNay ia nigkMhab; C. smIkar Ilkovic manTMrg; ia=kc Edl k
where k is a constant. Caefr.
imides : Organic compounds containing
the group –CO.NH.CO.- (the imido
GIumId ³ smasFatusrIragÁmanpÞúkRkum –CO.NH.CO.- (RkumGIumIdU).
group).
imido group : See imides.
RkumGIumIdU ³ emIl imides.
imine : Compound formed from the
reaction of a carbonyl containing
GIumIn ³ smasFatuekItecjBIRbtikmµsmasFatuEdlmankabUnIl
compound and a primary amine. nigGamInfñak;TImYy.

158
imines : Compounds containing the

group –NH- in which the nitrogen atom
GIumIn ³ smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkRkum –NH- EdlkñúgenaHGatUmGasUt
is part of a ring structure, or the group
=NH, in which the nitrogen atom is
CaEpñkénTMrg;vg; b¤Rkum =NH EdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdUEsn)anP¢ab;eTA
linked to a carbon atom by a double GatUmkabUnedaysm<½n§BIrCan;. kñúgkrNITaMgBIrRkumnaTIsMedAeTAelI
bond. In either case, the group is referred
to as an imino group. RkumGIumINU.
imino group : See imines.
RkumGIumINU ³ emIl imines.
immiscible : Liquids that are insoluble
in one another; i.e. oil and water are
minrlaycUlKña)an ³ vtßúuravEdlminGacrlaykñúgvtßúravmYyepSg
immiscible. eTot ]TahrN_ TwknigeRbgminGacrlaycUlKña)aneT.
Imperial units : The British system of
units based on the pound and the yard,
xñat Imperial ³ RbB½n§xñatGg;eKøsEp¥kelIepannigy:atenAEteRbI
still used in the US. For all scientific
purposes SI units are now used.
enAshrdæGaemrik. sMrab;RKb;eKalbMNgviTüasaRsþRbBn½§ SI\LÚvenH
RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;.
implosion : An inward collapse of a
vessel due to a sudden reduction in
karrlMcUl ³ kar)ak;RsutcUlkñúgénPaCn_edaysarerdukmµPøam²én
internal pressure. sMBaFxagkñúg.
impurity : A small amount of a foreign
substance in a large amount of another
PaBminsuT§ ³ brimaNtictYcénsarFatuepSgEdlmanenAkñúgbrimaNd¾
substance. eRcInsarFatuepSgeTot.
incandescence : The emission of light
by a substance as a result of raising it to
cMehHrgÁM ³ karbeBa©jBnøWedaysarFatuEdldak;eTAkñúgsIuNðPaBx<s;.
a high temperature.
incineration : Complete combustion so
that maximum oxidation occurs.
cMehHsBV ³ cMehHsBVEdlGuksuItkmµGtibrimaekItmaneLIg.
incomplete combustion : Burning of
fuels in a limited supply of oxygen,
cMehHminsBV ³ kardut\n§n³edaykarpþl;GuksuIEsnkMNt;EdlbegáIt
producing carbon (soot) and carbon
dioxide.
eGaymankabUn¬ERmgePøIg¦nigmabUnDIGuksuIt.
indeterminacy : See uncertainty
principle.
PaBminc,as;las; ³ emIl uncertainty principle.
indicator : A substance used to show
the presence of a chemical substance or
Fatucg¥úlBN’ ³ sarFatueRbIsMrab;bgððajvtþmansarFatuKImIb¤GIuyug:
ion by its color. edayBN’rbs;va.
indigo : A blue dye, C16H10N2O2 It
occurs as the glucoside indican in the
exovqøúH ³ l½kçBN’exov C H N O . vaekIteLIg dUcCaFatucg¥úl
16 10 2 2
leaves of plants of the genus Indigofera,

from which it was formerly extracted. It
BN’KøúykUsuItkñúgsøwkrukçCatiBYk IndigoferaEdlvaRtUv)ancMraj;ykBI
is now made synthetically. mun. \LÚvenH vaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamviFIsMeyaK.
induced emission : (stimulated
emission) The emission of a photon by
bnSayePJac ³ (bnSayCMruj) karbeBa©jpUtugedayGatUmb¤mUe: lKul
an excited atom or molecule induced by
an incident photon of suitable energy.
ePJacbgáedaypUtugcaMgb:HfamBlsmRsb. lMnaMénbnSayePJacman
The process of induced emission is sar³sMxan;sMrab;dMeNIrkarLaEs‘ nigma:Es‘.
essential for the operation of lasers and
masers.
induced-fit model : Model for
substrate-enzyme interaction that states
KMrUbnSúIKña ³ KMrUsMrab;Gnþrkmµrvags‘ub®sþaGg;sIum EdlEcgfakarP¢ab;
that the binding of substrate to enzyme
causes a change in the shapes of one or
s‘ub®sþaeTAnwgGg;sIumbNþaleGaymankarpøas;bþÚrTMrg;m:UelKulmYyb¤
both of the molecules. When bound to TaMgBIr. m:UelKulTaMgBIrbMeBjKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAeBlP¢ab;Kña.
each other, the two are complementary.

159
induction : Regulation of gene

expression involving the turning on of
GaMgDucsüúg ³ kMEntMrUvénkarsMEdgEsnEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarERb
genes by the presence of a compound. RbÜlEsnedayvtþmanrbs;smasFatumYy.
inductive effect : The effect of a group
or atom of a compound in pulling
plGaMDucsüúg ³ plénRkumb¤GatUmrbs;smasFatukñúgkarTajyk
electrons towards itself or in pushing
them away. e.g. groups, such as –NO2, -
eGLicRtugb¤kñúgkarRcaneGLicRtug. ]TahrN_ RkumdUcCa –NO , CN,
2
CN, -CHO, -COOH and the halogens, -CHO , -COOH nigGaLÚEsnKwmankarTajeGLicRtug (cMNUleG-
are electron-withdrawing (electrophilic).
Groups, such as –CH, -NH2, -OCH3 and LicRtug). RkumdUcCa –CH, -NH , -OCH nig –CH mankarRcan
2 3 3
–CH3 are electron-releasing and so have
the opposite effect. eGLicRtugdUecñHvamanplpÞúyKña.
industrial : Engaged or connected to the
manufacture, processing of goods.
]sSahkmµ ³ Tak;TgeTAnwgkarplit lMnaMénkarbegáItTMnij.
industrial fermenter : See bioreactor.
Fatuel,Ig]sSahkmµ ³ emIl bioreactor.
inelastic neutron scattering : A
technique for investigating the motion of
karBRgayNWRtugd_twgrwg ³ bec©keTssMrab;eFVIkarGegátBinitü
molecules by scattering neutrons. The
neutrons pick up or lose energy as they
eTAelIclnam:UelKuledaykarBRgayNWRtug. eGLicRtugcab;yk b¤
move through a sample of a liquid )at;bg;famBlenAeBlEdlvarMkiltamPaKsMNakénvtßúravGacpþl;
enabling information to be obtained
about the liquid. Bt’manBIvtßúravenaHEdleKcg;)an.
inert : Describes a substance that does
not react, except under extreme
nicl ³ BN’naGMBIsarFatuEdlminmanRbtikmµ elIkElgEteRkam
conditions. l½kçx½NÐxøaMgbMput.
inert gases : Family of gases that are
stable as individual atoms, all having a
]sµ½nnicl ³ GMbUr]sµ½nEdlmansßirPaBkñúgPaBCaGatUmeTal KW]sµ½n
full complement of outer group s and p
electrons. They are called the noble
TaMgGs;enaHmankarbMeBjeBjeljéneGLicRtugRkumRsTab;eRkA s nig
gases. p. eKehAvafa ]sµ½nkMr.
inert-pair effect : An effect seen
especially in groups 13 and 14 of the
plKUnicl ³ plRbTHeXIjCaBiesskñúgRkum 13 nig 14 éntarag
periodic table, in which the heavier
elements in the group tend to form
xYbEdlkñúgenaHFatuF¶n;CagkñúgRkumTMenarbegáItCasmasFatumanv:aLg;
compounds with a valency two lower BIrTabCagva:Lg;RkumrMBwgTuk. kñúgkarbegáItsmasFatu FatuTaMgLay
than the expected group valency. In
forming compounds, elements in these kñúgRkumTaMgenHdMeLIgeGLicRtugBIkMritbMeBjenARsTab; s eTAkMritTeT
p. famBlRtUvkarsMrab;dMeLIgkMritenHKWeRcInCagkarTUTat;edayfamBl
groups promote an electron from a filled
s-level state to an empty p-level. The
energy required for this is more than
compensated for by the extra energy gain
elIsTTYl)anBIkarbegáItsm<½n§BIreTot.
in forming two more bonds.
infrared (IR) spectrometer : An
instrument which has a source of IR
s,iúcRtUEm:RtRkhmGaMgR)a (IR) ³ ]bkrN_EdlmanRbPBBnøW IR
light, covering the whole IR frequency
range, which is split into two beams of
RKbdNþb;eBjcenøaHeRbkg; IR EdlRtUvbMEbkeTACa)ac;BnøWBIrEdlman
equal intensity. One beam is passed GaMgtg;sIuetesµIKña. )ac;BnøWmYyqøgkat;tamPaKsMNak nig)ac;BnøWmYy
through the sample and the other is used
as a reference against which the first is eToteRbICa)ac;BnwøeKaledIm,IeRbobeFob. s,úicenHCaTUeTA)anmkBI
then compared. The spectrum is usually
obtained as a chart showing absorption taragbgðajBicsMrUbKUrTl;nwgCMhanrlk b¤eRbkg;. PaKsMNakGacCa
peaks, plotted against wavelength or
frequency. The sample can be a gas,
]sµ½nvtßúravb¤vtßúrwg.
liquid, or solid.

160
infrared (IR) spectroscopy : A

technique for chemical analysis and the
karsikSas,iúcRkhmGaMgR)a (IR) ³ bec©keTssMrab;viPaKKImI nig
determination of structure based on the
principles that molecular vibrations
kMNt; TMrg;Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_EdllMj½rm:UelKulekIteLIgkñúgdMbn;
occur in the infrared region of the RkhmGaMgR)aéns,úiceGLicRtUm:aejTic nigRkumnaTImaneRbkg;sMrUbCa
electromagnetic spectrum and functional
groups have characteristic absorption lkçN³ sMKal;. ]TahrN_ énlMj½r IR tYya:gKW C-H latsn§wgkñúg
frequencies. Examples of typical IR
vibrations are; C-H stretching in alkanes, Gal;kan N-H latsn§wgkñúgRkumGamINU nig C=C latsn§wgkñúg
N-H stretching in amino groups, and
C=C stretching in alkynes.
Gal;sIun.
infrared
Electromagnetic
radiation (IR)
radiation
:
with
kaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)a ³ kaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTicEdlmanCMhanrlk
wavelengths longer than that of red light
but shorter than radio waves, i.e.
EvgCagBnøWRkhm b:uEnþxøICagviTüúrlk. ]TahrN_ kaMrsµIkñúgCMhanrlk
radiation in the wavelength range 0.7µm BI 0,7µm eTA 1mm. eRbkg;lMj½rFmµCatiénGatUmnigm:UelKulnig
to 1 mm. The natural vibrational
frequencies of atoms and molecules and eRbkg;rgVilm:UelKul]sµ½nmYycMnYnFøak;eTAkñúgdMbn;RkhmGaMgR)aéns,iúc
the rotational frequencies of some
gaseous molecules fall in the infrared eGLicRtUm:aejTic. s,iúcsMrUbRkhmGaMgR)aénm:UelKulmanlkçN³
region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The infrared absorption spectrum of a
sMKal;xøaMgCarbs;vadUecñHs,iúcGaceRbIsMrab;eFVIGtþsBaØaNkmµmUe: lKul.
molecule is highly characteristic of it and
the spectrum can therefore be used for
molecular identification.
ingredient : Component part of a
mixture.
FatupSM ¬eRKOgpSM¦ ³ smasPaKCaEpñkénl,ay.
inhale : To breathe in.
RsUbcUltamRcmuH ³ dkdegðImcUl.
inhibitor : A substance that interferes
with catalysis.
Fatubg¥ak; ³ sarFatuEdleRcotERCkedaykatalIs.
inner : Describing a chemical compound
formed by reaction of one part of a
xagkñúg ³ karBN’naGMBIsmaFatuKImIEdlkekItedayRbtikmµmYyEpñk
molecule with another part of the same
molecule. Thus, a lactam is an inner
énm:UelKulCamYyEp¥kepSgeToténm:UelKuldUcKña. dUecñHLak;tamCa
amide; a lactone is an inner ester. GamItxagkñúgLak;tUnCaeGEsÞxagkñúg.
inner transition metals :
elements in which the last electron
Those
elah³qøgxagkñúg ³ FatuEdleGLicRtugcugeRkaytaMgenAkñúgGr-
assigned is placed in an f-orbital; the
lanthanides and actinides.
b‘Ítal;f . Lg;tanIt nigGak;TInIt.
inner transition series : See transition
elements.
es‘rIqøgxagkñúg ³ emIl transition elements.
inorganic chemistry : The study of
substances that do not contain carbon.
KImIGsrIragÁ ³ karsikSaGMBIsarFatuEdlminpÞúkkabUn.
insecticide : Chemical used to kill insect
pests. e.g. pyrethrum.
fñaMsMlab;stVli¥t ³ FatuKImIEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;sMlab;stVl¥itcéRg.
]TahrN_ BIer:Rtum.
instrument : Measuring device.
]bkrN_ ³ ]bkrN_rgVas;.
insulator : Material or object which
prevents the flow of an electric current
GgÁFatuGIusULg; ³ rUbFatub¤vtßúEdlkarBarkMueGaymankarqøgkat;
or heat. ¬mincMlg¦ éncrnþGKÁisnI b¤kMedA.

161
insulin : A protein hormone that signals

that nutrients are abundant and
GaMgs‘uylIn ³ Grm:UnRbUetGIunEdleGaysBaaØeTAelIPaBsMbUrén
stimulates anabolic activity in target
cells. It is secreted by the cells of the
sarFatuciBa©wm nigeFVIeGaymankMeNInskmµPaBGaNabUlIskñúg
islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, that ekasikamYykMNt;. KwCabeBa©jedayekasikaénGIuLÚLg;ekr:g;
promotes the uptake of glucose by body
cells, particularly in the liver and kñúglMEBgEdlCMrujkarTTYlykKøúykUsedayekasikasarBagákayCa
muscles, and thereby controls its
concentration in the blood. BiesskñúgeføImnigsac;dMu dUecñHvaRtYtBinitükMhab;KøúykUskúñgQam. kar
Underproduction of insulin results in the
accumulation of large amounts of
plitGaMgs‘uylInxVHeFVIeGaymanbrimaNd_eRcInénKøúykUskñúgQam
glucose in the blood and its subsequent ehIy nigbnÞab;mkkñúgkarbeBa©jecalénTwkenam. l½kçx½NÐenH)an
excretion in the urine. This condition,
known as diabetes mellitus, can be sÁal CaeraKTwkenamEp¥mGacBüa)al)anRbkbedayeCaKC½yedaykar
treated successfully by insulin injections.
cak;bBa©ÚlGaMgs‘uylIn.
intensive properties : Properties
independent of the quantity or shape of
lkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv ³ lkçN³ÉkraCüénbrimaN b¤TMrg;sarFatu
the substance under consideration; such
as temperature, pressure or composition.
eRkaml½kçx½NÐsikSadUcCasItuNðPaB sMBaF b¤smasPaB.
interaction : Action on each other.
Gnþrkmµ ³ GMeBIeTAvijeTAmk.
intercalation cell : A type of secondary
cell in which layered electrodes, usually
BilcenøaH ³ RbePTfµBilTIBIrEdlkñúgenaHeGLicRtUtRsTab;Ca
made of metal oxides or graphite, store
positive ions between the crystal layers
TUeTAbgáeLIgedayelah³GuksIutb¤RkaPItpÞúkGIuy:ugviC¢manrvagRsTab;
of an electrode. Such cells have the RkaméneGLicRtUt. dUcCaBilmansar³sMxan;EdlbMErbMrYlrUbtictYc
advantage that only minor physical
changes occur to the electrodes during ekIteLIgenAelIeGLicRtUtkñúgkMLúgeBllMnaMsakb¤benÞr ehIyeGLic-
the charging and discharging processes
and the electrolyte is not decomposed RtUlItminRtUv)anbMEbk b:uEnþRKan;EtCaFatucMlgGIuyu:g. ehtudUecñH
but simply serves as a conductor of ions.
Consequently, such cells can be
ehIyfµBilEbbenHGacsakeLIgvijeRcInsarCagEdleKfa GaKuysMN-
recharged many more times than, say, a GasIut.
lead-acid accumulator.
intercalation compound : A type of
compound in which atoms, ions, or
smasFatucenøaH ³ RbePTsmasFatuEdlkñúgenaHGatUm GIuy:ug
molecules are trapped between layers in
a crystal lattice. There is no formal
b¤mUe: lKulRtUvCab;enAcenøaHRsTab;kñúgRbTasRkam. Kµansm<þ½n§KImICak;
chemical bonding between the host lak;rvagRkamFµÜl nigm:UelKulRtUvCab;eT (emIlkøaRtat). smasFatu
crystal and the trapped molecules (see
also clathrate). Such compounds are enHekIteLIgedaybnÞ³vtßúrwg ehIyCYnkalminsþÚGiucKIGUemRTic.
formed by lamellar solids and are often
nonstoichiometric; examples are ]TahrN_ kabUnGuksIut (RkaPIt-GuksIuEsn) nigmusáÚvItxniC.
graphitic oxide (graphite-oxygen) and
the mineral muscovite.
interferons : Proteins produced by
virally infected cells. They bind to other
GaMgETepr:Un ³ RbUetGIunEdlpliteLIgedayekasikabgáCMgWedayvIrus.
cells and stimulate an antiviral state in
them.
vaP¢ab;eTAnwgekasikaepSgeTotnigCMrujPaBGg;TIvIruskñúgekasikaTaMg
enaH.
intermediate bond : See chemical bond.
sm<½n§cenøaH ³ emIl chemical bond.
intermediate coupling : See j-j
coupling.
kartcenøaH ³ emIl j-j coupling.
intermetallic compound : A compound
consisting of two or more metallic
smasFatuGnþrelah³ ³ smasFatubgáeLIgedayFatuelah³BIrb¤
elements present in definite proportions
in an alloy.
eRcInenAkñúgsmamaRtCak;lak;kñúgsMelah³.

162
intermolecular forces : Weak forces

occurring between molecules. See van
kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul ³ kMlaMgexSayekIteLIgrvagm:UelKul. emIl
der Waal’s forces, hydrogen bond. van der Waal’s forces, hydrogen bond.
internal conversion : A process in
which an excited atomic nucleus decays
bMElgxagkñúg ³ lMnaMEdléNVyUG: atUmePJacbMElgeTACaPaBmCÄdæan
to the ground state and the energy
released is transferred to one of the
nigfamBlbeBa©jRtUv)anepÞreTAeGLicRtugmYyéneGLicRtugcgsm<½n§
bonded electrons of that atom rather than rbs;GatUmeTaHCaCagRtUv)anbeBa©jCaRbUtug. eGLicRtugbMElgenH
being released as a photon. This
conversion electron is then ejected from bnÞab;mkRtUv)anpþac;ecjBIGatUm.
the atom.
internal energy : Symbol U. The total of
the kinetic energies of the atoms and
famBlxagkñúg ³ nimitþsBaaØ U. famBlsIuenTicsrubénGatUmnig
molecules in a system and the potential
energies associated with their mutual
m:UelKulkñúgRbB½n§ nigfamBlb:Utg;EsülpSMCamYyGnþrGMeBIrbs;vaeTA
interactions. It does not include the vijeTAmk. vaminrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgfamBlsIuenTicnigb:Utg;EsülénRbB½n§
kinetic and potential energies of the
system as a whole nor their nuclear CasrubeTeTaHbIfamBlnuyekøEG‘rbs;va b¤famBlkñúgGatUmepSgeTot
energies or other intra-atomic energies.
The value of U in any particular state k¾eday. tMélén U kñúgsNæanedayELkNak¾edayk¾minGacvas;)an
cannot be measured; more important is
the change in internal energy, ∆U = Q –
EdrsMxan;EfmeTotKWbMErbMrYlfamBlxagkñúg ∆U = Q –W Edl (Q)
W, where (Q) is the heat absorbed by CakMedA)anRsUbedayRbB½n§BImCÄdæanCMuvijva (W) Cakmµnþpþl;eday
the system from its surroundings, (W) is
the work done by the system on its RbB½n§eTAmCÄdæanCMuvijva.
surroundings.
interstitial : See Defect.
RbelaH ³ emIl Defect.
interstitial compound : A compound in
which ions or atoms of a nonmetal
smasFatuRbelaH ³ smasFatuEdlkñúgenaHGIuy:ugb¤GatUmén
occupy positions between metal atoms in
a metallic lattice. Such compounds often
Gelah³sßitenAcenøaHGatUmelah³kñúgRbTaselah³. smasFatuEbb
have metallic properties. Examples are enHCaerOy²manlkçN³elah³. ]TahrN_ kñúgkab‘Ít brIt nigsIulI-
found in the carbides, borides, and
silicides. sIut.
intrinsic factor : A glycoprotein in the
gut that is necessary for the absorption of
ktþaxagkñúg ³ KøIkURbUetGIunkñúgeBaHevonEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;karRsUbvIta
Vitamin B12 . Lack of this factor or
deficiency of B12 results in pernicious
mIneb-12. KµanktþaenHb¤kgVHeb-12 bNþaleGaykgVHQamRkhm
anaemia. maneRKaHfñak;.
Invar : A trade name for an alloy of iron
(63.8%), nickel (36%), and carbon
Giunv:a ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;sMelah³Edk(63,8%) nIEkl (36%)
(0.2%) that has a very low expansively
over a restricted temperature range. It is
nigkabUn (0,2%)EdlrIkmaDticNas;enAcenøaHsItuNðPaBceg¥ot.
used in watches and other instruments to vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgnaLikanig]bkrN_epSgeTotedIm,IbnßyPaBrYseTAnwg
reduce their sensitivity to changes in
temperature. karbþÚrsItuNðPaB.
inverse Compton effect : The gain in
energy of low-energy photons when they
plcMras Compton ³ karekInfamBlénRbUtugfamBlTabkal
are scattered by free electrons of much
higher energy. As a consequence, the
NavaRtUv)anBRgayedayeGLicRtugesrIfamBlx<s;CageRcIn. Capl
electrons lose energy. See also Compton KWeGLicRtug)at;bg;famBl. emIl Compton leffect.
effect.

163
inversion : A chemical reaction

involving a change from one optically
cMras ³ RbtikmµKimIEdlrYccMENkkarpøas;bþÚrBIrUbsNæanskmµGubTic
active configuration to the opposite
configuration. The Walden inversion is
mYyeTArUbsNæanpÞúyKña. cMras Walden Ca]TahrN_. emIl
an example. See nucleophilic nucleophilic substitution.
substitution.
iodide : See halide.
GIuy:Ut ³ emIl halide.
iodine number : Index used to indicate
the degree of unsaturation present in a
snÞsSn_GIuy:Ut ³ snÞsSn_EdleRbIsMrab;bBa¢ak;BIkMritminEq¥tenAkñúg
fat or oil. xøaj;b¤ eRbg.
iodine value : A measure of the amount
of unsaturation in a fat or vegetable oil
tMélGIuy:Ut ³ rgVas;brimaNénPaBminEq¥tkñúgxøaj;b¤eRbgbEnø
(i.e. the number of double bonds). It is (]TahrN_ cMnYnsm<½n§BIrCan;). tMélenH)anmkBIkarrkeXIjPaKry
obtained by finding the percentage by
weight of iodine absorbed by the sample Cam:asGIuyUt: EdlRtUv)anRsUbedayPaKsMNakkñúgry³eBlNamYy
in a given time under standard
conditions. eRkamlkç½NÐsþg;da.
iodoform test : See haloform reaction.
etsþGIuy:UdUpm ³ emIl haloform reaction.
ion : An atom or group of atoms that has
a positive or negative charge; an atom
GIuy:ug ³ GatUmb¤RkuménGatUmEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢manb¤GviC¢man. GatUm
that has lost or gained electrons and no
longer has the same number of electrons
Edlxatb¤cMeNjeGLicRtugElgmancMnYneGLicRtugdUcKñanwgcMnYnRbUtug
as the number of protons in its nucleus. enAkñúgéNVyUr: bs;vaeTotehIy. GIuyu:gviC¢manCakacug nigGIuy:ugGviC¢-
Positive ions are called cations, and
negative ions are called anions. manCaGaj:úg.
ion exchange : The exchange of ions of
the same charge between a solution
bNþÚrGIuy:ug ³ bNþÚrGIuyu:gbnÞúkdUcKñarvagsUluysüúg (CaTUeTAsUluy-
(usually aqueous) and a solid in contact
with it. The process occurs widely in
süúgTwk) nigvtßúrwgb:H. lMnaMenHekIteLIgy:agTUlMTUlaykñúgFmµCatiCa
nature, especially in the absorption and BiesskñúgkarRsUb nigkarrkSaCIrlaykñúgTwkedaydI ]TahrN_ GIuyu:g
retention of water-soluble fertilisers by
soil. E.g., potassium ions are absorbed b:UtasüÚmRtUv)anRsUbedaydIGIuy:ugsUdüÚmnigkal;süÚmRtUv)anbeBa©j
by the soil and sodium and calcium ions
are released from it. Synthetic ion- BIvavij. ersIunbNþÚrGIUyug: sMeyaKpSMeLIgedaykUbU:lIEmrepSg²KñaEdl
exchange resins consist of various
copolymers having a cross-linked three-
manbNþajTMrg;vimaRtbIbnþkat;KñaeTAnwgRkumGIuyug: Edl)anRbTaj.
dimensional structure to which ionic er:sIunGaj:úgmanGIuyug: GviC¢manbegáIteLIgeTAkñúgTMrg;rbs;vaehIy dUecñH
groups have been attached. An anionic
resin has negative ions built into its manbNþÚrGIuyug: viC¢manekIteLIg. ersIunkacugmanGIuyug: viC¢manbegáIt
structure and therefore exchanges
positive ions. A cationic resin has eLIgenAxagkñúg ehIyk¾manbNþÚrGIuyu:gGviC¢man.
positive ions built in and exchanges
negative ions.
ion pair : A pair of oppositely charged
ions produced as a result of a single
KUGIuy:ug ³ KUGIuyu:gEdlmanbnÞúkpÞúyKñaekIteLIgeday GIuyu:gkmµeTal.
ionization; e.g. HCl → H+ + Cl-.
Sometimes a positive ion and an electron
]TahrN_ HCl → H + Cl . eBlxøHGIuy:ugviC¢mannig eGLicRtugk¾
+ -
are referred to as an ion pair, as in A → sMedAeTAelIKUGIuyu:gEdr dUcCa A → A + e-.

+
A+ + e-.

164
ion pump : A type of vacuum pump that

can reduce the pressure in a container to
sñb;GIuy:ug ³ RbePTsñb;suBaaØkasEdlGacbnßysMBaFkñúgRbdab;pÞúk
about 1 nanopascal by passing a beam of
electrons through the residual gas. The
RbEhl1NaNU)a:sáal; edayqøgkat;)ac;eGLicRtugtamsMNl;]sµ½n.
gas is ionised and the positive ions ]s½µnbMEbkeTACaGIuy:ug ehIyGIuyu:gviC¢mankekIteLIgRtUv)anRbTajeTA
formed are attracted to a cathode within
the container where they remain trapped. rkkatUtxagkñúgRbdab; pÞúkEdlvaRtUvCab;enATIenaH. sñb;enHmansar³
The pump is only useful at very low
pressures, i.e. below about 1 RbeyaCn¾EtenAsMBaFTabxøaMgb:ueNÑaH ]TahrN_ TabCag1mIRkU)a:sáal;.
micropascal.
ionic bond : Attractive force between
two oppositely charged ions.
sm<½n§GIuy:ug ³ kMlaMgTMnajrvagGIuyu:gBIrEdlmanbnÞúkpÞúyKña.
ionic compound : A compound
composed of positive and negative ions.
smasFatuGIuy:ug ³ smasFatuEdlbgáeLIgedayGIuyug: viC©mannig
GviC©man.
ionic crystals : Group of positive and
negative ions stacked in a regular
RkamGIuy:ug ³ RkumGIuyug: viC¢mannigGviC¢manEdlCab;Kñatamrebob
manner. eTogTat;.
ionic product : The product of the
concentrations of ions present in a given
plKuNGIuy:ug ³ plitplkMhab;rbs;GIuyug: manenAkñúgsUluysüúg
solution taking the stoichiometry into
account. For a sodium chloride solution
NamYyénsþÚGiucKIGUmaRtI. cMeBaHsUluysüúgsUdüÚmkørYplitplGIuyug: KW
the ionic product is [Na+][CI-]; for a [Na ][CI ] cMeBaHsUluysüúgkal;süÚmkørYKW [Ca ][CI ] . emIl
+ - 2+ - 2
calcium chloride solution it is [Ca2+][CI-

]2. See also solubility product. solubility product.
ionic radius : Effective radius of an ion.
kaMGIuy:ug ³ kaMmanRbsiT§PaBénGIuyug: .
ionic strength : Symbol I. A function
expressing the effect of the charge of the
kMlaMgGIuy:ug ³ nimitþsBaaØ I. GnuKmn_bgðajfaplbnÞúkGIuy:ugkñúg
ions in a solution, equal to the sum of the
molality of each type of ion present
sUluysüúgesµInwigplbUkm:ULarIeténRbePTGIuyu:gnimYy²enATIenaHKuN
multiplied by the square of its charge. I = nwgkaerénbnÞúkrbs;va. I = Σm z .i i
2
Σmizi2.
ionization : The formation of ions by the
gain or loss of electrons.
GIuy:ugkmµ ³ karkekIténGIuyug: edaykarcMeNjb¤)at;bg;eGLicRtug.
ionization energy : The energy required
to remove an electron from a gaseous
famBlGIuy:ugkmµ ³ famBlRtUvkaredIm,Ipþac;ykeGLicRtugBIGatUm
atom. ]s½µn.
ionization gauge : A vacuum gauge
capable of measuring very low pressures,
Rbdab;vas;GIuy:ugkmµ ³ Rbdab;vas;edaysuBaaØkasEdlGacvas;
in which electrodes are inserted into the
container and an electric current is used
sMBaFTabxøaMgEdleGLicRtUtRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúg]bkrN_pÞúkehIy
to ionise molecules of gas. The current crnþGKÁisnIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFVIGIuyug: kmµm:UelKul]sµ½n. crnþekIteLIg
produced is proportional to the number
of molecules present and so can be used smamaRteTAnwgcMnYnm:UelKul enATIenaH dUecñHGaceRbIR)as;sMrab;vas;
as a measure of the pressure.
sMBaF)an.
ionization potential : See ionization
energy.
b:Utg;EsülGIuy:ugkmµ ³ emIl ionization energy.

165
ionizing radiation : High energy

radiation that causes ionization in the
kaMrsµIGIuy:ugkmµ ³ kaMrsµIfamBlx<s;EdlbgáeGaymanGIuy:ugkmµkñúg
medium through which it passes. It may
consist of high-energy particles (e.g.
mCÄdæanEdlva)anqøgkat;. vaGacbgáeLIgedayPaKl¥itfamBlx<s;
electrons, protons, alpha-particles) or (]TahrN_ eGLicRtug RbUtug PaKl¥itGal;hVa) b¤kaMrsµIeGLicRtUmaej-
short-wavelength electromagnetic
radiation (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma- TicCMhanrlkxøI (sVayGulRtavIkaMrsµIGiuc kaMrsµIkam:a ). RbePTkaMrsµI
rays). This type of radiation can cause
damage to the molecular structure of a enH GacbNþaleGayxUcxatdl;TMrg;mUe: lKulénsarFatuEdlGacCa
substance either as a result of the direct
transfer of energy to its atoms or
lT§plénbenÞrfamBlpÞal;eTAGatUmb¤mUe: lKulrbs;va b¤CalT§plén
molecules or as a result of the secondary eGLicRtugTIBIrEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jedayGIuyug: kmµ.
electrons released by ionization.
ion-microprobe analysis : A technique
for analysing the surface composition of
karviPaKmIRkURbUbGIuy:ug ³ bec©keTssMrab;viPaKsmasPaBépÞén
solids. The sample is bombarded with a
narrow beam (as small as 2 µm diameter)
vtßúrwg. PaKsMNakRtUv)an)aj;eday)ac;ceg¥ót (EdlmanGgát;p©it 2
of high-energy ions. Ions ejected from µm) énGIuy:ug famBlx<s;. GuIy:ugbeBa©jBIépÞRtUv)antamdaneday
the surface are detected by mass
spectrometry. s,úicmaRtma:s.
ionophore : A small hydrophobic
molecule that facilitates the transport of
GIuy:UNUpr ³ m:UelKulRcanTwktUcEdlsMrYlkardwkbBa©ÚnGIuyug: qøgkat;
ions across lipid membranes. Most
ionophores are produced by,
PñaslIBIt. GIuyU:NUprPaKeRcInRtUv)anplitedaymIRkUsarBagÁkay.
microorganisms. There are two types of manGIuy:UNUpr BIrRbePT ³ GñkbegáItbNþajEdlpSMeTACabNþajkñúg
ionophore: channel formers, which
combine to form a channel in the PñasEdlGIuyug: GachUrqøgkat;nigGñkdwknaMGIuyu:gcl½tEdldwknaMGIuyu:g
membrane through which ions can flow;
and mobile ion carriers, which transport qøgkat;PñasedaykarbegáItCakMuepøcCamYyGIuyu:genaH.
ions across a membrane by forming a
complex with the ion.
IP : See ionization potential.
IP ³ emIl ionization potential.
IR ³ emIl infrared radiation.
IR : See infrared radiation.
IR spectroscopy : See infrared

spectroscopy.
karsikSas,iúc IR ³ emIl infrared spectroscopy.
irreversibility : Irreversibility occurs in
the transition from an ordered
PaBeTAminmk ³ PaBeTAminmkEdlekIteLIgkñúgkarqøgkat;BIkar
arrangement to a disordered
arrangement, which is a natural trend,
tMerobmanlMdab;lMedayeTACakartMerobr)a:t;r)a:yEdlCaTMenarEbb
since changes in a closed system occur FmµCatiedayehtufakarbþÚrkñúgRbB½n§bitCitekIteLIgkñúgTisénkMNIn
in the direction of increasing entropy.
The process of cooking an egg is an Gg;RtUBI. ]TahrN_lMnaMénkarcMGins‘ut.
example.
irreversible inhibitor : Molecule that
binds tightly to an enzyme and reduces
Fatubg¥ak;eTAminmk ³ m:UelKulEdlP¢ab;ya:gCab;eTAnwgGg;sIum
or eliminates the activity of the enzyme. ehIybnßy b¤bM)at;skmµPaBGg;sIum.
irreversible process : See irreversibility;
reversible process.
lMnaMeTAminmk ³ emIl irreversibility; reversible process.
isentropic process : Any process that
takes place without a change of entropy.
lMnaMGIusg;RtUBic ³ lMnaMEdlRbRBwtþeTAedayKµankarERbRbYlGg;
RtUBI.

166
Ising model : A model for magnetic

systems in which atomic spins have to be
KMrUGIusIug ³ KMrUsMrab;RbBn½§m:aejTicEdlkñúgenaHs<InGatUmRtUv)antMerob
aligned either parallel or antiparallel to a
given direction. In one dimension, in the
CabnÞat;Rsbb¤minRsbeTAnwgTisNamYy. kñúgvimaRtmYykñúgGvtþman
absence of an external magnetic field, Ednm:aejTicxageRkAKµanm:aejTickmµekIteLIgEGgenAsItuNðPaBelI
there is no spontaneous magnetization at
any temperature above absolute zero. tMélsUnüdac;xat. karsikSaGMBIpasqøgkat;kñúgKMrUGIusIugenAvimaRtFM
The study of phase transitions in the
Ising model in dimensions greater than CagmYymansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;karEsVgyl;TUeTABIpasqøgkat;.
one has been very important to the
general understanding of phase
transitions.
iso- : Prefix showing that a compound is
an isomer. e.g. isopentane
GIusU- ³ buBVbTbgðajfasmasFatuCaGIusUEm. ]TahrN_ GIusUb:g;tan
(CH3CH(CH3)C2H5, 2-methylbutane) is (CH CH(CH )C H 2-emTIlb‘uytan ) CaGIusUEménb‘uytan.
3 3 2 5
an isomer of pentane.
isobar : 1. A curve on a graph indicating
readings taken at constant pressure. 2.
GIusU)a ³ 1-ExSekagelIRkabbgðajBIGMNanTTYl)anenAsMBaFefr.
One of two or more nuclides that have 2- nuyKøItmYykñúgcMeNamnuyKøItBIrb¤eRcInEdlmancMnYnnuyekøGugdUcKña
the same number of nucleons but
different atomic numbers. Radium-88, b:uEnþcMnYnGatUmxusKña. r:adüÚm-88 Gak;TIjÚm: -89 ehIynig fUrüÚm-90
actinium-89, and thorium-90 are isobars
as each has a nucleon number of 228. CaGIusU)aedayFatunimYy² mancMnYnnuyekøGug 228.
isocyanide test : A test for primary
amines by reaction with an alcoholic
karsakl,gGIusUsüanY ³ karsakl,gsMrab;GamInfñak;TImYyeday
solution of potassium hydroxide and
trichloromethane. RNH2 + 3KOH +
RbtikmµCamYysUluysüúgGal;kulénb:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIutnigRTIkør:Uem-
CHCl3 → RNC + 3KCl + 3H2O The tan. RNH + 3KOH + CHCl → RNC + 3KCl + 3H O.
2 3 2
isocyanide RNC is recognised by its
unpleasant smell. This reaction of GIusUsüanY RNC RtUv)andwg edaykøinminl¥rbs;va. RbtikmµGamInfñak;
primary amines is called the carbylamine
reaction. mYyenHehAfaRbtikmµkab‘ÍLamIn.
isoelectric point (pl) : pH at which an
amphoteric molecule, such as an amino
cMNucGIusUeGLicRTic (pl) ³ pHEdlm:UelKulGMpUETdUcCaGamINU-
acid or protein, has no net charge. GasIutb¤RbUetGIunKµanbnÞúkBit.
isoelectronic : Denoting different
molecules that have the same number of
GIusUeGLicRtUnic ³ karcg¥úlbgðajnUvm:UelKulxus²KñaEdlmancMnYn
electrons. E.g. N2 and CO are
isoelectronic. The energy level diagrams
eGLicRtugdUcKña. ]TahrN_ N nig COCaGIusUeGLicRtUnic. dUecñHdüa-
2
of isoelectronic molecules are therefore RkamkMritfamBlénm:UelKulGIusUeGLicRtUnicmanlkçN³RsedogKña.

similar.
isoenzyme : See isozyme.
GIusUGg;sIum ³ emIl isozyme.
isomer : Variations of a particular
compound having the same molecular
GIusUEm ³ karERbRbÜlénsmasFatuNamYyEdlmanrUbmnþmUe: lKul
formula but different arrangements of
atoms and bonds.
dUcKñab:uEnþkartMerobGatUmnigsm<½n§xusKña.
isometric : 1. (in crystallography)
Denoting a system in which the axes are
GIusUemRTic ³ 1- (kñúgkMNkRkam) karcg¥úlbgðajRbB½n§EdlkñúgenaH
perpendicular to each other, as in cubic
crystals. 2. Denoting a line on a graph
G½kSEkgKñaeTAvijeTAmkdUckñúgRkamKUb.
illustrating the way in which temperature 2- karcg¥úlbgðajCabnÞat;elIRkabbgðajBIrebobEdlsItuNðPaBnig
and pressure are interrelated at constant
volume. sMBaFTak;TgeTAvijeTAmkenAmaDefr.
isomorphism : The existence of two or
more substances (isomorphs) that have
GIusUm½PIs ³ GtßiPaBénsarFatuBIrb¤eRcIn (GIusUm½B) EdlmanTMrg;Rkam
the same crystal structure, so that they
are able to form solid solutions.
dUcKña dUecñHvaGacbegáItCasUluysüúgrwg.

167
isopleth : A vertical line in a liquid-

vapour phase diagram consisting of a
GIusUEpøt ³ bnÞat;bBaÄrkñúgdüaRkampasvtßúrav-cMhaybgáeLIgeday
line of constant composition of the
whole system as the pressure is changed.
bnÞat;énsmasPaBefrénRbB½n§TaMgmUlenAeBlEdlsMBaFERbRbYl.
See also tie line. emIl tie line.
isopoly compound : See cluster
compound.
smasFatuGIusUb:UlI ³ emIl cluster compound.
isotactic polymer : A type of polymer
with a regular arrangement of side
b:UlIEmGIusUtak;Tic ³ RbePTb:UlIEmEdlmankartMerobeTogTat;énRkum
groups arranged on one side of the chain. cMehogEdlRtUv)antMerobelImYycMehogénRcvak;.
isothermal process : Any process that
takes place at constant temperature. In
lMnaMGIusUETma:l; ³ lMnaMEdlRbRBwtþeTAenAsItuNðPaBefr. kñúglMnaM
such a process heat is, if necessary,
supplied or removed from the system at
enHebIcaM)ac;eKRtUvpþl;kMedAeGayvab¤pþac;ecjBIRbB½n§kñúgel,ÓnsmRsb
just the right rate to maintain constant edIm,IrkSasItuNðPaBefr. eRbobeFob adiabatic process.
temperature. Compare adiabatic process.
isotonic : As applied to blood, a solution
that has an ionic concentration equal to
GIusUtUnic ³ GnuvtþcMeBaHQam sUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;GIuyu:gesIµnwg
that of blood; solutions that have the
same osmotic pressure.
kMhab;Qam. sUluysüúgEdlmansMBaFGUsµÚTicdUcKña.
isotope : Term used to designate an atom
of a specific mass number. Atoms of a
GIusUtUb ³ BaküeRbIsMrab;kMNt;GatUmEdlmancMnYnm:asNamYy. RKb;
given element all have the same number
of protons in their nuclei (atomic
GatUménFatuNamYyEdlmancMnYnRbUtugesµIKñaenAkñúgéNVyU:¬elxGatUm¦
number) but may have different numbers b:uEnþmancMnYnNWtRtugxusKña.
of neutrons.
isotope separation : The separation of
the isotopes of an element from each
karEjkGIusUtUb ³ karEjkGIusUtUbénFatuecjBIKñaEp¥kelImUldæanxus
other on the basis of slight differences in
their physical properties. For laboratory
KñabnþicbnþÜcénlkçN³rUbrbs;va. sMrab;TIBiesaFbrimaN ]bkrN_
quantities the most suitable device is smrmübMputeRcInEtCas,iúcRtUEm:tma:s. elImaRtdæanFM viFIeRbIrYmman
often the mass spectrometer. On a larger
scale the methods used include gaseous bnSay]sµ½n(eRbIy:agTUlMTUlaysMrab;EjkGIusUtUbénG‘uyr:anIjÚm: kñúg
diffusion (widely used for separating
isotopes of uranium in the form of the sNæanCa]sµ½nG‘uyr:aj:ÚmcsaPøúyGrY) bMNit(BImuneRbIsMrab;plitTwk
gas uranium hexafluoride), distillation
(formerly used to produce heavy water),
F¶n;) GKÁisnIviPaK (RtUvkarfamBlGKÁIsnIefak) bnSaykMedA (BImuneRbI
electrolysis (requiring cheap electrical sMrab;EjkGIusUtUbG‘uyr:aj:Úm b:uEnþ\LÚvenHeKcat;Tukfa Cakarx¢Hx¢ay )
power), thermal diffusion (formerly used
to separate uranium isotopes, but now rgVilcakp©it nigviFILaEs‘(Cab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarePJacGIusUtUbmYyehIy
considered uneconomic), centrifuging,
and laser methods (involving the nigkarEjkCabnþbnÞab;edaymeFüa)ayeGLicRtUm:aejTic).
excitation of one isotope and its
subsequent separation by
electromagnetic means).
isotopic number (neutron excess) : The
difference between the number of
cMnYnGIusUtUb ¬karelIsNWRtug¦ ³ PaBxusKñarvagcMnYnNWRtugkñúg
neutrons in an isotope and the number of
protons.
GIusUtUbnigcMnYnRtUtug.
isotopomers : Species of a material that
differ only in their isotopic composition.
GIusUtUb:UEm ³ RbePTrUbFatuEdlxusKñaEtsmasPaBGIusUtUbrbs;va.
The energy levels of different
isotopomers are slightly different,
kMritfamBlénGIusUtUbU:EmepSgKñaKWxusKñaEtbnþicbnþÜcEdlGacRtUv)an
enabling them to be detected tamdanedays,iúcsikSaRbsinebIPaBc,as;las;RKb;RKan;. s,iúcsikSa
spectroscopically if the resolution is
sufficiently high. Laser spectroscopy LaEs‘rpþl;eGaykMritsmrmüénPaBc,as;las;sMrab;eRbIkñúgkarEjk
provides a suitable level of resolution for
use in isotope separation. GIusUtUb.

168
isotropic : Denoting a medium whose

physical properties are independent of
GIusURtUBic ³ karcg¥úlbgðajBImCÄdæanEdllkçN³rUbÉkraCüBITis
direction. Compare anisotropic. rbs;va. eRbobeFob anisotropic.
isozyme : Structurally similar enzymes
with similar catalytic activity and
GIusUsIum ³ Gg;sIumEdlmanTMrg;Rbhak;RbEhlKña nigmanskmµPaB
different metabolic roles. katalITicRsedogKña b:uEnþmannaTIemtabUlIsxusKña.
J
Jablonski diagram : A diagram that
represents the electronic energy levels
düaRkam Jablonski ³ düaRkamEdltageGaykMritfamBleGLic-
(and their relative positions) of a
molecule.
RtUnic (nigTItaMgeFobrbs;va) énm:UelKul.
jade : A hard semiprecious stone
consisting either of jadeite or nephrite.
fµyk; ³ fµrwgtMélmFümbgáeLIgedaycaedGIut b¤nIRpIt. caedGIutCa
Jadeite is a sodium aluminium pyroxene,
NaAlSi2O6 It is valued for its intense
sUdüÚmGaluymIjÚm: BIr:uksIun NaAlSi O . vamantMéledayBN’ébtg
2 6
translucent green color but white, green, RsGab;xøaMgrbs;va b:uEnþBN’s ébtg etñat nigTwkRkUcxus²Kñak¾ekIt
brown, and orange varieties also occur.
eLIgpgEdr.
jadeite : See jade.
caedGIut ³ emIl jade.
Jahn-Teller effect : In a nonlinear
molecule or ion, if two possible
pl Jahn-Teller ³ kñúgm:UelKulb¤GIuy:ugminlIenEG’ RbsinebIGrb‘Ítal;
molecular orbitals have the same energy
levels (degenerate orbitals), then the
m:UelKulBIrGacmankMritfamBldUcKña (Grb‘Ítal;cuHkMrit) bnÞab;mkTMrg;
actual structure of the molecule or ion is Biténm:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gRtUv)aneFVIeGayrmYlenAeBlEdlbMEbkkMritfam-
distorted so as to split the energy levels
(‘raise’ the degeneracy). Bl(ekInkarcuHkMrit).
jasper : An impure variety of
chalcedony. It is associated with iron
eføImfµ ³ RbePTminsuT§énkal;esdUnI. vapSMCamYyEr:Edknig
ores and as a result contains iron oxide
impurities that give the mineral its
lT§plTTYl)anmanEdkGuksIutminsuT§ EdleFVIeGayEr:enHmanBN’
characteristic red or reddish-brown Rkhm b¤BN’Rkhm-etñat. fµédreKomRtUv)aneRbICat,Úgfµ.
color. Jasper is used as a gemstone.
jet : A variety of coal that can be cut and
polished and is used for jewelry,
nil ³ RbePTénFüÚgfµEdlGackat;nigxñat;eGayrelagnigRtUv)aneRbI
ornaments, etc. CaeRKOgGlgáar eRKOgtubEtg.l.
jeweler’s rouge : Red powdered
hematite, iron(III) oxide, Fe203 It is a
fñaMRkhmsMrab;CagTg ³ eGm:aTItemSABN’Rkhm Edk (III) GuksIut
mild abrasive used in metal cleaners and Fe 0 . vaCavtßúeRKImmFümEdleRbIkñúgFatusMGatnigrMelagelah³.
2 3
polishes.
j-j coupling : A type of coupling
occurring between electrons in atoms
bgÁMúKU j-j ³ RbePTénkartekIteLIgrvageGLicRtugkñúgGatUm nignuy-
and nucleons in nuclei, in which the
energies associated with the spin orbital
ekøGugkñúgéNVyUE: dlkñúgenaHfamBlpSMCamYyGnþrkmµs<InGrb‘Ítal;KW
interactions are much higher than the x<s;CagfamBlpSM CamYycMraneGLicRtUsþaTic.
energies associated with electrostatic
repulsion.
Joule : Symbol J. The SI unit of work
and energy equal to the work done when
s‘Ul ³ nimitþsBaaØ J. xñatRbB½n§GnþrCatiénkmµnþnigfamBlesµInwgkmµnþ
the point of application of a force of one
newton moves, in the direction of the
)andMeNIrkarenAeBlEdlcMNucGnuvtþn_kMlaMgrbs;clnamYyjÚtuntam
force, a distance of one metre. 1 joule = TiskMlaMgcMgaymYyEm:Rt. 1 s‘Ul = 10 EG‘k = 0,2388 kaLÚrI.
7
107 ergs = 0.2388 calorie.

169
Joule’s law : The internal energy of a

given mass of gas is independent of its
c,ab;s‘Ul ³ famBlxagkñúgénm:as]sµ½nNamYyminGaRs½ymaDnig
volume and pressure, being a function of
temperature alone. This law applies only
sMBaFrbs;vaCaGnuKmn_énsItuNðPaBEtmYyKt;. c,ab;enHGnuvtþEteTA
to ideal gases, as in a real gas elI]sµ½nbrisuT§dUcCakñúgkMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul]sµ½nsuT§eFVIeGayERbRbÜlfa
intermolecular forces would cause
changes in the internal energy should a mBlxagkñúgEdlkarERbRbYlmaDekIteLIg. emIl Joule-Thomson
effect.
change of volume occur. See also Joule-
Thomson effect.
Joule-Thomson effect : (Joule-Kelvin
effect) The change in temperature that
pl Joule-Thomson ³ (pl s‘Ul-Eklvin) bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBEdl
occurs when a gas expands through a
porous plug into a region of lower
ekIteLIgenAeBl]sµ½nrIksaytamqñúkmanrn§eTAkñúgdMbn;sMBaFTabCag.
pressure. For most real gases under these sMrab;]sµ½nsuT§PaKeRcIneRkamkrNITaMgenH sItuNðPaBFøak;cuHeday]sµ½n
circumstances the temperature falls, as
the gas has to do internal work in RtUvdMeNIrkarkmµnþxagkñúgkñúgkarCMnHkMlaMgGnþrm:UelKuledIm,IGaceGay
overcoming the intermolecular forces to
enable the expansion to take place. This karrIkdalRbRBwtþeTA)an. enHCalMgakBIc,ab;s‘Ul.
is a deviation from Joule’s law.
K
kaolin : (china clay) A soft white clay
that is composed mainly of the mineral
ekALaMg ³ (dI\dæcin) dI\dæBN’sTn;EdlbgáeLIgCasMxan;edayxniC
kaolinite. It is formed during the
weathering and hydrothermal alteration
ekAlInIt. vakekIteLIgenAeBlsMNwknigkMENERbedaykMedAéndI\dæ
of other clays or feldspar. It is used in epSgeTotb¤Epls,:at. eKeRbIvakñúg]sSahkmµesr:amicnigCaFatubMeBj
the ceramics industry and also as filler in
the manufacture of rubber, paper, paint, bEnßmpgEdrkñúgkarplitekAs‘U Rkdas fñaMBN’ nigvaynPNÐ nigCaFatu
and textiles, and as a constituent of
medicines. bgáén»sf.
katharometer : An instrument for
comparing the thermal conductivities of
kafar:UEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;eFVIkareRbobeFobPaBcMlgkMedAén]sµ½n
two gases by comparing the rate of loss
of heat from two heating coils
BIredayeRbobeFobel,ÓnEdl)at;bg;kMedABIregVldutkMedABIrBT§½CMuvij
surrounded by the gases. The instrument eday]sµ½nTaMgenaH. ]bkrN_enHGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;rkvtþmanbri-
can be used to detect the presence of a
small amount of an impurity in air and is maNd_tictYcénPaBminsuT§kñúgxül; nigk¾GaceRbICaedticT½rkñúg
also used as a detector in gas
chromatography. RkUm:atURkaPI]sµ½n.
Kekule structure : A proposed structure
of benzene in which the molecule has a
TMrg; Kekule ³ TMrg;dak;esñIeLIgénbg;EsnEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulman
hexagonal ring of carbon atoms linked
by alternating double and single bonds.
vg;qrekaNénGatUmkabUnP¢ab;Kñaedays½m<n§qøas;BIrCan; nigmYyCan;.
Kekule structures contribute to the TMrg;Kekulepþl;GIuRb‘Íter:sUNg;énbg;Esn.
resonance hybrid of benzene.
Kelvin effect : See Thomson effect.
plEklvin ³ emIl Thomson effect.
Kelvin scale : Temperature scale based
on measurement of molecular motion. At
maRtdæanEklvin ³ maRtdæansItuNðPaBEp¥kelIrgVas;clnam:Uel-
zero Kelvin (absolute zero), all
molecular motion theoretically ceases.
Kul. tamRTwsþIclnam:UelKulTaMgGs;Qb;enAEklvinsUnü ¬tMéldac;
Kelvin degrees are the same size as xatsUnü¦. GgSaEklvinmanTMhMdUcGgSaEsls‘üús Edl K = C + o
Celsius degrees, and the conversion is K

= oC + 273 273.

170
keratin : Any of a group of fibrous

proteins occurring in hair, feathers,
ekr:aTIn ³ RkumRbUetGIunsrésEdlekItmanenAkñúgsk; eram Rkck nig
hooves, and horns. Keratins have coiled
polypeptide chains that combine to form
Esñg. ekr:aTInmanExSb:UlIbuibTItrmUrEdlKUbpSMKñabegáItCarbMurmUrén
supercoils of several polypeptides linked b:UlIbuibTItmYycMnYnP¢ab;Kñaedaysm<½n§s<an;F½rBIrrvagGasIutGamIensIuesþ-
by disulphide bonds between adjacent
cysteine amino acids. GIunenAEk,rKña.
kerosine : A mixture of hydrocarbons
having 11 or 12 carbon atoms, boiling in
ekr:UsIun ³ l,ayGIuRdUkabYmanGatUmkabY 11 b¤12nigBuHenAcenøaH160 -
the range 160-250oC. It is used as a jet 250 C. eKeRbIvaCa\nÞn³exµA nigCa :FatubMEbk : edIm,IplitGIuRdUkabYtUc
o
fuel and ‘cracked’ to produce smaller
hydrocarbons for use in motor fuels. CagsMrab;eRbIkñúg\nÞn³m:UT½r.
Kerr effect : The ability of certain
substances when placed in an electric
pl Kerr ³ lT§PaBsarFatuxøH enAeBlRtUv)andak;kñúgEdnGKÁisnI
field, to refract differently, light waves
whose vibrations are in two directions.
edIm,IcaMgEbrxusKñaénrlkBnøWEdllMj½rrbs;vamanTisBIr. plenHbgá
The effect is caused by the fact that eLIgedayehtukarN_ Edlm:UelKulxøHmanDIbUl: GKÁisnIEdlmanTMenar
certain molecules have electric dipoles,
which tend to be orientated by the tMrgTisedayEdnGKÁisnIEdl)anGnuvtþ. clnaécdnüFmµtaénm:UelKul
applied field; the normal random
motions of the molecules tends to eRcInEtbMpøajkartMrg;TisenHniglMnwgRtUv)anb:HTgÁicedayTMhMeFobén
destroy this orientation and the balance
is struck by the relative magnitudes of
PaBxøaMgrbs;EdnGKÁisnI sItuNðPaB nigTMhMmUm: :g;DIbU:l.
the field strength, the temperature, and
the magnitudes of the dipole moments.
ketals : Organic compounds, similar to
acetals, formed by addition of an alcohol
estal; ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlRsedogKñaeTAnwgGaestal;EdlekIt
to a ketone. eLIgedaykarbEnßmGal;kuleTAelIestUn.
keto acids : Organic acids that also
contain a carbonyl functional group.
estUGasIut ³ GasIutsrIragÁEdlmanbgÁúMnaTIkabUnIl.
keto form : See keto-enol tautomerism.
TMrg;estU ³ emIl keto-enol tautomerism.
keto-enol tautomerism : A form of
tautomerism in which a compound
estU-eGNultUtUemrIs ³ sNæantUtUemrIsEdlsmasFatupÞúkRkum -
containing a -CH2-CO- group (the keto CH -CO- (sNæanestUénm:UelKul) manlMnwgCamYysmasFatuumYy
2
form of the molecule) is in equilibrium
with one containing the –CH=C(OH)- EdlmanRkum –CH=C(OH)- (eGNul). vaekIteLIgedaykarbMlas;TI
group (the enol). It occurs by migration
of a hydrogen atom between a carbon GatUmGIuRdUEsncenøaHGatUmkabUnnigGatUmGuksIuEsnenAEk,rGatUm
atom and the oxygen on an adjacent
carbon. kabUn.
ketone : Family of organic compounds
formed when an alkyl group is connected
estUn ³ GMbUrsmasFatusrIragÁEdlekIteLIgenAeBlRkumGal;KIlRtUv
to each of the two remaining carbon
bonds of the carbonyl group (>C=O).
P¢ab;eTAnwgsm<½n§kabUnnImYy²énRkumkabUnIl (>C=O) enAsl;BIr. Rkum
The carbonyl group is not on a terminal kabUnIlenHminfitenAelIGatUmkabUnxagcugeT.
carbon atom.
ketone body : Any of three compounds,
acetoacetic acid (3-oxobutanoic acid,
GgÁestUn ³ smasFatumYykñúgcMeNamsmasFatubIKWGasIutGaestU
CH3COCH2COOH), β-hydroxybutyric
acid (3-hydroxybutanoic acid,
GaesTic (GasIut 3-GuksUb‘uytaNUGiuc CH COCH COOH) GasIut β-
3 2
CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH), and acetone or GIuRduk-sIub‘uyTIric (GasIut3-GIuRduksIub‘uytaNUGIuc CH CH(OH)- CH -

3 2
(propanone, CH3COCH3), produced by
the liver as a result of the metabolism of COOH) nigGaestUn b¤ (RbU)a:NUn CH COCH ) EdlplitedayeføIm
3 3
body fat deposits. Ketone bodies are
normally used as energy sources by edaysaremtabUlIsénkMNkxøaj;. GgÁestUnCaFmµtaRtUv)aneRbICa
peripheral tissues. RbPBfamBledayCalikabrimNÐl.

171
ketose : Monosaccharide containing a

ketone group. Note the prefix keto- and
estUs ³ m:UNUsakarItEdlmanRkumestUn nigsMKal;edaybuBVbT-
the suffice –ose. estU nigbs©imbT-GUs.
kieselguhr : A soft fine-grained powder
consisting of the siliceous skeletal
KIEslhÁÜr b¤dIDIGatUm³ emSARKab;Tn;l¥itEdlpÞúkeRKagq¥wgsIulIsüÚm
remains of diatoms, formed in lakes and
ponds. Kieselguhr is used as an
esssl;énDIGatUmEdlkekIteLIgenAkñúgbwgnigRsHRtBaMg. KIEslhÁÜr
absorbent, filtering material, filler, and RtUv)aneRbICaFatusMrUbrUbFatucMeraHFatubMeBjbEnßm nigFatuGIusULg;.
insulator.
kilo- : Symbol k. A prefix used in the
metric system meaning 1000 times.
KILÚ ³nimitþsBaØaK.buBVbTeRbIkñúgRbB½n§xñatrgVas;mann½yfa 1000dg.
kilocalorie (kcal) : Unit of heat
measurement equal to 1000 cal. In
KILÚkaLÚrI ³ xñatrgVas;kMedAesIµnwg1000 kaLÚrI. enAkñúgcMNIGahar
nutrition, the large Calorie is used
instead of kilocalories.
kaLÚrIFM (Calorie) RtUv)aneKeRbICMnYsKILÚkaLÚrI.
kilogram (kg) : Basic SI unit of mass;
1000 mL of water has a mass of 1 kg.
KILÚRkam ³ xñatRKwHtamRbB½n§GnþrCatiénm:asTwk 1000 mL manm:as
1 kg.
kilometer (km) : Metric unit of length
equal to 1000 m (decimal prefix kilo-
KILÚEm:Rt ³ xñatRbEvgCaEm:RtesIµnwg1000 m¬TsPaKEdlbuBVbTKILÚ-
means times 1000). mann½yfaKuNnwg1000¦.
kindling temperature : See ignition
point
sItuNðaBcMehH ³ emIl ignition point.
kinematic viscosity : Symbol v. The
ratio of the viscosity of a liquid to its
PaBGn§ilsIeNma:Tic ³ nimitþsBaaØ V. pleFobPaBGn§ilvtßúrav
density. The SI unit is m2s-l. eTAnwgdg;sIuetrbs;va. xñat SI KW m s .
2 -l
kinetic effect : A chemical effect that

depends on reaction rate rather than on
plsIuenTic ³ plKImIEdlGaRs½yelIel,ÓnRbtikmµCaCagelIETm:UDI-
thermodynamics. e.g., diamond is
thermodynamically less stable than
Namic. ]TahrN_ tamEbbETm:UDINamiceBRCefrticCagRkah‘Vít.
graphite; its apparent stability depends esßrPaBeXIjc,as;rbs;vaGaRs½yelIel,Ónd_yWtbMputenAeBlvapøas;
on the extremely slow rate at which it is
converted. bþÚr.
kinetic energy : The energy of an object
because of its motion.
famBlsIuenTic ³famBlénvtßúEdlekIteLIgedaysarclnarbs;va
kinetic isotope effect : Changes in
reaction rates produced by isotope
plGIusUtUbsIuenTic ³ bMlas;bþÜrel,ÓnRbtikmµEdlekIteLIgeday
substitution. E.g., if the slow step in a
chemical reaction is the breaking of a C-
karCMnYsGIusUtUb. ]TahrN_ ebIdMeNIryWtkñúgRbtikmµKImIKWkarbMEbk
H bond, the rate for the deuterated sm<½n§ C-Hel,ÓnsMrab;smasFatudWetrü:ÚmRtUvEtyWtCagEtbnþicbnþÜc
compound would be slightly lower
because of the lower vibrational edaysareRbkg;lMj½rsm<½n§ C-D TabCag. plenHGaceRbIsMrab;RtYt
frequency of the C-D bond. The effect
can be used to investigate the BinitüemIlclnkarRbtikmµKimI.
mechanisms of chemical reactions.
kinetic molecular theory : See kinetic
theory
RTwsþIm:UelKulsIuenTic ³ emIl kinetic theory.
kinetic theory : A theory explaining the
states of matter, based on the concept
RTwsþIsIuenTic ³ RTwsþIBnül;BIsNæanrUbFatuEp¥keTAelIbBaØtþEdlPaK
that particles in all forms of matter are in
constant motion. e.g. the pressure of
l¥itkñúgRKb;sNæanrUbFatusßitkñúgclnaefr. ]TahrN_sMBaF]sµ½n
gases is due to the impact of its GaRs½yeTAnwgkarTgÁicénm:UelKuleTAnwgépÞxageRKOgpÞúk.
molecules on the walls of the container.

172
kinetics : The branch of physical

chemistry concerned with measuring and
sIuenTic ³ ¬sIuenTicRbtikmµ¦EpñkmYyénKImIrUbEdlsikSaBI;clnkar
studying the rates of chemical reactions.
The main aim of chemical kinetics is to
nigel,ÓnRbtikmµKImI. eKalbMNgsMxan;énsuIenTicKImIKWkMnt;clna-
determine the mechanism of reactions by karN¾énRbtikmµedaykarsikSael,ÓnRbtikmµeRkaml½kçx½NÐepSg²
studying the rate under different
conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.). ¬sItuNðPaB sMBaF.l.¦
Kipp’s apparatus : A laboratory
apparatus for making a gas by the
]bkrN’ Kipp ³ ]krN¾TIBiesaFsMrab;TegVI]sµ½nedayRbtikmµvtßúrwg
reaction of a solid with a liquid (e.g. the
reaction of hydrochloric acid with iron
CamYyvtßúrav (]TahrN_ RbtikmµGasIutkørIRDicCamYyEdks‘ulpYeGaypl
sulphide to give hydrogen sulphide). It CaGIuRdUEsns‘ulpY). vaCaEkvmUlRbTak;KñabItMerobCaCYrQrCamYyFatu-
consists of three interconnected glass
globes arranged vertically, with the solid KImIrwgkñúgEkvmUlkNþal.
chemical in the middle globe.
Kjeldahl’s method : A method for
measuring the percentage of nitrogen in
viFI Kjeldahl ³ viFIsMrab;vas;PaKryGasUtkñúgsmasFatusrIragÁ.
an organic compound. The compound is
boiled with concentrated sulfuric acid
smasFatuenHRtUv)andaMeGayBuHCamYyGasiuts‘ulpYricxab; nigTg;Edg
and copper(II) sulphate catalyst to (II) s‘ulpatCakatalIkrsMrab;bMElgral;GasUteTACaGam:Uj:Úms‘ulpat
convert any nitrogen to ammonium
sulphate. Alkali is added and the mixture Gal;kalIRtUv)anbEnßm nigl,ayRtUv)ankMedArhUtdl;TTYl)ancMhay
heated to distil off ammonia. This is
passed into a standard acid solution and Gam:Uj:ak;. dMeNIrkarenHqøgkat;eTAkñúgsUluysüúGasIutsþg;da ehIy
the amount of ammonia can then be
found by estimating the amount of
bnÞab;mkbrimaNGam:Uj:ak;RtUvTTYl)anedaykar)a:n;sµanbrimaNGasIut
unreacted acid by titration. The amount mincUlrYmRbtikmµedayGRtakmµ. bnÞab;mkbrimaNGasUtkñúgPaK
of nitrogen in the original specimen can
then be calculated. sMNakedImGacKNna)an.
knocking : The sound produced inside a
spark-ignition petrol engine caused by
karTgÁic ³ sMelglWenAxagkñúgcMehHpáaePøIgbNþalmkBIcMehHelOnén
rapid combustion of the unburnt
explosive mixture in the combustion
m:asIunsaMgl,aypÞúHmineqHkñúgbnÞb;cMehH. lT§plenHKWkareLIgkMedA
chambers. The result is overheating, hYskMritkarxUcxatGacekItmancMeBaHqñúksñÚrsMelgrMxannigkar)at;bg;
possible damage to the plugs, an
undesirable noise, and loss of power. famBl. viFIEdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMputsMrab;bgáarkarTgÁicKWedaykar
The most effective method of preventing
knocking is by the addition of an bEnßmPñak;garRbqaMgkarTgÁic dUcCasMN(IV) etRtaeGTIl eTAkñúg\nÞn:
antiknock agent, such as lead (IV)
tetraethyl, to the fuel, which retards the
EdlBnüWtRbtikmµcMehH. ya:gNak¾edaysaMgEdlKµansMN\LÚvenH
combustion reactions. However, lead- RtUv)anniymcUlcitþCagsaMgEdlpÞúksMNetRtaeGTIledaysarman
free petrol is now preferred to petrol
containing lead tetraethyl owing to eRKaHfñak;dl;brisßanBIkMeNInsMNkñúgbriyakas.
environmental dangers arising from lead
in the atmosphere.
knot theory : A branch of mathematics
used to classify knots and entanglements.
RTwsþIcMNg ³ EpñkmYyénKNitviTüaeRbIedIm,IeFIVcMNat;fñak;cMNg nig
Knot theory has applications to the study
of the properties of polymers and the
karCMBak;CMBin. RTwsþIcMNgmanGnuvtþn_sMrab;karsikSalkçN³b:UlIEm
statistical mechanics of certain models of nigclnkarsßitiénKMrUxøHrbs;pasqøgkat;.
phase transitions.
Knudsen flow : See molecular flow.
lMhUr Knudsen ³ emIl molecular flow.

173
Kohlrausch’s law : If a salt is dissolved

in water, the conductivity of the (dilute)
c,ab; Kohlrausch ³ ebIGMbilrlaykñúgTwk kMritcMlgIénsUluysüúg
solution is the sum of two values – one
depending on the positive ions and the
¬Faturlay¦KWCaplbUkéntMélBIr mYyGaRs½yelIGIuyu:gviC¢man nigmYy
other on the negative ions. The law eTotGaRs½yelIGIuy:ugGviC¢man. c,ab;enHGaRs½yelIbMlas;TIÉkraCü
depends on the independent migration of
ions. énGIuy:ug.
Kolbe’s method : A method of making
alkanes by electrolysing a solution of a
viFI Kolbe ³ viFIplitGal;kanedayGKÁisnIviPaKsUluysüúgGMbil
carboxylic acid salt. The method can
only be used for hydrocarbons with an
GasIutkabuksIulic. viFIenHGaceRbI)anEtCamYyGIuRdUkabYEdlmanGatUm
even number of carbon atoms, although kabUnCacMnYnKU eTaHbICal,ayGMbilBIrk¾GacRtUv)aneFIVGKÁisnIviPaKEdr
mixtures of two salts can be electrolysed
to give a mixture of three products. edIm,Ipþl;Cal,aymYyénplitplbI.
Kovar : A trade-name for an alloy of
iron, cobalt, and nickel with an
kUva: ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;sMelah³Edk kU)al; nignIEklEdl
expansively similar to that of glass. It is
therefore used in making glass- to-metal
RsedogKñaya:gxøaMgeTAnwgEkv. GaRs½yehtuenH vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgTegVI
seals, especially in circumstances in kavbiTEkvelIelah³ CaBiesskñúgkal³eTs³EdlkñúgenaHbMErbMrYl
which a temperature variation can be
expected. sItuNðPaBGac)a:n;sµan)an.
kroll process : A process for producing
certain metals by reducing the chloride
lMnaM Kroll ³ lMnaMsMrab;karplitelah³mYycMnYnedayeFVIerdukmµkør
with magnesium metal.
e.g. TiCl4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl2
CamYyelah³m:aejsüÚm. ]TahrN_ TiCl + 2Mg → Ti +
4
2MgCl .2
L
labelling : The process of replacing a
stable atom in a compound with a
kardak;søaksBaØa ³ lMnaMCMnYsGatUmefrkñúgsmasFatuCamYynwg
radioisotope of the same element to
enable its path through a biological or
viTüúGIusUtUbén FatudUcKñaedIm,IeGayKnøgrbs;vaGacqøgkat;RbB½n§
mechanical system to be traced by the CIvsaRsþ rWRbB½nV emkanicedIm,ItamdanedaykaMrsµIµEdlvabeBa©j.
radiation it emits. In some cases a
different stable isotope is used and the kñúgkrNIxøHGIusUtUbevrmYyepSgeTotRtUv)aneRbI ehIyKnøgrbs;vaRtUv)an
path is detected by means of a mass
spectrometer. A radioactive labelled rkeXIjedaymeFüa)ays,iúcRtUEm:tma:s. smasFatuedAviTüúskmµ
compound can easily be detected using a
Geiger counter.
GacgaytamdanedaykareRbIR)as;kugT½r Geiger.
labile : Describing a chemical compound
in which certain atoms or groups can
gaycl½t ³ karBiBN’naBIsmasFatuKImIEdlkñúgenaHGatUm b¤Rkum
easily be replaced by other atoms or
groups. The term is applied to
mYycMnYnGacgayCMnYsedayGatUmb¤RkumepSgeTot. BaküenHRtUv)an
coordination complexes in which ligands GnuvtþcMeBaHkuMpøickUGrDINasüúgEdlkñúgenaHlIkg;GacgayCMnYseday
can easily be replaced by other ligands in
an equilibrium reaction. lIkg;epSgeTotkñúgRbtikmµlMnwg.
laboratory : Place for scientific
experimentation, research, or chemical
TIBiesaF ³ kEnøgsMrab;eFVIBiesaFn_viTüasa®sþRsavRCavb¤karplit
manufacture. KImI.

174
lactam : Organic compound containing a

ring of atoms in which the group -
Lak;tam ³ smasFatusrIragÁmanvg;GatUmEdlkñúgenaHmanRkum
NH.CO.- forms part of the ring. Lactams -NH.CO.CaEpñkmYyrbs;vg;enaH. Lak;tamGacekIteLIgedayRbti-
can be formed by reaction of an -NH2
group in one part of a molecule with a - kmµRkum-NH kñúgEpñkmYyénm:UelKulCamYyRkum–COOHkñúgm:UelKul
2
COOH group in the other to give a cyclic
amide. The pyrimidine base uracil is an epSgeTotedIm,Ipþl;CaGamItsuIKøic. BIrIbIDIn)asG‘uyr:asIulCa]TahrN_
example of a lactam.
énLak;tam.
lactate : A salt or ester of lactic acid (i.e.
a 2-hydroxypropanoate).
Lak;tat ³ GMbil b¤eGEsÞénGasIutLak;Tic (2-GIiuRduksIuRbU)a:NUGat).
lactim : An alternative tautomeric form
of a lactam, in which the hydrogen atom
Lak;TIm ³ sNæantUtUemricqøas;énLak;tam EdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdU-
on the nitrogen has migrated to the
oxygen of the carbonyl to give -
EsnelI GasUt)anpøas;TIeTAGuksIuEsnénkabUnIleGayCaN=C(OH)-.
N=C(OH)-.
lactones : Organic compounds
containing a ring of atoms in which the
Lat;tUn ³ smasFatusrIragÁmanvg;GatUmEdlkñúgenaHRkum –CO.O-
group –CO.O- forms part of the ring.
Lactones can be formed by reaction of
begáItCaedayEpñkmYyénvg;. Lak;tUnGacekIteLIgedayRbtikmµRkum
an -OH group in one part of a molecule –OH kñúgEpñkmYyénm:UelKulCamYyRkum –COOH kñúgm:UelKulepSg
with a -COOH group in the other to give
a cyclic ester. eToteGayCaeGEsÞsIuKøic.
lactose : (milk sugar) A sugar
comprising one glucose molecule linked
Lak;tUs ³ (sárTwkedaH) sárEdlmanmYym:UelKulKøúykUsP¢ab;eTAnwig
to a galactose molecule. Lactose is
manufactured by the mammary gland
m:UelKulkaLak;tUs. Lak;tUsRtUv)anplitedayRkeBjTwkedaH nig
and occurs only in milk. e.g. cows’ milk manEtkñúgTwkedaH. ]TahrN_ TwkedaHeKamanLak;tUsRbmaN 4,7%.
contains about 4.7% lactose. It is less
sweet than sucrose (cane sugar). vaEp¥mticCags‘uRkUs(sárGMeBA).
laevorotatory : A chemical compound
that rotates the plane of plane-polarised
eLv:UrU:tatUrI ³ smasFatuKImIEdlrgVilbøg;énBnøWbøg;bUE: leTAxageqVg
light to the left (anticlockwise for (RcasTisRTnicnaLikacMeBaHGñkEbreTArkkaMrsµI).
someone facing the oncoming radiation).
laevulose : See fructose.
elvUlLÚs ³ emIl fructose.
lake : A pigment made by combining an
organic dye with an inorganic compound
BN’pSM ³ CatiBN’ekIteLIgedaybnSMl½xsrIragÁCamYysmasFatu
(usually an oxide, hydroxide, or salt).
Absorption of the organic compound on
GsrIragÁ (CaTUeTA GuksIut GIuRduksIut nigGMbil). karRsUbsmasFatu
the inorganic substrate yields a colored srIragÁeTAelIs‘ub®sþaGsrIragÁbegáIt)anCakuMpøicBN’ dUcenAkñúgbnSMl½x
complex, as in the combination of a dye
with a mordant. Lakes are used in paints CamYyFatuP¢ab;BN’. BN’pSMeq¥ARtUv)aneRbIkñúgfñaMlabBN’ nigTwkexµA
and printing inks.
e)aHBum<.
lamb shift : A small energy difference
between two levels (2S1/2 and 2Pl/2 ) in the
rMkil Lamb ³ PaBxusKñaénfamBltictYcrvagnIvUB: Ir ( S nig P )
2
1/2
2
l/2
hydrogen spectrum. The shift results

from the quantum interaction between
kñúgs,úicGuIRdUEsn. bMlas;bþÚrlT§plBIGnþrkmµkg;TumrvageGLicRtug
the atomic electron and the GatUmnigkaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTic.
electromagnetic radiation.
lambda point : The temperature at
which superfluidity occurs.
cMNucLaMda : sItuNðPaBenAeBlsnÞnIyPaBhYskMritekIteLIg.

175
Lamb-dip spectroscopy
spectroscopic technique enabling the
: A
karsikSas,úic Lamb-dip : bec©keTss,úicsikSaEdlGaceGay
centres of absorption lines to be
determined very precisely by making use
cMNuc kNþalénbnÞat;sMrUbRtUv)ankMNt;y:agCak;lak;edaykareRbI
of the Doppler shift associated with very bMlas;bþÚr Doppler CamYym:UelKulmanclnay:agelOn. )acBnøW
rapidly moving molecules. An intense.
monochromatic beam of radiofrequency m:UNURkUm:aTic xøaMgénkaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTicerbkg;viTüúRtUv)anbBa©aMgqøg
electromagnetic radiation is passed
through a sample of a gas with the kat;PaKsMNak]sµ½nEdlmaneRbkg;x<s;CagtictYceRbkg;énsMrUb
frequency being slightly higher than that
of maximum absorption. The beam is
Gtibrma. bnÞab; mkBnøW)anCHRtLb;kat;tamPaKsMNak. edayehtu
then reflected back through the sample. fa m:UelKulrg rMejackñúgKnøgecjdMeNIrdMbUgticCagm:UelKulrgrMejac
Since molecules being excited in the
initial path leave fewer molecules to be kñúgKnøgRtLb; vijeTIbvabNþaleGaysMrUbxøaMgticnwgRtUv)ansegát.
excited in the return path this causes a
less intense absorption to be observed. CalT§plCMral cuHmanenAelIExSekag dUecñHGaceGayBicsMrUbRtUvrk
As a result a dip appears in the curve,
thus enabling the absorption peak to be
eXIjy:agsuRkit.
found very accurately.
lamellar solids : Solid substances in
which the crystal structure has distinct
vtßúrwgbnÞH ³ sarFaturwgEdlTMrg;RkammanRsTab;xusKña (]Ta>man
layers (i.e. has a layer lattice). e.g. mica,
graphite.
bNþajRsTab;). ]TahrN_ mIka ; RkaPIt.
lamp black : A finely divided
(microcrystalline) form of carbon made
ERmgePøIg ³ PaKl¥ittUc² (RkamtUc²EdlCasNæanénCakabUnekIteLIg
by burning organic compounds in
insufficient oxygen. It is used as a black
edaycMehHsmaFatusrIragÁkñúgkgVHGuksIuEsn. vaRtUv)aneRbICaCatiBN’
pigment and filler. exµA nigFatubMeBjbEnßm.
Landau levels : The energy levels of
free electrons in a uniform magnetic
kMrit Landau ³ kMritfamBléneGLicRtugesrIkñúgEdnm:aejTicÉk
field found by quantum mechanics. sNæanEdlrkeXIjedayemkanickg;TUm.
Langevin equation : A type of random
equation of motion used to study
smIkar Langevin ³ RbePTsmIkarécdnüénclnaeRbIsMrab;sikSa
Brownian movement. It is necessary to
use statistical methods and the theory of
clna Brown. vacaM)ac;RtUveRbIviFIsßiti nigRTwsþIRbU)ab‘ÍlIetsMrab;edaH
probability to solve the Langevin RsaysmIkar Langevin.
equation.
Langmuir adsorption isotherm: An
equation used to describe the amount of
GIusUETmsMrUb Langmuir ³ smIkareRbIsMrab;BiBN’nabrimaNén
gas adsorbed on a plane surface, as a
function of the pressure of the gas in
]sµ½nRtUv)anRsUbesIelIépÞrab dUcCaGnuKmn_énsMBaF]sµ½nmanlMnwgCa
equilibrium with the surface. mYyépÞelI.
Langmuir-Blodgett film : A film of
molecules on a surface that can contain
RsTab; Langmuir-Blodgett ³ RsTab;énm:UelKulelIépÞeRkAEdl
multiple layers. Langmuir-Blodgett films
have many potential practical
GacmanRsTab;eRcIn. RsTab; Langmuir-Blodgett mankarGnuvtþCak;
applications, including insulation for Esþgmanb:Utg;EsülCaeRcIn EdlrYmmanGIusULg;sMrab;sMPar³GubTic
optical and semiconductor devices and
selective membranes in biotechnology. nig]bkrN_sWmIkugDucT½r nigPñasCMerIskñúgCIvbec©kviTüa.
lanolin : An emulsion of purified wool
fat in water, containing cholesterol and
LaNUlIn ³ eGmulsüúgénxøaj;srésrqµarbnSúT§kñúgTwkmankUeLesþ-
certain terpene alcohols and esters. It is
used in cosmetics.
r:ul ETEb:nGal;kulxøH nigeGEsÞ. vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgeRKOgsMGag.
lanthanides : Rare-earth elements from
atomic numbers 57 through to 71; their
Lg;tanIt ³ FatukMrelIEpndIBIcMnYnGatUm 57 dl; 71EdllkçN:KImI
chemical properties are similar to those
of lanthanum (atomic number 57).
rbs;eKRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgLg;tan ( cMnYnGatUm 57).

176
Larmor precession: A precession of the

motion of charged particles in a
eRbEssüúg Larmor ³ eRbEssüúgénclnarbs;PaKl¥itmanbnÞúkkñúg
magnetic field. Ednm:aejTic.
laser : (Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation) A
LaEs‘ ³ (karBRgIkBnøWedaybegáInbnSayénkaMrsµI) ]bkrN_BRgIkBnøW
light amplifier usually used to produce a
parallel beam of radiation with a specific
CaTUeTAeRbIsMrab;begáIt)ac;BnøWRsbKñaénkaMrsµImaneRbkg;yfaRbePT.
frequency. In a laser, atoms, ions or kñúgLaEs‘ GatUm GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulRtUv)anePJacCabzm bnÞab;mkRtUv)an
molecules are first excited then
stimulated to emit photons by collision CMrujeGaybeBa©jpUtugedaykarTgÁicKñaCamYypUtugEdlmanfamBl
with photons of the same energy. The
medium is enclosed between parallel dUcKña. mCÄdæanRtUv)anbit)aMgedaykBa©k;qøúHRsbKñaEdlkB©ak;mYy
mirrors, one of which is semi-
transparent. The laser beam emerges
GDÆføa. )ac;BnøWLaEs‘ecjBIkBa©k;qøúHGDÆføaenaH.
from the semitransparent mirror.
laser heterodyne spectroscopy : A
high-resolution spectroscopic technique,
karsikSas,úicLaEs‘ehetr:UDIn ³ bec©keTss,úicsikSac,as;xøaMg
used in astronomical and atmospheric
observations, in which the signal to be
eRbIkñúgkarsegáttarasaRsþ nigbriyakasEdlkñúgenaHsBaaØRtUvvas;
measured is mixed with a laser signal in RtUv)an layCamYysBaaØLaEs‘kñúgDIGUdsNæanrwgbegáItsBaaØeRbkg;
a solid-state diode, producing a
difference-frequency signal in the radio- xusKñakñúgcenøaHeRbkg;viTüú.
frequency range.
laser spectroscopy : A branch of
spectroscopy in which a laser is used as
karsikSas,úicLaEs‘ ³ Epñkéns,úicsikSaEdlkñúgenaHLaEs‘RtUv)an
an intense, monochromatic light source;
in particular, it includes saturation
eRbICaRbPBBnøWmUN
: URkUm:aTicxøaMg varab;bBa©Úls,úiceBjeljya:gl¥dUc
spectroscopy, as well as the application Edl)anGnuvtþn_énRbPBBnøWeTAs,úicrUmaMug nigbec©keTsepSgeTot.
of laser sources to Raman spectroscopy
and other techniques.
lather : See foam
BBuH ³ emIl foam.
lattice : The regular arrangement of
atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline
bNþaj ³ kartMerobesµIénGatUm GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulkñúgRkaménvtßú
solid. rwg.
lattice energy : A measure of the
stability of a crystal lattice, given by the
famBlbNþaj ³ rgVas;sßirPaBénbNþajRkampþl;edayfamBl
energy that would be released per mole
of atoms, ions, or molecules of the
EdlRtUvbeBa©jkñúgmYym:Ulrbs;GatUm GIuyug: b¤m:UelKulénRkamEdl
crystal were brought together to form the RbmUlpþúMKñaedIm,IbegáItCaRbTas.
lattice.
lattice vibrations : The periodic
vibrations of the atoms, ions, or
lMj½rbNþaj ³ lMj½rxYbrbs;GatUm GIuy:ug b¤mUe: lKulkñúgRbTas
molecules in a crystal lattice about their
mean positions. On heating, the
RkamkñúgTItaMgmFümrbs;va. kñúgkarkMedAGMBøITuténlMj½rekIneLIgxøaMg
amplitude of the vibrations increases rhUtdl;RsTasKImIRtUv)anbMEbk. sItuNðPaBEdleFVIeGayekIteLIg
until they are so energetic that the lattice
breaks down. The temperature at which EbbenHKWCacMNucrlayénvtßúrwg nigsarFatukøayCavtßúrav. kñúgkareFVI
this happens is the melting point of the
solid and the substance becomes a liquid. eGayRtCak;GMBøITuténPaBlMj½rfycuH. enAtMélsUnüdac;xatlMj½r
On cooling, the amplitude of the
vibrations diminishes. At absolute zero a
sMNl;sßitenArYmKñaCamYyfamBlcMNucsUnüénsarFatu. kMeNInersIu-
residual vibration persists, associated sþg;GKÁisnIénGgÁFatucMlgGaRs½yeTAnwgkarBRgayekIneLIgénkar
with the zero-point energy of the
substance. The increase in the electrical cMlgeGLicRtugesrIedayPaKl¥itRbTasEdlj½r.
resistance of a conductor is due to
increased scattering of the free
conduction electrons by the vibrating
lattice particles.

177
law of chemical equilibrium : In a

chemical reaction at equilibrium, the rate
c,ab;lMnwgKImI ³ kñúgRbtikmµKImImanlMnwg el,ÓnRbtikmµeTA (K ) nig
f
of the forward reaction (kf )and the rate

of the back reaction (kb)are equal. The
el,ÓnRbtikmµbRBa©as (K )KwesµIKña dUecñHpleFobel,ÓnTaMgBIrKWefr.
b
ratio of the two rates is therefore a Kc = k /k .

f b
constant. Kc = kf /kb
law of conservation of energy : See
conservation law.
c,ab;rkSafamBl ³ emIl conservation law.
law of conservation of mass : See
conservation law.
c,ab;rkSam:as ³ emIl conservation law.
law of conservation of matter : Matter
(atoms) cannot be created or destroyed
c,ab;rkSarUbFatu ³ rUbFatu¬GatUm¦minGacRtUv)anbegIátb¤bMpøajtam
by ordinary means. viFIFmµta)aneT.
law of constant composition :See law
of definite proportion.
c,ab;smasPaBefr ³ emIl law of definite proportion.
law of constant heat summation : See
Hess’s law.
c,ab;kMedAsrubefr ³ emIl Hess’s law.
law of definite composition : See law
of definite proportion.
c,ab;smasPaBkMNt; ³ emIl law of definite proportion.
law of definite proportions: Compound
always contains the same elements
c,ab;smamaRtkMNt; ³ smasFatuEtgEtmanFatudUcKñaEdlpSMKña
combined in the same proportions by
weight.
kñúgsmamaRtm:asdUcKña.
law of equivalent proportions : If two
elements A and B each for a compound
c,ab;smamaRtsmmUl ³ ebIFatuBIr A nig B FatunimYy²sMrab;
with a third element X, then A and B
will combine to form a compound in the
smasFatuCamYyFatuTIbI X bnÞab;mk A nig B nwgpSMCamYyedIm,IbegáIt
same ratio that they react with X. e.g. CasmasFatukñúgpleFobdUcKñaEdlvamanRbtikmµCamYy X. ]TahrN_
Sulfur and carbon both form compounds
with hydrogen – H2S and CH4 . The ratio TaMgs<an;F½rnigkabUnkekItCasmasFatuCamYyGIuRdYEsndUcCa H S nig
2
CH . pleFobm:as C nig S EdlpSMCamYy H 4g KW 12: 64. kabUn

of masses of C and S that combine with
4g H is 12:64. Carbon and sulfur form 4
the compound CS2 , in which the ratio of

C:S is also 12:64.
nigs<an;F½rk¾bgábegáItsmasFatu CS kñúgpleFob C : S KW 12:64Edr.
2
law of mass action : The rate at which a

chemical reaction takes place at a given
c,ab;GMeBIma:s ³ el,ÓEdlRbtikmµKImRbRBwtþeTAenAsItuNðPaBNa
temperature, is proportional to the molar
concentration of the reactants. e.g. for a
mYysmamaRteTAnwgkMhab;Cam:UlénRbtikr. ]TahrN_ cMeBaHRbtikmµ
reaction xA + yB → products, the rate is xA + yB →plitpl el,ÓnRbtikmµenHKW R = k[A] [B] Edl k
x y
given by R = k[A]x[B]y where k is the

rate constant. Caefrel,Ón.
law of multiple proportions : When
two elements A and B combine to form
c,ab;smamaRtBhuKuN ³ kalNaFatuBIr A nig B pSMKñabegáIt
more than one compound , then the
masses of B that combine with a fixed
smasFatueRcIn bnÞab;mkm:asénB EdlpSMCamYynwgm:askMNténA KW
mass of A is a simple ratio. e.g. Carbon CapleFobgay. ]TahrN_ kabUnnigGuksIuEsnGacbegáIt)anCa CO b¤
and Oxygen can form CO or CO2. The
ratio of masses of oxygen in CO and CO . pleFobm:asGuksIuEsnkñúg CO nig CO KW 16:32 b¤ 1:2.
2 2
CO2 is 16:32 or, 1:2.
laws : In science, a law is a descriptive
principle of nature that is true in all
c,ab; ³ kñúgviTüasaRsþ c,ab;KwCaeKalkarN_BN’naFmµCatiEdlBitkñúg
circumstances covered by the wording of
the law. There are no exceptions in the
RKb;krNITaMgGs;edaykareRbIBaküc,ab;. KµankrNIelIkElgeTkñúg
laws of nature and any event that did not c,ab;FmµCatiehIyehtukarN_NaEdlmineKarBtamc,ab;enaHeKRtUvEt
comply with the law would require the
existing law to be discarded or would lubc,ab;EdlmanenaHecal b¤RtUvEtBN’nafaCaGBÖÚtehtu. ]TahrN_
have to be described as a miracle. (e.g.
Boyle’s law, the law of conservation of c,ab; Boyle c,ab;rkSam:as c,ab;TMnajjÚtun.
mass, Newton’s law of gravitation).

178
layer lattice : A crystal structure in

which the atoms are chemically bonded
bNþajRsTab; ³ TMrg;RkamEdlkñúgenaH GatUmcgsm<½n§KImICa
in plane layers, with relatively weak
forces between atoms in adjacent layers.
RsTab;épÞrabCamYynwgkMlaMgya:gexSayrvagGatUmkñúgRsTab;Ek,r.
Graphite and micas are examples of RkaPIt nigmIkaCa]TahrN_sarFatuEdlmanRbTasKImI RsTab;(man
substances having layer lattices (i.e. they
are lamellar solids). n½yfa vaCavtßúrwgbnÞHesþIg ).
LCP : emIl liquid-crystal polymer.
LCP : See liquid-crystal polymer.
L-D process : See basic-oxygen process.

lMnaM L-D ³ emIl basic-oxygen process.
LD50 ³ kMritkaMrsµIEdlbNþaleGaysøab; 50 %énb:UBuyLasüúgEdl
LD50 : Radiation dose that is lethal to 50
percent of the population being tested.
The term LD50 is also used for toxic
chemicals and drugs.
RtUveFIVetsþ. Bakü LD50 RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;FatuKImIBulnigfñaMeBTü.
le Chatelier’s principle : Method for
easily predicting the effect of changes in
eKalkarN_qatIlIey ³ viFIsMrab;karRbmaNya:ggayRsYlnUv
reaction conditions on the equilibrium
concentration of reactants and products.
plénkarpøas;bþÚrl½kçx½NÐRbtikmµkñúgkMhab;manlMnwgrbs;Rbtikrnig
If a system is in equilibrium, and a plitpl. RbsinebIRbB½n§manlMnwgnigkarpøas;bþÚrtMrUveGaymanRbB½n§
change is imposed, the system will cause
the equilibrium to shift in order to enaHnwgbNþaleGaymanlMnwgrMkiledIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarpøas;bþÚrenaH.
oppose the change.
leaching : Extraction of soluble
components of a solid mixture by
karbgðÚreRcaH ³ eyabkFatubgárlayénl,ayvtßúrwgedaybgðÚrFatu
percolating a solvent through it. rMlayqøgkat;l,ay.
lead-acid accumulator : An secondary
cell in which the electrodes are made of
GaKuyGasIutsMN ³ fµBilTIBIrEdlkñúgenaHeGLicRtUteFVIBIsMN
lead and the electrolyte consists of dilute
sulfuric acid. The positive electrode is
nigeGLicRtUlItCaGasIuts‘ulpYricrav. eGLicRtUtviC¢maneRsabeday
coated with a layer of lead(II) oxide RsTab;sMN (II) GuksIut (PbO) EdlRtUv)anbMElgeTACasMN (IV)
(PbO) which is converted to lead(IV)
oxide (PbO2) during charging. The GuksIut (PbO ) kñúgeBlkMBugsak. smIkarsMrab;RbtikmµsrubkñúgeBl
2
equation for the overall reaction during
discharge is: benÞrKW³ PbO + 2H SO + Pb ⇔ 2PbSO + 2H O
2 2 4 4 2
PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb ⇔ 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

The reaction is reversed during charging.
RbtikmµenHRtLb;vijeBlsak. BilnimYy²pþl;eGaye.m.f(kMlaMg
Each cell gives an e.m.f. of about 2 volts GKÁisnIclkr) RbEhl 2 v:ulehIycMeBaHyanynþeRbIm:asIun GaKuy 12
and in motor vehicles a 12-volt battery
of six cells is usually used. Compare v:ul manekasikaR)aMmYyRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTA. eRbobeFob nickel-iron
accumulator.
nickel-iron accumulator.
lead-chamber process : An obsolete

method of making sulfuric acid by the
lMnaMbnÞb;sMN ³ viFIEdlElgniyménkareFVIGasIuts‘ulpYric eday
catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide with
air using a potassium nitrate catalyst in
GuksIutkmµviPaKs<an;F½rDIGuksIutkñúgxül;edayeRbIkatalIkrb:UtasüÚm-
water. The process was carried out in nIRtatkñúgTwk. lMnaMenHRtUv)andMeNIrkarkñúgvtßúpÞúksMN(EdlmantMél
lead containers (which was expensive)
and only produced dilute acid. It was éfø)ehIyplitEtGasIutravb:ueNÑaH. vaRtUv)anCMnYskñúgqñaM 1896eday
replaced in 1876 by the contact process.
lMnaMb:H.

179
Leblanc process : An obsolete process

for manufacturing sodium carbonate.
lMnaM Leblanc ³ lMnaMEdleKQb;eRbIsMrab;plitsUdüÚmkabUNat.
The raw materials were sodium chloride,
sulfuric acid, coke (carbon), and
rUbFatuedImKWsUdüÚmkørY GasIuts‘ulpYric FüÚgfµ (kabUn) nigfµkMe)ar(kal;
limestone (calcium carbonate), and the süÚmkabUNat) niglMnaMenHrYmmanBIrdMNak;kal ³
process involved two stages.
(1) 2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) → 7 Na2S04(s) + 2HCl(g)
(1)2NaCl(s)+H2SO4(l)→7Na2S04(s)+2HCl(g)
(2) Na2S04 + 2C + CaCO3 → 7 Na2C03 + CaS + 2CO2
(2)Na2S04+2C+CaCO3→7Na2C03+CaS+
2CO2 enAcugstvtSTI 19lMnaMenHRtUv)anCMnYsy:agTUlMTUlayedaylMnaM
By the end of the 19th century the
process had been largely replaced by the s‘ulva:y Solvay.
Solvay process.
Leclanché cell : A primary voltaic cell
consisting of a carbon rod (the anode)
fµBilLWkøg;es ³ Bilv:ultabzmbgáeLIgedaybegÁalkabUn(GaNUt)
and a zinc rod (the cathode) dipping into
an electrolyte of a 10-20% solution of
nig begÁals½gásI (katUt) RtaMkñúgsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItGam:Uj:ÚmkørY
ammonium chloride. Polarization is 10-20%. b:UlkmµRtUv)ankarBaredayeRbIl,aym:g;kaENsDIGuksIut
prevented by using a mixture of
manganese dioxide mixed with crushed layCamYy kMeTckabUndak;eGayb:HCamYyGaNUtedayfg;b¤epIgman
carbon, held in contact with the anode by
means of a porous bag or pot; this reacts rnVEdlRbtikmµCamYyGuIRdUsIuEsnplit. fµBilenHCasNæanesIménBil
with the hydrogen produced. This wet
form of the cell, devised in 1867 by
)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1867 eday Georges Leclanche (1839-82)man
Georges Leclanche (1839-82), has an kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrRbmaN1,5v:ul. fµBils¶ÜtTMenIbplittamrbobenH
e.m.f. of about 1.5 volts. The modern dry
cell based on it is widely used in torches, RtUv)aneRbI y:agTUlMTUlaykñúgBilviTüú nigm:asIunKitelx.
radios, and calculators.
lectin : Any of a group of proteins,
derived from plants, that can bind to
LicTIn ³ RkuménRbUetGIun)anmkBIrukçCatiEdlGacP¢ab;eTAnwgGUlI
specific oligosaccharides on the surface
of cells, causing the cells to clump
kUsakarItyfaRbePTelIépÞekasikaeFVIeGayekasikapþúMKña. LicTInGac
together. Lectins can be used to identify RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kMNt;ekasikamuytg;kñúgkarbNþúHekasika nigkMNt;
mutant cells in cell cultures and to
determine blood groups as they can ekasikaQamRkhm. LicTIinRtUv)anrkeXIjkñúgRKab;rukçCatiGMbYr
cause the agglutination of red blood
cells. Lectins are found in seeds of sENþk nigCalikaepSgeTotEdlkñúgenaHRtUv)aneKKitfavamanGMeBIdUc
legumes and in other tissues, in which
they are thought to act as a toxin.
tuksIun.
LEED ³ (DIR)ak;süúgeGLicRtugfamBlTab) bec©keTseRbIsMrab;sikSa
LEED : (low-energy electron
diffraction) A technique used to study
the structure of crystal surfaces and
processes taking place on these surfaces.
TMrg;épÞRkamnigdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTAenAelIépÞTaMgenH. épÞenHRtUv)an)aj;
The surface is bombarded with a narrow, eday)ac;BnøWeGLicRtugm:UNURkUm:aTicceg¥ót. eGLicRtugRtUv)ancaMg-
monochromatic electron beam. The
electrons are diffracted by the surface pøatedayGatUmépÞ nigbnÞab;mkRtUv)anRbmUlenAelI;eGRkg;cMNaMgBnøW.
atoms and then collected on a fluorescent
screen. Both the surface structure and
TaMgTMrg;épÞnigkarpøas;bþÚrEdlekIteLIgbnÞab;BIsMrUbKImInigRbtikmµépÞ
changes that occur after chemisorptions
and surface reactions can be investigated
GacRtUv)ansegáttamrebobenH. emIl electron diffraction.
in this way. See also electron diffraction.
leukotrienes : Lipids derived from
arachidonic acid that are implicated in
LWkURTIEG‘n ³ lIBIt)anmkBIGasIutGar:asIudUnicEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar
allergic responses. eqøIytbénRbtikmµminRtUvFatu.
lewis acid : Molecule or ion that can
form a coordinate covalent bond with
GasIutLWvIs ³ m:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gEdlGacbegIátsm<½n§kUv:aLg;kUGr-
another species by accepting a pair of
electrons.
DINasüúgCamYynwgRbePTKImIepSgeTotedaykarTTYleTVtaeGLicRtug.

180
lewis base : Molecule or ion that can

form a coordinate covalent bond with
)asLWvIs ³ m:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gEdlGacbegIátsm½<n§kUv:aLg;kUGrDINa-
another species by donating a pair of
electrons.
süúg\CamYynwgRbePTKImIepSgeTotedaykarpþl;eTVtaeGLicRtug.
Lewis structure : A notation that shows
valence electrons as dots around the
TMrg;eGLicRtugLWvIs ³ karkMNt;EdlBiBN’naeGLicRtugv:aLg;Ca
atomic symbol of the element; the
symbol represents the inner electrons
cMNucCMuvijnimitþsBaaØGatUménFatu. nimitþsBaaØtaageGayeGLicRtug
and atomic nucleus. Two dots between xagkñúg nigéNVyUG: atUm. cMNucBIrenAcenøaHGatUmtageGay sm<½n§
atoms represent a covalent bond.
kUva:Lg;mYy.
lewis theory : See lewis acid and lewis
base
RTwsþILWvIs ³ emIl lewis acid nig lewis base.
Liebig condenser: A laboratory
condenser having a straight glass tube
sItkrRtg; Liebig : kugdg;kñúgTIBiesaFEdlmanbMBg;EkvRtg;B½T§CMuvij
surrounded by another glass tube
through which cooling water is passed.
edaybMBg;EkvmYyepSgeTotEdlTwkRtCak;qøgkat;tamenaH.
ligand : An atom, group, ion, radical, or
molecule that forms a coordination
lIkg; ³ GatUm Rkum GIuyu:g r:aDIkal; b¤mUe: lKulEdlbegáItCakuMpøickUGr-
complex with a central atom or ion by
donating a pair of electrons. Ligands act
DINasüúgCamYyGatUmb¤GIuyu:gkNþaledaykarpþl;eTVtaeGLicRtug.
as lewis bases. lIkg;manGMeBIdUcCa)asLWvIs.
ligand-field theory : A theory
describing the properties of compounds
RTwsþIEdnlIkg; ³ RTwsþIEdlBiBN’naGMBIlkçN³smasFaturbs;GIuyug:
of transition-metal ions or rare-earth ions
which considers the covalent bonding
elah³qøg b¤GIuy:ugkMrelIEpndIEdlKitBIsm<½n§kUv:aLg;rvagm:UelKulBT§½
between the surrounding molecules CMuvij (lIkg;) eTAnwgGIuyu:gelah³qøg. RTwsþIEdnlIkg;bgðajfakMrit
(ligands) and the transition-metal ions.
Ligand-field theory indicates that energy famBlénGIuyug: elah³qøgRtUvbMEbkedaylIkg;CMuvij. RTwsþIenH)an
levels of the transition-metal ions are
split by the surrounding ligands. The TTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarBnül;lkçN³GubTic s,iúcRtUsáÚBic nigm:aejTic
theory has been very successful in
explaining the optical, spectroscopic, and
rbs;smasFatuGIuy:ugelah³qøg nigGIuy:ugkMrelIEpndI.
magnetic properties of the compounds of
transition-metal and rare-earth ions.
ligase : Enzymes that catalyse the
formation of covalent bonds using the
lIkas ³ Gg;sIumEdleFIVkatalIkmµkMNsm<½n§kUv:aLg;edayeRbIfamBl
energy released by the cleavage of ATP.
Ligases are important in the synthesis
EdlbeBa©jedaykarbMEbk ATP. lIkasmansar³sMxan;kñúgsMeyaK
and repair of many biological molecules, nig karCYsCulm:UelKulCIvsaRsþCaeRcIn rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg DNA ehIynig
including DNA, and are used in genetic
engineering to insert foreign DNA into RtUv)aneRbIkñúgvisVkmµesenTicedIm,IbBa©Úl DNA BIeRkAeTAkñúgviucT½r.
cloning vectors.
light reactions : The first stage of
photosynthesis in which energy from the
RbtikmµPøW ³ dMNak;kaldMbUgénrsµIsMeyaKEdlfamBlBIBnøWRBH
sun is captured as chemical energy to
make ATP and NADPH.
GaTitüRtUv)ancab;ykeFIVCafamBlKImIedIm,IbegIátGaedNUsIunRTIpUsVat
¬ATP¦ nignIkUTINamItDInuyekøGUTItpUsVat ¬NADPH ¦.
lignin : A complex organic polymer that
is deposited within the cellulose of plant
lIjIn ³ b:UlIEmsrIragÁkuMpøicEdlkkKrxagkñúgEsluyLÚsénPñas
cell walls during secondary thickening.
Lignification makes the walls woody and
eRKagsMbkekasikarukçCatienAeBleLIgkMras;bnÞab;. lIjInkmµeFVIeGay
therefore rigid. PñaseRKagmanCatieQInigrwgmaM.
lignite : A soft brown form of coal
which has a high moisture content..
lIjIt ³ sNæanTn;BN_etñaténFüÚgEdlmanpÞúksMeNImx<s;.
lilac : Pale pinkish-violet color.
BN’RKab;ma:k;R)agx©I ³ BN’sVay-páaQUkRBElt.

181
limestone : A sedimentary rock that is

composed largely of carbonate minerals,
fµkMe)ar ³ silakMeTckMNEdlbgáeLIgedayEr:kabUNatya:geRcInCa
especially carbonates of calcium and
magnesium. There are many varieties of
Biesskal;süÚmkabUNat nigm:aejsüÚmkabUNat. manRbePTfµkMe)ar
limestones but most are deposited in xus²KñaCaeRcIn b:uEnþPaKeRcInkkKrkñúgTwkra:k;.
shallow water.
limewater : A saturated solution of
calcium hydroxide in water.
TwkkMe)ar ³ sUluysüúgEq¥ténkal;süÚmGIuRduksIutkñúgTwk.
Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism :
A mechanism for unimolecular chemical
clnkar Lindemann-Hinshelwood ³ clnkarsMrab;RbtikmµKImI
reactions that suggests, that a molecule
of A colliding with another molecule of
Ékm:UelKulKImIEdlm:UelKulén A TgÁicCamYym:UelKuulepSgeTotén A
A, can acquire enough activation energy GacRtUvkarfamBlskmµkmµRKb;RKan;sMrab;bMEbkm:UelKulEtmYy. ebI
for unimolecular decay. If the process is
sufficiently slow, the reaction has a first- lMnaMenHyWtxøaMg Rbtikmµmanc,ab;el,ÓnlMdab;TImYy b:uEnþebIkMhab;én A
order rate law, but if the concentration of
A is reduced, the reaction kinetics fysIuenTicRbtikmµkøayeTACalMdab;TIBIr.
become second order.
line formula : Simplified representation
of a structural formula in which many of
rUbmnþesÞIrlat ³ kartaggayénrUbmnþeRKagEdlsm<½n§C-HCaeRcIn
the C-H bonds are not shown. An
example is CH3-CH3
minRtUv)anbgðaj. ]TahrN_ CH -CH .
3 3
line spectrum : Set of distinct spectral

lines emitted by a hot gas sample.
s,iúcbnÞat; ³ bNþMúbnÞat;s,iúcepSg²KñaEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jedayPaK
sMNak]sµ½nekþA.
linear molecule : A molecule in which
the atoms are in a straight line, as in
m:UelKullIenEG‘ ³ m:UelKulEdlkñúgenaHGatUmsißtenACabnÞat;Rtg;
carbon dioxide, O=C=O. dUcCakabUnDIGuksIut O=C=O.
linseed oil : A pale yellow oil pressed
from flax seed. It contains a mixture of
eRbgRKab;éFµ ³ eRbgBN’elOgRBEltEdl)anBIRKab;éFµ. vapÞúk
glycerides of fatty acids, including
linoleic acid and linolenic acid. It is a
l,ayKøIesrIténGasIutxøaj; EdlrYmmanGasIutlINUelGiuc nigGasIut
drying oil, used in oil paints, varnishes, lINUelnic. enHCaeRbgs¶ÜteRbIkñúgfñaMBN’eRbgEvnI.l.
etc.
Linz-Donawitz process : See basic-
oxygen process.
lMnaM Linz-Donawitz : emIl basic-oxygen process.
lipases : Enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of ester bonds in fats, oils,
lI):as ³ Gg;sIumEdlkatalIsGIuRdUlIsénsm½<n§eGEsÞkñúgxøaj; eRbg
and similar lipids. niglIBItRbhak;RbEhlKña.
lipid : Class of biomolecules
characterised by insolubility in water and
lIBIt ³ fñak;énm:UelKulCIv³EdlsMKal;lkçN³edayPaBminrlay
solubility in organic solvents. kñúgTwknigPaBrlaykñúgFaturMlaysrIragÁ. ]> xøaj; eRbg RkmYn.
lipid bilayer : The arrangement of lipid
molecules in biological membranes,
lIBIteTVRsTab; ³ kartMerobm:UelKullIBItkñúgPñasCIvsaRsþEdlman
which takes the form of a double sheet.
Each lipid molecule is made of a
RsTab;BIrCan;. m:UelKullIBItnimYy²RtUvbgáeLIgeday‘k,al’GIiuRdU-
hydrophilic ‘head’ (having a high PIlic (mancMNUlm:UelKulTwkxøaMg) ehIynig‘knÞúy’GiuIRdUpUbiuc (man
affinity for water) and a hydrophobic
‘tail’ (having a low affinity for water). In cMNUlm:UelKulTwkexSay). kñúglIBIteTVRsTab;mU:elKulRtUv)antMerob
the lipid bilayer the molecules are
aligned so that their hydrophilic heads CaCYredayk,alGiiuIRdUPIlicEbreTAxageRkAbegáItCaépÞxageRkAnigépÞxag
face outwards, forming the outer and
inner surfaces of the membrane, while
kñúgénPñascMENkÉknÞúyGIuRdUpUbiucEbreTAxagkñúgpþac;BImCÆdæanTwkxag
the hydrophobic tails face inwards, away eRkA.
from the external aqueous environment.
lipogenesis : Biosynthesis of fatty acids.
sMeyaKlIBIt ³ sMeyaKCIv³énGasIutxøaj;.

182
lipoic acid : A vitamin of the vitamin B

complex. It is one of the coenzymes
GasIutlIb:UGIuc ³ vItamInénvitamIn B kuMpøic. kUGg;sIummYyEdlcUlrYm
involved in the decarboxylation of
pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate
edkabUsIulkmµénBIruyv:atedayGg;sIumBIruyv:atedGIuRdUEsnNas.
dehydrogenase. Good sources of lipoic RbPBd_l¥énGasIutlIbUG: IucrYmmaneføIm nigemnMb½ug.
acid include liver and yeast.
lipolysis : The breakdown of storage
lipids in living organisms. Most long-
lIb:UlIs ³ karbMEbklIBItEdlpÞúkkñúgPavrs;. bMrugfamBlIry³eBl
term energy reserves are in the form of
triglycerides in fats and oils. When these
yUrbMputKWmanenAkñúgsNæanRTIKøIesrItkñúgxøaj;nigeRbg. enAeBlRtUv
are needed, e.g. during starvation, lipase kar ]TahrN_enAeBlGt;GaharGg;sIumlI):asbMElgRTIKøIesrIeTACa
enzymes convert the triglycerides into
glycerol and the component fatty acids. KøIesr:ul nigsmasPaKGasIutxøaj;. bnÞab;mkRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTACalika
These are then transported to tissues and
oxidised to provide energy. nigrgGuksIutkmµedIm,Ipþl;famBl.
lipoproteins : Macromolecules
composed of protein and lipid that
lIb:URbUetGIun ³ m:aRkumU:elKulbgáeLIgedayRbUetGIunniglIBItEdl
transport lipids in blood. dwkCBa¢ÚnlIBItkñúgQam.
liposome : Structure consisting of an
aqueous core separated from the external
lIb:UsUm : TMrg;bgáeLIgBIcMnucTwkEdlEjkecjBIbrisßanxageRkAeday
environment by a bilayer of amphipathic
molecules.
RsTab;eTVrbs;mUe: lKulGMPI)a:Tic.
liquation : The separation of mixtures of
solids by heating to a temperature at
karrlay ³ karEjkl,ayvtßúrwgedaykardutkMedArhUtdl;sItuNðPaB
which
liquefy.
lower-melting components EdlsmasPaKmancMNucrlayTabCagrlay.
liquefaction : The process of producing
a liquid from a gas or solid.
karBRgav ³ lMnaMplitvtßúravBI]sµ½n b¤vtßúrwg.
liquefied natural gas (LNG) : Consists
mainly of methane. It cannot be liquefied
]sµ½nFmµCatirav (LNG) ³ bgáeLIgCaFMxan;edayemtan. vamin
simply by pressure and must therefore be
cooled to below this temperature before
GacrlayedaygayedaysMBaFeT dUecñHRtUvEteFVIeGayRtCak;rhUtdl;
it will liquefy. It provides a convenient eRkamsItuNðPaBmunvanwgrlay. vapþl;eGaynUvsNæansmRsbsMrab;
form in which to ship natural gas in bulk
from oil or gas wells to users. It is also kardwkCBa¢ÚnFmµCatitamnavaCadMuBIGNþÚgeRbgb¤]sµ½neTAdl;GñkeRbI
used as an engine fuel.
R)as;. eKeRbIvaCa\nÞn³ma:sIunpgEdr.
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) :
Various petroleum gases, mainly
]sµ½neRbgkatrav (LPG) ³ ]sµ½neRbgkatepSg²sMxan;Ca
propane and butane, stored as a liquid
under pressure. It is used as an engine
RbU)a:nnigb‘uytanEdlrkSaTukCavtßúraveRkamsMBaF. eKeRbIvaCa\nÞn³
fuel and has the advantage of causing ma:suIn nigmanpll¥edayeFVIeGaymansñwmk,alsIuLaMgtictYc.
very little cylinder-head deposits.
liquid : State of matter in which the
material has a definite volume but
vtßúrav ³ sNanrUbFatuEdlmanmaDCak;lak; b:uEnþeKsnµtrUbrageRKOg
assumes the shape of its container; a
fluid, not solid or gas, a form of matter
pÞúkva. snÞnIyminEmnvtßúrwgb¤]sµ½nEtCasNæanrUbFatuEdlhUrdUcTwk
that flows like water or oil. b¤eRbg.
liquid crystal : A substance that flows
like a liquid but has some order in its
Rkamrav ³ sarFatuEdlhUrdUcvtßúrav b:uEnþmanlMdab;xøHkñúgkartMerob
arrangement of molecules. m:UelKulrbs;va.
liquid-crystal polymer : A polymer
with a liquid-crystal structure which
b:UlIEmRkamrav ³ b:UlIEmmanTMrg;RkamravEdlmanExSEvgminGacbt;
contain long rigid chains and combine
strength with lightness.
)annigKYbpSMPaBrwgmaMCamYyPaBPøW.

183
L-isomer : (laevo-isomer) One of the

optically active isomers that can rotate
GIusUEm-L ³ GIusUEmmYyénGIusUEmskmµGubTicEdlGacrgVilelIépÞrab
the plane of polarised light to the left.
Also noted as (-). See enantiomer
énBnøWbUE: lkmµeTAxageqVg. eKsMKal;müa:geTotedaysBaaØ (-).
litmus : A water-soluble dye extracted
from lichen, that turns red under acidic
tYNWsul ³ l½xrlaykñúgTwk cMraj;ecjBlIEknEdlERbCaBN’Rkhm
conditions and blue under alkaline
conditions, over the pH range 4.5-8.3 (at
kñúgmCÄdæanGasIut nigBN’exovkñúgmCÄdæan)asGal;kaLaMgeRkAcenøaH
25°C). pH BI 4,5 – 8,3 enA 25 C.
0
litmus paper : Absorbent paper soaked

in litmus solution used as an indicator of
RkdastYNWsul ³ RkdasRsUbEdlRtaMkñúgsUluysüúgtYNWsuleRbI
acidity (red) or alkalinity (blue). Cacg¥úlBN’PaBGasIut(Rkhm) nigPaBGal;kaLaMg (exov) .
litre or liter (l) : The volume of a cube
measuring 10 cm. on each edge (1000
lIRt (l) ³ rgVas;;maDKUb 10 cm RKb;RCug (1000cm ). vaCaxñatmaD
3
cm³); it is the common unit of volume in

the metric system.
EdleKniymeRbIenAkñúgRbB½n§rgVas;rgVal;.
lixiviation : The separation of mixtures
by dissolving soluble components in
karhUrRCab ³ karEjkl,ayedaykarrMlaysmasPaKEdlrlay
water. kñúgTwk.
LNG : emIl liquefied natural gas.
LNG : See liquefied natural gas.
localised bond : A chemical bond in

which the electrons forming the bond
sm<½n§edAkEnøg ³ sm<½n§KImIEdlkñúgenaHeGLicRtugEdlbegáItsm<½n§
remain between (or close to) the linked
atoms. Compare delocalization.
sßitenAcenøaH (b¤CiteTA) GatUmEdlCab;Kña. eRbobeFobeTAnwg
delocalization.
localization : The confinement of
electrons to a particular atom in a
kaedAkEnøg ³ karbgçaMgeGLicRtugsMrab;GatUmNamYykñúgm:UelKul b¤
molecule or to a particular chemical
bond.
sMrab;sm<½n§KImINamYy.
lock-and-key model : Model for
substrate-enzyme interaction that states
KMrUemesanigkUnesa ³ KMrUsMrab;GnþrGMeBIrvags’ubRsþanigGg;sIumEdl
that the two molecules
complementary to each other before
are Ecgfam:UelKulBIrbMeBjKñaeTAvijeTAmkmunnwgP¢ab;Kña nigRtUvKñaeTAvij
binding and fit together like a lock and eTAmkdUcCaemesanigkUnesa.
key.
logarithmic scale : 1. A scale of
measurement in which an increase or
maRtdæanLÚkarIt ³ 1.maRtdæanénkarvas;EdlkñúgenaH karekIneLIg
decrease of one unit represents a tenfold
increase or decrease in the quantity
nigkarfycuHmYyÉktatageGaykarekIneLIg nigkarfycuHkñúgbrimaN
measured. e.g. Decibels and pH cMnYndb;dg. ]TahrN_ rgVas;edsIuEblnigrgVas; pH.
measurements. 2. A scale on the axis of a
graph in which an increase of one unit 2.maRtdæanelI G½kSénRkabEdlkñúgenaHkarekIneLIgénmYyÉktatag
represents a tenfold increase in the
variable quantity. eGaykarekIndb;dgkñúgbrimaNERbRbYl.
London formula : A formula giving the
interaction energy for the induced-
rUbmnþLúgdug ³ rUbmnþpþl;eGayfamBlGnþrkmµsMrab;GnþrkmµcenøaH
dipole-induced-dipole interaction
between molecules (called the dispersion
m:UelKul (ehAGnþrkmµBRgay b¤GnþrkmµLúgdug). GnþrkmµenHBN’na
interaction or London interaction). The edayrUbmnþLúgdugeRcInEtCaBaküsMxan;CageKkñúgkMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul
interaction described by the London
formula is usually the dominant term in (elIkElgEtmansm<½n§GIuRdUEsn).
intermolecular forces (unless hydrogen
bonds are present).

184
lone pair : A pair of electrons having

opposite spin in an orbital of an atom.
eTVtaesrI ³ KUeGLicRtugEdlmans<InpÞúyKñakñúgGrb‘Ítal;GatUm.
e.g., in ammonia the nitrogen atom has
five electrons, three of which are used in
]TahrN_ kñúgGam:Uja:k; GatUmGasUtmaneGLicRtugR)aMEdleGLicRtug
forming single bonds with hydrogen bIkñúgcMeNameGLicRtugR)aM)aneRbIkñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§eTal¬mYyCan;¦
atoms. The other two occupy a filled
atomic orbital and constitute a lone pair. CamYyGatUmGIuRdUEsn. cMENkeGLicRtugGasUtEdlenAsl;BIrtaMg
In the water molecule, there are two lone
pairs on the oxygen atom. Lone pairs are enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;GatUmRtUvbMeBj nigbgáCaETVtaesrI. kñúgm:UelKulTwk
important when considering the shapes
of molecules.
manETVtaesrIeGLicRtugBIrelIGatUmGuksIuEsn. ETVtaesrIsMxan;Nas;
enAeBlBinitüRTg;RTaym:UelKul.
Lorentz-Lorenz equation : A relation
between the polarizability, (α) of a
smIkar Lorentz-Lorenz ³ TMnak;TMngrvagPaBb:Ulkmµ (α) rbs;
molecule and the refractive index (n) of
a substance. The equation provides a link
m:UelKul nigcg¥úlcMNaMgEbr (n) énsarFatu. smIkarenHpþl;eGaynUv
between a microscopic quantity (the TMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNmIRkUTsSn¾ (PaBb:Ulkmµ) nigbrimaNma:RkUTsSn¾
polarizability) and a macroscopic
quantity (the refractive index). Compare ( cg¥úlcMNaMgEbr ). eRbobeFobsmIkar Clausius-Mossotti.
Clausius-Mossotti equation.
Loschmidt’s constant : (loschmidt
number) The number of particles per unit
efr loschmidt ³ (cMnYn loschmidt)cMnYnPaKl¥itkñúgmYyxñatmaDén
volume of an ideal gas at STP. It has the
value 2.686763(23) x 1025 m-3 .
]s½µnbrisuT§enA STP. vamantMél 2,686763(23) x 1025 m . -3
Lotka-Volterra mechanism : A simple

chemical reaction mechanism proposed
clnkar Lotka-Volterra ³ clnkarsmIkarKImIgayesñIeLIgCa
as a possible mechanism of oscillating
reactions, where the reaction is in a
clnkarEdlGacmanénRbtikmµERbRbYlEdlRbtikmµsßitkñúgsNæan
steady state but not in chemical minERbRbYlb:uEnþminsßitkñúglMnwgKImIeT. lMnaMrebobenHRtUv)anRbTH
equilibrium. This type of process is also
found in fields other than chemistry; e.g. eXIjpgEdrenAkñúgmuxviC¢aepSgeToteRkABIKImI. ]TahrN_ TMnak;TMng
predator-prey relationships.
stVrMBa-rMBa.
low-energy electron diffraction : See
LEED.
DIR)ak;süúgeGLicRtugfamBlTab ³ emIl LEED .
lowering of vapour pressure : A
reduction in the saturated vapour
karbnßysMBaFcMhay ³ karbnßysMBaFcMhayEq¥ténvtßúravsuT§
pressure of a pure liquid when a solute is
introduced. If the solute is a solid of low
kalNaFaturlayRtUv)anbBa©Úl. ebIFaturlayCavtßúrwgénsMBaF
vapour pressure, the decrease in vapour cMhayTab karfycuHsMBaFcMhayvtßúravsmamaRteTAnwgkMhab;PaKl¥it
pressure of the liquid is proportional to
the concentration of particles of solute; énFaturlay mann½yfa sMrab;brimaNm:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gEdl)anrlay
i.e. to the number of dissolved molecules
or ions per unit volume. It does not kñúgmYyxñatmaD. vaminGaRs½yelIRbePTPaKl¥iteT .
depend on the nature of the particles. See
colligative property; Raoult’s law.
emIl colligative property; Raoult’s law.
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) : The orbital in a molecule that
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulminbMeBjTabbMput (LUMO) ³ Grb‘Ítal;kñúg
has the lowest unoccupied energy level
at the absolute zero of temperature. The
m:UelKulEdlmankMritfaBlGrb‘Ítal;minbMeBjTabbMputenAtMélsItu-
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and NðPaBsUnü. Grb‘Ítal;mUe: lKulminbMeBjTabbMput nigGrb‘Ítal;mUe: l-
the highest occupied molecular orbital
(HOMO) are the two most important KulbMeBjx<s;bMput (HOMO)CaGrb‘Ítal;BIrEdlmansar³sMxan;bMput
orbitals in determining chemical and
spectroscopic properties of the molecule. kñúgkarkMNt;lkçN³KImI niglkçN³s,úicTsSn¾rbs;mU:elKul.
Lowry-Brønsted
Brønsted-Lowry Theory
Theory: See
RTwsIþ Lowry-Bronsted : emIl Brønsted-Lowry Theory.
lubricant : Substance used to reduce
friction in machinery, etc.
eRbgrMGil ³ sarFatueRbIsMrab;bnßysMNwkéneRKOgma:sIun.l.

185
lubricate : To make slippery.

dak;eeRbgrMGil ³ eFVIeGayrGil.
Lucas test : Test for identifying whether
an alcohol is primary, secondary, or
etsþ Lucas ³ etsþsMrab;rkGtþsBaØaNfaetIGal;kulmYyCaGal;
tertiary by its rate of conversion to a
chloroalkane.
kulfñak;mYy b£fñak;BIr b£fñak;bItamel,ÓnbMElgeTACakør:UGal;kan.
lumen : Symbol lm. The SI unit of
emitted light equal to the light emitted
luyEmn ³ nimitþsBaaØ lm. RbB½n§xñat SI énBnøWbeBa©jesµIeTAnwgBnøW
by a uniform point source of 1 candela in
a solid angle of 1 steradian.
beBa©jedayRbPBcMNucÉksNñanénkandWLakñúgmMuCab;énesþr:aDIy:an
mYy.
luminescence : The emission of light by
a substance for any reason other than a
karbeBa©jBnøWRtCak; ³ karbeB©ajBnøWedaysarFatusMrab;ehtupl
rise in its temperature. In general, atoms
of substances emit photons of
elIsBIkarekInsItuNðPaBrbs;va. CaTUeTAGatUménsarFatuTaMgLay
electromagnetic energy when they return beBa©jpUtugénfamBleGLicRtUm:aejTic kalNavaRtLb;eTACasNæan
to the ground state after having been in
an excited state. See electrolumine- RKwHbnÞab;BIeTACasNæanePJac. emIl electroluminescence,
chemiluminescence, phosphorescence, fluorescence.
scence, chemiluminescence, phosphore-
scence, fluorescence.
luminous : Bright, glowing, emitting
light, visible in darkness.
PøW ³ PøW uBnøWsen§A ukarbeBa©jBnøW EdlGacemIleXIjkñúgTIggwt.
LUMO : emIl lowest unoccupied molecular orbital.
LUMO : See lowest unoccupied
molecular orbital.
lux : Symbol lx. The SI unit of
luminance equal to the illumination
lucS ³ nimitþsBaaØ lx. RbB½n§ SI énkarbMPøWesµIeTAnwgkarbMPøWekIteLIg
produced by a luminous flux of 1 lumen
distributed uniformly over an area of 1
edayPøúcBnøWmYyluyEmnEdlEbgEckesµIkñúgtMbn;mYyEm:Rtkaer.
square metre.
Lyman series : The lines in the atomic
spectrum of hydrogen that are in the
es‘rI Lyman ³ bnÞat;kñúgs,iúcGatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlsßitkñúgdMbn;G‘ul-
ultraviolet. In the law describing
wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum,
RtavIyUe: l. kñúgc,ab;GFIb,ayBIrlkkñúgs,iúcGIuRdUEsn 1/λ = R(1/n +
1
2
1/λ = R(1/n12 + 1/n22), the Lyman series 1/n ) es‘rI Lyman )anbegáIteLIg kalNa n = 1.
2
2
1
is produced when n1 = 1.
lymph : Body fluid similar to blood but
lacking red blood cells.
Twkrég : snÞnIyénsarBagÁkayEdlRbhak;RbEhlnwgQamEtKµan
ekasikaQamRkhm.
lyophilic : (‘solvent-loving’). Having an
affinity for a solvent. If the solvent is
lIGUPIlic ³ (cUlcitþFaturMlay) mancMnUlcitþFaturMlay. ebIFatu
water the term hydrophilic is used. rMlayCaTwkeKeRbIBaküGIuRdUPIlic.
lyophobic : (‘solvent-hating’). Lacking
any affinity for a solvent. If the solvent
lIGUpUb‘íc ³ (s¥b;FaturMlay) KµancMnUlcitþFaturMlay. ebIFaturMlay
is water the term hydrophobic is used. CaTwkeKeRbIBaküGIuRdUpUb‘íc.
lyotropic mesomorph : An arrangement
taken by micelles formed from surfactant
mIsUm½klIGURtUBic ³ kartMerobénmIEslkekItBImUe: lKulFatuelIépÞ
molecules in concentrated solutions. A
lyotropic mesomorph consists of long
kñúgsUluysüúgxab;. mIsUm½PlIGURtUBicmansIuLaMgEvgénkartMerob
cylinders in a fairly close-packed qekaNhab;lµm. mIsUm½PlIGURtUBicCYnkalehApasRkamvtßúuravsMrab;
hexagonal arrangement. Lyotropic
mesomorphs are sometimes called liquid mIEsl.
crystalline phases for micelles.

186
m.k.s. units : A metric system of units

based on the metre, kilogram and second
xñatGwm>ka>EGs ³ RbB½n§xñatEdlEp¥kelIEm:Rt KILÚRkam nigTIBIrEdl
which grew from the earlier c.g.s. units.
This system formed the basis of SI units
)anBIxñat c.g.s.mun. sBVéf¶RbBn½§enHbegáItRbB½n§enHCamUldæanénxñat
now used in all scientific work. SI EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkargarviTüasa®sþ.
m.p : emIl melting point.

m.p. See melting point.
macromolecular crystal : (giant-

molecular) A crystalline solid in which
Rkamm:aRkUm:UelKul ³ ¬m:UelKulFM¦ RkamvtßúrwgEdlkñúgenaHGatUmTaMg
the atoms are all linked together by
covalent bonds, which accounts for the
Gs;RtUv)ancgP¢ab;Kñaedaysm½<n§kUva:Lg;Edlpþl;nUvPaBrwgnigcMNuc
hardness and high melting point of such rlayx<s;énrUbFatuCaeRcIn ]TahrN_ kabUn¬kñúgeBRC¦ brnIRTY nig
materials, e.g. Carbon (in diamond),
boron nitride, and silicon carbide. sIulIsüÚmkabY.
macromolecule : A very large molecule.
Natural and synthetic polymers have
ma:RkUm:UelKul ³ m:UelKulFMNas;. b:UlIEmFmµCatinigsMeyaKman
macromolecules, as do such substances
as haemoglobin. See also colloids.
ma:RkUm:UelKulénsarFatuCaeRcIndUcCaeGm:UKøÚb‘Ín. emIl colloids
pgEdr.
macroscopic : Describing a size scale
very much larger than that of atoms and
ma:RkUTsSn_ ³ karBN’naGMBImaRtdæanTMhMEdlFMCagTMhMrbs;GatUmnig
molecules. Macroscopic objects and
systems are described by classical
m:UelKuleRcIn. ]bkrN_nigRbB½n§m:aRkUTsSn_RtUv)anBN’naedayrUbviTüa
physics although quantum mechanics buraNeTaHbICaemkanickg;tUmGacmanvi)akm:aRkUTsSn_k¾eday. eRbob
can have macroscopic consequences.
Compare mesoscopic, microscopic. eFob mesoscopic, microscopic.
Magnadur : Trade name for a ceramic
material used to make permanent
m:aj:aDY ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;rUbFatuesr:amicEdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
magnets. It consists of sintered iron
oxide and barium oxide.
begáItm:aejTicGcié®nþ. vabgáeLIgedayl,ayrlaycUlKñaénEdkGuk
GIutnig)arüÚmGuksIut.
Magnalium : Trade name for an
aluminium-based alloy of high
m:aj:alüÚm ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;sMelah:GaluymIjÚm: mancMNaMg
reflectivity for light and ultraviolet
radiation that contains 1-2% of copper
pøatx<s;cMeBaHBnøWnigkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtaEdlman 1-2% énTg;Edgnig
and 5% to 30% of magnesium. 5%-30% énm:aejsüÚm.
magnetic moment : The ratio between
the maximum torque (T max) exerted on
m:Um:g;m:aejTic ³ pleFobrvagkMlaMgrgVilGtibrma¬ Tm:ak¦Edl)an
a magnet, current-carrying coil, or
moving charge situated in a magnetic
dak;elImUb: ‘ÍnnaMcrnþelIemEdk b¤pøas;bþÚrbnÞúkenAkñúgEdnm:aejTicnigkMlaMg
field and the strength of that field. It is énEdnenaH. dUecñHvaKWCargVas;énkMlaMgemEdkb¤mUb: ‘ÍnnaMcrnþ. Grb‘Ítal;
thus a measure of the strength of a
magnet or current-carrying coil. An eGLicRtugmanm:Um:g;Grb‘Ítal;m:aejTic. RbsinebIeGLicRtugkMBugEtvil
orbital electron has an orbital magnetic
moment. If the electron is spinning there vamanm:Um:g;m:aejTics<InpgEdr. ¬emIl spin¦. éNVyUG: atUmk¾manm:Um:g;
is also a spin magnetic moment (see
spin); atomic nuclei also have magnetic
m:aejTicpgEdr. ¬emIl nuclear moment ¦.
moments (see nuclear moment).
magnetism : A group of phenomena
associated with magnetic force fields and
ma:ejTicviTüa ³ Rkum)atuPUtpSMCamYyEdnkMlaMgma:ejTicnigplrbs;
their effects on other substances.
Magnetic fields are produced by moving
vaelIsarFatudéTeTot. Ednma:ejTicRtUv)anplitedayclnaPaKl¥it
charged particles. There are four main EdlmanbnÞúk. lkçN³ma:ej:TicmanbYnRbePTsMxan;²³ emIl diama-
types of magnetic behaviour: See
diamagnetism, paramagnetism, gnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism.
ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism.

187
magnetochemistry : The branch of

physical chemistry concerned with
m:aejtUKImI ³ EpñkmYyénKImIrUbEdlsikSakarvas; nigkarsegátBinitü
measuring and investigating
magnetic properties of compounds. It is
the lkçN³m:aejTicsmasFatu. vaRtUv)aneRbICaBiesssMrab;karsikSaGMBI
used particularly for studying transition- kMpøicelah³qøgEdlPaKeRcInCa):ar:am:aejTicBIeRBaHvamaneGLicRtug
metal complexes, many of which are
paramagnetic because they have KµanKU. rgVas;énPaBrYsm:aejTicGnuBaØatiþeGaym:Um:g;m:aejTicGatUm
unpaired electrons. Measurement of the
magnetic susceptibility allows the elah³RtUv)anvas; ehIynwgpþl;Bt’manGMBIsm<n½§kñúgkMupøic.
magnetic moment of the metal atom to
be calculated, and this gives information
about the bonding in the complex.
magneton : A unit for measuring
magnetic moments of nuclear, atomic, or
m:aejtug ³ xñatsMrab;vas;mUm: :g;m:aejTicénemEdéNVyU: GatUm b¤
molecular magnets. m:UelKul.
main group elements : Elements in the
eight A groups of the periodic table
FatuRkumem ³ FatuenAkñúgRkum 8 A éntaragxYbEdleGLicRtugva:Lg;
whose valence electrons are in s- and p-
type orbitals.
rbs;vasßitkñúgRbePTGrb‘Ítal; s nig p.
malleable : A substance that can be
beaten or rolled into thin sheets.
Ep)an ³ sarFatuEdlGacdM b¤mUrCabnÞHesþIg²)an.
manometer : A device for measuring
pressure differences. The simplest type is
m:aNUEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;PaBxusKñaénsMBaF. RbePTsamBaØ
the U-tube manometer, which consists of
a glass tube bent into the shape of a U
bMputKWm:aNUEm:RtbMBg;ragGkSrG‘uyEdlpSMeLIgBibMBg;EkvBt;eTACarag
containing a liquid, usually mercury. If a GkSrG‘uyEdlmanvtßúravCaFmµta)art. RbsinebIsMBaFEdlRtUvvas;RtUv
pressure to be measured is fed to one
side of the U-tube and the other is open )andMeLIgeTAEpñkmçagénbMBg;G‘uy nigmçageTotcMheTAbriyakasPaB
to the atmosphere, the difference in level
of the liquid in the two sides gives a xusKñakñúgkMriténvtßúravkñúgEpñkTaMgBIrpþl;nUvrgVas;mYyénsMBaFEdlmin
measure of the unknown pressure. sÁal;.
many-body problem : A type of
problem involving interactions between
bBaðaGgÁeRcIn ³ RbePTbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgGnþrkmµrvagGgÁeRcIn
more than two bodies, for which it is
very difficult to obtain exact solutions
CagBIrEdlvaBi)akTTYldMeNaHRsayCak;lak;edayeRbIemkanicEbb
using either classical mechanics or buraN b¤emkanickg;tUm.
quantum mechanics.
Markoffian process : (Markov process)
A random process in which the rate of
lMnaM Markoffian ³ ¬lMnaMm:akUv¦ lMnaMécdnþEdlkñúgenaHel,Ónpøas;bþÚr
change of a quantity depends on the
instantaneous value of the quantity but
rbs;brimaNGaRs½yelItMélPøam²énbrimaN b:uEnþminEmnRbvtiþedIm
not on its previous history. Problems rbs;vaeT. bBaðaEdlTak;TgnwglMnaMm:akUvRtUv)anedaHRsayedayeRbI
involving Markov processes are solved
using statistical methods and the theory viFIsa®sþsßiti nigRTwsþIRbU)ab‘ÍlIet.
of probability.
Markovnikov’s rule : Generalization
used to account for the way an
viFan Markovnikov ³ TUeTAkmµeRbIsMrab;kMNt;rebobbUkFatubnÞal;
unsymmetrical reagent adds to an
unsymmetrical alkene. The positively
minsIuemRTieTAelIGal;EsnminsIuemRTI. FatubnÞal;EdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man
charged reagent (often W) adds to the bUkbEnßmeTAelIGatUmkabUnEdlP¢ab;edaypÞal;;eTAnwgcMnYnGIuRdUEsn
carbon atom directly attached to the
greater number of hydrogens. eRcIn.
marsh gas : Methane formed by rotting
vegetation in marshes.
]sµ½nvalPk; ³]sµ½nemtanEdlekIteLIgedayrukçCatirlYykñúgval
Pk;.

188
Marsh’s test : A chemical test for

arsenic in which hydrochloric acid and
etsþ Marsh ³ etsþKImIsMrab;GaesnicEdlkñúgenaHGasIutkørIRDic nig
zinc are added to the sample, arsine gas
(AsH3) being produced by the hydrogen
s½gásIRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIPaKsMNak ]sµ½nGasIun(AsH )RtUv)anplit
3
generated. Gas from the sample is led edayGIuRdUEsnkekIteLIg. ]sµ½nEdlPayecjBIPaKsMNakqøgkat;

through a heated glass tube and, if arsine
is present, it decomposes to give a brown bMBg;EkvEdldutkMedA ehIyRbsinebImanGasIunvabMEbkCakMNakBN’
deposit of arsenic metal.
etñaténelah³Gaesnic.
maser : (microwave amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation) A
m:aEs‘ ³ (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of
device for amplifying or generating radiation) ]bkrN_sMrab;BRgIkb¤begáItmIRkUev:vedaymeFüa)ayCMrujkar
microwaves by means of stimulated
emission. beBa©j.
mass : The amount of matter that an
object contains independent of grav-
ma:s ³ brimaNrUbFatuEdlminTak;TgeTAnwgEdnkMlaMgTMnaj. Ékta
itational field strength; the SI base unit
of mass is the kilogram.
RbB½n§GnþrCatimUldæanénma:sKWKILÚRkam.
mass action : See law of mass action.
GMeBIm:as ³ emIl law of mass action.
mass defect: The difference between the
mass of an atom and the sum of the
ma:s)at;bg;³ PaBxusKñarvagma:sénGatUmmYynigplbUkénma:srbs;
masses of its protons, neutrons and
electrons. It represents the mass
RbUtug NWRtug nigeGLicRtugrbs;va. vatageGayma:sbMElgeTACa
converted to energy and released when famBl nigRtUv)anrMedaHenAeBléNVy:UkekIteLIg.
the nuclear is formed.
mass number (A) : The total number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
cMnYnma:s (A) ³ cMnYnsrubénRbUtug nigNWRtugkñúgéNVy:UGatUm.
atom.
mass spectrometry : Analytical
technique for identification of relative
si,úcsikSama:s ³ bec©keTsviPaKsMrab;GtþsBaØaNkmµénma:sGatUm
atomic masses and relative abundance of
isotopes, and for chemical analysis and
eFobnigPaBsMbUrekoménGIusUtUbnigsMrab;karviPaKKImI nigkarsikSaén
the study of ion reactions; based on the RbtikmµGIuyug: edayEp¥kelIkarEjkPaKl¥itkñúgEdnma:ejTicGaRs½yelI
mass and charge of particles.
PaBxusKñaénma:s nigbnÞúkrbs;va.
material : Matter, substance from which
a thing is made.
smÖar³ ³ rUbFatu sarFatuEdlbegáItvtßú.
matrix : (pl. matrices) 1. (in chemistry)
A continuous solid phase in which
m:aRTis³ (pl. matrices) 1-¬kñúgKImI¦pasrwgCab;EdlkñúgenaHPaKl¥it
particles (atoms, ions, etc.) are
embedded. 2. (in geology) The fine-
¬GatUm GIuyug: .l.¦RtUv)anbgáb;. 2-¬kñúgFrNIviTüa¦rUbFatuRKab;tUc²
grained material of rock in which the énfµEdlkñúgenaHrUbFatuEdlRKab;KeRKImCagRtUv)anbgáb;. 3-¬kñúgKNit
coarser-grained material is embedded. 3.
(in mathematics) A set of quantities in a viTüa¦ QuténbrimaNkñúgkartMerobCaragctuekaNEkgEdlRtUveRbIkñúg
rectangular array, used in certain
mathematical operations. karKNnaEbbKNitviTüaxøH.
matrix mechanics : A formulation of
quantum mechanics using matrices to
emkanicm:aRTIs ³ karbgáItrUbmnþénemkanickg;tUmEdleRbIR)as;
represent states and operators. Matrix
mechanics was the first formulation of
m:aRTIsedIm,ItagPaBnigkarI. emkanicm:aRTIsKWCakarbegáItrUbmnþdMbUg
quantum mechanics. It was shown by énemkanickg;tUm. vaRtUv)anbgðajedayeGvInRsUtDIgKr½kñúgqñaM 1926
Erwin Schrodinger in 1926 to be
equivalent to the wave mechanics edIm,IeGaysmmUleTAnwgkarbegáItrUbmnþénemkanicrlkrbs;emkanic
formulation of quantum mechanics.
kg;tUm.
matter : Anything that has mass and
occupies space.
rUbFatu ³ GIV²Edlmanm:asnigmanTItaMgkñúglMh.

189
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution : A
law describing the distribution of speeds
r)ay Maxwell-Boltzmann ³ c,ab;BN’naGMBIr)ayénel,Ónkñúg
among the molecules of a gas. cMeNamm:UelKul]sµ½n.
McLeod gauge : A vacuum pressure
gauge in which a large volume of gas is
]bkrN_vas; McLeod ³]bkrN_vas;sMBaFsuBaØakasEdlkñúgenaH
compressed in a glass apparatus causing
the pressure to rise sufficiently to
maDFMén]s½µnRtUv)anbENÑnkñúg]bkrN_EkvEdlbNþaleGaysMBaF
support a column of fluid high enough to ekIneLIgRKb;RKan;edIm,IRTbMBg;snÞnIxøaMglµmedIm,IGan. ]bkrN_samBaØ
read. This simple device, which relies
on Boyle’s law, is suitable for measuring enH EdlEp¥kelIc,ab; Boyle smRsbsMrab;karvas;sMBaFTabkñúgcenøaH
pressures low-pressures in the range 103
to 10-3 pascal. 10 eTA 10 ):asáal;.
3 -3
McMillan-Mayer theory : A theory of

solutions of nonelectrolytes that showed
RTwsþI McMillan-Mayer ³ RTwsþIsUluysüúgEdlKµaneGLicRtUlItEdl
that there is a correspondence between
the pressure of a gas and the osmotic
bgðajfamanPaBRtUvKñarvagsMBaF]sµ½n nigsMBaFGUsµÚTicénsUluysüúg.
pressure of a solution.
mean free path : In kinetic theory, the
average distance travelled between
lMnaMesrImFüm ³ kñúgRTwsþIsIuenTic cMgaymFümEdl)ancrrvagkar
collisions by the molecules in a gas, the
electrons in a metallic crystal, the
TgiÁcedaym:UelKulkñúg]sµ½n eGLicRtugkñúgRkamelah³NWRtugkñúg
neutrons in a moderator, etc. In gases the m:Uedra:T½r.l. kñúg]sµ½nlMnaMesrImFümKWRcassmamaRteTAnwgsMBaF.
mean free path is inversely proportional
to the pressure.
mean free time : The average time that
elapses between the collisions of the
ry³eBlesrImFüm ³ ry³eBlmFümEdlknøgputeTArvagkarTgÁicén
molecules in a gas, the electrons in a
crystal, the neutrons in a moderator, etc.
m:UelKulkñúg]sµ½n eGLicRtugkñúgRkam NWRtugkñúgm:Uedra:T½r.l.
measurement : Size or quantity found
by measuring. Also see qualitative
rgVas;rgVal; ³ TMhMb¤brimaNrkeXIjedaykarvas;. emIl qualitative
measurement and quantitative measurement nig quantitative measurement.
measurement.
mechanism : (reaction path) A detailed
description of the course of a chemical
clnkar ³ (lMnaMRbtikmµµ) karBiBN’nalMGitGMBIemeronsþIBIRbtikmµKImI
reaction as it proceeds from the reactants
to the products.
dUcCalMnaMBIRbtikreTAplitpl.
medicinal : Medicine having healing
properties.
»sf ³ »sfEdlmanlkçN³sMrab;eFVIeGayCasHes,Iy.
medium frequency : (MF) A radio
frequency in the range 0.3-3 megahertz;
eRbkg;mFüm ³ (MF) eRbkg;viTüúkñúgcenøaH 0,3 -3 emkaEG‘k. man
i.e. having a wavelength in the range
100-1000 metres.
n½yfamanRbEvgrlkkñúgcenøaH100-1000Em:Rt.
mega-: Symbol M. A prefix used in the
metric system to denote one million
emka- ³ nimitþsBaØa M buBVbTeRbIkñúgRbB½n§rgVas;sMrab;bgðajfamYylan
times. E.g., 106 volts = 1 megavolt
(MV).
dg. ]TahrN_ 106v:ulesµInwg 1emkav:ul(MV).
melt : Change in state from solid to
liquid.
rlay ³ pøas;bþÚrBIPaBrwgeTACarav.
melting point : Temperature at which a
substance in the solid state is converted
cMNucrlay ³ sItuNðPaBEdlsarFatuCaPaBrwgRtUvbMElgCaPaBrav.
to the liquid state. The freezing point is
the same temperature, with the change in
cMNuckMNkmansItuNðPaBdUcKña EtmanbMErbMrYlkñúgTispÞúyKña.
the opposite direction. e.g. the melting ]TahrN_ cMNucrlayénTwkKW 0 C. o
point of water is 0oC.

membranes : Sheet like structures in
cells that separate the cell interior from
Pñas ³ TMrg;CaRsTab;énekasika EdlEjkxageRkAekasikaxagkñúgBI
the external environment and divide the
cell interior into compartments.
mCÄdæanxageRkAnigEckxagkñúgekasikaCaeRcInft.

190
Mendeleev’s law : See periodic law.

c,ab; Mendeleev ³ emIl periodic law.
Mendius reaction : A reaction in which
an organic nitrile is reduced by hydrogen
Rbtikmµ Mendius ³ RbtikmµmYyEdlkñúgenaHnIRTIlsrIragÁRtUv)an
to a primary amine: RCN + 2H2 →
RCH2NH2
erdukmµedayGIuRdUEsneTACaGamInbfm RCN + 2H → RCH NH
2 2 2
meniscus : The curved surface of a

liquid.
épÞelIvtßúrav ³ épÞExSekagénvtßúrav.
mercury cell : A primary voltaic cell
consisting of a zinc anode and a cathode
fµBil)art ³ fµBilv:ultabfmEdlpSMeLIgBIGaNUts½gásI nigkatUt
of mercury(II) oxide (HgO) mixed with
graphite. The electrolyte is potassium
)art(II)GuksIut(HgO)layCamYyRkaPIt. eGLicRtUlItCab:UtasüÚmGIu
hydroxide (KOH) saturated with zinc RduksIut(KOH)Eq¥tCamYys½gásIGuksIutEdlRbtikmµTaMgRsugKW
oxide, the overall reaction being:
Zn +HgO → ZnO + Hg Zn +HgO → ZnO + Hg . e.m.f KW 1,35v:ul ehIyfµBilnwgbeBa©j
The e.m.f. is 1.35 volts and the cell will
deliver about 0.3 ampere-hour per cm3.
RbEhl 0,3 GMEB-em:agkñúg cm .
3
meso compound : Compound with

chiral centers that is nonchiral because of
smasFatuemsU ³ smasFatumanmCÄmNÐlKIr:al;EtminEmnCa
molecular symmetry. KIr:al;edaymkBIsIuemRTIm:UelKul.
meso-isomer : Isomers in which one part
of the molecule is a mirror image of the
emsU=GIusUEm ³GIusUEmEdlkñúgenaHEpñkmYyénm:UelKulKWCarUbPaBkBa©k;
other, but the molecule is not optically
active.
rbs;mUe: lKulmYyeTot b:uEnþm:UelKulenaHminmanskmµPaB GubTiceT.
mesomerism : A former name for
resonance in molecules.
emsUemrIs ³ eQµaHedImsMrab;ersUNg;kñúgm:UelKul.
mesomorph : See lyotropic mesomorph.
emsUm½B ³ emIl lyotropic mesomorph.
mesoscopic : Describing a size scale
between those of the microscopic and the
emsUsáÚBic ³ karBN’naGMBImaRtdæanTMhMrvagmaRtdæanTMhMrbs;sNæan
macroscopic states. Mesoscopic objects
and systems require quantum mechanics
mIRkUsáÚBic nigsNæanm:aRkUsáÚBic. ]bkrN_ nigRbBn½§emsUsáÚBicRtUvkar
to describe them. emkanickg;tUmedIm,IBN’naGMBIva.
messenger RNA (mRNA) : Ribonucleic
acid that carries genetic information
GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucnaMsar ³ GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucEdlnaMykBt’man
from the nucleus to the rest of the cell.
The information is used to direct protein
esenTicBIéNVy:UeTAEpñkepSgeToténekasika. Bt’manenHRtUveRbIedIm,I
synthesis. dwknaMsMeyaKRbUetGIun.
meta- (m-)- : Prefix used to designate
substituent position on a benzene ring.
emta ³ buBVbTeRbIsMrab;kMNt;TItaMgRkumCMnYselIsiucbg;Esn. TItaMg
The meta position is second from the
parent substituent.
emtaenARtg;TItaMgTIBIrcab;BIRkumCMnYsem.
metabolic pathway : Series of chemical
reactions in the body that converts one
lMnaMemtabUlIs ³ es‘rIRbtikmµKImIkñúgsarBagÁkayEdlbMElgsar-
substance to another distinctly different
substance.
FatumYyeGayeTACasarFatuepSgeTotxusKña.
metabolism : A group of processes that
includes nutrition, production of energy
emtabUlIs ³ lMnaMnanaEdlrYmmankarciB©awm karplitfamBl¬dMNk
(respiration), and synthesis of more
protoplasm; the sum of the constructive
degðIm¦nigkarsMeyaKRbUtU)øasEfmeTot. karKYbpSMéndMeNIrkarsMeyaK
(anabolism) and destructive (catabolism) ¬smNkmµ¦ nigdMeNIrkarbMEbk¬GsmNkmµ¦kñúgsarBagÁkayEdlrYm
processes in organisms that collectively
sustain life. KñaedIm,IRTRTg;CIvit.
metal fatigue : A cumulative effect
causing a metal to break after repeated
karGs;Fn;elah³ ³ plénkarRtYtbEßmEdlbNþaleGayelah³)ak;
applications of stress. bnÞab;BIkarsgát;eRcIndgdEdl².

191
metallic bond : Type of chemical bond

in which atoms share electrons by each
sm<½n§elah³ ³ RbePTsm<½n§KImIEdlGatUmCaeRcIndak;h‘uneGLicRtug
contributing to a ‘sea’ of mobile
electrons that surround all of the atoms.
edaykarpþl;eGLicRtugnimYy²CamYynwgRkumeGLicRtugEdlcl½tenA
This property allows metals to conduct CMuvijGatUm. lkçN³enHnaMeGayelah³GaccMlgGKiÁsnIkalNavasßit
electricity when in the solid state.
CasNæanvtßúrwg.
metallic crystal : A crystalline solid in
which the atoms are held together by
Rkamelah³ ³ RkamrwgEdlkñúgenaHGatUmRtUv)anP¢ab;Kñaedaysmç½n§
metallic bonds. Metallic crystals are
found in some interstitial compounds as
elah³. Rkamelah³RtUv)anRbTHeXIjkñúgsmasFatuRbelaHxøH²k¾
well as in metals and alloys. dUcCakñúgelah³ nigsMelah:pgEdr.
metallography : The
of the structure of
microscopic study
metals and their
elahsikSa ³ karsikSamIRkUsáÚBicBITMrg;rbs;elah³nigsMelah³
alloys. Both optical
electron microscopes
microscopes and
are used in this
rbs;va. TaMgmIRkUTsSn¾GubTic nigmIRkUTsSn¾eGLicRtugRtUv)aneRbIkñúg
work. kargarenH.
metalloids : Elements that share the
properties of metals and nonmetals.
elah³GMpUET ³ FatuEdl manTaMglkçN³Caelah³ nigGelah³.
metallurgy : The branch of applied
science concerned with the production of
elahviTüa ³ EpñkviTüasa®sþGnuvtþEdlsikSaBIkarplitelah³BIEr:
metals from their ores, the purification of
metals, the manufacture of alloys, and
rbs;va karbnSúT§elah³ karplitsMelah³ nigkareRbIR)as; nigkaréfñ
the use and performance of metals in elah³kñúgkarGnuvtþxagvisVkmµ.
engineering practice.
metals : Group of elements that are good
electric conductors and are malleable.
elah³ ³ RkumFatuKImIEdlCaGgÁFatucMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥nigeraEp)an.
metamict state : The amorphous state of
a substance that has lost its crystalline
PaBemtamic ³ PaBnisNæanénsarFatuEdl)an)at;bg;TMrg;Rkamrbs;
structure as a result of the radioactivity
of uranium or thorium. Metamict
vaCalT§plénskmµPaBviTüúskmµénG‘uyra:j:Úm b¤tUrüÚ:m. xniCemtamic
minerals are minerals whose structure CaxniCEdlTMrg;rbs;vaRtUv)anrMxanedaylMnaMenH. emtamickmµbNþal
has been disrupted by this process. The
metamictization is caused by alpha- mkBIPaKl¥itGal;hVa nigéNVyUr: YjKicBIkarbMEbkviTüúskmµ.
particles and the recoil nuclei from
radioactive disintegration.
metastable state : A condition of a
system in which it has limited stability
PaBemtazitefr ³ l½kçx½NÐénRbB½n§EdlkñúgenaHmansißrPaBkMNt;
that can easily be disturbed and fall to a
lower energy level. A book lying on a
EdlGacRtUvrMxanedaygay nigGacFøak;eTAkMritfamBlTabCag.
table is in a state of stable equilibrium; esovePAdak;elItuCaPaBlMnwgs‘b;. ]TahrN_ TwkEdlRtCak;xøaMg
e.g. Supercooled liquid water below
OoC; an excited state of an atom or eRkam O C; PaBePJacénGatUm b¤éNVy:U.
o
nucleus.
meter, metre : (m) Basic unit of length
in the metric and SI measurement
Em:Rt ³ xñatRKwHénRbEvgCaEm:Rt nigCargVas;tamRbB½n§GnþrCatiEdlBI
systems, originally defined as one
ten-millionth of the distance from the
dMbUgRtUv)ankMNt;CamYyelIdb;lanéncMgayBIeGkVaT½rénEpndIeTAb:Ul
earth’s equator to the North Pole. It is xageCIg. \LÚvenHRtUv)ankMNt;CacMgayEdlBnøWqøgkat;kñúgsuBaØakas
now defined as the distance traveled by
light in a vacuum during an interval of kñúgcenøaHén1/299,792,458 s.
1/299,792,458 s.
methoxy group : The organic group
CH3O-.
RkumemtuksIu ³ RkumsrIragÁ CH O-.
3

192
methylation : A chemical reaction in

which a methyl group (CH3-) is
emTIlkmµ ³ RbtikmµKImEdlkñúgenaHRkumemTIl (CH -). RtUv)andak;
3
introduced in a molecule. e.g. the

replacement of a hydrogen atom by a
cUleTAkñúgm:UelKulmYy. ]TahrN_karCMnYsGatUmGIuRdUEsnedayRkum
methyl group, as in a Friedel-Crafts emTIlenAkñúgRbtikmµ Friedel-Crafts.
reaction.
metric system : French measurement
system from which evolved the SI.
RbB½n§Em:Rt ³ RbB½n§rgVas;)araMgEdlvivtþCaRbB½n§GnþrCati.
micelle : Aggregation of hydrocarbon
materials having polar ends outside in
mIEsl ³ bNþMúsarFatuGIuRdUkabYEdlmancugb:UElxageRkAenAkñúgpasTwk
the water phase and non-polar ends on
the inside.
nigcugminb:UElenAkb;xagkñúg.
Michaelis-Menten curve : A graph that
shows the relationship between the
ExSekag Michaelis-Menten ³ RkabEdlbgðajBITMnak;TMngrvag
concentration of a substrate and the rate
of the corresponding enzyme-controlled
kMhab;rbs;s‘ub®sþa nigel,ÓnénRbtikmµEdlRtYtBinitüedayGg;sIum.
reaction. The curve only applies to ExSekagenHGnuvtþ)anEtCamYyRbtikmµGg;sIumsMrab;s‘ubRsþaEtmYy
enzyme reactions involving a single
substrate. b:ueNÑaH.
micro- : A metric prefix meaning
1/1,000,000.
mIRkU ³ buBVbTxñatrgVas;mann½yfa 1/1,000,000.
microbalance : A sensitive balance
capable of weighing masses of the order
mIRkUCBa¢Ig ³ CBa¢IgrYsrs;EdlGacføwgma:sBI 10 eTA 10 kg )an.
-6 -9
10-6 to 10-9 kg.

microscopic : Describing a size scale
comparable to the subatomic particles,
mIRkUsTsSn’ ³ karBN’naGMBImaRtdæanTMhMeRbobeTAnwgPaKl¥itGatUm
atoms, and molecules. Microscopic
objects and systems are described by
rg GatUm nigm:UelKul. ]bkrN_ nigRbB½n§mIRkUTsSn¾RtUv)anBN’na
quantum mechanics. Compare edayemkanickg;TUmsMKal;lkçN³. eRbobeFobCamYYy macroscopic,
macroscopic, mesoscopic.
mesoscopic.
microwave spectroscopy : A sensitive
technique for chemical analysis and the
karsikSas,úicmIRkUGug ³ bec©keTsrYssMrab;viPaKKImI nigkMNt;TMrg;
determination of molecular structure
(bond lengths, bond angles, and dipole
m:UelKul¬RbEvgsm<½n§ muMsm<½n§ nigm:Um:g;DIbU:l¦nigma:sGatUmeFobpg
moments), and also relative atomic Edr. vaEp¥keTAelIeKalkarN_ EdlkaMrsIµmIRkUev:vbNþaleGayman
masses. It is based on the principle that
microwave radiation causes changes in karpøas;bþÚrkMritfamBlrgVilénm:UelKul nigsMrUbekIteLIgCabnÞab;enA
the rotational energy levels of molecules
and absorption consequently occurs at lkçN³e®bkg;sMKal;lkçN³.
characteristic frequencies.
microwaves : Electromagnetic waves
with wavelengths in the range 10-3 to
mIRkUGg ³ rlkeGLicRtUma:ejTicEdlmanCMhanrlkkñúgcenøaHBI 10 -3
0.03m. eTA 0,03m.

migration : 1. The movement of a
group, atom, or double bond from one
bMlas;TI ³ 1.clnaRkumnaTI GatUm b¤sm<½n§BIrCan;BIEpñkmYyénm:Uel-
part of a molecule to another. 2. The
movement of ions under the influence of
KulmYYyeTAEpñkmYyeTot.
an electric field. 2.clnaGIuy:ugeRkam\T§iBlénEdnGKÁisnI.
milli- : a metric prefix meaning 1/1,000.
mIlI- ³ buBVbTxñatrgVas;mann½yfa 1/1,000.
milliliter (ml) : Common unit of volume
used in science and medicine because of
mIlIlIRt (ml) ³ xñatmaDEdleRbIkñúgviTüasaRsþ nigevC¢saRsþeday
its convenient small size = 1/1000 L. sarEtTMhMtUcsmRsbrbs;vaEdlesµInwg 1/1000 L.
millimeter(mm) : Metric unit of length
equal to 1/1000 m
mIlIEm:Rt ³ xñatRbEvgCaEm:RtesIµnwg 1/1000m.

193
Millon’s reagent : A solution of

mercury(II) nitrate and nitrous acid used
FatubnÞal; Millon ³ sUluysüúg)art(II)nIRtat nigGasIutnIRTic
to test for proteins. The sample is added
to the reagent and heated for two
EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;eFIVetsþRbUetGIun. PaKsMNakRtUv)anEfmFatubnÞal;
minutes at 95°C; the formation of a red nigRtUv)andutkMedAry³eBlBIrnaTIenAsItuNðPaB 95°C. kkrBN’Rkhm
precipitate indicates the presence of
protein in the sample. ekIteLIgbBa¢ak;BIvtþmanRbUetGIunkñúgPaKsMNakenaH.
mineral : A naturally occurring
substance that has a characteristic
xniC ³ sarFatuEdlekIteLIgkñúgFmµCatiEdlmansmasPaBKImInig
chemical composition and, in general, a
crystalline structure. Rocks are
CaTUeTAmanTMrg;CaRkam. fµRtUv)anpSMeLIgedayl,ayxniC. eQµaH
composed of mixtures of minerals. Many rbs;xniCCaeRcInbBa©b;eday-GIut ]TahrN¾ BIrIt FeS .2
names of minerals end in -ite. eg Pyrite
mineral acid : A common inorganic
acid, such as hydrochloric acid,
GasIutEr: ³ GasIutGsrIragÁ¬Er:¦dUcCaGasIutkørIRDic GasIuts‘ul-pYric
sulphuric acid or nitric acid. b¤GasIutnIRTic.
misch metal : An alloy of cerium (50%).
lanthanum (25%). neodymium (18%).
elah³mIs ³ sMelah³énesrüÚm(50%) Lg;tak (25%) enGUDImJÚ:m
praseodymium (5%) and other rare (18%) R)aesGUDImÚJm: (5%) nigelah:dIkMrdéTeTot. vaRtUv)aneRbIeFVI
earths. It is used alloyed with iron (up to
30%) in cigarette lighter flints, and in CasMelah³CamYyEdk¬rhUtdl;eTA 30%¦kñúgfµEdkekH nigkñúgbrimaN
small quantities to improve the
malleability of iron. tictYcedIm,IbegáInPaBEp)anrbs;Edk.
miscible : Liquids that will dissolve into
each other.
rMlaycUlKña)an ³ vtßúravEdlnwgrlaycUlkñúgKñaeTAvijeTAmk.
mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) :
An organelle in the cytoplasm of
mItUkugRDI ³ FatuekasikasßitenAkñúgsIutU)øas;rbs;ekasikaGWkarIyU:t
eucaryotic cells in which energy
production, the Kreb’s cycle and
Edl karplitfamBl vdþERkb nigGuksIutkmµpUsVrekItman. mItUkugRDI
oxidative phosphorylation occurs. They man ADN nigeFVIkarsV½ydMeLIgeTVedayxøÜnÉg.
contain DNA and are self-replicating.
Mitscherlich’s law : (law
isomorphism) Substances that have the
of
c,ab;; Mitscherlich ³ ¬c,ab;GIusUmr½nIs¦ sarFatuEdlmanTMrg;Rkam
same crystal structure have similar
chemical formulae. The law can be used
dUcKñamanrUbmnþKImIRsedogKña. c,ab;enHGacRtUv)aneRbIIsMrab;kMNt;
to determine the formula of an unknown rUbmnþsmasFatuEdlminsÁal; RbsinebIvaGIusUmr½PWCamYysmasFatu
compound if it is isomorphous with a
compound of known formula. EdlsÁal;rUbmnþ.
mixture : A combination of two or more
substances that are not chemically
l,ay ³ bnSMénsarFatuBIrb¤eRcInEdlminpSMKñatamlkçN³KImIeT.
combined. Material that has no set
proportion of its component substances
rUbFatuEdlKµansmamaRtsmasPaKénsarFaturbs;va ehIyGacRtUv
and can be separated into its components )anEjkecjCasmasPaKrbs;vaedaygay. emIl heterogeneous
relatively easily. See heterogeneous
mixture, homogeneous mixture. mixture, homogeneous mixture.
mmHg : A unit of pressure equal to that
exerted under standard gravity by a
mIlIEm:Rt)art ³ xñatsMBaFEdlesµnwgsMBaFeRkamTMnajsþg;dakñúg
column of mercury of height one
millimetre; equal to 133.322 pascals.
bMBg;)artkMBs;mYymIlIEm:Rt esµInwg 133,322 )a:sáal;.
mobility : (of an ion) Symbol u. The
terminal speed of an ion in an electric
clPaB ³ ¬rbs;GIuyu:g¦ nimitþsBaØa U. el,ÓncugeRkayénGIuyu:gkñúg
field divided by the field strength. EdnGKÁisnIEdlEbgEckedaykMlaMgEdn.
mode : The pattern of motion in a
vibrating body. If the body has several
m:Ut ³ KMrUénclnakñúgGgÁFatujr½. RbsinebIGgÁFatuenaHmanPaKl¥itCa
component particles, such as a molecule
consisting of several atoms, the modes of
smasPaKmYycMnYndUcCam:UelKulpSMeLIgBIGatUmmYycMnYn KMrUénlMjr½
vibration are the different types of KWCaRbePTnanaénlMj½rm:UelKulEdlGacman.
molecular vibrations possible.

194
model system : A description or analogy

used to explain something that cannot be
RbB½n§KMrU ³ karB’Nna b¤PaBRsedogKñaeRbIsMrab;Bnül;GVI²EdlminGac
observed directly. eFVIkarsegátedaypÞal;)an.
moderator : Material that slows
neutrons. Slow neutrons are more readily
m:Uedr:aT½r ³ sarFatuEdlBnüWtel,ÓnNWRtug. NWRtugyWtRtUv)ancab;;
captured by fissionable nuclei than are
fast neutrons.
ykedayéNVyUME: bkgayCagNWRtugelOn.
molality : The concentration of solute in
solution expressed as the number of
m:ULalIet ³ kMhab;FaturlaykñúgsUluysüúgEdlsMEdgedaycMnYnm:Ul
moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram
of solvent. Compare molarity
FaturlayEdl)anrlaykñúgmYyKILÚRkaménFaturMlay. eRbobeFob
molarity.
molar conductivity : Symbol Λ. The PaBcMlgm:UEl ³ nimitþsBaØa A. PaBcMlgkñúgmaDéneGLicRtUlIt
conductivity of that volume of an
electrolyte that contains one mole of
solution between electrodes placed one
EdlmansUluysüúgmYym:UlsßitenAcenøaHeGLicRtUtEdldak;cMgay
metre apart. mYyEm:RtBIKña.
molar heat capacity (Cm): The ratio of
the heat supplied to one mole of a
cMNuHkMedAm:UEl (C ) ³ pleFobkMedApþl;eTAeGaymYym:Ulén
m
substance to its rise in temperature.

Measured in J/K/mol.
sarFatueTAnwgkMeNInsItuNðPaBrbs;va. vas;Ca J/K/mol.
molar mass : An expression sometimes
used in place of gram formula mass to
m:asm:UEl ³ kenSamCYnkalRtUv)aneRbICMnYsrUbmnþm:asCaRkameTAnwg
refer to the mass of a mole of any
element or compound.
m:asm:UlénFatu b¤smasFatuNamYy.
molar volume : the volume occupied by
one mole of a gas at a standard
maDm:Ul ³ maDpÞúkmYym:Ul]s½µnenAsItuNðPaBnig sMBaFsþg;da (STD)
temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4L. 22.4 lIRt.
molarity : Concentration of a solution
in moles of solute per liter of solution.
m:ULarIet ³ kMhab;sUluysüúgkñúgmYym:UlFaturlaykñúgsUluysüúg
The preferred unit of concentration in
chemistry.
mYylIRt. xñatkMhab;EdleKcUlcitþeRbIkñúgKImI.
mole (mol) : 6.02252 X 1023 atoms or
molecules. One mole of atoms or
m:Ul ³ 6,02252 X 10 GatUmb¤mUe: lKul. mYym:UlénGatUmb¤mUe: lKul
23
molecules has the same mass in grams as

the atomic mass of an individual atom or
manm:asdUcKñaCam:asGatUm b¤mUe: lKulnImYy²kñúgxñatm:asGatUm.
molecule in atomic mass units; a gram rUbmnþm:asCaRkaménral;sarFatu.
formula mass of any substance.
mole method : Use of the mole concept
to calculate masses of reactants and
viFIm:Ul ³ kareRbIR)as;bBaØtþmUl: edIm,IKNnam:asRbtikrnigplitpl
products involved in chemical reactions. EdlcUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµKImI.
molecular beam: A beam of atoms, ions
or molecules at low pressure, in which
)ac;BnøWm:UelKul ³)ac;BnøWGatUm GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulenAsMBaFTabEdl
all the particles are travelling in the same
direction and there are few collisions
kñúgenaHPaKl¥itTaMgGs;crtamTisdUcKña nigmankarTgÁicKñatictYc. )ac;
between them. Molecular beams are used BnøWmUe: lKulRtUv )aneRbIkñúgkarsikSaGMBIépÞnigRbtikmµKImI nigkñúgs,úic
in studies of surfaces and chemical
reactions and in spectroscopy. sikSa.
molecular collision theory : Idea that
for a chemical reaction to occur,
RTwsþITgÁicm:UelKul ³ TsSn³EdlEcgfaRbtikmµKImIekIteLIgeday
molecules must (a) collide and (b)
collide with sufficient energy to break
m:UelKulRtUv¬k¦TgÁicKñanig¬x¦b:HCamYyfamBlRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMEbk
chemical bonds. Changes in reaction rate sm½<n§KImI. bMErbMrYlel,ÓnkñúgRbtikmµekItman ebIsinCakarERbRbÜl
occur if a change is made in any factor
that determines collision rate or collision RbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgktþaNamYyEdlkNt;el,Ónénkarb:HTgÁic b¤famBl
energy.
énkarb:HTgÁic.

195
molecular configuration : Arrangement

of atoms in a molecule; molecular shape.
rUbsNæanm:UelKul ³ kartMerobGatUmkñúgm:UelKul. RTg;RTay
m:UelKul.
molecular dipole : Unbalanced
distribution of electric charge across a
DIb:Ulm:UelKul ³ karBRgaybnÞúkGKÁisnIminesµIKñaenAelImU:elKul
molecule, giving one side a more
negative charge and the other side a
edayenAEpñkmçagmanbnÞúkGviC¢maneRcIn nigEpñkmçageTotmanbnÞúk
more positive charge. viC¢maneRcIn .
molecular distillation : Distillation in
high vacuum (about 0.1 pascal) with the
bMNitm:UelKul ³ bMNitkñúgsuBaØakasx<s; ¬RbEhl 0,1)a:sáal;¦Ca
condensing surface so close to the
surface of the evaporating liquid that the
mYynwgkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBépÞCitépÞénvtßúravhYtEdlm:UelKulvtßúravcr
molecules of the liquid travel to the eTAépÞkMNkedayKµankarTgÁic. bec©keTsenHGacRbRBwtþeTAenAsItuNð-
condensing surface without collisions.
This technique enables very much lower PaBTaBxøaMgCagbec©keTsEdleRbIsMBaFbriyakas nigdUecñHsarFatu
temperatures to be used than are used
with distillation at atmospheric pressure EdlrYsnwgkMedAGacRtUv)anbit. GuksIutkmµénplbMNitRtUvpþac;ecj
and therefore heat-sensitive substances
can be distilled. Oxidation of the
pgEdrenAeBlKµanvtþmanGuksIuEsn.
distillate is also eliminated as there is no
oxygen present.
molecular flow : (Knudsen flow) At low
pressures, the flow of a gas through a
lMhUrm:UelKul ³ ¬lMhUr Knudsen ¦enAsMBaFTab lMhUrén]sµ½ntam
pipe in which the mean free path of gas
molecules is large compared to the
bMBg;mYyEdlkñúgenaHpøÚvlMhUresrImFüménm:UelKul]sµ½nFMeRbobeFob
dimensions of the pipe. The flow eTAnwgvimaDrbs;bMBg;. lkçN³lMhUrGaRs½yelIm:asm:UelKuleFobén
characteristics depend on the relative
molecular mass of the gas rather than its ]sµ½nCaCagPaBGnVilrbs;vaBIeRBaHkarTgÁicPaKeRcInKWTgÁicCamYyépÞ
viscosity, because most collisions are
with the walls of the pipe rather than bMBg;CaCagCamYym:UelKul]sµ½nepSgeTot.
other gas molecules.
molecular formula : Formula of a
covalent compound, which gives the
rUbmnþm:UelKul ³ rUbmnþsmasFatukUv:aLg;Edlpþl;GtþsBaØaNnig
identity and number of each atom in the
molecule.
cMnYnénGatUmnImYy²kñúgm:UelKul.
molecular orbital : In molecules,
electrons are influenced by more than
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul ³ kñúgm:UelKul eGLicRtugrg\Ti§BlBIéNVyU:elIs
one nucleus. Bonding within molecules
can be considered as an overlap of
BImYy. karcgsm<½n§enAkñúgm:UelKulGaccat;TukCakarKgelIKñarbs;
atomic orbitals to form molecular Grb‘Ítal;GatUmedIm,IbegáItCaGrb‘Ítal;mUe: lKul. ]TahrN_ karKgelI
orbitals. e.g. overlap of two s orbitals
will form a sigma bond, overlap of two p KñaénGrb‘Ítal; s BIrnwgbegáIt)anCasm<½n§suicm:amYykarKgelIKñaénGrb‘Í-
orbitals will form a pi-bond.
tal; p BIrnwgbegáIt)anCasm<½n§BImYy.
molecular sieve : Porous crystalline
substances, especially aluminosilicates
k®nþgm:UelKul ³ sarFatuRkamEdlmanrn§tUc² CaBiessGaluymINU-
(see zeolite), with regularly spaced
cavities that provide a high surface area
sIulIkat¬emIl zeolite¦manRbehagcenøaHesµI²KñaEdlpþl;RkLaépÞFM
for the adsorption of smaller molecules. sMrab;sMrUbm:UelKultUcCag. dUecñHk®nþgm:UelKulGacRtUv)aneRbICa
Molecular sieves can thus be used as
cation exchange mediums and as mCÄdæanbNþÚrkacugnigCakatalIkr nigCaTMrkatalIkr. vaRtUv)aneK
catalysts and catalyst supports. They are
also used as the stationary phase in eRbICapasnwgkñúgRkUma:tURkaPIk®nþgm:UelKul.
molecular-sieve chromatography.
molecular weight : Sum of the atomic
weights of the elements constituting one
TMgn;m:UelKul ³ plbUkénTMgn;GatUmrbs;FatuEdlCaFatubgákñúg
molecule of a covalent compound. m:UelKulmYyénsmasFatukUv:aLg;.

196
molecularity : The number of molecules

involved in forming the activated
m:UelKulLarIet ³ cMnYnm:UelKulEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarbegáItkuMpøicskmµkmµ
complex in a step of a chemical reaction.
Reactions are said to be unimolecular,
kñúgdMNak;karmYyénRbtikmµKImI. RbtikmµRtUv)anehAfaCaRbtikmµÉk
bimolecular, or trimolecular according to m:UelKul DImUe: lKul RTImU:elKulGaRs½yfaetI 1, 2, b¤ 3 m:UelKulcUl
whether 1, 2, or 3 molecules are
involved. rYm.
molecule : Group of atoms bonded
together in fixed proportions to
m:UelKul ³ RkumGatUmEdlcgsm½<n§CamYyKñakñúgsmamaRtkMNt;edIm,I
constitute a compound. E.g., two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
bgáCasmasFatu. ]TahrN_GIuRdUEsnBIrGatUm nigGuksIuEsnmYyGatUm
make a water molecule; two oxygen begáIt)anCam:UelKulTwk GuksIuEsnBIrGatUmbegáIt)anm:UelKul
atoms make an oxygen molecule.
GuksIuEsn.
Molisch’s test : A test for carbohydrates
in solution also called the alpha-naphthol
etsþ Molisch ³ etsþsMrab;rkkabUGIuRdat¬KøúysIut¦kñúgsUluysüúg
test. A small amount of alpha-naphthol is
mixed with the test solution and
RtUv)aneKehApgEdr CaetsþGal;hVa-Nab;tul. brimaNtictYcrbs;
concentrated sulfuric acid is poured Gal;hVa-Nab;tulRtUv)an layCamYysUluysüúgetsþ nigGasIuts‘ul-
slowly down the side of the test tube so
that two layers are formed. The pYricxab;RtUv)ancak;yWt² cUltamépÞxagbMBg;etsþ dUecñHmanRsTab;esþIg
formation of a violet ring between the
layers indicates carbohydrate. BIrkekIteLIg. kMNvg;BN’sVayrvagRsTab;TaMgenHbBa¢ak;BIvtþman
rbs;kabUGIuRdat.
molten : State of a solid that has been
heated until it melts.
rMlay ³ sNæanénvtßúrwgEdlRtUv)andutkMedArhUtdl;varlay.
monatomic molecule : A ‘molecule’
consisting of only one atom.
m:UelKulm:NUGatUm ³ m:UelKulEdlmanGatUmEtmYyKt;.
Mond process : A method of obtaining
pure nickel by heating the impure metal
lMnaM Mond ³ vIFIedIm,InIEklsuT§edaykardutkMedAelah³minsuT§kñúg
in a stream of carbon monoxide at 50-
60°C. Volatile nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4)
crnþkabUnm:UNUGuksIutenA 50-60 C. nIEklkabUnIlehIr (Ni(CO) )
o
4
is formed, and this can be decomposed at kekIteLIg nigvaGacRtUv)anbMEbkenAsIutuNðPaBx<s(; 180°C)CanIEkl

higher temperatures (180°C) to give pure
nickel. suT§.
Monel metal : An alloy of nickel (60-
70%), copper (25-35%), and small
elah³ Monel ³ sMelah³nIEkl (60-70%) Tg;Edg(25-35%) nig
quantities of iron, manganese, silicon,
and carbon. It is used to make acid-
brimaNtictYcénEdk m:g;kaENs sIulIsüÚm nigkabUn. vaRtUv)aneRbI
resisting equipment in the chemical sMrab;eFIVCa]bkrN_;Tb;Tl;nwgGasIutkñúg]sSahkmµKImI.
industry.
monobasic acid : An acid that has only
one acidic hydrogen atom in its
GasIutm:UNU)as ³ GasIutEdlmanGatUmGIuRdUEsnGasIutEtmYyKt;kñúg
molecules. e.g. Hydrochloric (HCl) and
nitric (HNO3) acids.
m:UelKulrbs;va. ]TahrN_ GasIutkørIRDic (HCl) nigGasIutnIRTic
(HNO ).
3
monoclinic : One of the seven crystal

systems into which substances can be
m:UNUKøInic ³ RbB½n§RkammYykñúgcMeNamR)aMBIrEdlenAkñúgenaHsarFatu
classified based on the structure of their
unit cell. In monoclinic crystals the sides
GacRtUv)aneFVIcMENkfñak;edayEpñkelITMrg;énÉktarbs;va.
a ≠ b ≠ c and the angles α = γ = 90o ≠ β kñúgRkamm:UNUKøInicRCug a ≠ b ≠ c nigmMu α = γ = 90 ≠ β.
o
monodentate ligand : A ligand that

contains only one coordinately active
lIkg;eqµjmYy ³ lIkg;EdlpÞúkkUGrDINg;skmµEtmYyKUKt;;én
lone pair of electrons that interact
through a single atom.
eGLicRtugEdlGnþrkmµtamry³GatUmEtmYy.

197
monohydrate : A crystalline compound

having one mole of water per mole of
m:UNUGIuRdat ³ smasFatuRkamEdlmanmYYym:UlTwkkñúgmYYym:Ulsmas
compound. Fatu.
monomer : Smallest repeating unit from
which polymers are made.
m:UNUEm ³ ÉktadEdl²tUcbMputsMrab;begáItb:UlIEm.
monosaccharides : Simple sugars, such
as glucose; the smallest compounds that
m:UNUsakarIt ³ sárgaydUcCaKøúykUsEdlCasmasFatutUcbMputén
are carbohydrates. These are the basic
units from which larger carbohydrates
kabUGIuRdat. vaCaÉktaRKwHsMrab;begáItkabUGIuRdatFM².
are made.
monovalent : (univalent) Having a
valency of one.
m:UNUva:Lg; ³ Edlmanva:Lg;mYy.
mordant : An agent such as alum,
phenol or aniline, that fixes dyes to a
FatuP¢ab;BN’ ³ Pñak;gardUcCaGalum epNul b¤GanIlInEdlP¢ab;l½x
substrate by combining with the dye to
form an insoluble compound. See also
eTAnwgs‘ub®sþaedaybnSMCamYyl½xedIm,IbegáItCasmasFatuminrlay.
lake. emIl lakepg.
morphine : An alkaloid present in
opium. It is an analgesic and narcotic,
m:PIn³ Gal;kaLUGIutmanenAkñúgGaePon. vaCafñaMbM)at;karQWcab; nig
used medically for the relief of severe
pain.
CaNakUTiceRbIkñúgevC©sa®sþsMrab;bM)at;karQWcab;F¶n;F¶r.
Morse potential : An approximate
potential related to the distance r,
b:Utg;Esül Morse ³ b:Utg;Esül)a:n;RbmaNEdlTak;TgeTAnwgcMgay
between the nuclei of a diatomic r rvagéNVyUé: nm:UelKulEdlmanBIrGatUmkñúgPaBeGLicRtUnicpþl;eGay
molecule in a given electronic state. V®
= D{1 – exp[ - a(r - re)]}2 where, D is the V = D{1 – exp[ - a(r - r )]} Edl DKWCafamBlbMEbk r CacMgay
® e
2
e
dissociation energy, re is the equilibrium
distance and a, is a constant. manlMnwg nig a Caefr.
Moseley’s law : The frequencies of the
lines in the X-ray spectra of the elements
c,ab; Moseley ³ eRbkg;bnÞat;kñúgs,úickaMrsµIGiucénFatuEdlTak;TgeTA
are related to the atomic numbers of the
elements. If the square roots of the
nwgcMnYnGatUménFatu. RbsinebIrwskaeréneRbkg;bnÞat;RtUvKñaénFatumYy
frequencies of corresponding lines of a es‘rIRtUv)anKUsdaRkamTl;nwgcMnYnGatUmeKnwgTTYl)anbnÞat;Rtg;.
set of elements are plotted against the
atomic numbers a straight line is
obtained.
Mössbauer spectroscopy : The study of
Mössbauer spectra, to determine nuclear
karsikSas,úic Mössbauer ³ karsikSaGMBIs,úic Mössbauer edIm,I
hyperfine structure, chemical shifts, and
chemical analysis.
kMNt;TMrg;nuyekøEG‘GuIEBPIn rMkilKImI nigkarviPaKKImI.
Mössbauer spectrum : A graph of the
absorption, by nuclei bound in a crystal
s,úic Mössbauer ³ RkabénsMrUbedayéNVyUP: ¢ab;kñúgRbTasRkamén
lattice, of gamma rays emitted by similar
nuclei in a second crystal as a function of
kaMrsµIkam:aEdl)anbeBa©jedayéNVyUR: bhak;RbEhlKñakñúgRkamTIBIr
the relative velocity of the two crystals. EdlCamuxgarénel,ÓneFobrbs;RkamTaMgBIr.
mull technique : A method for
obtaining infrared spectra of materials in
bec©keTs mull ³ viFIedIm,ITTYl)ans,úicRkhmGaMg®)aénrUbFatuCa
the solid state; the material to be scanned
is first ground together with mineral oil.
sNæanrwg. rUbFatuEdlRtUvykmkEsánenaHdMbUgRtUvkinvaCamYyeRbg
xniC.
multicentre bond : A bond formed
between three, and sometimes more
sm<½n§BhumCÄmNÐl ³ s½m<n§kekIteLIgrvagGatUmbI nigeBlxøHelIs
atoms that contains only a single pair of
electrons. The structure of boranes can
BIbIEdlmanKUeGLicRtugEtmYyb:ueNÑaH. TMrg;br:anGacRtUv)anykmk
be explained by considering them to be Bnül;edaykarcat;TukfavaCasmasFatuxVHeGLicRtugEdlmansm½<nV
electron-deficient compounds containing
multicentre bonds. BhumCÄmNÐl.

198
multiple bond : A bond between two

atoms that contains more than one pair
sm<½n§BhuKuN ³ sm<½n§rvagGatUmBIrEdlmaneGLicRtugeRcInCagmYy
of electrons; i.e. a double or triple bond. KU. ]TarN_ sm<½n§BIrCan; b¤bICan;.
multiple proportions : See law of
multiple proportions
smamaRtBhuKuN ³ emIl law of multiple proportions.
multiplet : 1. A spectral line formed by
more than two closely spaced lines. 2. A
Bhukar ³ 1.bnÞat;s,úicekIteLIgedaybnÞat;CitKñaeRcInCagBIr.
group of elementary particles that are 2.RkumPaKl¥itdMbUgEdldUcKñaRKb;lkçN³TaMgGs;elIkElgEtbnÞúk
identical in all respects except that of
electric charge. GKÁisnI.
Mumetal : The original trade name for a
ferromagnetic alloy, containing 78%
muyemtal; ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµedImdMbUgsMrab;sMelah:Edkma:ejTic
nickel, 17% iron, and 5% copper, used in
some transformer cores and for shielding
EdlmannIEkl 78% Edk 17% nigTg;Edg 5%EdleRbICasñÚlRtg;sV½-
various devices from external magnetic ma:Tr½xøH² nigsMrab;karBar]bkrN_epSg²BIEdnma:ejTicxageRkA.
fields.
Muntz metal : A form of brass
containing 60% copper, 39% zinc, and
elah³ Muntz ³ TMrg;s<an;EdlmanTg;Edg 60% s½gásI 39% nig
small amounts of lead and iron. Stronger
than alpha-brass, it is used for hot
brimaNtictYcénsMNnigEdk. edayvaxøaMg;Cag¬Fn;¦s<an;Gal;hVa va
forgings, brazing rods, and large nuts RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kardMEdkekþA karpSarEdksrés nigk,aleLasIu nig
and bolts.
b‘ULúgFM².
mutagens : Agents that cause mutations.
muytaEsn ³ Pñak;garEdlbNþaleGaymanmuytasüúg.
mutarotation : Change in specific
rotation seen in sugar solutions that
muytar:Utasüúg ³ karERbRbÜlénrgVilyfaRbePTkñúgsUluysüúgsár
results from equilibrium between
anomeric forms.
EdlbNþalmkBIlMnwgrvagTMrg;GaNUEmTaMgLay .
mutation : Damage to the genetic
mechanism of a cell, causing it to
muytasüúg ³ karb:HBal;clnkaresenTicénekasika EdlbNþal
reproduce in a different form. A
permanent change in the base sequence
eGaykarbnþBUCekItmankñúgTMrg;epSg².bMErbMrYlnirnþr_kñúgtMNlMdab; )as
of DNA that changes genetic énGasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiuceFIVeGaymankarERbRbÜlBt’manesenTic.
information.
myoglobin : A globular protein
occurring widely in muscle tissue as an
mIy:UkøÚb‘Ín ³ RbUetGIunRKab;Edlmanya:geRcInkñúgCalikasac;dMuCaFatu
oxygen carrier. It comprises a single
polypeptide chain and a haemoglobin
dwknaMGuksIuEsn. vamanExSb:UlIbuibTItEtmYYynigRkumeGm:UkøÚb‘InEdlcg
group, which reversibly binds a molecule P¢ab;mUe: lKulGuksIuEsnGacRtLb;vij. dUecñHmIyUk: øÚb‘ÍnedIrtYCakEnøgpÞúk
of oxygen. Myoglobin thus acts as an
emergency oxygen store. GuksIuEsnsMrab;se®gÁaHbnÞan;.
N
N. T .P. (Normal Temperature and
Pressure) : An old term for S.T.P. See
Gin>et>eb:¬sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFFmµta¦ ³ Bakücas;sMrab;
Standard Temperature and Pressure. EGs>et> eb:. emIl Standard Temperature and Pressure.
NAD ³ emIl nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
NAD : See nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide.
nano- : Metric prefix meaning 10-9
(1/1,000,000,000).
NaNU ³ buBVbTrgVas;RbEvgEdlmann½yfa 10 (1/1,000,000,000).
-9
nanotechnology : The development and

use of devices that have a size of only a
bec©kviTüaNaNU ³ karGPivDÆn_nigkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_Edlman
few nanometres. TMhMEtBIrbINaNUEm:Rtb:ueNÑaH.

199
nanotube (buckytubes) : An unusual

form of carbon in which atoms are
bMBg;NaNU ¬bMBg;)ak;XI¦ ³ TMrg;minFmµtarbs;kabUnEdlkñúgenaH
linked in a cylindrical framework with a
diameter of only a few nanometers.
GatUmRtUv)ancgP¢ab;kñúgeRKagragsIuLaMgEdlmanbnÞat;p©itEtBIrbINaNU
Em:Rtbu:eNÑaH.
napalm : A substance used in incendiary
bombs and flame throwers, made by
Na)a:l; ³ sarFatuEdleRbIkñúgRKab;EbkeqHnigRKab;EbkKb;Edlman
forming a gel of petrol with aluminium
soaps (aluminium salts of long-chain
GNþatePøIgEdleFIVeLIgBIECléneRbgsaMgCamYysab‘UGaluymIj:Úm
carboxylic acids, such as palmitic acid). ¬GMbilGaluymIjÚm: énGasIutkabuksIulicExSEvgdUcCaGasIut)a:l;mITic¦
naphthyl group : The group C10H7-
obtained by removing a hydrogen atom
RkumNab;TIl ³ Rkum C H -EdlTTYl)anBIbNþac;GatUmGIuRdUEsn
10 7
from naphthalene. There are two forms

depending on whether the hydrogen is
BINab;pþaELn. manTMrg;BIrGaRs½yfaetIGatUmGIuRdUEsnRtUvpþac;ecjBI
removed from the 1- or 2-position. TItaMg1- b¤ 2-.
nascent hydrogen : A reactive form of
hydrogen generated within the reaction
GIuRdUEsnkMBugkekIt ³ TMrg;skmµrbs;GIuRdUEsnEdlkekIteLIgenAkñúg
mixture (e.g. by the action of acid on
zinc). Probably hydrogen molecules are
l,ayRbtikmµ¬]TahrN_ edayGMeBIénGasIutelIs½gásI¦. RbEhlCa
formed in an excited state and react m:UelKulGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgPaBePJac nigRbtikmµmuneBl
before they revert to the ground state.
Nascent hydrogen can reduce elements Edlvapøas;eTAPaBedIm. GIuRdUEsnkMBugkekItGacer:dukmµFatunigsmas-
and compounds that do not readily react
with ‘normal’ hydrogen. FatuEdlmingaymanRbtikmµCamYyGIuRdUEsnFmµta.
native conformation : Normal shape or
conformation that a protein has in its
kugpm:asüúgedIm ³ RTg;RTayb¤kugpm:asüúgFmµtaEdlRbUetGIunsßit
biological setting performing its normal
biological activity.
enAkñúgTItaMgCIvsa®sþnigdMeNIrkarskmµPaBCIvsa®sþrbs;va.
Natta process : An improvement on the
Ziegler process for producing high
lMnaM Natta ³ karEkkMGlMnaM Ziegler sMrab;karplitb:UlIEtntdg;sIuet
density polythene, that enabled the
production of stereospecific polymers of
x<s;EdlGacmankarplitb:UlIEmesþer:GUes<sIuPicrbs;RbUEb:n.
propene.
natural gas : Volatile hydrocarbons,
mostly methane, obtained from porous
]s½µnFmµCati ³ GIuRdUkabYehIr PaKeRcInemtan Edl)anmkBIsila
sedimentary rocks in the earth’s crust,
usually associated with petroleum; used
kMeTckMNkñúgsMbkEpndI eRcInEtlayLMCamYynwgeRbgkat¬minTan;sø¦
for fuel. EdleRbIR)as;Ca\nÞn³.
natural radioactivity : Spontaneous
emission of nuclear particles and
PaBviTüúskmµFmµCati ³karbeBa©jénPaKli¥téNVyUn: igkareRCotcUl
penetrating radiation by naturally
occurring unstable atoms. The
énkaMrsµIedayÉkÉgedaymankarkekItGatUmKµansßirPaBkñúgFmµCati.
radioactive atoms are changed to new GatUmviTüúskmµTaMgLayRtUv)anbMElgeTACaFatuKImIfµIkñúglMnaM enH.
elements during the process.
Neel temperature : The temperature
above which an antiferromagnetic
sItuNðPaB Neel ³ sItuNðPaBEdlx<s;CagenHsarFatuGg;TIEpr:U
substance becomes paramagnetic. ma:ejTickøayCa)a:ra:ma:ejTic.
negative effector : Small molecule
whose binding to an allosteric enzyme
eGpicT½rGviC¢man ³ m:UelKultUcEdlP¢ab;eTAnwg Gg;sIumGaLÚesþric
decreases the activity of the enzyme. naMeGayskmµPaBGg;sIumfycuH.
nematic crystal : A liquid crystal in
which long molecules are aligned in the
Rkamenma:Tic ³ RkamravEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulEvgRtUv)antMerobCaCYr
same direction but are otherwise
randomly arranged.
tamTisEtmYy b:uEnþebImindUecñHeTvaRtUv)antMerobedayécdnü.

200
neoprene : A synthetic rubber made by

polymerizing the compound 2-
enGUERbn ³ ekAs‘UsMeyaKpliteLIgedayRbtikmµbU:lIEmkmµsmas-
chlorobuta-l,2-diene. Neoprene is often
used in place of natural rubber in
Fatu 2-kørUb: ‘uyta –1,2DIEGn. enGUERbnCaerOy²RtUv)aneRbICMnYsekAs‘U
applications requiring resistance to FmµCatikñúgkarGnuvtþsMrab;tMrUvkareTAnwgkarvayGukénFatuKImI.
chemical attack.
nephrite : A type of jade which is a hard
semiprecious stone. Nephrite is a mineral
en®hVIt ³ RbePTfµyk;EdlCafµrwgminsUvmantMél. enE®hVItCaEr:én
of the amphibole group. RkumGMhIVbUl.
neptunium series : A series of
radioactive nuclides in which each
es‘rINibTuyj:Úm ³ es‘rIénnuyKIøtviTüúskmµEdlkñúgenaHsmaCik
member is formed by the decay of the
nuclide before it. The neptunium series
nimYy²ekIteLIgedaykarrlayénnuyKøItmunva. es‘rINibTuyj:Úmcab;
starts with the artificial isotope epþImCamYyGIusUtUbBøúytUjÚm: -241nimitEdlrlayeTACaNibtuyj:Úm-
plutonium-241, which decays to
neptunium-237, and ends with bismuth- 237 nigbBa©b;edayb‘Ísµút-209.
209.
Nernst equation : The relationship
showing that the electromotive force
smIkar Nernst ³ TMnak;TMngbgðajfakMlaMgGkÁisnIclkrdMeNIrkar
developed by a dry cell is determined by
the activities of the reacting species, the
edayfµBils¶ÜtRtUv)ankMNt;edayskmµPaBénRbePTRbtikmµ sItuNðPaB
temperature of the reaction, and the Rbtikmµ nigsþg;dafamBlbNþÚresrIénRbtikmµTaMgmUl.
standard free-energy change of the
overall reaction.
Nernst heat theorem : A statement of
the third law of thermodynamics in a
RTwsþIbTkMedA Nernst ³ esckþIénc,ab;TIbIGMBIETm:UDINamickñúgTMrg;
restricted form: if a chemical change
takes place between pure crystalline
kMNt; ³ RbsinebImanbMlas;bþÚrKImIekIteLIgrvagvtßúrwgRkamsuT§enAtMél
solids at absolute zero there is no change sUnüdac;xatenaHKµanbMlas;bþÚrGg;RtUBIeT.
of entropy.
Nernst-Einstein equation : An equation
relating the limiting molar conductivity
smIkar Nernst Einstein ³ smIkarEdlkarkMNt;kMritcMlgm:Ul
Λm0 to the ionic diffusion coefficients. Λ Tak;TgeTAnwgemKuNsMNay.
m
0
Nessler’s reagent : A solution of

mercury(II) iodide (HgI2) in potassium
FatubnÞal; Nessler ³ sUluysüúg)art(II)GuIyUD: Y(HgI )kñúgb:UtasüÚm
2
iodide and potassium hydroxide. It is

used in testing for ammonia, with which
GIuyU:DY nigb:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIut. vaRtUv)aneRbI;kúñgkareFVIetsþsMrab;Gam:U-
it forms a brown coloration or nIj:ak;EdlCamYyenaHvabegáIt)anCaB’Netñat b¤kkr.
precipitate.
net ionic equation : Chemical equation
describing an ionic reaction that is
smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl ³ smIkarKImIBN’naBIRbtikmµGIuyu:gEdlRtUv)an
written to identify those ions that leave
the reaction via precipitation, formation
sresredIm,IkMNt;GIuy:ugTaMgenaHEdlpþac;ecjBIRbtikmµtamry³kMNt;
of a gas, or formation of nonreactive kkr nigkMN]sµ½n b¤kMNsarFatukUv:aLg;minRbtikmµ.
covalent substance.
neutral complex : (neutral molecule) A
molecule in which the number of
kMpøicNWt ³ (m:UelKulNWt) m:UelKulEdlcMnYneGLicRtugCMuvijéNVyU:
electrons surrounding the nuclei is the
same as the total number of protons in
esµIKñaeTAnwgcMnYnsrubénRbUtugkñúgéNVyU: dUecñHvaKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnI.
the nuclei, so there is no net electrical
charge.
neutral solution : An aqueous solution
in which the concentrations of hydrogen
sUluysüúgNWt ³ sUluysüúgTwkEdlkMhab;GIuy:ugGIuRdUEsn nig
and hydroxide ions are 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L;
it has a pH of 7.0 and is neither acidic
GIuRdUksIutKW 1,0 x10 m:Ul/lIRt nigman pH esµInwg 7,0 ehIyminEmnCa
-7
nor basic. GasuIt nigEmnCa)as.

201
neutralization reaction : A reaction in

which an acid and a base react in an
RbtikmµbnSab ³ RbtikmµEdlGasIutnig)asmanRbtikmµkñúgsUluy-
aqueous solution to produce salt and
water.
süúgTwkedIm,IplitGMbilnigTwk.
neutron : Nuclear particle with a mass
of 1 amu and an electric charge of zero,
NWRtug ³ PaKl¥iténéNVy:UEdlmanm:as 1 amu nigbnÞúkGKiÁsnIsUnü
found in the nucleus of the atom EdlRbTHeXIjenAkñúgéNVy:UGatUm.
neutron diffraction : The scattering of
neutrons by atoms in solids, liquids, or
DIR)ak;süúgNWRtug ³ karRBacénNWRtugedayGatUmkñúgvtßúrwg vtßúrav
gases. There are two types of interaction:
one is between the neutrons and the
b¤]sµ½n. manRbePTGnþrkmµBIrekIteLIg ³ mYyKWrvagNWRtug nigéNVyU:
atomic nucleus, the other is between the GatUm nigmYyeTotKWrvagm:Um:g;ma:ejTicénNWRtug nigm:Um:g;ma:ejTics<In
magnetic moments of the neutrons and
the spin and orbital magnetic moments nigGrb‘Ítal;rbs;GatUm. GnþrkmµbnÞab;mkeTot)anpþl;Bt’manman
of the atoms. The latter interaction has
provided valuable information on tMélBIrUbFatuGg;TIma:ejTic nigEprIma:ejTic. GnþrkmµCamYyéNVyU:
antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic
materials. Interaction with the atomic
GatUmpþl;lMnaMcMNaMgpøatEdlbMeBjcMNaMgpøatBIkaMrsµIGiuc.
nucleus gives diffraction patterns that
complement those from X-rays.
neutron number : Symbol N. The
number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus
cMnYnNWRtug ³ nimitþsBaØa N. cMnYnNWRtugEdlmankñúgéNVyUr: bs;
of a particular nuclide. It is equal to the
difference between the nucleon number
nuyKøItNamYy. vaesµInwgpldkrvagcMnYnnuyekøGugnigelxGatUm.
and the atomic number.
Newman projection : A diagram
showing the conformation of a molecule
cMeNaljÚm:an;³ düaRkammYybgðajBIRTg;RTaym:UelKulmYyEdl
in which the viewer's eye looks along the
carbon chain. The front carbon is shown
kñúgenaHEPñkrbs;GñksegátemIltambeNþayExSkabUn.kabUnEpñkxagmux
as a point and the back carbon is shown RtUv)antagedaycMnucmYy ehIykabUnxageRkayRtUv)antagedayrgVg;.
as a circle. See eclipsed conformation,
staggered conformation emIl eclipsed conformation, staggered conformation
newton : Symbol N. The SI unit of
force, being the force required to give a
jÚtun ³ nimitþsBaØa N. xñatRbB½n§GnþrCatiénkMlaMgkarmankMlaMgekIt
mass of one kilogram an acceleration of
1 ms-2.
eLIgTamTarpþl;nUvma:sénmYyKILÚRkamkñúgkarBenøÓnén1 ms . -2
Newtonian fluid : A fluid in which the

velocity gradient is directly proportional
snÞniyjÚtun ³ snÞniyEdlkñúgenaHCRmalel,ÓnsmamaRteday
to the shear stress pÞal;CamYykMlaMgsgát;.
Nichrome : Trade name for nickel-
chromium alloys used for wire in heating
nIRkUm ³ eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµsMrab;sMelah³NIEkl-RkUmEdleRbIsMrab;ExS
elements as they possess good resistance
to oxidation and have a high resistivity.
lYskñúgkardutkMedAFatuedayvamanPaBFn;eTAnwgPGuksIutkmµ nigman
ersIusÞIvIetx<s;.
nickel-cadmium cell : A secondary cell
having a positive plate of nickel oxide
fµBilnIEkl-kat;mJÚ:m ³ fµBilmFümEdlman)øak¬bnÞH¦viC¢manCa
and a negative plate of cadmium with an
electrolyte of potassium hydroxide; often
nIEklGuksIut nig)øakGviC¢manCakat;mÚJm: CamYyeGLicRtUlItb:UtasüÚm
used as a dry cell. GIuRduk sIut. CaerOy²RtUv)aneRbICafµBils¶Üt.

202
nickel-iron accumulator : (Edison cell;

NIFE cell) A secondary cell having a
nIEkl-Edk ³ ¬fµBil Edison b¤fµBil NIFE¦ fµBilmFümEdlman
positive plate of nickel oxide and a
negative plate of iron both immersed in
)øak¬bnÞH¦viC¢manCanIEklGuksIut nigpøakGviC¢manCaEdkEdl)øakTaMg
an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. BIrRtUv)anRtaMkñúgeGLicRtUlItCab:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIut. Rbtikmµbg¥s;
The reaction on discharge is
2NiOOH.H2O + Fe → 2Ni(OH)2 + kMlaMgGKÁisnIKW 2NiOOH.H O + Fe → 2Ni(OH) + Fe(OH)
2 2 2
Fe(OH)2 the reverse reaction occurs
during charging. Each cell gives an
Rbtikmµb®Ba©asekIteLIgkñúgeBlkMBugsak¬bBa©ÚlePIøg¦. fµBilnimYy²
e.m.f. of about 1.2 volts. pþl; e.m.f RbEhl 1,2v:ul.
nickelous compounds : Compounds of
nickel in its +2 oxidation state; e.g.
smasFatunIEkl ³ smasFatunIEklkñúgPaBGuksIutkmµ +2 rbs;va
nickelous oxide is nickel (II) oxide
(NiO).
]TahrN_ nIEklGuksIutKWCanIEkl (II)GuksIut (NiO).
Nicol prism : A device for producing
plane-polarized light, consisting of two
RBIsnIkUl ³]bkrN_sMrab;BnøWbU:lkmµrab EdlpSMeLIgBIkal;sIutBIr
pieces of calcite cut with a 68o angle and
stuck together with Canada balsam.
dMukat;CamMu 68 nigbiTP¢ab;KñaedayC½rkaNada.
o
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(NAD+/NADH) : Nucleotide that serves
nIkUTINamItGaednInDInuyekøGUTIt ³ nuyekøGUTItEdlCaGñkTTYl
as an acceptor (NAD+) and donor (NAD ) nigCaGñkpþl; (NADH)eGLicRtugenAkñúgRbtikmµekasika.
+
(NADH) of electrons in cellular
reactions.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADPH) : Coenzyme
nIkUTINamItGaednInDInuyekøGUTItpUsVat ³ kUGg;sIumcUlrYmkñúg
involved in reduction reactions in
anabolism.
RbtikmµerdukmµkñúgGaNabUlIs.
NIFE cell : See nickel-iron accumulator.
fµBil NIFE ³ emIl nickel-iron accumulator.
ninhydrin : C9H4O3.H2O A compound
that reacts with amino acids to give a
nInIRDIn ³ C H O .H OsmasFatuEdlmanRbtikmµCamYyGasIut
9 4 3 2
blue colour. Ninhydrin is commonly

used in chromatography to analyse the
GamIenedayCaBN’exov. nInIRDInRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAkñúgRkUma:tURkahVI
amino-acid content of proteins. edIm,IviPaKbrimaNGasIutGamIenrbs;RbUetGIun.
nitrate : A salt or ester of nitric acid.
nIRtat ³ GMbil b¤eGEsÞénGasIutnIRTic.
nitration : A type of chemical reaction
in which a nitro group
nIRtUkmµ ³ RbePTRbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHRkumnIRtU (-NO )RtUv)an
2
(-NO2) is added to or substituted in a

molecule. Nitration can be carried out by
bEnßmeTAelI b¤CMnYskñúgm:UelKulmYy. nIRtatkmµGacdMeNIrkareday
a mixture of concentrated nitric and l,ayénGasIutnIRTicnigGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;. ]TahrN_ karCMnYseGLic
sulphuric acids. e.g. electrophilic
substitution of benzene (and benzene RtUPIlénbg;Esn¬nigsmasFatubg;Esn¦EdlPñak;gareGLicRtUPIl
compounds), where the electrophile is
the nitryl ion NO2+. CaGIuy:ugnIRTIl NO .2
+
nitric acid : A colorless corrosive

poisonous liquid. HNO3
GasIutnIRTic ³ vtßúravBul KµanBN’ kat; manrUbmnþ HNO . 3
nitrides : Compounds of nitrogen with a

more electropositive element. Boron
nIRTY ³ smasFatuGasUtmanFatueGLicRtUviC¢manx<s;Cag. brnIRTYCa
nitride is a covalent compound having
macromolecular crystals. Certain
smasFatukUva:Lg;EdlmanRkamma:RkUm:UelKul. FatuEdlmaneGLicRtU
electropositive elements, such as lithium, viC¢manmYycMnYndUcCalIcUm ma:ejsüÚm nigkal;süÚmRbtikmµedaypÞal;
magnesium and calcium, react directly
with nitrogen to form ionic nitrides CamYyGasUtedIm,IbegáItCaGIuyu:gnIRTYEdlmanGIuyu:g N . Fatuelah³
3-
containing the N3- ion. Transition

elements form a range of interstitial qøgbegáItCacenøaHénnIRTYRbelaH¬]TahrN_ Mn N, W N¦EdlGacRtUv
4 2
nitrides (e.g. Mn4N. W2N), which can be

produced by heating the metal in
)anbegáIteLIgedaykardutkMedAelah³enaHkñúgGam:Uja:k;.
ammonia.

203
nitriding : The process of hardening the

surface of steel by producing a layer of
nIRTYkmµ ³ dMeNIreFIVeGayépÞEdkEfbrwgedaykarbegáItRsTab;Edk
iron nitride. One technique is to heat the
metal in ammonia gas. Another is to dip
nIRTY. bec©keTsmYyKWdutkMedAEdkkñúg]sµ½nGam:Uj:ak;. bec©keTsmYy
the hot metal in a bath of molten sodium eTotKWRClk;EdkekþAkñúgsUdüÚmsüanYrlay.
cyanide.
nitrification : The oxidation of
ammonium ions or ammonia to nitrate,
nIRTItkmµ ³ dMeNIrGuksIutkmµénGIuyu:gGam:UjÚm: b¤Gam:Ujak;eTACanIRtat
by certain free-living bacteria in the soil eday)ak;etrIrs;enAesrIkñúgdI.
nitrile rubber : A copolymer of buta-
1.3-diene and propenonitrile. It is a
ekAs‘UnIRTIl ³ b:UlIEmb‘uyta -1.3-DIEGn nigRbUEb:NUnIRTIl. vaCa
commercially important synthetic rubber
because of its resistance to oil and many
ekAs‘UsMeyaKEbbBaNiC¢kmµya:gsMxan;edaysarPaBFn;rbs;vaeTAnwg
solvents. eRbgnigFaturMlayCaeRcIn.
nitriles (cyanides) : Organic compounds
containing the group -CN bound to an
nIRTIl¬süanY¦ ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanRkum-CNcgP¢ab;eTAnwg
organic group. e.g. CH3CN. RkumsrIragÁ. ]TahrN_ CH CN.
3
nitrite : A salt or ester of nitrous acid.

The salts contain the NO2- ion.
nIRTIt ³ GMbilb¤eGEsÞGasIutnIRtW. GMbilEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ug NO . 2
-
nitro compounds : Organic compounds

containing the nitro group -NO2 bound to
smasFatunIRtU ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanpÞúkRkum -NO Edl 2
a carbon atom. Nitro compounds are

made by nitration reactions. They can be
cgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmkabUn. smasFatunIRtURtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday
reduced to aromatic amines (e.g. RbtikmµnIRtUkmµ. vaGacerdukmµeTACaGamInGar:Uma:Tic ¬]TahrN_ nIRtU
nitrobenzene can be reduced to
phenylamine). bg;EsnGacerdukmµeTACaepnILamIn¦.
nitro group : See nitro compounds.
RkumnIRtU ³ emIl nitro compounds.
nitrogen cycle : A description of how
the element nitrogen moves through the
vdþGasUt ³ karBN’naGMBIrebobEdlFatuGasUtpøas;TIcUleTAkñúg
environment. Nitrogen in the atmosphere
is not directly available to most
brisßan. GasUtkñúgbriyakasKWminGacrk)anedaypÞal;eTcMeBaHPavrs;
organisms. Nitrogen fixing bacteria can PaKeRcIn. )ak;etrIP¢ab;GasUtGacbMElgvaeGayeTACasmasFatuGasUt
convert it into nitrogen compounds, e.g.
nitrates in the soil, which can be taken ]TahrN_ nIRtatkñúgdIEdlGacRtUv)anRsUbykedayrwsrukçCati nig
up by plant roots and may then pass
along food chains into animals. eRkaymkGacqøgkat;tamRcvak;GahareTAkñúgxøÜnstV. )ak;etrIbMEbk
Decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-
containing compounds (especially
FatubMElgsmasFatuEdlmanpÞúkGasUt¬CaBiessGam:Uja:k;¦kñúgkak
ammonia) in plant and animal wastes sMNl; rukçCati nigsaksBstVeGayvilRtlb;eTACanIRtatEdleTAsßit
and dead remains back into nitrates,
which are released into the soil and can enAkñúgdIehIyGacRtUv)anRsUbykmkeRbIR)as;edayrukçCatiCafµImþgeTot
again be taken up by plants (see
nitrification). Some nitrogen is returned ¬emIl nitrification¦. brimaNGasUtxøHRtUv)anvilRtlb;BIdIeTAkñúg
from the soil to the atmosphere by
denitrifying bacteria (see denitrification).
briyakasedaysar)ak;etrIednIRTIkmµ¬emIl denitrification¦.
nitrogen fixation : The conversion of
atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrogen
karP¢ab;GasUt ³ karbMElg]sµ½nGasUtbriyakaseGayeTACasmas-
compounds. The process occurs
naturally by the action of bacteria in the
FatuGasUt. dMeNIrenHekIteLIgkñúgFmµCatiedayGMeBIén)ak;etrIkñúgrws
roots of leguminous plants. rukçCatielKuymINW.
nitrogenous base
nitrogen-containing
: Basic,
heterocyclic
)asGasUt ³ smasFatueGetr:UsiuKøicEdlGasUtCamUldæanEdlsMxan;
compound, the most common ones being
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and
CageKKåGaednIn FanIn sIutUsIun TImIn nigG‘uyr:asIul.
uracil.

204
nitroglycerine : Explosive yellow liquid

made by reacting glycerol with a mixture
nIRtUKøIesrIn ³ vtßúravBN’elOgmanCatipÞúHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday
of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids.
C3H5(ONO2)3
RbtikmµKøIesr:ulCamYynwgl,ayGasIuts‘ulpYricnigGasIutnIRTicxab;
manrUbmnþ C H (ONO ) .
3 5 2 3
nitrosamines : A group of cancer-

forming compounds with the general
nIRtUsamIn ³ RkumsmasFatubgáCMgWmharIkEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA
formula RR’NNO, where R and R’ are RR’NNOEdl R nig R’ CaRkumExSExñgEdlGacmanTMrg;xus²Kña.
side groups with a variety of possible
structures. Nitrosamines, which are a nIRtUsamInEdlCasmasPaKénEpSg)arIbNþaleGayekItCMgWmharIk
component of cigarette smoke, cause
cancer in a number of organs, dl;srIragÁCaeRcInCaBiesskñúgeføIm tMrgenam nigsYt. ]TahrN_
particularly in the liver, kidneys, and
lungs. An example of a nitrosamine is DIemTIl nIRtUsamInEdlmanRkumExSExñgemTIlBIr (CH3-).
dimethylnitrosamine, which has two
methyl side groups (CH3-).
nitrosyl ion : The ion NO+.
GIuy:ugnIRtUsIul ³ GIuy:ug NO .+
nitrous acid : A weak acid, HNO2,

known only in solution and in the gas
GasIutnIRtW ³ GasIutexSay HNO dwg)anEtenAkñúgsUluysüúg
2
phase. nigkñúgpas]sµ½nb:ueNÑaH.
nitryl ion : (nitronium ion) The ion
NO2+, found in mixtures of nitric acid
GIuy:ugnIRTIl ³ ¬GIuyu:gnIRtUjÚm: ¦ GIuyu:g NO RbTHeXIjkñúgl,ay
2
+
and sulphuric acid and solutions of

nitrogen oxides in nitric acid.
GasIutnIRTIcnigGasIuts‘ulpYric nigkñúgsUluysüúgGasUtGuksIutkñúug
GasIutnIRTic.
NMR ³ emIl nuclear magnetic resonance.
NMR : See nuclear magnetic resonance.
noble gas : Any member of a group of

gaseous elements in Group 18 of the
]s½µnkMr ³ smaCikénRkumFatu]s½µnNamYykñúgRkum 18 éntaragxYb.
periodic table. Also called inert gas, rare
gas.
eKehAmüa:geTotfa ]sµ½nnicl b¤]sµ½nkMr.
NOE ³ emIl nuclear Overhauser effect.
NOE : See nuclear Overhauser effect.
nonahydrate : A crystalline compound

that has nine moles of water per mole of
NUNaGIuRdat ³ smasFatuRkamEdlmanR)aMbYnm:UlTwkkñúgmYym:Ul
compound. smasFatu.
nonbenzenoid aromatics : Aromatic
compounds that have rings other than
Gar:Uma:TicminEmnbg;EsnNUGIut ³ smasFatuGar:Uma:TicEdlmanvg;
benzene rings. Examples are the
cyclopenta-dienyl anion, C5H5-, and the
epSgeToteRkABIvg;bg;Esn. ]TahrN_ Gaj:úgsIukøÚb:g;taDIEGnIl C H
5 5
-
tropylium cation, C7H7+. See also nigkacugRbUBIlüÚm C H . emIl annulene.

7 7
+
annulene.
non-bonding electrons: Valence
electrons that are not involved covalent
eGLicRtugminsm<½n§ ³ eGLicRtugv:aLg;Edlmin)ancUlrYmkMN
bond formation. sm<½nVkUv:aLg;.
noncompetitive inhibitor : Reversible
inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at a
Fatubg¥ak;minRbECg ³ Fatubg¥ak;RtLb;)anEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGg;sIum
location other than the active site and
thus does not compete with the substrate.
enAkEnøgepSgBImNÐlskmµ nigdUecñHminRbECgCamYys‘ub®sþat.
non-electrolytes : Substances whose
aqueous solutions will not conduct an
minEmneGLicRtUlIt ³ sarFatuEdlkñúgsUluysüúgTwknwgmincMlg
electric current. crnþGKÁisnI.

205
nonequilibrium statistical mechanics :

The statistical mechanics of systems not
emkanicsßitiKµanlMnwg ³ RbB½n§emkanicsßitiEdlKµanlMnwgkMedA.
in thermal equilibrium. One of the main
purposes of nonequilibrium statistical
eKalbMNgsMxan;mYyénemkanicsßitiKµanlMnwgKWedIm,IKNnaemKuNdwk
mechanics is to calculate transport naMnigemKuNdwknaMRcasdUcCaPaBcMbgnigPaBGn§ilBIeKalkarN_dMbUg
coefficients and inverse transport
coefficients, such as conductivity and nigpþl;mUldæansMrab;RTwsþIdwknaM.
viscosity, from first principles and to
provide a basis for transport theory.
nonequilibrium thermodynamics : The
thermodynamics of systems not in
ETm:UDINamicKµanlMnwg ³ RbB½n§ETm:UDINamicEdlKµanlMnwgkMedA.
thermal equilibrium.
nonmetals : All elements that are not
metals; that is, do not conduct heat or
Gelah³ ³ FatuTaMgGs;EdlminEmnCaelah³ mincMlgkMedAb¤crnþ
electricity as well, are electronegative
and form negative ions or covalent bonds
GKiÁsnIpgEdr. vamaneGLicRtUGviC¢man nigbegáItCaGIuy:ugGviC¢man
in compounds, and form neutral or acidic b¤sm<½n§kUva:Lg;kñúgsmasFatu nigbegáItGuksIutNWtb¤GuksIutGasIut.
oxides.
non-Newtonian fluids : In such fluids
there is a departure from the simple
snÞnIyminEmnjÚtun ³ kñúgsnÞnIyEbbenHmankarR)ascakBITMnak;
Newtonian relationships. E.g., in some
liquids the viscosity increases as the
TMngjÚtunFmµta. ]TahrN_ kñúgvtßúravxøHPaBGn§ilekIneLIgenAeBl
velocity gradient increases, i.e. the faster CMralel,ÓnlMhUrekIn mann½yfa vtßúravpøas;TIkan;Etrh½svak¾kan;Etqab;
the liquid moves the more viscous it
becomes. køayeTACas¥itGn§ilEdr.
nonpolar molecule : Symmetrical
molecule with no unbalanced electric
m:UelKulminb:UEl ³ m:UelKulsIuemRTIEdlmanbnÞúkGKiÁsnIminesµIKña.
charge. e.g. methane and benzene ]TahrN_ emtan nigbg;Esn.
nonpolar solvent : Compounds that do
not have a permanent dipole moment.
FaturMlayminb:UEl ³ smasFatuEdlminmanm:Um:g;DIbU:lGcié®nþy_.
e.g. ethoxyethane and benzene. ]TahrN_ eGtuksIueGtan nigbg;Esn.
nonreducing sugar : A sugar that
cannot donate electrons to other
sármineFVIerdukmµ ³ sárEdlminGacpþl;eGLicRtugeTAeGaym:UelKul
molecules and therefore cannot act as a
reducing agent. e.g. Sucrose.
déT dUecñHvaminGacedIrtYCaPñak;garerdukmµ)aneT. ]TahrN_sakar:Us.
nonrelativistic quantum theory : An
application of quantum theory in which
RTwsþIkg;tUmminBak;Bn½VKña ³ karGnuvtþn_RTwsþIkg;tUmEdlkñúgenaHva
it is assumed that particles; cannot be
created or destroyed, move slowly
RtUv)ansnµtfaPaKl¥itminGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgb¤bMpøaj ehIyvaeFIV
compared to the speed of light, and have clnay:agyWteRbobeFobeTAnwgel,ÓnBnøW nigmanma:sminpøas;bþÚrCa
mass that does not change with velocity.
This theory applies mostly to atomic and mYyel,Ón. RTwsþIenHGnuvtþPaKeRcIncMeBaH)atuPUtGatUm nigm:UelKul.
molecular phenomena.
nonrenewable energy sources : Sources
of energy that cannot be replaced
RbPBfamBlminekItfIµ ³ RbPBfamBlEdlminGacCMnYs)andUc
naturally. e.g. fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas),
and nuclear fission fuels.
FmµCati. ]TahrN_ \n§n³pUsIul ¬eRbg FüÚgfµ ]sµ½n¦ nig\nÞn³bnÞúH
brmaNU.
nonsaponiflable lipid : Lipid that does
not contain fatty acids and therefore
lIBItminrgsab‘Ukmµ ³ lIBItEdlKµanGasIutxøaj; ehtuenHehIyvamin
cannot be saponified by base. Gacrgsab‘UkmµCamYy)aseT.
nonstoichiometric compound
(Berthollide compound) A chemical
:
smasFatuminsÞWsüÚemRTI ³ ¬smasFatuEb‘tUlIt¦smasFatuKImI
compound in which the elements do not
combine in simple ratios. e.g. rutile
EdlFatuminpSMkñúgra:süÚgay. ]TahrN_ ruyTIl¬TItaj:Úm(IV) GuksIut¦
(titanium(IV) oxide) has the formula manrUbmnþ TiO .
1.8
TiO1.8.

206
noradrenaline (norepinephrine) : A
hormone produced by the adrenal glands
nGaeRDNalIn¬neGBIen®hVIn¦ ³ Grm:UnEdlplitedayRkeBj
and also secreted from nerve endings in
the sympathetic nervous system as a
kenSamelItMrgenamnigRtUv)anbeBa©jedaycugsrésRbsaTkñúgRbB½n§
chemical transmitter of nerve impulses. srésRbsaTsaM)a:TicEdlCaFatubBa¢ÚnsarKImIéncrnþRbsaT. skmµPaB
Many of its general actions are similar to
those of adrenaline, but it is more TUeTACaeRcInrbs;vaRsedogKñaeTAnwgskmµPaBrbs;GaeRdNalIn b:uEnþva
concerned with maintaining normal body
activity than with preparing the body for sMrab;karEfrkSaskmµPaBsBa’gÁkayCaFmµtaeRcInCagsMrab;kareRtom
emergencies. sBa’gÁkaysMrab;eBlmanGasnñ.
norepinephrine : See noradrenaline.
neGBIen®hVIn ³ emIl noradrenaline.
normality : For an acid, the
concentration of a solution in moles per
Nrm:alIet ³ sMrab;GasIutKWkMhab;GIuy:ugGIuRdUEsnEdlGacmanRbtikmµ
liter of reactable hydrogen ion. E.g., a
1.0 M solution of HCl is 1.0 N, and a 1.0
ehIyKitCam:UlkñúgmYylIRtsUluysüúg. ]TahrN_ sUluysüúgGasIut-
M solution of the strong H2S04 is 2.0 N. kørIRDic 1 MKWCa 1N nigsUluysüúgGasIuts‘ulpYricxøaMg 1 MKWCa 2N.
nuclear binding energy: The energy
required to break up a nuclear into its
famBlpÁMúéNVy:U³ famBlRtUvkarsMrab;bMEbkéNVy:UeTACaRbUtugnig
component protons and neutrons. NWRtugFatubgárbs;va.
nuclear charge : Number of protons in
the nucleus, expressed as the atomic
bnÞúkéNVy:U ³ cMnYnRbUtugkñúgéNVyUE: dlsMEdgCaelxGatUmFatu.
number of the element.
nuclear fission : Splitting of a heavy
nucleus to produce two lighter “fission
karbMEbkéNVy:U ³ karbMEbkéNVyUF: ¶n;edIm,IplitéNVyUB: Ir RsalCag
fragment” nuclei, a number of free
neutrons, and a large amount of energy.
¬karbMEbkCabMENk¦ cMnYnNWRtugesrI nigbrimaNfamBleRcIn. kar
Fission is triggered when an unstable bMEbkekIteLIgenAeBlEdléNVyU:minefrRsÚbykNWRtug.
nucleus absorbs a neutron.
nuclear fusion : Fusing of two light
nuclei together to form a heavier
karrlaycUlKñaénéNVy:U ³ karrlaycUlKñaénéNVyU:RsalBIrCa
nucleus. When very light nuclei are
fused together, the product nucleus has
mYyKñaedIm,IbegáIt)anCaéNVyU: F¶n;mYy. enAeBlEdléNVyUR: salxøaMg
less energy than the two “reactant” rlaycUlKñaéNVyUE: dlekIteLIgmanfamBlticCagéNVyU: :Rbtikr :BIr.
nuclei; considerable energy is released in
the fusion reaction. famBlya:geRcInRtUv)anbeBa©jkñúgRbtikmµrlaycUlKñaenH.
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) :
The absorption of electromagnetic radia-
ersUNg;ma:ejTicnuyekøEG‘r ³ sMrUbkaMrsµIeGLicRtUma:ejTiceday
tion by a nucleus in an external magnetic
field. The phenomenon occurs if the
éNVyUk: ñúgEdnma:ejTicxageRkA. )atuPUtenHekIteLIgRbsinebIéNVyUm: an
nucleus has nonzero spin, in which case s<InminsUnüEdlkñúgkrNIenHvaedIrtYCaemEdktUc. NMRGacRtUv)aneRbI
it behaves as a small magnet. NMR can
be used for the accurate determination of sMrab;karkMNt;Cak;lak;énm:Um:g;nuyekøEG‘. vaGacRtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdr
nuclear moments. It can also be used in a
sensitive form of magnetometer to mea- kñúgTMrg;rYsénma:ejtUEm:RtedIm,Ivas;Ednma:ejTic. karGnuvtþsMxan;én
sure magnetic fields. The main applica- NMRCabec©keTsmYysMrab;viPaKKImInigkarkMNt;TMrg;EdlRtUv)aneK
tion of NMR is as a technique for chemi-
cal analysis and structure determination sÁal;faCas,úicsikSaNMR.
known as NMR spectroscopy.
nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) : An
effect in nuclear magnetic resonance
plnuyekøEG‘ Overhauser(NOE) ³plkñúgersUNg;ma:ejTicnuyekø-
(NMR) used to increase the intensities of
resonance lines.
EG‘(NMR)EdleRbIsMrab;begáInGaMgtg;sIuetbnÞat;ersUNg;.

207
nuclear waste : Fission fragment nuclei

are highly radioactive and extremely
sMNl;éNVy:U ³ éNVyUe: RcInénkarbMEbkCabMENkKWCaFatuviTüúskmµ
dangerous. They are referred to as
“nuclear waste,” or in the case of a
xøaMg nigman eRKaHfñak;bMput. vaRtUv)ansMedAeTAelI }sMNl;éNVyU: }b¤
weapons explosion, as “fall-out.” kñúgkrNIkarpÞúHGavuF CakarFøak;viTüúskmµmkdIvij.
nucleon : A proton or a neutron.
nuyekøGug ³ RbUtug b¤NWRtug.
nucleon number (mass number) :
Symbol A. The number of nuc1eons in
cMnYnnuyekøGug¬cMnYnma:s¦ ³ nimitþsBaØa A. cMnYnnuyekøGugkñúg
an atomic nucleus of a particular nuclide. éNVyUG: atUménnuyKøItNamYy.
nucleophile : An ion or molecule that
can donate electrons. Nucleophiles are
nuyekøGUPIl ³ GIuyu:g b¤mUe: lKulEdlGacpþl;eGLicRtug. nuyekøGU-
often oxidizing agents and Lewis bases.
They are either negative ions (e.g. 0-) or
PIleRcInEtCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµ nigCa)asLWvIs. vaGacCaGIuyu:g
molecules that have electron pairs (e.g. GviC¢man¬]TahrN_ O ¦b¤Cam:UelKulEdlmanKUeGLicRtug ¬]TahrN¾
-
NH3). In organic reactions they tend to

attack positively charged parts of a NH ). kñúgRbtikmµsrIragÁvaeRcInEtP¢ab;CamYyEpñkEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man
3
molecule. Compare electrophile.
énm:UelKul. eRbobeFobnwg electrophile.
nucleophilic addition : A type of
addition reaction in which the first step
karbUknuyekøGUPIl ³ RbePTRbtikmµbUkEdlkñúgenaHdMNak;kal
is attachment of a nucleophile to a
positive (electron-deficient) part of the
TImYyCakarP¢ab;énnuyekøGUPIleTAnwgEpñkviC¢man¬xVHeGLicRtug¦én
molecule. Aldehydes and ketones m:UelKul. Gal;edGIutnigestUnrgRbtikmµEbbenHedaysarb:Ulkmµ
undergo reactions of this type because of
polarization of the carbonyl group énRkumkabUnIl¬kabUnviC¢man¦.
(carbon positive).
nucleophilic substitution : A type of

substitution reaction in which a
karCMnYsnuyekøGUPIl ³ RbePTRbtikmµCMnYsEdlkñúgenaHnuyekøGUPIl
nucleophile displaces another group or
atom from a compound.
CMnYskEnøgRkummYyepSgeTot b¤GatUmecjBImUe: lKul.
nucleoside : Compound consisting of a
nitrogenous base and a sugar.
nuyekøGUsIut ³ smasFatuEdlman)asGasUtnigsár.
nucleosynthesis : The synthesis of
chemical elements by nuclear processes.
nuyekøGUsMeyaK ³ karsMeyaKénFatuKImIedaydMeNIrkarnuyekøEG‘.
Stellar nucleosynthesis, which takes
place in the centre of stars at very high
nuyekøGUsMeyaKpáayEdlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgmNÐlénpáayenAsItuNðPaBx<s;
temperatures, is now the main form of xøaMgbc©úb,nñenHCaTMrg;sMxan;énnuyekøGUsMeyaK. dMeNIrkarCak;EsþgEdl
nucleosynthesis. The exact process
occurring in stellar nucleosynthesis ekItmankñúgnuyekøGUsMeyaKpáayGaRs½yelIsItuNðPaB dg;suIet nig
depends on the temperature, density, and
chemical composition of the star. smasPaBKImIénpáay.
nucleotide : Compound consisting of a
nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or
nuyekøGUTIt ³ smasFatuEdlman)asGasUt sár nigRkumpUsVatmYy
more phosphate groups. b¤eRcIn.
nucleus : 1. The dense central portion of
an atom, composed of protons and
éNVy:U ³ 1. EpñkkNþalrbs;GatUmEdlmanRbUtug nig NWRtug.
neutrons. 2. Eucaryotic organelle that 2. FatuekasikaénGWkarIyUt : EdlpÞúkGasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiucPaKeRcIn
contains most of the DNA of the cell and
directs cell division, growth, and énekasika ehIyCaFatudwknaMcMENkekasika karlUtlas; nigkarEfrkSa
maintenance of the cell.
ekasika.

208
nuclide : A term that refers only to a

particular nuclear species. The term is
nuyKøIt ³ BaküEdlsMedAEteTAelIRbePTéNVyUe: dayELk. BaküenH
used for the type of atom as
characterized by its atomic number and
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RbePTGatUmEdlGacsMKal;)anedaycMnYnGatUm nig
its neutron number (e.g. the nuclides cMnYnNWRtugrbs;va¬]TahrN_ nuyKøItG‘uyra:jÚm: -235 nigBøúytUjÚ:m-239
uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are
fissile). EdlCaFatupÞúHbrmaNU.
nutrients : Substances required by the
body that are provided by food.
sarFatuciBaw©m ³ sarFatusarBagÁkayRtUvkarEdlRtUv)anpþl;eday
cMNIGahar.
nutrition : Branch of science that deals
with the composition, preparation,
karciBaw©m ³ EpñkénviTüasaRsþEdlskiSaBIsmasPaBkarerobcM
consumption, and processing of food. kareRbIR)as;niglMnaMénkarplitGahar.
nylon : Any of various synthetic
polyamide fibres having a protein-like
nILúg ³ srésb:UlIGamItsMeyaKEdlmanTMrg;dUcRbUetGIunkekIteLIg
structure formed by the condensation
between an amino group of one molecule
edaykugdg;kmµrvagRkumGamINUmYym:UelKulnigRkumGasIutkabuksIulic
and a carboxylic acid group of another. mYym:UelKulepSgeTot.
O
observation : The noting and recording
of facts and events.
karsegát ³ kMNt;sMKal; nigkMNt;RtaehtukarN¾ nigRBwtþikarN_.
occlusion : 1. The trapping of small
pockets of liquid in a crystal during
karsÞH ³ 1. karcab;ykénfg; tUc²nUvvtßúuravkñúgRkamenAeBlkMNk
crystallization. 2. The absorption of a gas
by a solid such that atoms or molecules
Rkam. 2.sMrUb]sµ½nedayvtßúrwgEdlGatUmb¤mUe: lKulén]sµ½nsßitenA
of the gas occupy spaces in the solid kEnøgTMenr kñúgRbTasvtßúrwg. )a:LadüÚm Ca]TahrN_ GacsÞak;yk
lattice. Palladium, e.g., can occlude
hydrogen. GIuRdUEsn)an.
ochre : A yellow or red mineral form of
iron(III) oxide, Fe203 used as a pigment.
CatiBN’Rkhm ³ sNæanEr:BN’elOgb¤RkhménEdk (III) , Fe O 2 3
eRbICaCatiBN’.
octahedron : A rectangular eight sided
figure with rectangular faces.
Gdæmux ³ rUbEdlmanR)aMbIRCugragctuekaNEkgEdlmanmuxCa
ctuekaNEkg.
octahydrate : A crystalline hydrate that
has eight moles of water per mole of
GuktaGIuRdat ³ GIuRdatRkamEdlmanR)aMbImUe: lKulTwkkñúgmYym:Ulén
compound. smasFatu.
octane number : A number that
provides a measure of the ability of a
cMMnYnGuktan ³ cMnYnEdlpþl;eGayrgVas;énlT§PaBrbs;\nÞn:kñúgkar
fuel to resist ‘knocking’ (see knocking)
when it is burnt in a spark-ignition
Tb;Tl;; ‘ karTgÁic’ (emIl knocking)enAeBlvaeqHkñúgma:sIucMehHpáa
engine. It is the percentage by volume of ePøIg. enHCaPaKryCamaDénGIusU-Guktan (C H ; 2,2,4- RTIemTIl
8 18
iso-octane (C8H18; 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane) in a blend with normal b:g;tan) kñúgkarlayKñaCamYyGwbtanFmµta (C H ) EdlRtUvKñaeTAnwg
7 16
heptane (C7H16) that matches the
knocking behaviour of the fuel being lkçN:énkarTgÁicrbs;\nÞn³EdlRtUvsakl,g¬etsþ¦. eRbobeFob
tested. Compare cetane number. cetane number.
octavalent : Having a valency of eight.
Guktav:aLg; ³ manva:Lg;R)aMbI.
octet : A stable group of eight electrons
in the outer shell of an atom (as in an
Gdæta ³ RkumefrEdlmaneGLicRtugR)aMbIenARsTab;eRkAénGatUm
atom of a noble gas). (dUcCaenAkñúgGatUmén]sµ½nkMr).

209
octet rule : Chemical stability is implied

if an atom has a set of eight outer
viFanGdæta ³ sißrPaBKImIRtUv)anbBa¢ak;ebIsinCaGatUmmYymaneG-
electrons (sp electrons). Note that
hydrogen does not obey this rule.)
LicRtugR)aMbIenARsTab;eRkAbg¥s; ¬eGLicRtugenARsTab; sp¦. kt;
sMKal;faGIuRdUEsnmineKarBtamviFanenHeT.
octupole : A set of eight point charges
that has zero net charge and does not
Gdæb:Ul : tMerobéncMNucbnÞúkR)aMbIEdlmanbnÞúksuTVsUnü nigKµanm:Um:g;
have either a dipole moment or a
quadrupole moment. An example of an
DIbUl: b¤mUm: :g;ctubUl: eT. ]TahrN_ énGdæbUl: KWmU:elKulemtan (CH ).
4
octupole is a methane molecule (CH4). GnþrkmµGdæbU:ltUcCagGnþrkmµctubUl: eRcIn nigtUcCagGnþrkmµDIbU:l

Octupole interactions are much smaller
than quadrupole interactions and very ya:geRcIn.
much smaller than dipole interactions.
odor : Smell or fragrance.
køin ³ køin b¤køinRkGUb.
ohm : Symbol Ω. The SI unit of
electrical resistance, being the resistance
GUm ³ nimitþsBaaØ Ω . xñat SI énersIusþg;GKÁisnI EdlCaer:sIusþg;rvag
between two points on a conductor when
a constant potential difference of one
cMNucBIrelIGgÁFatucMlg kalNaplsgb:Utg;EsülefrmYyv:ulenA
volt, applied between these points, cenøaHcMNucTaMgenHbegáItcrnþmYyGMEBkñúgGgÁFatucMlgenaH.
produces a current of one ampere in the
conductor.
oil of vitriol : Sulphuric acid.
eRbgvIRTIy:Ul ³ GasIuts‘ulpYric.
oil sand : (tar sand; bituminous sand) A
sandstone or porous carbonate rock that
xSac;eRbg ³ (xSac;C½rxSac;b‘ÍTUm) fµxSac; b¤fµ kabUNatmanrn§EdlpÞúk
contains hydrocarbons. GIuRdUkabY.
oil shale : A fine-grained carbonaceous
sedimentary rock from which oil can be
fµeRbg ³ silakMeTckMNRKab;tUc²pÞúkkabUnEdlGaccMraj;ykeRbg.
extracted. The rock contains organic
matter -kerogen -which decomposes to
fµenHpÞúkrUbFatusrIragÁ ekr:UEsn EdlbMEbkeGayplCaeRbg enAeBl
yield oil when heated. )andutkMedA.
oiling : To lubricate.
dak;eRbg ³ dak;eRbg.
oils : Various viscous liquids that are
immiscible with water. Natural plant and
eRbg ³ vtßúravsi¥tGn§ilnanaEdlminrlaykñúgTwk. eRbgrukçCati nig
animal oils are triacylglycerols, mixtures
of terpenes or simple esters. Mineral oils
eRbgstVKWCaRTIGasIulKIøesr:ulEdlCal,ayénETEb:n b¤eGEsÞgay.
are mixtures of hydrocarbons. eRbgEr:KWCal,ayénGIuRdUkabY.
oleaginous : (adj) Producing or
containing oil or lipids. Oleaginous
eRbg ³ (KuNnam) Edlplit b¤pÞúkeRbg b¤lIBIt. mIRkUsarBagÁkay
microorganisms, which normally contain
20-25% oil, are of interest in
pÞúkeRbgEdlCaFmµtapÞúkeRbgBI 20-25% manplRbeyaCn_kñúgCIv
biotechnology as alternative sources of bec©kviTüaCaRbPBqøas;éneRbgFmµta b¤dUcCaRbPBeRbgfµI Ebøk².
conventional oils or as possible sources
for novel oils.
oleate : A salt or ester of oleic acid.
GUelGat ³ GMbilrWeGEsÞénGasIutGUelGiuc.
olefine : See alkene
GUelPIn ³ emIl alkene.
oligonucleotide : A short polymer of
nucleotides.
GUlIkUnuyekøGUTIt ³ b:UlIEmxøIénnuyekøGUTIt.
oligopeptide : A peptide containing up
to 10 amino acids.
GUlIkUbiubTIt ³ biubTItpÞúkGasIutGamIenrhUtdl;db;.
oligosaccharides : Carbohydrates that
contain two to ten monosaccharides,
GUlIkUsakarIt ³ kabUGIuRdatEdlmanm:UNUsakarItBIBIreTAdb; dUcCa
such as table sugar and milk sugar
(disaccharides).
sársakarU:snigsárTwkedaH ¬DIsakarIt¦.

210
one-pot synthesis : A method of

synthesizing organic compounds in
sMeyaKkñgPaCn_mYy ³ viFIsMeyaKsmasFatusrIragÁ EdlkñúgenaH
which the materials used are mixed
together in a single vessel and allowed to
rUbFatueRbIRtUv)anlayCamYyKñakñúgPaCn_EtmYy ehIyTukeGayRbtikmµ
react, rather than conducting the reaction CaCagdMeNIrkarRbtikmµkñúglMdab;éndMNak;kalxus²Kña.
in a sequence of separate stages.
onium ion : An ion formed by adding a
proton to a neutral molecule. e.g. the
GIuy:ugGUj:Úm ³ GIuyu:gekIteLIgedaykarbEnßmRbUtugeTAkñúgm:UelKul
hydroxonium ion (H3O+) or the
ammonium ion (NH4+).
NWt. ]TahrN_ GIuy:ugGIuRduksUjÚm: (H O ) b¤GIuyug: Gam:UjÚm: (NH ).
3
+
4
+
opal : A hydrous amorphous form of

silica. Some are prized as gemstones.
GU)a:l ³ TMrg;nisNæanmanTwkénsIulIs. xøHmantMéldUct,Úg.
open chain : A line of atoms of the same
type which do not form a ring.
ExSebIk ³ ExSénGatUmRbePTdUcKñaEdlminbegáItCavg;.
open-hearth process : A traditional
method for manufacturing steel by
lMnaMLcMh ³ viFIburaN sMrab;plitEdkEfbedaykardutkMedAkMeTc
heating together scrap iron, etc. in a
shallow open furnace lined with heat-
EdkCamYyKña.l. enAkñúgLcMhrak; CamYy\dæFn;kMedA dutkMedAeday
proof bricks, heated by burning a kardutl,aykabUnm:UNUGuksIut nigGIuRdUEsn (emIl producer gas) kñúg
mixture of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (See producer gas) in air. It has xül;. vaRtUv)anCMnYsedaylMnaMGuksIuEsnCamUldæan.
been replaced by the basic-oxygen
process.
operon : Set of genes in bacteria that
work together. Genes within the operon
GUeb:r:ug ³ RkumEsn)ak;etrIEdleFVIkarrYmKña. EsnGUeb:ru:gGacRtUv)an
are either turned on or off collectively. pþac;ecj b¤P¢ab;KñaTaMgGs;.
opiate : One of a group of drugs derived
from opium, an extract of the poppy
GUBüat ³ RkummYyén»sf)anmkBIGaePonEdlcMraj;ecjBIedIm
plant Papaver somniferum that depresses
brain function (a narcotic action).
GaePon ):a)a:ev sUmnIehVrum EdleFVIeGaynaTIxYrk,almanvibtþi (GMeBINa
Opiates include morphine and its kUTic). GUBüatrYmmanm:hVIn nigRsLaysMeyaKrbs;vadUcCaehr:UGIun
synthetic derivatives, such as heroin and
codeine. They are used in medicine nigkUedGIun. vaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgevC¢saRsþCasMxan;sMrab;bnßykarQWcab;.
mainly to relieve pain.
opioid : Anyone of a group of
substances that produce pharmacological
GUBüÚGIut ³ sarFatumYyénRkumsarFatuEdlmanpl]sfsa®sþ nig
and physiological effects similar to those
of morphine. Opioids are not necessarily
srIrsa®sþRsedogKñaeTAnwgplénm:hVInEdr. GUBüÚtmincaM)ac;manTMrg;
structurally similar to morphine. dUcm:hVIneT.
optical activity : The ability of certain
substances to rotate the plane of plane-
skmµPaBGubTic ³ lT§PaBénsarFatuxøHkñúgkarrgVilbøg;énBnøWbøg;
polarized light as it passes through a
crystal, liquid or solution. It occurs when
b:UEleBlvaqøgkat;tamRkamvtßúrav b¤sUluysüúg. vaekIteLIgkalNa
the molecules of the substance are m:UelKulénsarFatuGsIuemRTIKña dUecñHvaGacsßitenACaTMrg;BIrxusKñaeday
asymmetric, so that they can exist in two
different structural forms each being a TMrg;nimYy²CarUbPaBqøúHénTMrg;mYyeTot. TMrg;TaMgBIrCaGiIusUEmrGubTic
mirror image of the other. The two forms
are optical isomers or enantiomers. The b¤eGNg;tüÚEmGubTic. TMrg;BIrEdlGacmanRtUv)anBN’naCa rgVilsþaM
two possible forms are described as (d-, b¤ ++ ) b¤rgVileqVg (l- b¤ + ). l,aysmmUlm:UlénTMrg;BIrmin
dextrorotatory (d-, or +) or laevorotatory
(l-, or -) An equimolar mixture of the EmnCaskmµGubTiceT nigehAfal,ayr:aesmic (dl-, b¤ +). emIl
two forms is not optically active and is
called a racemic mixture (dl-, or +). Also meso isomer, chiral centre.
see meso isomer, chiral centre

211
optical brightener : Substances added

to detergents and washing powders and
FatubnSGubTic ³ sarFatuEdl)anbEnßmeTAelI sarFatuCMrHEk¥l nig
used to enhance the whiteness of textiles
and paper. e.g. blueing agents are used in
emSAsMrab;CMrHEk¥l (emSAsab‘U) nigeRbIsMrab;begáInPaBsénRkNat; b¤
laundries to prevent yellowing of white Rkdas. ]TahrN_ m:EqRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkare)akKk;edIm,Ibgáarkar
materials; fluorescent brighteners absorb
UV and ‘glow’ with visible light. eLIgelOgénrUbFatus. FatubnSrelIbRsUb UV nig ‘beBa©jBnøW’ kñúg
BnøWemIleXIj.
optical glass : Special highly refractive
glass used in the manufacture of lenses,
EkvGubTic ³ EkvcaMgBnøWBiesseRbIkñúgkarplitEkv¬dUcCaLg;TI¦RBIs
prisms, and other optical parts. It may
contain potassium or barium in place of
nigEpñkGubTicepSgeTot. vaGacpÞúkb:UtasüÚmb¤)arü:ÚmCaCMnYssUdüÚm
the sodium of ordinary crown glass and EkvFmµta nigmansnÞsSn_cMNaMgEbrcenøaHBI 1,51dl;1,54. EkvfµpÞúk
has a refractive index in the range 1.51
to 1.54. Flint glass contains lead oxide sMNGuksIut nigmansnÞsSn_cMNaMgEbrrvagBI 1,58 eTA 1,72. snÞsSn_
and has a refractive index between 1.58
and 1.72. Higher refractive indexes are cMNaMgEbrx<s;CagenH)anmkedaykarbEnßmLg;taNUGuIt GuksIuteTA
obtained by adding lanthanoid oxides to
glasses.
kñúgEkv.
optical isomers : See optical activity,
enantiomers.
GuIsUEmGubTic ³ emIl optical activity, enantiomers.
optical maser : Alternative name for
laser.
ma:Es‘GubTic ³ eQµaHqøas;énLaEs‘.
optical rotary dispersion (ORD) : The
effect in which the amount of rotation of
r)a:yrgVilGubTic(ORD) ³ plEdlkñúgenaHcMnYnrgVilénBnøWbøg;bUE: l
plane-polarized light by an optically
active compound depends on the
edaysmasFatskmµGubTicGaRs½yelIRbEvgrlk. RkabénkarbgVil
wavelength. A graph of rotation against Tl;nigRbEvgrlkmanragsMKal;lkçN³EdlbgðajkMBUlRsYc¬Bic¦
wavelength has a characteristic shape
showing peaks or troughs. b¤ragsñÚk.
optical rotation : Rotation of plane-
polarized light.
rgVilGubTic ³ rgVilénBnøWbøg;b:UEl.
optoacoustic spectroscopy
spectroscopic technique in which
: A
karsikSas,úicGubtUGakUsÞic ³ bec©keTss,iúcsikSaEdlkñúgenaH
electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by
materials and converted into motion that
kaMrsµIeGLicRtUma:ejTicRtUv)anRsUbedayrUbFatunigbMElgeTACaclna
generate sound waves. This technique EdlbegáIt)anCarlksMelg. bec©keTsenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edayELk
has been used particularly in gases.
cMeBaH]sµ½n.
orbit : A definite path in which an object
travels.
Knøg ³ pøÚvCak;lak;EdlvtßúmYyeFIVdMeNIr¬cr¦.
orbital : Region in the space of an atom
occupied by as many as two electrons.
Grb‘Ítal; ³ tMbn;kñúglMhénGatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugBIry:ageRcIn.
orbital notation : Shorthand for
indicating the orbital “addresses” of
KMnUstagGrb‘Ítal; ³ nimitþsBaØasMrab;bgðajTItaMgGrb‘Ítal;én
electrons. An atom with two ls electrons,
two 2s electrons, and a 2p electron could
eGLicRtug. GatUmmYyEdlmaneGLicRtug ls BIrnigeGLicRtug 2s
have its orbital population expressed as BIrnigman eGLicRtug 2p mYyRtUvmanb:UBuyLasúügGrb‘Ítal;rbs;va
1s2 2s2 2p1.
bgðajCa 1s 2s 2p .
2 2 1
orbital quantum number : See

quantum number.
cMnYnkg;TUmGrb‘Ítal; ³ emIl quantum number.
ORD ³ emIl optical rotary dispersion.
ORD : See optical rotary dispersion.

212
order : In the expression for the rate of a

chemical reaction, the sum of the powers
lMdab; ³ kñúgkenSamsMrab;el,OnRbtikmµKImI plbUkGMNacénkMhab;
of the concentrations is the overall order
of the reaction. e.g. in a reaction; A+B
KWCa lMdab;srubénRbtikmµ. ]TahrN_ kñúgRbtikmµ A+B → C smIkar
→ C the rate equation may have the el,OnGacmanTMrg; R = k[A][B] . RbtikmµenHnwgRtUv)anBN’nafa
2
form R = k[A][B]2 This reaction would

be described as first order in A and lMdab;TI1kñúg A niglMdab;TI2 kñúg B. lMdab;CasrubKWbI. lMdab;kñúg
second order in B. The overall order is
three. The order of a reaction depends on RbtikmµGaRs½yelIclnkar nig CasMrab;lT§PaBel,OnEdlnwgmin
the mechanism and it is possible for the
rate to be independent of concentration
GaRs½yekMhab; (lMdab;sUnü) b¤lMdab;sMrab;;EdlnwgCaRbPaK. emIl
(zero order) or for the order to be a molecularity; pseudo order.
fraction. See also molecularity; pseudo
order.
ore : A naturally occurring mineral used
for commercial production of a metal.
Er: ³ xniCekIteLIgkñúgFmµCatiEdleRbIsMrab;;karplitelah³Ebb
BaNiC¢kmµ.
ore dressing : Separation of an ore into
the valuable components and the waste
karécñEr: ³ karEjkEr:eTACasmasPaBmantMél nigrUbFatusMNl;eday
material by processes including
crushing, grinding, magnetic separation,
karbMEbk karkin karEjkma:ejTic karGENþtBBuHCaedIm. eKehAmüa:g
froth floatation etc. Also called eTotfa KuNRbeyaCn_kmµ.
beneficiation.
oregonator : A type of chemical
reaction mechanism that causes an
GUerkUNaT½r ³ RbePTénclnkarRbtikmµKimIEdlbgáRbtikmµeyal.
oscillating reaction. It involves five steps
of the form: (i) A+Y→X (ii) X+Y→C
vamanR)aMCMhanénTMrg;³ (i) A+Y→X (ii) X+Y→C (iii) A + X→2X
(iii) A + X→2X + Z (iv) 2X→D (v) + Z (iv) 2X→D (v) Z→Y.
Z→Y
organelle : Structure within a cell that
carries out one or more functions of the
Fatuekasika ³ TMrg;enAkñúgekasikaEdldMeNIrkarmuxgarmYyb¤eRcInén
cell. ekasika.
organic chemistry : The study of
compounds that contain the element
KImIsrIragÁ ³ karsikSaGMBIsmasFatuEdlpÞúkkabUn.
carbon.
organo- : Prefix used before the name of
an element to indicate compounds of the
GrkaNU- : buBVbTeRbIxagmuxeQµaHénFatuedIm,IbgðajsmasFatu
elements containing organic groups
(with the element bound to carbon
énFatuEdlpÞúkRkumsrIragÁ (CamYyFatucgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmkabUn).
atoms). E.g., lead(IV)tetraethyl is an ]TahrN_ sMN (IV) etRtaeGTIlKWCasmasFatuGrkaNUsMN.
organo-lead compound.
organohalogen : Organic compound in
which a halogen (fluorine, chlorine,
GaLÚEsnsrIragÁ ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlkñúgenaHGaLÚEsn ¬PøúyGr
bromine, or iodine) has replaced one or
more hydrocarbon hydrogens.
kør RbU‘m b¤GIuyUt: ¦ )anCMnYsGIuRdUEsnmYyb¤eRcInénGIuRdUkabY.
Orgel diagram : A diagram showing
how the energy levels of a transition-
düaRkam Orgel ³ düaRkambgðajfaetIkMritfamBlénGatUmelah³
metal atom split when it is placed in a
ligand field. The vertical axis shows the
qøgbMEbkya:gdUcemþckalNavaRtUv)andak;kñúgEdnlIkg;. G½kSQr
energy and the horizontal axis shows the ¬G½kSGredaen¦bgðajfamBl nigG½kSedk¬G½kSGab;sIus¦bgðajkMlaMg
strength of the ligand field, with zero
ligand field strength at the centre of the énEdnlIkg;edaykMlaMgEdnlIkg;sUnüenAkNþalG½kSedk.
horizontal axis.
ornithine (Orn) : An amino acid that is
not a constituent of proteins but is
GrnITIn (Orm) ³ GasIutGamIenEdlminEmnCaFatubgáénRbUetGIun
important in living organisms as an
intermediate in the reactions of the urea
b:uEnþsMxan;cMeBaHPavrs;edayvaCaFatukNþalkñúgRbtikmµvdþG‘uyerehIy
cycle and in arginine synthesis. nigkñúgsMeyaKGasuInIn.

213
orpiment : A natural yellow mineral

form of arsenic(III) sulphide, As2S3 .The
GrBIm:g; ³ xniCFmµCatiBN’elOgekIteLIgBIGaesnic(III)s‘ulPY
name is also used for the synthetic As S . eQµaHenHk¾eRbIpgEdrsMrab;smasFatusMeyaKEdleRbICaCati
2 3
compound, which is used as a pigment.
BN’.
ortho- (o-) : 1. Prefix used to designate
GrtU- (O-) ³ 1. buBVbTEdleRbIsMrab;bBa¢ak;TItaMgRkumCMnYsenAelIsiuc
The ortho position is immediately
adjacent to the parent substituent. 2.
bg;Esn. TItaMgGrtURtUvenACab;nwgRkumCMnYsem.
Prefix formerly used to indicate the most 2.buBVbTBImuneRbIsMrab;bgðajTMrg;manTwkeRcInbMputénGasIut. ]TahrN_
hydrated form of an acid. E.g.,
phosphoric(V)acid, H3PO4 was called GasIutpUsVric (V) H PO RtUv)anehAfaGasIutGrtUpUsVricedIm,IEbgEck
3 4
orthophosphoric acid to distinguish it
from the lower metaphosphoric acid, BI GasIutemtapUsVricTabCag HPO .3
HPO3 3. Prefix denoting the form of 3. buBVbTsMKal;TMrg;mUe: lKulDIGatUm EdlkñúgenaHéNVyUR: sbnwgs<In.

diatomic molecules in which nuclei have
parallel spins. e.g. orthohydrogen. ]TahrN_ GrtUGIuRdUEsn.
orthorhombic : See rhombic
GrtUr:umb‘íc ³ emIl rhombic.
oscillating reaction : (clock reaction) A
type of chemical reaction in which the
Rbtikmµeyal ³ (RbtikmµµGaRsy½r³eBl) CaRbePTénRbtikmµKImI
concentrations of the products and
reactants change regularly either with
EdlkñúgenaHkMhab;plitpl nigRbtikrERbRbYleTotTat;TaMgBIrCamYy
time or with position in the reacting nwgry³eBl b¤CamYynwgsßanPaBkñúgmCÄdæanRbtikmµ. ]TahrN_ kñúg
medium. e.g. in regulating the rhythm of
the heartbeat. Most have highly complex karkMNt;cgVak;énclnaebHdUg. PaKeRcInmancln:karRbtikmµkMpøic
reaction mechanisms. See oregonator.
saMjaMúeRcIn . emIl oregonator.
osmometer : A device used to measure
osmotic pressure.
GUsµÚEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;vas;sMBaFGUsµÚs.
osmosis : Process in which two solutions
separated by a semipermeable membrane
GUsµÚs ³ lMnaMEdlsUluysüúgBIr)anEjkecjBIKñaedayPñasGDÆRCab
attempt to equalise their concentrations
by passing small molecules through the
eFIVeGaykMhab;rbs;vaesµIKñaedaykarqøgkat;énm:UelKultUc²tamPñas.
membrane. Biological systems use RbB½n§CIvsa®sþeRbIGUsµÚsedIm,IeGayTwknigsarFatuciBa©wmqøgkat;Pñas
osmosis to pass water and some nutrients
between cells. ekasika.
osmotic pressure : Measure of the
pressure driving the transfer of solvent
sMBaFGUsµÚs ³ rgVas;sMBaFEdlbNþalmkBIbenÞrm:UelKulénFatu
molecules across a membrane from a
solution of low solute concentration to a
rMlayqøgkat;PñasBIsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;FaturlayTabeTAsUluy
solution of high solute concentration. süúgEdlmankMhab;Faturlayx<s;. sMBaFGUsµÚsKWCasMBaFEdlRtUv)an
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that
must be applied to the solution on the GnuvtþcMeBaHsUluysüúgenAEpñkxab;xøaMgénPñas eFVIeGayesIµKñaedaykar
more concentrated side of the membrane
to equalise the flow of solvent molecules hUrrbs;mU:elKulFaturMlaykñúgTisTaMgBIr.
in both directions.
Ostwald ripening : A process used in
crystal growth in which a mixture of
karbnÞM Ostwald ³ lMnaMeRbIkñúgkarbNþúHRkamEdll,ayRkamtUcnig
large and small crystals are both in
contact with a solvent. The large crystals
FMb:HCamYyFaturMlay. RkamFM²ekIneLIg ehIyRkamtUc²)at;Gs;eTA.
grow and the small crystals disappear.

214
Ostwald’s dilution law : An expression

for the degree of dissociation of a weak
c,ab;BRgav Ostwald ³ kenSamsMrab;kMriténkarbMEbkrbs;eGLic-
electrolyte. e.g. if a weak acid
dissociates in water HA ⇔ H + A- the
RtUlItexSay. ]TahrN_ ebIGasIutexSaybMEbkkñúgTwk³HA ⇔ H + A -
dissociation constant Ka is given by Ka = efrbMEbk K RtUv)anpþl;eGayeday K = α n/(1 - α)V Edl α Ca

a a
2
α2n/(1 - α)V where α is the degree of

dissociation, n the initial amount of kMritbMEbk n CabrimaNedIménsarFatu (munkarbMEbk) nig V CamaD.
substance (before dissociation), and V
the volume.
-ous : Suffix indicating the lower of two
possible oxidation states. E.g., in ferrous
-Gwus ³ bc©½ybBa¢ak;BIkMritTabénPaBGuksIutkmµBIr. ]TahrN_ kñúgEdk
sulfate the iron is + 2. s‘ulpat EdkmancMnYnGuksIutkmµbUkBIr(2+).
outer transition metals : Those
elements in which the last electron
elah³qøgxageRkA ³ elah³EdleGLicRtugcugeRkayRtUv)andak;
assigned is in the d-orbital. kñúgGrb‘Ítal; d.
overpotential : (overvoltage) A potential
that must be applied in an electrolytic
b:Utg;EsülelIs ³ (v:ultaelIs) b:Utg;EsülEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúg
cell in addition to the theoretical
potential required to liberate a given
BileGLicRtUlItkñúgkarbEnßmeTAelIbUt: g;EsültamRTwsIþEdlRtUv
substance at an electrode. The value karcaM)ac;sMrab;rMedaHsarFatuNamYyenAeGLicRtUt. tMélenHGaRs½y
depends on the electrode material and on
the current density. elIrUbFatueGLicRtUt nigelIdg;sIuetcrnþ.
ox fuel : A liquid fuel containing added
alcohols or ethers to act as an additional
\nÞn³Guk ³ \nÞn³ravmpÞúkGal;kulb¤eGETEdl)anbEnßmCaRbPB
source of oxygen during combustion of
the fuel. These additives may help to
GuksIuEsnbEnßmkñúgeBlcMehH\nÞn³. sarFatubEnßmenHGacCYyeFVI
lower the concentration of carbon eGaykMhab;énkabUnm:UNUGuksIutfycuHkñúgkarbeBa©jBIm:asIun.
monoxide in engine emissions.
oxidant : See oxidizing agent.
GuksIutkr ³ emIl oxidizing agent .
oxidation : A process that involves a
complete or partial loss of electrons or a
GuksIutkmµ ³ lMnaMEdlrYmmankar)at;bg;edayEpñkrWTaMgRsugén
gain of oxygen; it results in an increase
in the oxidation number of an atom. e.g.
eGLicRtug b¤karcMeNjGuksIuEsn. vabNþaleGaymankarekIneLIg
When iron rusts it changes its oxidation cMnYnGuksIutkmµénGatUm. ]TahrN_ enAeBlEdkeRcHvabþÚrPaBGuksIut-
state from 0 to + 3 by giving up three
electrons in a two-step process, thus it is kmµrbs;vaBI 0 eTA+3edaykareGayeGLicRtugbIkñúgdMNak;karBIrénlMnaM
oxidised.
enH. dUecñHvargGuksIutkmµ.
oxidation number : Charge predicted
for an atom by the electron-transfer
cMnYnGuksIutkmµ ³ bnÞúkEdlRtUv)ansnµtTuksMrab;GatUmmYytamRTwsþI
bonding theory, even if the molecule is
covalent; or the number of electrons
benÞreGLicRtugsm<½n§ sUm,ICam:UelKulCakUv:aLg; b¤cMnYneGLicRtugRtUv
shared by the atom in a covalent or polar )andak;rYm¬h‘un¦edayGatUmkñúgm:UelKul kUv:aLg; b¤kUv:aLg;b:UEl.
covalent molecule.
oxidation-reduction reaction : A
reaction that involves the transfer of
RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ ³ RbtikmµEdlrYmmanbenÞreGLicRtugrvag
electrons between reactants during a
chemical change.
RbtikrkñúgeBlbNþÚrKImI.
oxidative deamination : A reaction
involved in the catabolism of amino
edGamInUkmµedayGuksIutkmµ ³ RbtikmµcUlrYmkñúgkatabUlIsén
acids that assists their excretion from the
body. e.g. the conversion of glutamate to
GasIutGamInUEdlCYykarbeBa©jecalrbs;vaBIsarBagÁkay. ]TahrN_
α-ketoglutarate, a reaction catalysed by
the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase.
bMElgénKøúytam:ateTACa α-ektUKøúytar:at RbtikmµedaykatalIs
Gg;sIumKøúytam:atedGIuRdUEsnNas.

215
oxidative decarboxylation : The

reaction in the Krebs cycle in which
edkabuksIulkmµedayGuksIutkmµ ³ RbtikmµkñúgsIuc Krebs Edl
oxygen, derived from two water
molecules, is used to oxidize two carbon
kñúgenaHGuksIuEsn)anmkBIBIrm:UelKulTwk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFVIGuksIutkmµ
atoms to two molecules of carbon GatUmkabUnBIreTACakabUnDIGuksIutBIrm:UelKul. GatUmkabUnBIr)anmk
dioxide. The two carbon atoms result
from the decarboxylation reactions that BIRbtikmµedkabuksIulkmµEdlekIteLIgenAeBlsIuc KrebsCasmasFatu
occur during the Krebs cycle as the six-
carbon compound citrate is converted to sIuRtatmankabUnR)aMmYyRtUv)anbMElgCasmasFatuGuksaLÚGaestat
the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate. mankabUnbYn.
oxidative phosphorylation : Process
that synthesises ATP from ADP and
pUsVrIlkmµedayGuksIutkmµ ³ dMeNIrsMeyaK ATPBI ADPnig
inorganic phosphate using energy stored
in a proton gradient.
pUsVatGsrIragÁedaykareRbIfamBlEdlsþúkkñúgCMralRbUtug.
oxide : The product of the reaction of
oxygen with another element.
GuksIut ³ plitplénRbtikmµrvagGuksIuEsnCamYyFatumYyeTot.
oxidizing acid : An add that can act as a
strong oxidizing agent as well as an acid.
GasIutGuksIutkmµ ³ sarFatubEnßmEdlGacmanGMeBICaGuksIutkrxøaMg
Nitric acid is a common example. It is
able to attack metals, such as copper,
dUcCaGasIut. GasIutnIRTicCa]TahrN_EdleRcInCYbRbTH. vaGacP¢ab;
that are below hydrogen in the eTAnwgelah³dUcCaTg;EdgEdlenAxageRkamGIuRdUEsnkñúges‘rIGKÁisnI
electromotive series, by oxidizing the
metal. clkredayeFVIGuksIutkmµelah:.
oxidizing agent : A substance in a redox
reaction that accepts electrons or that
GuksIutkr ³ sarFatukñúgRbtikmµerdukEdlTTYleGLicRtug b¤pþac;
removes electrons from another
substance; in the reaction, the oxidizing
eGLicRtugBIsarFatumYyeTot. kñúgRbtikmµ GuksIutkrrgerdukmµ.
agent is reduced.
oximes : Compounds containing the
group C:NOH, formed by reaction of an
GuksIum ³ smasFatupÞúkRkum C:NOH EdlekIteLIgedayRbtikmµ
aldehyde or ketone with hydroxylamine
(H2NOH). e.g. Ethanal (CH3CHO) forms
énGal;edGIut b¤estUnCamYyGIuRdUsIuLamIn (H NOH). ]TahrN_
2
the oxime CH3CH:NOH. eGtaNal; (CH CHO) ekIteLIgBIGuksIum CH CH:NOH.

3 3
oxo- : Prefix indicating the presence of

oxygen in a chemical compound.
GuksU- ³ buBVbTEdlbgðajBIvtþmanGuksIuEsnkñúgsmasFatuKImI.
oxo acid : An acid in which the acidic
hydrogen atom(s) are bound to oxygen
GuksUGasIut b¤GasIutGuksU ³ GasIutEdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdUEsnén
atoms. e.g. Sulphuric acid. GasIutcgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmGuksIuEsn. ]TahrN_ GasIuts‘ulpYric.
oxo process : An industrial process for
making aldehydes by reaction between
lMnaMGuksU ³ lMnaMkñúg]sSahkmµsMrab;karplitGal;edGIutedayRbti-
alkanes, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen
(cobalt catalyst using high pressure and
kmµrvagGal;kan kabUnm:UNUGuksIut nigGiIuRdUEsn (kU)al;Cakat lIkreRbI
temperature). kñúgsMBaFnig sItuNðPaBx<s); .
oxonium ion : An ion of the type R3O+,
in which R indicates hydrogen or an
GIuy:ugGuksUj:Úm ³ GIuyu:gRbePT R O EdlkñúgenaH R CaGatUm
3
+
organic group. The hydroxonium ion,

H3O+, is formed when acids dissociate in
GIuRdUEsn b¤RkumsrIragÁ. GIuyu:gGIuRduksUjÚm: H O ekIteLIgenAeBl
3
+
water. GasIutrlaykñúgTwk.

216
oxyacetylene burner : A welding or

cutting torch that burns a mixture of
k,alpSarGuksIuGaesTIELn ³ k,alpSarsMrab;karpSarb¤karkat;
oxygen and acetylene (ethyne) in a
specially designed jet. The flame
Edldutl,ay énGuksIuEsnnigGaesTIELn (eGTIn) edayk,albeBa©j
temperature of about 3300°C enables all TMrg;Biess. sItuNðPaBGNþatePøIgRbEhl 3300°C GaceFVIeGay
ferrous metals to be welded. For cutting,
the point at which the steel is to be cut is elah³EdkTaMg Gs;pSarP¢ab;Kña. sMrab;karkat;cMNucEdlEdkEfbnwg
preheated with the oxyacetylene flame
and a powerful jet of oxygen is then RtUvkat;KWRtUv)an dutkMedACamunCamYyGNþatePøIgGuksIuGaesTIELn
directed onto the steel. The oxygen
reacts with the hot steel to form iron
nigk,alEdlman famBlén]sµ½nsIuEsn nigbnÞab;mkeTAedaypÞal;
oxide and the heat of this reaction melts eTAkñúgEdkEfb. GuksIuEsnRbtikmµCamYyEdkEfbekþAeTACaEdkGuksIut
more iron, which is blown away by the
force of the jet. nigkMedAén RbtikmµenHrMlayEdk)aneRcInEdlbMEbkedaykMlaMgén]s½µn
Edl)aj;ecj.
oxyhaemoglobin : Hemoglobin in red
blood cells that has bound to oxygen.
GuksIueGm:UkøÚb‘Ín ³ eGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnenAkñúgekasikaQamRkhmEdlcgsm½<n§
CamYyGuksIuEsn.
ozonation : The formation of ozone (03)
in the earth’s upper atmosphere, about
GUsUnkmµ ³ kMNGUsUn (O ) kñúgbriyakasxagelIEpndI RbEhl 20-
3
20-50 km above the surface 50 KILÚEm:RtxagelIépÞEpndI (RtatUEsV) eRkam\T§iBlénBnøWsVayG‘ul-

(stratosphere), under the influence of
ultraviolet light. Ozone is also formed in Rta. GUsUnk¾GacekIteLIgpgEdrkñúgbriyakasTabBIGasUtGuksIutnig
the lower atmosphere from nitrogen
oxides and other pollutants by FatuRkxVk;epSgeTot edayRbtikmµpUtUKImI.
photochemical reactions.
ozone hole : See ozone layer.
RbehagGUsUn ³ emIl ozone layer .
ozone layer : (ozonosphere) A layer of
the earth’s atmosphere in which most of
RsTab;GUsUn ³ (GUsUNUEsV‘ ) RsTab;énbriyakasEpndIEdlkñúgenaH
the atmosphere’s ozone is concentrated.
It occurs 15-50 km above the earth’s
GUsUnbriyakasPaKeRcInRtUv)anRbmUlpþúM. vaekIteLIgenA 15-50 KILÚ-
surface. In this layer most of the sun’s Em:RtxagelI épÞEpndI. kñúgRsTab;enHkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtaRBHGaTitüPaK
ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the
ozone molecules, protecting living eRcInRtUv)anRsUbedaym:UelKulGUsUn EdlkarBarsrIragÁmanCIvitelI
organisms on earth.
EpndI.
ozonides : 1. A group of compounds

formed by reaction of ozone with alkali
GUsUnIt ³ 1. RkuménsmasFatuekIteLIgedayRbtikmµénGUsUnCamYy
metal hydroxides and formally
containing the ion O3-, 2. Unstable
elah:Gal;kaLaMgGIuRduksIut nigpÞúkGIuy:ug O .
3
-
compounds formed by the addition of 2. smasFatuminefr ekIteLIgedaykarbEnßmGUsUneTAsm<½n§BIrCan;

ozone to the C=C double bond in
alkenes. See ozonolysis. C=C kñúgGal;Esn. emIl ozonolysis.
ozonolysis : A reaction of alkenes with

ozone to form an ozonide. It was once
viPaKGUsUn ³ RbtikmµGal;EsnCamYyGUsUnedIm,IbegáItGUsUnY. BImun
used to investigate the structure of
alkenes by hydrolysing the ozonide to
vaRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IGegátTMrg;énGal;EsnedayGIuRdUlIsGUsUnYEdleGay
give aldehydes or ketones. For instance CaGal;edGIut b¤estUn. ]TahrN_ R C:CHR’ → R CO + R’CHO.
2 2
R2C:CHR’ → R2CO + R’CHO These
could be identified, and the structure of sarFatuTaMgenaHGacRtUv)ansÁal;ehIynigTMrg;Gal;EsnedImGacRtUv)an
the original alkene determined.
kMNt;.

217
P
paired electron : One of two electrons
that form a valence bond between two
eGLicRtug ³ eGLicRtugmYyéneGLicRtugBIrEdlbegáItsm<½n§v:aLg;
atoms. rvagGatUmBIr.
para- (p-) : Prefix used to designate
):ar:a- (P-) ³ buBVbTEdleRbIsMrab;kMNt;TItaMgRkumCMnYselIsiucbg;-
The para position is across from the
parent substituent.
Esn. TItaMg):ar:aenAxagmuxRkumCMnYsem.
paramagnetic : A term used to describe
a substance that shows relatively strong
)a:r:am:aejTic ³ BaküeRbIsMrab;BN’nasarFatuEdlbgðajTMnajxøaMg
attraction to an external magnetic field;
these substances have molecules
eFobeTAEdnm:aejTicxageRkA. sarFatuTaMgenHmanm:UelKulpÞúkeGLic
containing one or more unpaired RtugKµanKUmYyb¤eRcIn.
electrons.
parent nucleus (or isotope) : Unstable
atom prior to radioactive decay.
éNVy:Uem¬GIusUtUb¦ ³ GatUmminzitefrmunnwgrgkarbMEbkedayviTüú
skmµ.
partial pressure : Pressure, in torr or in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg),
sMBaFtamEpñk ³ sMBaFKitCa torrb¤CamIlIEm:Rt)art(mmHg)Edl
exerted by each component of a mixture
of gases. The total of the partial
begáIteLIgedaysmasPaKnImYy²énl,ay]sµ½n. sMBaFtamEpñksrub
pressures of all gases equals the total én]sµ½nTaMgGs;esµInwgplbUksrubrbs;sMBaFsrubén]sµ½nenaH.
pressure of the gas.
partition chromatography
Chromatographic procedure in which the
:
RkUma:tURkaPIEpñk ³ lMnaMRkUma:tURkaPIEdlkñúgenaHpasnwgKWCavtßúrav
stationary phase is a high-boiling liquid
spread as a thin film on an inert support,
EdlBuHxøaMglatCaRsTab;esþIgelITMrniclnigpascl½tKWCal,aycMhay
and the mobile phase is a vaporous smasPaKEdlRtUvEjkkñúg]sµ½ndwknaMnicl.
mixture of the components to be
separated in an inert carrier gas.
partition coefficient (K) : In the
equilibrium distribution of a solute
emKuNbMEbk (K) ³ kñúgr)aylMnwgénFaturlayrvagpasravBIr
between two liquid phases, the constant
ratio of the solute’s concentration in the
pleFobefrénkMhab;FaturlaykñúgpasxagelIeTAnwgkMhab;rbs;va
upper phase to its concentration in the kñúgpasxageRkam.
lower phase.
pascal : A metric unit of pressure equal
to a force of 1 newton per square metre.
)a:sáal; ³ xñatrgVas;énsMBaFEdlesµInwgkMlaMgmYyjÚtunkñúgmYy
Em:Rtkaer.
Paschen series : A series of lines in the
es‘rI Paschen ³ es‘rIbnÞat;kñúgs,úicRkhmGaMgR)aénGatUmGIuRdUEsn
whose wave numbers are given by RH[(
1/9)-( l/n2)] where RH is the Rydberg
EdlcMnYnrlkrbs;vaRtUv)anpþl;eGayeday R [( 1/9)-( l/n )]EdlR
H
2
H
constant for hydrogen, and n is any KWCaefr Rydberg sMrab;GIuRdUEsn nig n KWCacMnYnsrubFMCag 3.
integer greater than 3.
Paschen-Back effect : A splitting effect
on spectral lines obtained when the light
pl Paschen-Back ³ plbMEbkelIbnÞat;s,úicEdlTTYl)anenAeBl
source is placed in a very strong
magnetic field.
RbPBBnøWRtUv)andak;kñúgEdnma:ejTicxøaMg.
p-block elements : Elements of the
main groups III,VII and O in the periodic
Fatubøúk p : FatuRkumem III, VII, nig O kñúgtaragxYbEdlrUbsNæan
table whose outer electronic
configurations have occupied p levels.
eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs;vasßitenAkMritRsTab; p.

218
pentabasic : A description of a
molecule that has five hydrogen atoms
b:g;ta)as ³ karBN’naénm:UelKulEdlR)aMGatUmGIuRdUEsnGacRtUv)an
that may be replaced by metals or bases. CMnYsedayelah³ b¤)as.
pentavalent : An atom or radical that
exhibits a valency of 5.
b:g;tava:Lg; ³ GatUmb¤ra:DIkal;Edlmanva:Lg;R)aM.
pentose phosphate pathway : Series of
reactions that effectively converts
clnkarb:g;tUpUsVat ³ es‘rIRbtikmµEdlbMElgKøúykUsCab:g;tUs nig
glucose to pentoses and NADPH. NADPHy:agmanRbsiT§iPaB.
peptidases : Enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of peptide bonds in peptides.
biubTItdas ³ Gg;sIumEdlCYysMrYldl;GIuRdUlIssm<½n§biubTItkñúgbiub
The distinction between a protease and a
peptidase is not clear-cut.
TIt. PaBxusEbøkKñarvagRbUetGasnigbiubTItdasminc,as;las;eLIy.
peptide : Compound consisting of amino
acids linked by peptide bonds. Often the
biubTIt ³ smasFatuEdlmanGasIutGamIencgsm<½n§CamYyKñaeday
number of amino acids is indicated by
prefixes, such as di-, tri-, or oligo-.
sm<½n§biubTIt.cMnYnGasIutGamIenCanic©kalRtUv)anbBa¢ak;edaybuBVbT
dUcCa DI-RTI- b¤GUlIkU-.
peptide bond : Amide bond between the
amino group of an amino acid and the
sm<½n§biubTIt ³ sm<½n§GamItrvagRkumGamInrbs;GasIutGamIenmYyCa
carboxylic acid group of another amino
acid.
mYy nwgRkumGasIutkarbuksIulicrbs;GasIutGamIenmYyepSgeTot.
per- : Prefix meaning 1. Complete, as
in hydrogen peroxide. 2. Extreme, or the
EB ³ buBVbTmann½yfa ³ 1. eBjelj dUcCakñúgGIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut.
presence of the peroxy (-0-0-) group. 3. 2. xøaMgbMput b¤vtþmanénRkumEBGuksIu (-O-O-). 3. karCMnYseBjelj
Complete substitution, as in
perchloroethylene. dUcCakñúgEBkør:UeGTIELn.
percent yield : The ratio of the actual
yield to the theoretical yield for a
TinñplPaKry ³ pleFobénTinñplCak;EsþgeTAnwgTinñpltamRTwsþI
chemical reaction expressed as a
percentage; a measure of the efficiency
sMrab;RbtikmµKImIbgðajCaPaKry. rgVas;smtßPaBénRbtikmµ.
of a reaction.
percentage : Parts per 100.
PaKry ³ Epñkkñúg 100.
percentage composition : Percentage by
weight of each element in a compound,
smasPaBPaKry ³ PaKryCama:sénFatunImYy²kñúgsmasFatu
calculated from formula or molecular
weights. It is equal to the number of
EdlRtUv)anKNnaecjBIrUbmnþb¤TMgn;m:UelKul. vaesIµnwgcMnYnxñatm:as
atomic mass units of the element in GatUménFatuEdlmanenAkñúgrUbmnþEcknwgTMgn;mU:elKul b¤rUbmnþsrub.
question present in the formula, divided
by the total formula or molecular weight.
periodic law : When the elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic
c,ab;xYb ³ kalNaFatuRtUv)antMerobtamlMdab;ekInénelxGatUm
number, there is a periodic repetition of
their physical and chemical properties.
¬elxlMdab;¦nwgmankarekIteLIgdEdlxYbénlkçN³rUbnigKImIrbs;va.
periodic table: Table in which elements
are arranged generally in order of
taragxYb ³ taragEdlkñúgenaHFatuTaMgLayRtUv)an erobtamlMdab;
increasing atomic number. The elements
of each row form one period or cycle of
kMeNInelxGatUm. FatuTaMgGs;énCYredknImYy² begáIt)anCaxYbmYy
chemical and physical properties, and the b¤vdþmYyénlkçN³rUbniglkçN³KImIehIyCYrQrmanRkumFatuKImIEdl
columns comprise elemental families of
similar chemical behavior. manlkçN³KImIRbhak;RbEhlKña.

219
permeable membrane : A thin sheet or

membrane of material through which
PñasRCabTwk ³ bnÞHb¤PñasesIþgénrUbFatuEdlvtßúrav b¤mUe: lKul]sµ½n
selected liquid or gas molecules or ions
will pass, either through capillary pores
b¤GIuyu:gCeRmIsnwgqøgkat;tamrn§tUc²b¤edaybnþÚrGIuyu:g. vaRtUv)aneK
in the membrane or by ion exchange: eRbIR)as;kñúgdüalIseGLicRtUdüaGalIs nigGUsµÚsRtLb;.
used in dialysis, electrodialysis, and
reverse osmosis.
permeation : The movement of atoms,
molecules, or ions into or through a
karRCab ³ clnaénGatUm m:UelKul b¤GIuyu:geTAkúñg b¤qøgkat;sarFatu
porous or permeable substance (such as
zeolite or a membrane).
RCab b¤Edlmanrn§tUc² (dUcCa esGUlIt b¤Pñas).
peroxide : A compound containing the
peroxy (-0-0-) group, as in hydrogen
EBGuksIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanRkumEBrGuksIu (-O-O-)dUcCakñúgGIuRdU
peroxide H2O2. EsnEBGuksIut H O .
2 2
perspective formula : Representation of

a chemical structure that shows the three
KMnUstagrUbmnþ ³ tMNagTMrg;KImIEdlbgðajBITMrg;vimaRtbIénKMrUdMu
dimensions of a ball-and-stick model and
has some of the simplicity of the
mUlnigGgát;ehIymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkartagrUbmnþ.
structural formula.
pervaporation : A chemical separation
technique in which a solution is placed
EBva:b:Ura:süúg ³ bec©keTsEjkKImIEdlkñúgenaHsUluysüúgmYyRtUv
in contact with a heated semipermeable
membrane that selectively retains one of
)andak;eGayb:HeTAnwgPñasGDÆRCabRtUvdukkMedAEdlrkSaTukedayeRCIs
the components of a solution erIsénsmasPaKmYyénsUluysüúg.
pesticides : Any chemical used for
destroying pests. See herbicide,
fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg ³ sarFatuKImIeRbIsMrab;bMpøajstVcéRg. emIl
insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide. herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide.
petrochemicals : Chemicals derived
from petroleum.
FatuKImIeRbgkat ³ FatuKImI)anmkBIeRbgkat.
petrochemistry : The chemistry and
reactions of materials derived from
KImIeRbgkat ³ KImI nigRbtikmµénrUbFatuEdl)anmkBIeRbgkat
petroleum, natural gas, or asphalt (minTan;sø) ]sµ½nFmµCati b¤kMNkekAs‘URkalfñl;.
deposits.
petroleum (crude oil) : Naturally
occurring oil that consists mainly of
eRbgkateqA ³ eRbgEdlekIteLiIgkñúgFmµCatibgáeLIgCasMxan;eday
hydrocarbons with some other elements
such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.
GIuRdUkabYCamYyFatumYycMnYneTot dUcCa s<an;F½r GuksIuEsn nigGasUt.
Pfund series : A series of lines in the
es‘rI Pfund ³ es‘rIénbnÞat;kñúgs,úicRkhmGaMgR)aénGatUmGIuRdUEsnEdl
whose wave numbers are given by
RH[(1/25)-(l/n2)]. where RH is the
cMnYnrlkrbs;vaRtUvpþl;eday R [(1/25)-(l/n )]Edl R KWCaefr
H
2
H
Rydberg constant for hydrogen. and n is RydbergsMrab;GIuRdUEsn nig n KWCacMnYnKt;FMCag 5.

any integer greater than 5.
pH : A number used to denote the
hydrogen-ion concentration, or acidity,
pH ³ cMnYneRbIsMrab;bgðajkMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsnb¤kMritGasIuténsUluy-
of a solution; it is the negative logarithm
of the hydrogen ion concentration of a
süúg Ca –log énkMhab;GIuy:ugGIuRdUEsnénsUluysüúg.
solution.
pharmaceutical : Drugs with medical
purpose.
»sf ³ fñaMeBTüEdlCa]sfsMrab;Büa)alCMgW.
pharmacology : The science of
properties and actions of drugs on the
»sfviTüa ³ viTüasaRsþénlkçN³nigGMeBIén]sfeTAelIsarBagÁ-
body. kay.

220
phase : Part of a physical system (liquid,

gas, solid) that is homogeneous
pas ³ EpñkénRbB½n§rUb (GgÁFaturav ]sµ½n GgÁFatub¤g)EdlCaGUm:UEsn
throughout, has definable boundaries,
and can be separated physically from
EdlmanRBMEdnkMNt;c,as;las; nigGacEjkCalkçN³rUbBIpasdéT
other phases. )an. ]TahrN_ vtßúrav ]sµ½n vtßúrwg.
phenol : Any aromatic ring with an -OH
group is classified as a phenol. Phenol is
epNul ³ RKb;siucGar:Um:aTicEdlmanRkum-OHRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca
also the name for the simplest member
of this class, also called carbolic acid.
epNul. epNulk_CaeQµaHrbs;FatuEdlgayCageKenAkñúgfñak;enH
eKk¾ehAvafa GasIutkabUlicpgEdr.
phenyl : Benzene ring when used as an
alkyl group attached to a larger
epnIl ³ siucbg;EsnenAeBlEdleRbICaRkumGal;KIlP¢ab;eTAnwg
molecule. m:UelKulFMCag.
pheromone : Naturally occurring
compound produced by an organism for
epr:Um:Un ³ smasFatuEdlekIteLIgedayFmµCati nigRtUv)anpliteday
the purpose of chemical communication. Pavrs;sMrab;eKalbMNgTMnak;TMngKImI.
phosphate buffer : Laboratory pH
reference solution made of KH2PO4 and
tMb:ugpUsVat ³sUluysüúg pHeyagTIBiesaFn_EdlekIneLIgBIbUt: asüÚm
Na2HPO4; when 0.025 molar (equimolar
of the potassium and sodium salts) the
pUsVat nigsUdüÚmpUsVatGasIut. enAeBl0,025m:ULarIet(m:ULarIetesIµKña
pH is 6.865 at 25°C. énGMbilb:UtasüÚm nigsUdüÚm) pHsUluysüúgesIµnwg 6,865enA 25 C. 0
phosphoacy1glycerols : Amphipathic
molecules similar to triacylglycerols in
pUsVGasIulKøIesr:ul ³ m:UelKulGMPIpaTicEdlmanTMrg;Rbhak;RbEhl
structure, but with a substituted
phosphoric acid in place of the fatty acid
nwgRTIGasIulKøIesr:ul b:uEnþGasIutxøaj;enAelIRkumGIuRdUksIulTIbIénKIøesr:ul
on the third hydroxyl group of glycerol. RtUv)anCMnYsedayGasIutpUsVric.
phosphorescence : Is emission of light
resulting from a chemical reaction when
BnøwpUsVr : karbeBa©BjBnøwEdlbNþalmkBIRbtikmµKImI enAeBlkar
the luminescence persists significantly
after the exciting cause is removed.
beBa©jBnøWenAEtbnþya:gsMxan;bnÞab;BIkarbgárMejac)anbBaÄb;.
photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) :
Spectroscopic technique for
karsikSas,úicpUtUsMelg(PAS) ³ bec©keTss,úicsMrab;karGegát
investigating solid and semisolid
materials like powders, in which the
BinitüemIlvtßúrwg nigrUbFaturwgBak;kNþal dUcemSA EdlPaKsMNakRtUv
sample is illuminated with light )anbBa©aMgBnøWEdlsMrYlmamaRtenAeRbkg;sMelgsmRsb.
modulated at some suitable acoustic
frequency; absorption of radiation results sMrUbkaMrsµInaM eGaysMelgGacTak;TgeTAnwgemKuNsMrUb U.V. b¤ I.R..
in sound that can be related to the U.V.
or I.R. absorption coefficient.
photochemistry : The study of the
effects of light on chemical reactions.
pUtUKImI ³ karsikSaGMBIplénBnøWelIRbtikmµKImI.
photochromic reaction : A chemical
reaction that produces a color change.
RbtikmµpUtURkUm ³ RbtikmµKImImYyEdlbrgáIteGaymankarpøas;bþÚr
BN’.
photochromism : The ability of a
chemically treated plastic or other
pUtURkUm ³ lT§PaBén)øasÞicEdlRbRBwtiþkmµKImI b¤rUbFatuføadéTeTot
transparent material to darken reversibly
in strong light.
eFIVeGayggwtRtLb;mkvijkñúgBnøWxøaMg.
photocurrent : An electric current
induced at an electrode by radiant
pUtUcrnþ ³ crnþGKÁisnIEdlnaMeTAeGLicRtUtedayfamBlkaMrsµI.
energy.
photodegradation : Decomposition of a
compound by radiant energy.
pUtUtMhyKuNPaB ³ karbMEbksmasFatuedayfamBlkaMrsµI.

221
photoluminescence: The emission of

light by a substance when they return to
karbeBa©jBnøW ³ karbeBa©jBnøWedaysarFatuenAeBlEdlvaRtLb;
the ground state after having been
excited by a photon.
eTAPaBedImbnÞab;BIRtUv)anePJacedaypUtug.
photon : ‘Packet’ of light waves,
sometimes called a quantum.
pUtug ³ sMNMurlkBnWøEdlCYnkaleKehAfakg;TUm.
photosynthesis : Process by which
plants and algae make organic molecules
rsµIsMeyaK ³ lMnaMEdlrukçCatinigsaraybegáItm:UelKulsrIragÁecjBI
from carbon dioxide using light as the
energy source.
kabUnDIGuksIutedaykareRbIBnøWCaRbPBfamBl.
phthalate buffer : Laboratory pH
reference solution made of potassium
tMb:ugpþaLat ³ sUluysüúg pH eyagkñúgTIBiesaFn_EdlTegIVeLIgBI
hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4; at 0.05
molar, the pH is 4.008 at 25oC
b:UtasüÚm GIuRdUEsnpaLat nig KHC H O . enA 0,05m:ULarIet pH
8 4 4
esIµnwg4,008enA250C.
physical change : Change that usually
requires only moderate amounts of
bNþÚrrUb ³ bMErbMrYlEdlCaFmµtaRtUvkarEtbrimaNfamBllµmGac
energy, is reversible, and results in no
change in the chemical identity of the
RtLb;vij nig)anmkedayKµankarpøas;bþÚrGtþsBaØaNKImIénsarFatu.
substance.
physical chemistry : The study of the
theoretical basis of chemical behavior,
KImIrUb ³ karsikSamUldæanRTwsþIénlkçN:KImIedayBwgEp¥kelIKNitviTüa
relying on mathematics and physics. nigrUbviTüa.
physical property : A quality of a
substance that can be observed or
lkçN³rUb ³ KuNPaBsarFatuEdlGacGegátb¤vas;)anedayKµanbMEr
measured without changing
substance’s chemical composition.
the bMrYlsmasPaBKImIénsarFatuenaHeT.
pi bond (π-bond) : Bond formed by sm<½n§π ³ sm<½n§EdlekIteLIgedaykarRtYtelIKñaénGrb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘Ít
overlap of unhybridised p orbitals of two
adjacent atoms. No more than two pi prbs;GatUmBIrenAEk,rKña. sm<½n§ π rvagGatUmBIrCab;KñaminGacman
bonds can exist between two adjacent
atoms. elIsBIBIreT.
π)-acid : An acid that readily forms
pi-(π GasIut π³ GasIutEdlgaybegáItkuMpøiczitefrCamYUyRbB½n§Gar:Um:aTic.
stable complexes with aromatic systems.
piezochemistry : The field of chemical
reactions under high pressures.
BIsUKImI ³ EpñkénRbtikmµKImIeRkamsMBaFx<s;.
pipette : Graduated tube which may
have a center bulb; used to transfer
bMBg;bWt ³ bMBg;Rkwte)a:gkNþalEdleRbIIsMrab;epÞrvtßúravdwgmaDBIEkv
known volumes of liquids from one
vessel to another.
mYyeTAEkvmYyeTot.
pka : Logarithm of the acid ionization
constant. The pk is the solution pH at
efrGasIut ¬ pk ¦ ³ LÚkarIténefrGIuy:ugkmµGasIut. efrGasIut pk
a
which the acid transfers a hydrogen ion

and is often used to compare the strength
Ca pH sUluysüúg EdlGasIutepÞrGIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn nigeRcInRtUv)aneRbI
of different acids. sMrab;ebobeFobkMlaMg¬kMrit¦GasIutxus²Kña.
Planck’s law : Mathematical statement
relating energy and frequency of
c,ab; Planck ³ BMenalKNitviTüaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgfamBlnigeRbkg;
electromagnetic radiation; the greater the
frequency (and the bluer the color of
énkaMrsµIeGLicRtÚma:ejTic. eRbkg;kan;EtFM ¬nigBN’énBnøWkan;Etexov¦
light), the greater the energy E = hv. famBl E = h v kan;EtFMEdr.
plasmid : Small pieces of DNA found in
some bacteria; a common vehicle for
)øasµIút ³ EpñktUcénGasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiuc¬ DNA ¦EdlRbTH
introducing new genes into bacteria. eXIj kñúg)ak;etrImYycMnYn. yanTUeTAsMrab;bBa©ÚlEsnfIµkñúg)ak;etrI.

222
plaster of paris : White powder

consisting essentially of calcium sulfate
mñagsila ³ emSABN’sEdlbgáeLIgCasMxan;edaykal;süÚmsu‘lpat
(CaSO4.1/2H2O), which forms a paste (CaSO .1/2H O), EdkbegáItCaemSATn;CamYyTwkEdlrh½srwg. vaRtUv
4 2
with water that quickly sets hard; used
for casts and molds, building materials, )aneRbIsMrab;cak;eFIVBum< rUbFatusMNg; nigbg;rwgrMurbYseRkayeBlvHkat;.
and surgical bandages.
plate theory : In gas chromatography,
the theory that the column operates
RTwsþIbnÞH ³ kñúgRkUma:tURkaPI]sµ½nRTwsþIEdlbMBg;dMeNIrkarRsedogKña
similarly to a distillation column; e.g.
chromatographic columns are considered
eTAnwg bMBg;bMNit. ]TahrN_ bMBg;RkUma:tURkaPIRtUv)ancat;TukCakar
as consisting of a number of theoretical pSMeLIgbnÞHRTwsIþmYycMnYnEdlnImYy²sMEdgnUvkarEjktamEpñkén
plates, each performing a partial
separation of components. smasPaK.
plum pudding model : An old model of
the atom that described the arrangement
KMrUsg;xüaEpøRBUn ³ KMrUcas;énGatUmEdlBN’naGMBIkartMerobeGLic-
of electrons .They thought electrons
were evenly scattered inside the atom
Rtug. eKKitfaeGLicRtugRtUv)anBRgayesµIKñaenAkñúgGatUmdUcCabMENk
like the pieces of fruit inside a cake ( or EpøeQIkñúgnM¬b¤dUcCa RKab;exµAenAkñúgEpøRskanaK¦.
the black seeds inside dragon fruit).
plumbum : Latin name for lead; source
of the element symbol, Pb.
sMN ³ eQµaHLataMgsMrab;sMN EdlmannimitþsBaØaFatu Pb.
pOH ³ rgVas;kMhab;GIuyu:gGIuRduksIut. pOH = -log[OH ].
pOH : Measure of hydroxide ion -
concentration. pOH = - log[OH-].
poison : 1. any substance that is harmful
to the health of a living organism. 2. any
fñaMBul ³ 1. sarFatuEdleGayTukçeTasdl;suxPaBénPavrs;.
substance that prevents the activity of a 2. sarFatuEdlraraMgskmµPaBénkatalIs.
catalyst. 3. A substance that absorbs
neutrons in a nuclear reactor and 3. sarFatuEdlRsUbNWRtugkñúgerGak;T½rnuyekøEG‘ dUecñHBnüWtRbtikmµ.
therefore slows down the reaction.
polar bond : See polar covalent bond
sm<½n§b:UEl ³ emIl polar covalent bond.
polar covalent bond : Shared or
covalent bond in which electrons are
sm<½n§kUv:aLg;b:UEl ³ sm<½n§kUv:aLg;EdleGLicRtugdak;rYmminesIµKña.
shared unevenly. For purposes of
definition, bonds are considered to have
kñúgn½yenHsm<½n§RtUvmanlkçN³b:UElenAeBlEdlplsgkMriteGLicRtÚ
polar properties when the electro- GviC¢manesIµnwg 0,5 b¤FMCag.
negativity difference is equal to 0.5 or
greater.
polar molecule : Molecule with a
molecular dipole.
m:UelKulb:UEl ³ m:UelKulEdlmanDIbUl: énm:UelKul.
polar solvent : Compounds that have
dipole moments and dissolve ionic
FaturMlayb:UEl ³ smasFatuEdlmanm:Um:g;DIbUl: nigrMlaysmas-
compounds; i.e. water, liquid ammonia.
See dipole.
FatuGIuyUn: ic. ]TahrN_ Twk Gam:Uja:k;rav. emIl dipole.
polarimeter : An instrument used to
determine the angle through which the
b:ULarIEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;kMNt;mMuEdlbøg;énb:UlkmµénBnøWj½r
plane of polarisation of polarised light is
rotated when passing through an
RtUvvilCMuvijenAeBlqøgkat;sarFatuskmµGubTic. ]bkrN_pÁúMeLIgeday
optically active substance. The RbPBBnøW vtßßúbU:lkmµ ftføapÞúkPaKsMNak nigFatuviPaK.
instrument consists of a light source, a
polariser, a transparent cell containing
the sample and an analyser.

223
polarization : 1. An effect produced

when a simple primary cell produces
b:Ulkmµ ³ 1.plEdlekIteLIgenAeBlEdlfµBilgaybzm)anbegáIt
electric current. Bubbles of hydrogen
form on the copper or positive plate and
crnþGKÁisnI. BBuHénTMrg;GIuRdUEsnekIteLIgenAelITg;Edgb¤bnÞHviC¢man
the electric current quickly falls to a nigcrnþGKÁisnI Føak;cuHPøameTACatMéltUc. plfµBilbzmTaMgGs;.
small value. Effects all primary cells. 2.
The separation of charge in a polar 2. karEjkbnÞúkkñúgsm<½n§KImIbUE: l. b:UlkmµénBnøW³ dMeNIrénkarbgçaMg
chemical bond. Polarization of light: The
process of confining the electric field smasPaKEdnGKÁisnIénrlkBnøWeTAtamTismYy.
component of light waves into one
direction.
polarography : An electro-analytical
technique in which the current through
b:ULar:URkaPI ³ bec©keTseGLicRtUviPaKEdlkñúgenaHcrnþEdlqøgkat;
an electrolysis cell is measured as a
function of the applied potential; the
BileGLicRtUlItRtUv)anvas;TukdUcCamuxgarb:Utg;EsülGnuvtþ.
apparatus consists of a cell which ]bkrN_enHrYmmanBilmaneGLicRtUtBIr eGLicRtUteKalEdl
contains two electrodes, a reference
electrode whose potential is constant and b:Utg;Esülrbs;vaefr nigeGLicRtUtcg¥úlEdlCaTUeTAKWCaeGLicRtUt
an indicator electrode which is
commonly the dropping mercury sMrk;)art.
electrode. Also known as polarography.
pollute : To contaminate.
bgákgVk; ³ eFVIeGaykgVk;.
pollution : the harmful effect on the
environment of by-products of human
kgVk; ³ plGaRkk;elIbrisßanedayplitplén skmµPaBmnusS.
activity.
poly- : A chemical prefix meaning
many.
b:UlI : buBVbTKImImYyEdlmann½yfa eRcIn.
polyatomic ion : Charged, covalently
bound group of atoms that together act
GIuy:ugb:UlIGatUm ³ RkumGatUmcgsm<½n§kUv:aLg;EdledIrtYrYmKñaCaGIuyug:
as an ion. e.g. the hydroxide group
(OH-), the ammonium ion (NH4+), and
mYYy. ]TahrN_ RkumGIuRduksIut (OH ) nigGIuy:ugGam:Uj:Úm (NH ) nig
-
4
+
the nitrate group (N03-). RkumnIRtat(N0 ).

3
-
polyatomic molecule : A molecule

formed from several atoms.
mU:elKulb:UlIGatUm³m:UelKul)anekIteLIgBIGatUmmYycMnYn¬eRcIn¦.
polybasic : A chemical compound in
solution that yields two or more H+ ions
b:UlI)as ³ smasFatuKImIkñúgsUluysüúgEdlpþ;l;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsnBIr
per molecule, such as sulfuric acid.
H2SO4
b¤eRcInkñúgmYym:UelKul dUcCaGasIuts‘ulpYric H SO .
2 4
polydentate ligand (multidenate

ligand ) : a ligand with two or more sites
lIkg;eFµjeRcIn : lIkg;EdlmankEnøgsMrsMrYlBIrb¤eRcIn. mann½y
at which it can coordinate; i.e.
H2NCH2CH2NH2
fa H NCH CH NH .
2 2 2 2
polyhedron : A solid figure with many

faces; usually more than six.
Bhumux ³ rUbvtßúrwgEdlmanmuxeRcIn FmµtaeRcInCag 6.
polymer : Substance made of giant
molecules formed by the union of simple
b:UlIEm ³ sarFatuEdlbgáeLIgBImUe: lKulFM²ekIteLIgedaykarpþúMKñaén
molecules (monomers);
polymerization of ethylene forms a
e.g. m:UelKulgay(m:UNUEm). ]TahrN_ b:UlIEmkmµéneGTIELnbegáIt)anCa
polyethylene chain, or condensation of ExSb:UlIeGTIELnb¤Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµénepNulnigprma:l;edGIut(CamYy
phenol and formaldehyde (with
production of water) forms phenol- karplitTwk)begáIt)anCaersIunepNulprma:l;edGIut.
formaldehyde resins.
polymerization : 1. The bonding of two
or more monomers to produce a
b:UlIEmkmµ ³ 1. karcgsm<½n§rvagm:UNUEmBIrb¤eRcInedIm,IbegáItCab:UlIEm
polymer. 2. Any chemical reaction that
produces such a bonding.
mYy. 2. RbtikmµKImIEdlbegáItCakarcgsm<½n§.

224
polynuclear hydrocarbon :
Hydrocarbon molecule with two or more
GIuRdUkabYb:UlInuyekøEG‘ ³ m:UelKulGIuRdUkabYEdlmanExSvg;biTCitBIrb¤
closed rings. Also known as polycyclic
hydrocarbon. e.g. naphthalene.
eRcIn. vaRtUv)ansÁal;CaGIuRdUkabYbUl: IsIuKøicpgEdr ]TahrN_
Nab;taELn.
polypeptide : Macromolecule containing
many (ten or more) amino acids. This
b:UlIbiubTIt ³ m:aRkUmUe: lKulEdlmanGasIutGamIeneRcIn ¬db; b¤eRcIn¦.
term is sometimes used to mean the
chain in a protein.
BaküenHCYnkalRtUv)aneRbIkñúgn½yCaRcvak;RbUetGIun.
polysaccharides : Carbohydrates that
contain many monosaccharide units,
b:UlIsakarIt ³ kabUGIuRdatEdlmanÉktam:UNUsakarIteRcIn dUcCa
such as starch and cellulose. GamIdug nigEsluyLÚs.
polyunsaturated : Molecules having
more than one double or triple bond.
b:UlIminEq¥t ³ m:UelKulEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan;b¤bICan;eRcInCagmYy.
polyunsaturated acid : A fatty acid
with two or more double bonds per
b:UlIGasIutminEq¥t ³ GasIutxøaj;Edlmansm<½n§BIrCan;BIr b¤eRcInkñúg
molecule. m:UelKul.
polyvalent : An ion with more than one
valency, such as the sulfate ion. S042-
b:UlIva:Lg; ³ GIuyug: Edlmanva:Lg;eRcIn dUcCaGIuyu:gs‘ulpat S0 .
4
2-
Also known as multivalent. vamann½yfava:Lg;eRcInpgEdr.

positional isomer : One of a set of
structural isomers which differ only in
GIusUEmTItaMg ³ GIusUEmrmYyénRkumGIusUEmTMrg;EdlxusKñaEtcMNucEdl
the point at which a side-chain group is
attached.
RkumExSExñgRtUvP¢ab;Etb:ueNÑaH.
positive effector : Small molecule
whose binding to an allosteric enzyme
eGpicT½rviC¢man ³ m:UelKultUcEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGg;sIumGaLÚesþric
causes an increase in enzymic activity. eFVIeGaymankMeNInskmµPaBGg;sIum.
positive ion : An atom or group of
atoms which has acquired a positive
GIuy:ugviC¢man ³ GatUm b¤RkumGatUmEdlTTYl)anbnÞúkGKÁisniviC¢man
electric charge by loss of one or more
electrons.
edaykar)at;bg;eGLicRtugmYyb¤eRcIn.
positron emission spectroscopy : A
technique in which a solid surface is
karsikSas,úicbnSayb:UsIuRtug ³ bec©keTsEdlkñúgenaHépÞénvtßúrwg
bombarded with a low-energy
monoenergetic positron beam and the
RtUv)an)aj;eday)ac;BnøWbUs: IuRtugm:UNUma:ejTicfamBlTab nigfamBl
energies of positrons emitted from the b:UsIuRtugbeBa©jBIépÞenaHRtUv)anvas;edIm,IkMNt;rkbrimaNfamBl)at;
surface are measured to determine the
amounts of energy lost to molecules bg;kñúgm:UelKulEdlRtUvRsUbelIépÞenaH.
adsorbed on the surface.
positron emission: See beta decay
karbeBa©jb:UsIuRtug ³ emIl beta decay.
potash : Potassium carbonate.
b:Utas; ³ b:UtasüÚmkabUNat.
potassium chlorate : A colorless
crystalline compound soluble in water
b:UtasüÚmkøra:t ³ smasFatuRkamKµanBN’ rlaykñúgTwk nigrlayCa
and moderately soluble in ethanol.
KClO3
mFümkñúgeGtaNul. manrUbmnþ KClO . 3
potential energy : Stored energy.

famBlb:Utg;Esül ³ famBlsþúkTuk.
potentiometric titration : A titration in
which the end point is found by
GRtakmµb:Utg;süÚemRTIc ³ GRtakmµEdlkñúgenaHcMNucbBa©b;RtUv)anrk
measuring the potential on an electrode
immersed in the solution.
eXIjedaykarvas;bUt: g;EsülelIeGLicRtUtRtaMkñúgsUluysüúg.
powder : Solid matter in fine dry
particles.
emSA ³ rUbFaturwgkñúgPaKl¥its¶ÜttUc².
ppb : Parts per billion.
EpñkkñúgmYyekadi.

225
ppm : Parts per million.

EpñkkñúgmYylan.
ppt : Parts per thousand, or precipitate.
EpñkkñúgmYyBan; b¤kkr.
precipitate : 1.(n) A substance
separating in solid particles from a liquid
kkr ³ 1. ¬nam¦sarFatuEjkCaPaKli¥trwgBIvtßúrav EdlCalT§plén
as the result of a chemical or physical
change; 2.(v) To form a precipitate.
bNþÚrrUb b¤bNþÚrKImI. 2.¬kiriyasBÞ½¦kCakkr.
precipitation : 1. The process of
producing a separate solid phase within a
karbegáItkkr ³ 1. dMeNIrkarbegáItpasrwgedayELkenAkñúg
liquid medium. 2. All forms of water that
fall from the atmosphere e.g. rain, snow,
mCÄdæanrav. 2. RKb;TMrg;énTwkEdlFøak;mkBIbriyakas ]TahrN_
hail, dew, frost. ePøóg Twkkk RBil TwksenSIm kMNksenSIm.
precision : How close a set of measured
values are to each other. The
PaBCak;lak; ³ tMélrgVas;CitKña. PaBdUcKñaeRkamadjacendUcKñaén
reproducibility, under the
conditions of a measurement. Compare
same karvas;. eRbobeFob accuracy.
accuracy.
predissociation : The dissociation of a
molecule that has absorbed energy
karbMEbkmun ³ karbMEbkm:UelKulEdlRsUbfamBlmuneBlvaGac
before it can lose energy by radiation. )at;bg;famBledaykaMrsIµ.
Pregl procedure : Microanalysis
technique in which the sample is
lMnaM Pregl ³ bec©keTsma:RkUviPaKEdlkñúgenaHPaKsMNakRtUv)an
decomposed thermally, with subsequent
oxidation of decomposition product.
bMEbkedaykMedACamYykarrgGuksIutkmµbnþbnÞab;énplitplbMEbk.
pressure (P) : Force acting on a surface
per unit area.
sMBaF (P) ³ énkMlaMgsgát;eTAelIépÞkñúgmYyÉktaépÞ P = kMlaMg/
P = Force/Area. SI unit, pascal dMbn;. xñatRbB½n§GnþrCatiKW)a:sáal;.
prevention : To protect against, to stop
from happening.
karbgáar ³ karBarRbqaMg bBaÄb;kuMeGayekIteLIg.
primary carbon : Carbon atom that is
bonded to only one other carbon.
kabUnfñak;mYy ³ GatUmkabUnEdlRtUv)anP¢ab;KñaeTAnwgkabUnepSg
eTotEtmYyKt;.
primary cell : See voltaic cell
fµBildMbUg ³ emIl voltaic cell.
primary structure : Amino acid
sequence in a protein or peptide.
TMrg;TImYy ³ lMdab;GasIutGamIenkñúgRbUetGIunb¤biubTIt.
primary transcript : First product of
transcription. In higher cells it is
RkmcMlgdMbUg ³ plitpldMbUgénkarcMlgRkm. kñúgekasikafñak;
modified to yield functional RNA
molecules.
x<s; vaRtUvEkERbedIm,IeGayCam:UelKulGasIutGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiucdMeNIr
kar.
principal quantum number : Quantum
number used to designate an electron’s
cMnYnkg;TUmsMxan; ³ cMnYnkg;TUmeRbIsMrab;kMNt;eGLicRtugRsTab;
major electron group; its distance from
the nucleus.
eRkAnigcMgayrbs;vaBIéNVy:U.
prokaryote : Simplest and smallest cell
type characterised by the absence of a
RbUkarIy:Ut ³ RbePTekasikagaynigtUcbMputsMKal;edayvtþmanéNVyU:
true nucleus and other membranous
organelles. Bacteria and blue-green algae
BitR)akdnigFatuekasikamanPñaseTot. )ak;etrInigvarICatiexov-ébtg
are prokaryotic organisms. KWCasrIragÁRbUkarIyUt: .
procedure : Mode of conducting
experiment, series of actions.
lMnaM ³ viFIénkic©dMeNIrkarBiesaFn_ es‘rIénGMeBI.

226
prochirality : The property displayed

by a molecule or atom which contains
RbUKIra:l;lIet ³ lkçN:bgðajedaym:UelKulmYyb¤GatUmEdlman
(or is bonded to) two identical ligands. (b¤RtUvcgsm<½n§eTA) lIkg;BIrEdldUcKñaebHbiT. eKsÁal;vaCaRbUesþer:-
Also known as prostereoisomerism.
GUGIusUEmpgEdr.
producer gas: a mixture of carbon
monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, made
]sµ½nplitkr³ l,ayénkabUnm:UNUGuksIut GIuRdUEsn nigGasUtEdl
by passing air and steam over very hot
carbon. It’s used as a fuel in some
pliteLIgedaykarbBa¢Únxül;nigcMhayelIkabUnekþAxøaMg. vaRtUv)aneRbI
industrial processes. (See open-hearth Ca\nÞn³kñúglMnaM]sSahkmµxøH ¬emIl open-hearth process¦.
process).
product : A substance formed as a
result of a chemical reaction.
plitpl ³ sarFatuekIteLIgBIRbtikmµKImI.
promoter : A chemical which itself is a
feeble catalyst, but greatly increases the
RbUm:UT½r ³ FatuKImIEdlxøÜnrbs;vaCakatalIkrexSay b:uEnþbegáInskmµ
activity of a given catalyst. PaBxøaMgénkatalIkrNamYy.
propagation rate : The speed at which
a flame front progresses through the
el,Ónraldal ³ el,ÓnEdlGNþatePøIgxagmuxbnþqøgkat;tYénl,ay
body of a flammable fuel-oxidiser
mixture, such as gas and air.
eFIVGuksIutkmµeRbg\n§n³EdlgayeqHdUcCa]sµ½n nigxül;.
propagation step : In a chain reaction,
one of the fundamental steps that take
dMNak;karraldal ³ kñúgRbtikmµcgaVk;dMNak;kalRKwHmYyEdlekIt
place repeatedly until the reaction is
complete.
eLIgdEdl²rhUtTal;EtRbtikmµRtUvbBa©b;.
propanone : See acetone.
RbU)a:NUn ³ emIl acetone.
Propenyl group : Systematic name for
allyl group –CH=CH-CH2-
RkumRbUEb:nIl ³ eQµaHRbB½n§GnþrCatisMrab;Rkum–CH=CH-CH - .2
prostaglandins : Regulatory lipids

derived from unsaturated fatty acids.
RbÚsþakøg;DIn ³ lIBItkMENtMrUvEdl)anmkBIGasIutxøaj;minEq¥t.
Prostaglandins often have a cyclic
portion based on cyclopentane.
RbUsþakøg;DInmanEpñksiucKøicedaysarsIukøÚb:g;tan.
prosthetic group : Group in a protein
that is not an amino acid and that plays a
RkumRbÚesþTic ³ RkumkñúgRbUetGIunEdlminEmnCaGasIutGamIen ehIy
major role in the activity of conjugated
proteins.
mannaTIsMxan;kñúgskmµPaBénRbUetGIunqøas;.
proteases : Enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins
RbÚetGas ³ Gg;sIumEdlkatalIsGIuRdUlIssm<½n§biubTItkñúgRbUetGIun
and polypeptides. nigb:UlIbiubTIt.
protective colloid : A colloidal
substance that protects other colloids
kULÚGIutkarBar ³ sarFatukULÚGIutEdlkarBarkULÚGIutdéTeTotBIpl
from the coagulative effect of
electrolytes and other agents.
bgákéneGLicRtUlIt nigPñak;gardéTeTot.
proteinometer : See hand sugar
refractometer.
RbUetGIuNUEm:t ³ emIl hand sugar refractometer.
protogenic : Strongly acidic
RbUtUEsnnic ³ EdlCaGasIutxøaMg.
proton : A positively charged subatomic
particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
RbUtug ³ PaKl¥iténGatUmEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢manRbTHeXIjenAkñúgéNVy:U
énGatUm.

227
proton resonance : A phenomenon in

which protons absorb energy from an
ersUNg;RbUtug ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaHRbUtugRsUbfamBlBIEdnma:ejTic
alternating magnetic field at certain
characteristic frequencies when they are
qøas;enAeRbkg;sMKal;lkçN:xøH enAeBlvaRtUv)andak;eGayrgEdn
also subjected to a static magnetic field; ma:ejTicGKÁisnIGakas. )atuPUtenHRtUv)aneRbIkñúgbec©eTsviPaK
this phenomenon is used in nuclear
magnetic resonance quantitative analysis brimaNersUNg;ma:ejTicnuyekøEG‘.
technique.
proton stability constant : The
reciprocal of the dissociation constant of
efrlMnwgRbUtug ³ karRtLb;eTAvijeTAmkénefrbMEbkén)asexSaykñúg
a weak base in solution. sUluysüúg.
protonate : To add protons to a base by
a proton source.
RbUtugkmµ ³ bEnßmRbUtugeTAkñúg)asmYyedayRbPBRbUtug.
proton-induced x-ray emission : A
method of elemental analysis in which
bnSaykaMrsIµGiucePJacRbUtug ³ viFIviPaKFatuEdlkñúgenaH famBl
the energy of the characteristic x-rays
emitted when a sample is bombarded
kaMrsIµGuicRtUv)anbeBa©jenAeBlPaKsMNakRtUv)an)aj;eday)ac;BnøWén
with a beam of energetic protons, is used RbUtugmanfamBl. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;FatukñúgPaK
to identify the elements present in the
sample. Abbreviated PIXE. sMNak. sresrkat; PIXE.
protophilic : Strongly basic.
RbÚtUPIlic ³ EdlCa)asxøaMg.
prototropy : A reversible inter-
conversion of structural isomers that
RbÚtURtUBI ³ GnþrbMElgEdlGacRtLb;)anénGIusUEmTMrg;Edlman
involves the transfer of a proton. benÞrRbUtug.
protropic : Chemical reactions that are
influenced by protons.
RbÚtUBic ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlman\T§iBledaysarRbUtug.
pseudohalogen : Any one of a group of
molecules that exhibit significant
GaLÚEsnminBit ³ m:UelKulénRkumm:UelKulEdlbgðajBIPaBRsedog
similarity to the halogens, e.g. cyanogen
(NCCN ).
KñaCasMxan;eTAnwgGaLÚEsn ]TahrN_ süaNUEsn (NCCN).
pulse radiolysis : A method of studying
fast chemical reactions in which a
kaMrsIµviPaKrh½s ³ vIFIsikSaRbtikmµKImIrh½s EdlkñúgenaHPaKsMNak
sample is subjected to a pulse of ionizing
radiation, and the products formed by the
RtUv)andak;eGayrgsnÞúHénkaMrsIµGIuyu:gkmµ nigplitplkekIteLIgeday
resulting reactions are studied lT§plRbtikmµRtUv)ansikSatams,úicTsSn_.
spectroscopically.
pure : Unmixed, uncontaminated.
suT§ ³ minlay minRkxVk;.
pure substance : A sample of matter,
either an element or a compound that
sarFatusuT§ ³ PaKsMNakénrUbFatu EdlGacCaFatub¤CasmasFatu
consists of only one component with
definite physical and chemical
EdlpSMeLIgBIsmasPaKEtmYyKt;EdlmanlkçN:rUb niglkçN:KImI
properties, and a definite composition. Cak;lak; nigsmasPaBCak;lak;.
purify (purification) : To remove
impurities.
püúT§ ( suTi§kmµ ) ³ ykecjnUvPaBminsuT§.
purity : The degree to which the
content of impurity can be detected by
PaBsuT§ ³ kMritEdlPaBminsuT§GacRtUv)anrkeXIjedaylMnaMviPaKkñúg
an analytical procedure in a sample of
matter that is classified as a pure
PaKsMNakénrUbFatuEdlRtUv)ancat;fñak;CasarFatusuT§. kMriténPaB
substance; the grade of purity is in suT§KWRcassmamaRteTAnwgbrimaNénvtþmanPaBminsuT§. eKsÁal;pg
inverse proportion to the amount of
impurity present. Also known as EdrCaPaBsuT§KImI.
chemical purity.

228
pyramidal molecule : A molecular

structure in the shape of a pyramid in
m:UelKulBIra:mIt ³ TMrg;mUe: lKulmanrUbragCaBIra:mItEdlkñúgenaHGatUm
which the central atom at the peak
possesses either three or four valence
kNþalenAkMBUlmansm<½n§va:Lg;bIb¤bYnP¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmdéTeTot Edl
bonds that are directed to the other begáItCamUldæanénBIra:mItenaH.
atoms, which form the base of the
pyramid.
pyranose : Six-membered ring form of
monosaccharides. The ring resembles the
BIra:NUs ³ sNæanrg;R)aMmYyRCúgénm:UNUsakarIt. rg;enHdUcCa BIra:n
cyclic ether pyran. eGETsiucKøic.
pyrazolone dye : An acid dye, such as
tartrazine, containing both -N=N- and
l½xBIra:sULÚn ³ l½xGasIutdUcCataRtasIun EdlmanRkumnaTIRkUmUp: r-
=C=C= chromophore groups; used for N=N- pg nig =C=C=. vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sréssURtnigELn.
silk and wool.
pyro- : A chemical prefix for
compounds formed by heat.
BIr:U ³ buBVbTKImIsMrab;smasFatuEdlekIteLItedaykMedA.
pyrocellulose : Highly nitrated
cellulose; used to make explosives;
BIr:UEsluyLÚs ³ EsluyLÚsnIRtatkmµx<s;. EdlvaRtUv)ansMrab;
originally called guncotton in the United
States, cordite in England.
eFIVeRKOgpÞúH. kalBIdMbUgvaRtUv)aneKehAfa sMLIkaMePøIgenAshrdæ-
Gaemric FatupÞúHKµanEpSgenARbeTsGg;eKøs.
pyrolysate : Any product of pyrolysis.
BIr:UlIsat ³ plitplNamYyénBIrUl: Is.
pyrolysis : The breaking apart of
complex molecules into simpler units by
BIr:UlIsIus ³ karbMEbkCaEpñkénm:UelKulsaMjauMeTACaÉktagayCag
the use of heat, as in the pyrolysis of
heavy oil to make gasoline.
edaykareRbIkMedA dUcCakñúgBIrU:lIséneRbgkateqAedIm,IplitCaeRbg
saMg.
Q
Q branch : A series of lines in
molecular spectra that correspond to
Exñg Q ³ es‘rIénbnÞat;kñúgs,úicm:UelKulEdlRtUvKñaeTAnwgbMErbMrYl
changes in the vibration quantum
number with no change in the rotational
cMnYnkg;tUmlMj½redayKµanbMErbMrYlcMnYnkg;tUmrgVil.
quantum number.
quadridentate ligand : A group which
forms a chelate and has four points of
lIkg;eFµjbYn ³ RkumEdlbegáItekLat nigmancMNucP¢ab;bYn.
attachment.
quadruple point : Temperature at which
four phases are in equilibrium such as a
cMNucctuKuN ³ sItuNðPaBEdlpasTaMgbYnsßitkñúgPaBlMnwgdUcCa
saturated solution containing an excess
of solute.
sUluysüúgEq¥tEdlmanFaturMlayelIs.
quadrupole spectrometer : A type of
mass spectroscope in which ions pass
s,iúcRtÚmaRtctub:Ul ³ RbePTsi,úcTsSn_ma:sEdlkñúgenaH GIuy:ug
along a line of symmetry between four
parallel cylindrical rods; an alternating
qøgkat;tambnÞat;sIuemRTIrvagExSsIuLaMgEvgbYnRsbKña. b:Utg;Esül
potential superimposed on a steady qøas;BIelIbU:ltg;EsülnwgrvagKUénExSsIuLaMgEdleRcaHykGIuyu:gecj
potential between pairs of rods filters out
all ions except those of a predetermined elIkElgEtGIuyug: rbs;ma:sEdl)ankMNt;Tukmun. eKehAmüa:geTot
mass. Also known as Massenfilter.
faMassenfilter.
qualitative analysis : The analysis of a
gas, liquid or solid sample or mixture to
karviPaKKuNPaB ³ karviPaKPaKsMNakb¤l,ayén]sµ½n vtßúrav
identify the elements, radicals or
compounds composing the sample.
b¤rwgedIm,IrkFatura:DIkal; b¤smasFatuenAkñúgPaKsMNak.
qualitative measurement :
measurement which gives results in a
A
rgVas;KuNPaB ³ rgVas;Edlpþl;lT§plCaTMrg;BN’naminEmnelx.
descriptive nonnumeric form.

229
quantitative analysis :The analysis of a

gas, liquid or solid sample or mixture to
karviPaKbrimaN ³ karviPaKPaKsMNakb¤l,ayén]sµ½n vtßúrav b¤
determine the precise percentage
composition of the sample in terms of
rwgedIm,IIkMNt;rksmasPaBCaPaKryCak;lak;rbs;PaKsMNakEdl
elements, radicals, or compounds. CaFatura:DIkal; b¤smasFatu.
quantitative measurement
measurement which gives definite,
: A
rgVas;brimaN ³ rgVas;Edlpþl;lT§plCaelxc,as;las;.
usually numeric results.
quantum chemistry : A branch of
physical chemistry concerned with the
KImIkg;Tic ³ EpñkénKImIrUbEdlBnül;GMBI)atuPUtKImItamc,ab;emkanic
explanation of chemical phenomena by
means of the laws of quantum
kg;TuUm.
mechanics.
quantum limit : The shortest wave
length present in a continuous x-ray
lImItkg;TUm ³ RbEvgrlkxøIbMputenAkñúgs,iúcCab;énkaMrsµIGiuc. eK
spectrum. Also known as boundary
wavelength; end radiation.
ehAmüa:geTotfaRbEvgrlkEdnkMNt;kaMrsµIµbB©ab;.
quantum mechanics : A theory by
which the behaviour of electrons in
emkanickg;Tic ³ RTwsþIEdlbgðajlkçN³éneGLicRtugkñúgGatUm
atoms is described by treating them as
waves.
RtUv)anBN’naedaykarcat;TukvaCarlk.
quantum numbers : Set of numbers
used to designate an electron’s major
cMnYnkg;TUm ³ elxeRbIsMrab;sMKal;RkumeGLicRtugcMbg RTg;RTay
electron group, its orbital shape, and its
orbital orientation.
Grb‘Ítal;nigdMeNATisGrb‘Ítal;rbs;va.
quantum theory of valence : The theory
of valence based on quantum mechanics;
RTwsþIkg;;TUmva:Lg;; ³ RTwsþIva:Lg;EdlEp¥kelIemkanickg;;:TUm. RTwsþI
it accounts for many experimental facts,
explains the stability of a chemical bond,
enHbgðajehtukarN_BiesaFn_CaeRcIn nigBnül;BIesßrPaBénsm<<½ n§ß KImI
and allows the correlation and prediction nigGacmankarBak;B½nVKñanig karRbmaNénlkçN³xusKñaCaeRcInrbs;
of many different properties of
molecules not possible in earlier mU:elKulEdlminGacmanenAkñúgRTwwsþImun².
theories.
quantum yield: For a photochemical
reaction, the number of moles of a stated
Tinñplkg;TUm ³ cMnYnm:Ulénkar)at;bg;kñúgPaBCaRbtikr b¤cMnYnm:Ulén
reactant disappearing, or the number of
moles of a stated product produced, per
plitplkñúgsNæanplitkñúgmYyGaMgsþaMgénBnøWkñúgsNæanCMha‘nrlk
Einstein of light of the stated wavelength RsÚbBnøWenAkñúgRbtikmµpUtUu KImI.
absorbed.
quart : One quarter of a gallon in liquid
measure. 1 quart = 0.9464 liter.
kVat ³ mYyPaKbYnénkaLúgkñúgrgVas;vtßúrav. mYykVat =0.9464 lIRt.
quarter polymer : A polymer in which
the repeating groups comprise four
ctub:UlIEm ³ b:UlIEmEdlRkumsÞÜnKñamanRbePTmU:NUEmbYn.
species of monomer.
quaternary ammonium
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) with
base :
)asGam:UjÚ:mfñak;bYn ³ Gam:Uu:;j:Ú;umGIuIiRduksIut(NH OH)EdlGIuRdUEsnY
4
the ammonium hydrogen replaced by

organic radicals, such as (CH3)4NOH
énGam:Uj:ÚmRtUv)anCMnYsedayra:DIkal;srIragÁ dUcCa (CH ) NOH.
3 4
quaternary ammonium salt : A

nitrogen compound in which a central
GMbilGam:Uj:Úmfñak;bYn ³ smasFatuGasUtEdlGatUmGasUtenA
nitrogen atom is joined to four organic
radicals and one acid radical .e.g.
kNþalRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgra:DIkal;srIragÁbYn nigra:DIkal;GasIutmYy.
hexamethonium chloride; used as an ]TahrN_ GiucsaemtUj:ÚmkørYEdlRtUv)aneRbIIiCaPñak;gareGmulsüúg
emulsifying agent, corrosion inhibitor
and antiseptic. CaFatubg¥ak;sMNwk nigCafñaMsmøab;mIRkum.
quaternary carbon : A carbon atom
bonded to four other carbon atoms with
kabUnfñak;bYn ³ GatUmkabUnEdlcgsm<½<n§eTAnwgGatUmkabUnbYnepSg
single bonds. eTotedaysm½<n§mYyCan;.

230
quaternary phase equilibrium : The

solubility relationships in any liquid
lMnwgpasfñak;bYn ³ TMnak;TMngkMritrlayenAkñúgRbBn½½§ravEdlman
system with four non reactive
components with varying degrees of
FatuubgáGskmµbYnmankMritlkçN³rlayeTAvijeTAmkERbRbÜl.
mutual solubility.
quaternary structure : Structure of an
oligometric protein resulting from
TMrg;TIbYn ³ TMrg;RbUetGIunGUlIkUemRTicEdl)anBIGnþrkmµrvagÉktarg
specific interactions among the subunits. rbs;RbUetGIun.
quaternary system : An equilibrium
relationship between a mixture of four
RbB½n§fñak;bYn ³ TMnak;TMnglMnwgrvagl,aybYn dUcCapasbYn nigFatuu
(four phases, four components, and so
on).
bgábYnCaedIm.
Quevenne scale : Arbitrary scale used
with hydrometers or lactometers in the
maRtdæan Quevenne ³ maRtdæaneRbICamYyGIuRdUmaRt b¤Lak;tUmaRt
determination of the specific gravity of
milk; degrees Ouevenne = 1000 (specific
kñúgkarkMNt;rkRbCMuTMgn;yfaRbePTrbs;TwkedaH dUcCadweRk Quevenne
gravity -1). nwg 1000KWRbCMuTMgn;yfaRbePTesµInwg -1.
quinhydrone electrode: A platinum
wire in a saturated solution of
eGLicRtÚÚtKInIRdÚn ³ ExS)øaTInkñúgsUluysüúgEq¥ténKInIRdUnEdlRtUv
quinhydrone; used as a reversible
electrode standard in pH determinations.
)aneRbICaeGLicRtÚtsþg;dacMraskñúñgkarkMNt;rk pH.
quinone : Common name for
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, the
KINUn ³ eQµaHTUeTAsMrab;2,5-sIukøÚGicsaDIEGn-1,4-DIGUn EdlCaplit
oxidation product of hydroquinone. plGuksIutkmµénGIuRdUKINUn.
R
racemate : A compound whose
individual crystals contain equal
ra:esma:t ³ smasFatuEdlRkamnimYy²mancMnYnesµIKñaénm:UelKul
numbers of dextrorotatory
levorotatory molecules.
and vileTAsþaM nigm:UelKulvileTAeqVg.
racemic mixture : Mixture that contains
equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers
l,ayra:esmic ³ l,ayEdlmanbrimaNKUeGNg;tüÚEmesIµKña nigmin
and thus does not rotate plane-polarised
light.
bEgVrbøg;BnøWbUE: l.
racemic modification : See racemic
mixture.
kMENERbra:esmic ³ emIl racemic mixture.
racemization : A process by which an
optically active form of a substance is
ra:esmickmµµ ³ lMnaMEdlTMrg;skmµGubTicénsarFatuRtUvbMElgCa
converted into a racemic mixture. l,ayra:esmic.
radial chromatography : A circular
disk of absorbent paper which has a strip
RkÚma:tURkaPIkaM ³ bnÞHRkdassMrUbragvg; fasmUlEdlRtUvkat;BIEKm
(wick) cut from edge to center to dip into
a solvent: the solvent climbs the wick
rhUtdl;EpñkkNþalcUleTAkñúgFatuurMlay. FaturMlayeLIgtambnÞH
touches the sample and resolves it into RkdaseTAb:HnwgPaKsMNak ehIyrMlayvaCavg;mUl¬RkUma:tURkam¦.
concentric rings (the chromatogram).
Also known as circular chromatography; eKGacehAmüa:geTotfaRkUma:tURkaPIrgVg;RkUma:tURkaPIRkdaskaM.
radial paper chromatography.
radial distribution function : A
function ∫® equal to the average over all
GnuKmn_bMENgEckkaM ³ GnuKmn_ ∫®esIµnwgtMélmFüméndg;sIuet
directions of the number density of
molecules at distance r from a given
rbs;mUe: lKulRKb;TisfitenAcMgay r BImUe: lKulNamYy.
molecule in a liquid.
radial paper chromatography : See
radial chromatography.
RkÚma:tURkaPIRkdaskaMM ³ emIl radial chromatography.

231
radiation : Emission of energy by

electromagnetic waves, such as; light,
kaMrsµI; karPayecj ³ karbeBa©jénfamBledayrlkeGLic-
radiant heat, x-rays, radio and gamma
rays.
RtUm:aejTic dUcCaBnøW kMedAPaykaMesµIGiucviTüú nigkaMrsµIhÁam:a.
radiation absorbed dose (Rad) : Unit
roughly equivalent to the roentgen,
GRtaRsÚbrsµI (Rad) ³ xñatsmmUleTAnwg roentgen Edlerobrab;
which describes the amount of energy
deposited in tissue by x-rays or gamma
BIbrimaNfamBlkñúgCalikapþl;edaykaMrsµIGiucb¤rsµIháama:. GRtaRsÚb
radiation. A whole-body dose of 450 rad rsµI450 rad kñúgxøÜnTaMgmUlbNþaleGayb:UBuyLasüúgsøab;Gs; 50
is fatal to 50 percent of the population.
PaKry.
radiation catalysis : The use of
radiation (such as gamma, neutron,
katalIskaMrsµI ³ kareRbIkaMrsµI dUcCahÁama: NWRtug RbUtug eGLic-
proton, electron, or x-ray) to activate or
speed up a chemical or physical change;
Rtugb¤kaMrsµIGiucedIm,IIeFVIeGayskmµbegáInel,ÓnénbMErbMrYlKImInigrUb.
e.g., radiation alone can initiate ]TahrN_ kaMrsµIEtÉgGaccab;epþImb:UlIEmkmµedayKµankMedA sm<aF b¤
polymerization without heat, pressure, or
chemical catalysts. katalIkrKImI.
radical : 1. A charged group of
covalently bonded atoms. 2. An atom or
r:aDIkal; ³ 1. RkummanbnÞúkénGatUmEdlcgsm<½n§kUv:aLg;.
grouping with unpaired atoms. 2. GatUm b¤RkumEdlmanGatUmKµaneTVtarYm.
radical : See free radical.
ra :DIkal; ³ emIl free radical.
radical scavenger : One of a group of
molecules that combines with free
sáav:g;Es‘ra:DIkal; ³ m:UelKulmYyénRkumm:UelKulEdlP¢ab;eTAnwg
radicals in a chemical or biochemical
system to render them less active
ra:DIkal;esrIenAkñúgRbB½n§KImIb¤KImICIv³edIm,IeFVIeGayvamanskmµPaB
chemically. KImIexSay.
radicofunctional name : A name for an
organic compound that uses two key
eQµaHnaTIra:DIkal; ³ eQµaHsmasFatusrIragÁEdleRbIBaküKnøwHBIrKW
words: the first word corresponds to the
group or groups involved and the second
BaküTImYyRtUvKñaeTAnwgRkummYYyb¤RukumeRcInEdlrYmcMEnk nigBaküTIBIr
word indicates the functional group, e.g. bBa¢ak;BIbgÁúMnaTI. ]TahrN_ Gal;KIlGaLÚEsnY.
alkyl halide.
radio recombination line : A radio
frequency spectral line that results from
bnÞÞat;bnSMfµIénviTüú ³ eRbkg;vTüúénbnÞat;s,iúcEdl)anmkBIGnþrPaB
an electron, transition between energy
levels in an atom or ion having a large
eGLicRtugrvagkMritfamBlkñúgPaBCaGatUm b¤GIuyu:gEdlmancMnYnkg;-
principal quantum number n greater than TUmem n FMCag 50.
50.
radioactive decay : Process by which an
unstable nucleus emits alpha or beta and
karbMEbkviTüúskmµ ³ lMnaMEdléNVyUm: inzitefrbeB©ajkaMrsµI
gamma radiation. This often changes its
atomic number, changing one element
Gal;hVa ebta nighÁama:. lMnaMenHeRcInEtpøas;bþÚrcMnYnGatUmrbs;vaEdl
into another, and is accompanied by the Cakarpøas;bþÚrBIFatumYyeTAFatumYyepSgeTot ehIynigRtUv)annaMmk
emission of radiation.
edaykarbeBa©jkaMrsµI.
radioactivity : The natural emission of
radiation from the nucleus of an atom.
viTüúskmµ ³ karbeBa©jBIFmµCatiénkaMrsµIBIéNVyUr: bs;GatUm.
radioassay : An assay procedure
involving the measurement of the
sMNakviTüúskmµ ³ lMnaMsakl,gEdlrYmmanrgVas;GaMgtg;sIuetkaMrsµI
radiation intensity of a radioactive
sample.
rbs;PaKsMNakviTüúskmµ.

232
radiocarbon dating : Determination of

the age of an object by measuring the
karkMNt;GayukabUnviTüúskmµ ³ karkMNt;Gayurbs;vtßúmYyeday
amount of radio-active carbon present
relative to the amount in a similar living
karvas;brimaNkabUnviTüúskmµEdleFobeTAnwgbrimaNkñúgPaKsMNak
sample. Nuclear dating can also be based rs;Rbhak;RbEhlKña. karkMNt;GayuéNVyUk: ¾GacBwgEp¥keTAelIGIusUtUb
on other isotopes, such as thorium or
uranium and lead. epSgeTotpgEdrdUcCatUrüÚ:m b¤G‘uyra:jÚ:m nigsMN.
radiochemical laboratory : A specially
equipped and shielded chemical
TIBiesaFKImIviTüúskmµ ³ TIBiesaFKImIEdlman]bkrN_karBarCa
laboratory designed for conducting
radiochemical studies without danger to
BiesssMrab;karsikSaKImIviTüúskmµedayKµaneRKaHfñak;dl;buKÁlikTI
the laboratory personnel. BiesaF.
radiochemistry : That area of chemistry
concerned with the study of radioactive
KImIviTüúskmµ ³ EpñkénKImIEdlsikSasarFatuviTüúskmµ.
substances.
radio-chromatography : An analytic
process for quantitative or qualitative
RkÚma:tURkaPIviTüúskmµ µ³ lMnaMviPaKbrimaNnigKuNPaBsMrab;karkMNt;
determination of radioactive substances
in a mixture by measuring the
rksarFatuviTüúskmµenAkñúgl,ayedaykarvas;viTüúskmµéntMbn;xusKñakñúg
radioactivity of various zones in the RkÚma:tURkam.
chromatogram.
radiocolloid : A colloid having a
component that consists of radioactive
kULÚGIutviTüúskmµ ³ kULÚGIutEdlFatubgárbs;vamanGatUmviTüúskmµ.
atoms.
radio-frequency spectroscopy : The
branch of spectroscopy concerned with
karsikSas,úiceRbkg;viTüú ³ Epñkéns,úicsikSaEdlykcitþTukdak;
the measurement of the intervals
between atomic or molecular energy
rgVas;cenøaHrvagkMritfamBlénGatUmb¤mUe: lKulEdlxusKñaedayeRbkg;
levels that are separated by frequencies RbEhlBI 10 10 EG‘kebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgeRbkg;EdlEbgEckkMrit
5 9
from about 105 to 109 hertz as compared

to the frequencies that separate optical GubTicEdlxusKñarvagRbEhl 6 x 10 EG‘k.
14
energy levels of about 6 x 1014 hertz.

radius ratio : The ratio of the radius of a
cation to the radius of an ion; relative
pleFobkaMM ³ pleFobénkaMrbs;kacugeTAnwgkaMrbs;GIuy:ug. kaM
ionic radii are important to crystal lattice
structure, particularly the determination
GIuyU:niceFobmansarsMxan;cMeBaHTMrg;RbTasRkamCaBiesskarkMNt;
of coordination number. rkcMnYnkUGrDINasüúg.
Raman scattering : A type of scattering
of electromagnetic radiation in which the
karBRgay Raman ³ RbePTénkarBRgaykaMrsµIeGLicRtÚma:ejTic
frequency and phase of light changes as
it passes through a substance. The
EdleRbkg;nigpasBnWøpøas;bþÚrdUcvaqøgkat;;sarFatumYy. GaMgtg;sIuet
intensity of Raman scattering is only énkarBRgay Raman KW 1/1000 énkarBRgay Rayleigh.
th
1/1000th of that in Rayleigh scattering.

Raman spectroscopy : Analysis of the
intensity of Raman scattering of
karsikSas,úic Raman ³ karviPaKGaMgtg;sIueténkarBRgay Raman
monochromatic laser light. énBnøWLaEsm:UNURkÚma:Tic.
Raman spectrum : A spectrum of
scattered light that is characteristic for a
s,iúc Raman ³ s,úicénBnøWøsayEdlCalkçN:sMKal;sMrab;sarFatu
substance, and is used in determination
of molecular structure and chemical
nigRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarkMNt;TMrg;mUe: lKul nigkarviPaKKImI.
analysis.
rancid : Term used to indicate that a fat
or oil is foul-smelling and bad-tasting
xar ³ BaküeRbIsMrab;bBa¢ak;BIxøaj;b¤eRbgEdlmankiønGaRkk; nigman
due to the presence of volatile acids and
aldehydes.
rsCatiminl¥EdlbNþalmkBIvtþmanrbs;GasIutnigGal;edGIutehIr.

233
random coil : Any of various irregularly

coiled polymers that can occur in
regVlécdnü ³ b:UlIEmCaregVlEbøk²mineTogTat;EdlGacekItman
solution. Also known as cyclic coil. kñúgsUluysüúg. GacehAmüa:geTotfaregVlsiuKøic¬ExSbiT¦.
random copolymer : Resin copolymer
in which the molecules of each monomer
kUb:UlIEmécdnü ³ C½rkUbU:lIEmEdlm:UelKulrbs;;mUN
: UEmnImYy²RtUv
are randomly arranged in the polymer
backbone.
)antMerobedayécdnüenAkñúgeRKagénb:UlIEm.
random error : (haphazard) mistake.
el¥ogécdnü ³ ¬edayécdnü¦ kMhus.
Raoult’s law : The law that states, the
vapor pressure of a solution equals the
c,ab;ra::GU‘l ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfasMBaFcMhayrbs;sUluysüúgesIµnwg
product of the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent and the mole fraction of solvent.
sMBaFcMhayrbs;plitplénFaturMlaysuT§ nigRbPaKCam:Ulrbs;
FaturMlay.
rare earths : See lanthanides.
dIkMr ³ emIl lanthanides.
rare gas : See noble gas.
emIl]sµ½nkMr.
rare-earth element : The name given to
any of the group of chemical elements
FatudIkMr ³ eQµaHpþl;eGaysMrab;RkumFatuKImIEdlman elxGatUmBI
with atomic numbers 58 to 71; the name 58eTA 71. eQµaHenHCakaryl;xusedaysarvaminEmnCaFatukMrnigmin
is misleading since they are neither rare
nor earths: examples are cerium, erbium, EmnCaFatukñúgdI. ]TahrN_ esrüÚ:m eGbüÚm nighÁáadUlIjÚ:m.
and gadolinium.
rare-earth salts : Salts derived from rare
earths in similar proportions as in
GMbildIkMr ³ GMbiMlEdl)anmkBIIdIkMrkñúgsmamaRt RbEhlKñanwg
monazite: contains La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sn,
Gd, and Y as acetates, carbonates,
m:UNasIuItEdlman La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sn, Gd, nig Y dUcCa Gaestat
chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, sulfates etc. kabUNat køørY PøúyGrY nIRtat s‘ulpatCaedIm.l.
Rast method : The melting-point
depression method often used for the
viFI Rast ³ viFIbnßßycMMNucrlayEdleKEtgEteRbIIkñúgkarkMNt;
determination of the molecular weight of
organic compounds.
rkTMgn;mUe: lKulrbs;smasFatusrIragÁ.
rate constant : Numerical constant in a
rate of reaction equation, e.g., rA =
efrel,Ón ³ efrCaelxenAkñúgel,ÓnénsmIkarRbtikmµ. ]TahrN_
kCaACbBCc C, where CA CB, and Cc are r = kC C C , Edl C C , nig Cc CakMhab;rbs;Rbtikr k Caefr
A
a
A
b
B
c
C A B
reactant concentrations, k is the rate
constant, and a, b, and c are empirical el,Ón nig a, b,c CaefrBiesaFn_.
constants.
rate of reaction : A measurement based
on the mass of reactant consumed in a
el,ÓnRbtikmµµ ³ CargVas;EdlEp¥kelIma:srbs;RbtikreRbIkñúgRbtiikmµ
chemical reaction during a given period
of time.
KImIkñúgry:eBlmYykMNt;.
rate-determining step : In a multi-step
chemical reaction, the step with the
dMNak;karkMNt;el,Ón ³ enAkñúgRbtiikmµKImIeRcIndMNak; dMNak;man
lowest speed, which determines the rate
of the overall reaction and limits the rate
el,ÓnyWtbMputEdlkMNt;el,ÓnénRbtikmµTaMgGs; nigkMNt;el,ÓnenA
at which products are formed. eBlEdlplitplRtUv)anbegáIteLIg.
ratio of specific heats : The ratio of
specific heat at constant pressure, to
pleFobkMedAyfaRbePT ³ pleFobénkMedAyfaRbePTenAsMBaF
specific heat at constant volume, γ =
CP/CV.
efrCamYynwgkMedAyfaRbePTenAmaDefr γ = C /C . P V
rational synthesis : The production of a

compound using a sequence of
karsMeyaKsmehtupl ³ karplitsmasFatuedayeRbIlMdab;
strategically chosen chemical reaction
steps.
CMhanRbtikmµKImIeRCIserIsCayuT§saRsþ.

234
Rayleigh line : Spectrum line in

scattered radiation which has the same
bnÞat; Rayleigh ³ ExSs,úicenAkñúgkaMrsIµsayEdlmaneRbkg;dUcKñaeTA
frequency as the corresponding incident
radiation.
nwgkaMrsIµRtUvKñaEdlekItmaneLIg.
R-branch : A series of lines in
molecular absorption spectra that
Exñg R ³ es‘rIénExSkñúgs,iúcsMrUbm:UelKulEdlRtUvKñaeTAnwwgkMeNInÉkta
correspond to a unit increase in the
rotational quantum number I.
cMnYn Iénkg;tUmrgVil.
reactant : A starting substance in a
chemical reaction. A substance that
Rbtikr ³ sarFatucab;epþImkñúgRbtikmµKImI. sarFatuEdlRbtikmµCa
reacts with another one to produce a new
set of substances (products).
mYysarFatumYyepSgeTotedIm,IbegáIt)anCasarFatufIµ²epSgeTot
¬plitpl¦.
reaction boundary : See reaction line .
RBMEdnRbtikmµ ³ emIl reaction line .
reaction kinetics : See chemical
kinetics.
sIuenTicRbtikmµ ³ emIl chemical kinetics.
reaction line : In a ternary system, a
special case of the boundary line along
ExSRbtikmµ ³ krNIBiessénExSRBMEdnkñúgRbB½n§fñak;bI EdltamExS
which one of the two crystalline phases
reacts with the liquid, as the temperature
enaHpasRkammYyénpasRkamBIrRbtikmµCamYyvtßúravnAeBlsItuNÑPaB
is decreased, to form the other crystalline fycuHedIm,IbegáItpasRkamepSgeTot. eKGacehAmüa:geTotfa RBMEdn
phase. Also known as reaction boundary;
reaction curve. Rbtikmµ b¤ExSekagRbtikmµ.
reaction mechanism : The sequence of
steps during which a chemical reaction
clnkarRbtikmµ ³ lMdab;éndMNak;karkñúgeBlEdlRbtikmµµKImIekIt
occurs, including the transition state
during which the reactants are converted
eLIgedayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgGnþrPaBenAeBlEdlRbtikrRtUv)anbMElgCa
into products. plitpl.
reaction path : See mechanism, reaction
mechanism
dMeNIrRbtikmµ ³ emIl mechanism, reaction mechanism.
reaction rate (velocity) : Rate at which
a reaction occurs, usually expressed in
el,ÓnRbtikmµ ³ el,ÓnEdlRbtikmµekItman CaFmµtaRtUv)anbgðaj
terms of substrate consumed per unit
time or product formed per unit time.
kñúgn½yEdls‘u®sþaRtUv)aneRbIkñúgmYyxñatry³eBl b¤plitplkekIt
kñúgmYyxñatry³eBl.
reactive bond : A bond between atoms
that combines easily with another atom
sm<½n§Rbtikmµ ³ sm<½n§rvagGatUmEdlgaypSMCamYyGatUm b¤ra:DIkal;
or radical; e.g., the double bond in
CH2=CH2 (ethylene) is highly reactive to
mYyeTot. ]TahrN_ sm<½n§BIrCan;kñúgeGTIELn CH =CH RbtikmµxøaMg
2 2
other ethylene molecules in the reaction CamYym:UelKuleGTIELnepSgeTotenAkñúgRbtikmµdUcCab:UlIEmkmµedIm,I

known as polymerization to form
polyethylene. begáItCab:UlIeGTIELn.
reactivity : The relative capacity of an
atom, molecule or radical to combine
RbtikmµPaB ³ CasmtßPaBeFobénGatUm m:UelKul b¤ra:DIkal;kñúgbnSM
chemically with another atom, molecule,
or radical.
KImICamYyGatUm m:UelKul b¤ra:DIkal;mYyeTot.
reagent : A substance reacting with
another substance. Laboratory reagents
FatubnÞal; b¤er:Gak;TIb ³ sarFatumanRbtikmµCamYysarFatumYy
are compounds (i.e.: NaOH, HCl) used
in chemical analysis or experiments.
eTot. Fatu bnÞal;kñúgTIBiesaFCasmasFatu (]TahrN_ NaOH, HCl)
eRbIkñúgviPaKKImI b¤kñúgBiesaFn_.

235
reagent chemicals : High-purity

chemicals used for analytical reactions,
FatuKImIbnÞal; ³ FatuKImImanlkçN³suT§l¥EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
for testing of new reactions where the
effect of impurities are unknown, and, in
RbtikmµviPaKnigsMrab;karsakl,gRbtikmµKImIfIµEdlplénFatuminsuT§
general, for chemical work where minRtUv)ansÁal;nigCaTUeTAsMrab;kargarKImIEdlFatuminsuT§Gvtþman b¤
impurities must either be absent or at a
known concentration. RtUv)ansÁal;;kMhab;.
rearrangement reaction : A chemical
reaction involving a change in the
RbtikmµbþÚTItaMg ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlmankarbþÚrlMdab;sm<½n§KImI
bonding sequence within a molecule.
Also known as molecular rearrangement
kñúgm:UelKul. eKehAmüa:geTotfakartMerobm:UelKuleLIgvij.
recording balance : An analytical
balance that can record weight results by
CBaI¢gkt;Rta ³ CBa¢IgviPaKEdlGackt;RtalT§plTMgn;edaykare)aH
printing or digital display. Bum< b¤CaxÞg;elx.
recrystallization : Repeated
crystallization of a material from fresh
kMnkRkameLIgvij ³ kMnkRkamdEdlénrUbFatuBIFaturMlayfIµedIm,I
solvent to obtain an increasingly pure
product.
TTYl)anplitplkan;EtsuT§.
red litmus : see litmus.
tYNWsulRkhm ³ emIl litmus.
redox polymer : A polymer whose
structure contains functional groups that
b:UlIEmerduk ³ b:UlIEmEdlTMrg;rbs;vamanbgÁúMnaTIEdlGacTTYlrg
can be reversibly reduced or oxidised.
Also known as electron exchanger.
erdukmµ b¤GuksIutkmµRtLb;. eKGacehApgEdrfaFatubþÚreGLicRtug.
redox potential : Voltage difference at
an inert electrode immersed in a
b:Utg;Esülerduk ³ plsgb:Utg;EsülenAelIeGLicRtÚtniclRClk;
reversible oxidation-reduction system;
measurement of the state of oxidation of
eTAkñúgRbB½n§erdukkmµ-GuksIutkmµRtLb;)an. karvas;rkPaBGuksIutkmµ
the system. Also known as oxidation- énRbB½n§erdukmµ-GuksIutkmµ. eKehAmüa:geTotfab:Utg;Esülerdukkmµ-
reduction potential.
GuksIutkmµ.
redox potentiometry : Use of neutral
electrode probes to measure the solution
b:Utg;süÚmaRterduk ³ kareRbIIiRbdab;sÞg;CaeGLicRtÚtNWtedIm,Ivas;
potential developed as the result of an
oxidation or reduction reaction.
b:Utg;EsülsUluysüúgEdl)anGPivDÆCalT§plénRbtikmµGuksIutkmµ
b¤erdukkmµ.
redox reaction : Reaction that involves
both oxidation and reduction.
Rbtikmµerduk ³ RbtikmµEdlrYmmanTaMgGuksIutkmµnigerdukkmµ.
redox system : A chemical system in
which reduction and oxidation reactions
RbB½n§erduk ³ RbB½n§½KImIEdlRbtikmµerdukmµ nigGuksIutkmµ ekItman.
occur.
redox titration : A titration
characterised by the transfer of electrons
GRtakmµerduk ³ GRtakmµEdlsMKal;edaybenÞreGLicRtugBIsarFatu
from one substance to another (from
reductant to oxidant) with the end point
mYy eTAsarFatumYyeTot¬BIerdukreTAeGayGuksIutkr¦EdlmancMNuc
determined by a color change bBa©b; kMNt;edaykarERbB’N¬edayeRbI]bkrN_kMNt;BN’¦
(colorimetrically) or electrode potential
(potentiometrically). b¤bUt: g;Esül eGLicRtUt¬edayeRbI]bkrN_vas;bUt: g;Esül¦.
reducer : See reducing agent.
erdukr ³ emIl reducing agent.
reducing agent : (reducer) 1. A material
that adds hydrogen to an element or
Pñak;garerdukmµ ³ ¬erdukr¦ 1. rUbFatuEdlbEnßmGIuRdUEsneGayeTAFatu
compound. 2. A material that adds an
electron to an element or compound, that
b¤smasFatumYy. 2. rYbFatuEdlEfmeGLicRtugeGayeTAFatub¤
is, decreases the positiveness of its smasFatumYyEdlbnßy PaBviC¢manénva:Lg;rbs;va. kñúgRbtikmµ
valence. In the reaction, the reducing
agent is oxidised. Pñak;garerdukmµ rgGuksIutkmµ.

236
reducing atmosphere : An atmosphere

of hydrogen (or other substance that
briyakaserdukmµ ³ briyakasGIuRdUEsn¬b¤sarFatudéTeTotEdlpþl;
readily provides electrons) surrounding a
chemical reaction or physical device; the
eGLicRtug¦EdlenACMuvijRbtikmµKImI b¤ ]bkrN_rUb. plenHKWpÞúyeTA
effect is the opposite to that of an nwgbriyakasGuksIutkmµ.
oxidizing atmosphere.
reducing flame : A flame having excess
fuel and being capable of chemical
GNþatePIøgerdukmµ ³ GNþatePøIgEdlmancMehHelIs nigGacCa
reduction, such as extracting oxygen
from a metallic oxide.
RbtikmµerdukmµKImI dUcCakarEjkGuksIuEsnBIGuksIutelah³.
reducing sugar : Any of the sugars that
can reduce alkaline solutions of metallic
sárerdukmµ ³ sárEdlGaceFIVerdukmµsUluysüúgGal;kaLaMgénGMbil
salts such as copper, silver or bismuth,
because of their free aldehyde or ketone
elah³ dUcCaTg;Edg R)ak; b¤b‘Ísµút edayehtufaRkumGal;edGIutb¤estUn
groups. e.g. monosaccharides and most esrIrbs;va. ]TahrN_ m:UNUsakarIt nigDIsakarItPaKeRcInrYmman
of the disaccharides, including maltose
and lactose. ma:l;tUs nigLak;tUs.
reduction : 1. Reaction of hydrogen
with another substance. 2. Chemical
erdukmµ ³ 1. RbtiikmµénGIuRdUEsnCamYysarFatuepSgeTot.
reaction in which an element gains an 2. RbtikmµKImIEdlFatumYycMeNjeGLicRtug¬mankarfycuHénva:Lg;
electron (has a decrease in positive
valence) or the loss of oxygen. It results viC¢man¦ b¤)at;bg;GuksIuEsn. vabNþaleGayfycuHcMnYnGuksIutkmµén
in the decrease in the oxidation number
of an atom. e.g. When heated with GatUm. ] enAeBlkMedACamYykabUn¬kUk¦EdkFe kñúgEr:EdkeGma:TIt
3+
carbon (coke), the iron Fe3+ in the iron

ore hematite (Fe203) gains electrons and (Fe 0 )cMeNj eGLicRtug nigRtUv)anrgerdukmµCaEdkelah³ Fe .
2 3
o
is reduced to metallic iron, Feo.

reduction cell : A vessel in which
aqueous solutions of salts or fused salts
Bilerdukmµ ³ epIgEdlmansUluysüúgravénGMbil b¤GMbilrlay
are reduced electrolytically. cUlKñaEdlrgerdukmµedayeGLicRtÚlIt.
reduction potential : The potential
difference involved in the reduction of a
b:Utg;Esülerdukmµ ³ plsgb:Utg;EsülEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbnßy
positively charged ion to a neutral form
or to a less highly charged ion, or of a
GIuyu:gbnÞúkviC¢maneTACaTMrg;NWt b¤eTACaGIuyug: bnÞúkTabCag b¤karbnßy
neutral atom to a negatively charged ion. énGatUmNWteTACaGIuyug: bnÞúk GviC¢man.
reference electrode : A nonpolarizable
electrode that has highly reproducible
eGLicRtÚteKal ³ eGLicRtÚtminGaceFVIbU:lkmµ)anEdlmanb:U:tg;-
potentials; used for pH measurements
and polarographic analyses; e.g. the
Esülplitx<s; nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karvas; pH nigkarviPaKb:ULar:U -
calomel electrode, silver-silver chloride RkaPic. ]TahrN_ eGLicRtÚtkaLÚEm:l eGLicRtÚtR)ak;-R)ak;kørY
electrode, and mercury pool.
nigRkum)ar:t.
reference material : A material or
substance whose properties are well
rYbFatueKal ³ rUbFatu b¤sarFatuEdllkçN³rbs;vaRtUv)aneKsÁal;
known and can be used for comparison
in calibrating apparatus, assessing a
c,as; ehIyGacRtUveRbIsMrab;kareRbóbeFobkñúgkarRkitxñat]bkrN_
measurement method or giving values to nigkarRbmaNviFIvas; b¤karvaytMélrUbFatuepSgeTot.
other materials.
reflectance spectrophotometry
Measurement of the ratio of radiation
:
viFIs,úicRtUpUtUmaRtcMNaMgRtLb; ³ rgVas;pleFobkaMrsIµcaMg
reflected from a light-diffusing specimen
to that reflected from a light-diffusing
RtLb; BIbdirUbsayBnøWeTAnwgkaMrsµIcaMgRtLb;mkBIbdirUbsþg;dasay
standard specimen. BnøW.

237
Reformatsky reaction : A condensation

type reaction between ketones and α-
Rbtikmµ Reformatsky ³ RbePTRbtiikmµµkugdg;kmµrvagestUn nig
bromoaliphatic acids in the presence of
zinc or magnesium. e.g. R2CO +
GasIut Gal;hVaRbÜ‘m:UGalIpaTickñúgvtþmanéns½gásI b¤ma:ejsüÚmdUcCa
BrCH2.COOR + Zn → (ZnO .HBr} + R2CO+BrCH2.COOR+Zn →(ZnO .HBr)+R2C(OH)CH2COOR .
R2C(OH)CH2COOR.
refractory hard metals : True chemical
compounds composed of two or more
elah³F¶n;Fn;kMedA ³ smasFatuKImIBitEdlbgáeLIgedayelah³BIr
metals in the crystalline form, and
having a very high melting point and
b¤eRcInkñúgsNæanRkam nigmancMNucrlayx<s;xøaMg.
high hardness.
regenerant : A solution whose purpose
is to restore the activity of an ion-
sarFatukMNeLIgvij ³ sUluysüúgEdlsMrab;begáIteLIgvijnUv
exchange bed. skmµPaBénkEnøgbNþÚrGIuy:ug.
regeneration : Restoration of
activity of a deactivated catalyst.
the
karbegáIteLIgvij ³ karekIteLIgvijénskmµµPaBrbs;katalIkr
Gskmµkmµ.
regioselective : A chemical reaction in
which the yield of one isomer, is greater
eRCIstMbn; ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHTinñplGIusUEmmYyFMCag
than that of the other products in the
reaction, Also known as regiospecific.
TinñplénplitpldéTeTotenAkñúgRbtikmµ. ehAmüa:geTotfa tMbn;
yfaRbePT.
regiospecific : See regioselective.
tMbn;yfaRbePT ³ emIl regioselective.
regular polymer : A polymer whose
molecules possess only one kind of unit
b:UlIEmeTogTat; ³ b:UlIEmEdllMdab;mUe: lKulrbs;vamanRbePTÉkta
in a sequence. EtmYyKt;.
Reichert-Meissl number : An indicator
of the measure of volatile soluble fatty
cMnYn Reichert-Meissl ³ GaMgDIkaT½rrgVas;GasIutxøaj;rlayehIr.
acids.
Reimer-Tiemann reaction : Formation
of phenolic aldehydes by reaction of
Rbtikmµ Reimer-Tiemann ³ Gal;edGIutepNUlicedayRbtikmµ
phenol with chloroform in the presence
of an alkali.
epNulCamYynwgkør:UpmkñúgvtþmanénGal;kaLaMg.
Reinsch test : A test for detecting small
amounts of arsenic, silver, bismuth, and
etsþ Reinsch ³ etsþsMrab;rkbrimaNtictYcénGaesnic R)ak; b‘Ísµú‘t
mercury. nig)art.
relative atomic mass (Ar) : Average
mass of a sample of atoms of an element,
ma:sGatUmeFüb (A ) ³ ma:smFüménGatUmPaKsMNakrbs;Fatu
r
as compared with 1/12 of the mass of a

carbon-12 atom.
mYyedayeRbobeFobCamYynwg 1/12énma:sGatUm kabUn 12.
relative density (specific gravity) : The
ratio of the density of a substance to the
dg;sIueteFob ³ pleFobéndg;sIuetsarFatumYyeTAnwgdg;sIuetsar-
density of a standard substance (usually
water).
Fatusþg;da ¬CaFmµtaKWTwk¦.
relative fugacity : See activity
PuykasIueteFob ³ emIl activity.
relative molecular mass : See
molecular weight.
m:asmU:elKul ³ emIl molecular weight.
relative stability test : A color test using
methylene blue that indicates when the
etsþPaBlMnwgeFob ³ etsþBN’’EdleRbII exovemTIIELnedIIm,IIibBa¢¢ak;
oxygen present in a sewage plant’s
effluent or polluted water is used up.
BIvtþmanGuksIuEsnenAkñúgRckbgðÚrecjénlUTwks¥úy b¤TwkkxVk;eRbIrYc.
relative volatility : The volatility of a
standard material whose relative
PaBehIreFob ³ PaBehIrrbs;rUbFatusþg;daEdlPaBehIreFobesIµmYy
volatility is by definition equal to one. tamniymn½y.

238
relaxation kinetics : A branch of

kinetics that studies chemical systems by
sIuenTicbn§Úr ³ EpñkénsIuenTicEdlsikSaGMBIRbB½n§KImIedaykarraraMg
disturbing their states of equilibrium and
making observations as they return to
PaBlMnwgrbs;va nigkarsegátenAeBlvaRtLb;eTArkPaBlMnwgvij.
equilibrium.
renal threshold : Maximum
concentration of a substance that can be
kMritRBMx½NÐtMrgenam ³ kMhab;GtibrmaénsarFatuEdlGacRtUv)an
effectively reabsorbed by the kidneys. If
the concentration exceeds this threshold,
RsUbykya:gmanRbsiT§PaBedaytMrgenam. ebIsinkMhab;elIsBIRBM
the substance will appear in the urine. x½NÐenH sarFatuenaHnwgeXIjmankñúgTwkenam.
repeating unit : The group of atoms that
is derived from a monomer and repeats
ÉktapÞÜn ³ RkumGatUmeRcInEdl)anmkBImUN : UEmehIym:UNUEmpÞÜnKña
throughout a polymer. Also known as
monomeric unit.
dEdl²begáIt)anCab:UlIEm. eKehAmüa:geTotfaÉktam:UNUEm.
repellency : Ability to repel water, or
being hydrophobic; opposite to water
PaBminRCab ³ lT§§PaBRcanTwwk b¤mincMNUlTwkEdlpÞúyeTAnwglT§PaB
wettability. RCabTwk nigesIm.
replication : The formation of an exact
mold of a solid that is thin enough for
sV½ytMeLIgeTV ³ karbegáItBum<énvtßúrwgeGay)anRtwmRtUvnigesþIglµm
penetration by an electron microscope
beam; can use plastic (such as collodion)
sMrab;;kareRCotcUleday)ac;BnøWmIRkUsáÚbeGLicRtUnic nigGaceRbI)øasÞic
or vacuum deposition (such as of carbon ¬dUcCa kULÚDIdüúg ¦ b¤karbB©ÚalsuBaØakas ¬dUcCakabUn b¤elah³¦edIm,I
or metals) to make the mold.
eFIVBum<.
repression : Regulation of gene
expression involving the turning off of
karTb; ³ kMENtMrUvénkarsMEdgEsnEdlcUlrYmbBaÄb;Esneday
genes by the presence of a compound. vtþmanénsmasFatu.
residual intensity : The intensity of
radiation at some wavelength in a
GaMgtg;sIuetsMNl; ³ GaMgtg;sIueténkaMrsIµenARbEvgrlkxøHkñúg
spectral line divided by the intensity in
the adjacent radiation.
bnÞat;s,úicEdlRtUv)anEbgEckedayGaMgtg;sIuetEdlmanenAkñúgkaMrsµI
Ek,renaH.
residue (residual) : What is left over,
remainder.
sMNl; ³ GVI²EdlenAsl; sMNl;.
resin : Any of a class of solid or
semisolid organic products of natural or
ersIun b¤Cr½½ ³ fñak;rbs;plitplsrIragÁrwgrWBak;;kNþalrwgEdlmankñúg
synthetic origin, that have no definite
melting point and generally high
FmµCatib¤manRbPBmkBIkarsMeyaKEdlmancMNucrlayminkMNt; nig
molecular weight; most resins are CaTUeTAmanma:sm:UelKulx<s;. ersIunPaKeRcInCab:UlIEm.
polymers.
resin matrix : The molecular network of
an ion exchange material that carries the
ersIunma:RTIs ³ bNþajm:UelKulénrUbFatubNþÚrGIuyu:gEdldwknaMRkum
ionogenic groups. GIuyU:NUEsn.
resinography : Science of resins,
polymers, plastics, and their products;
ersIuNURkaPI ³ viiTüasaRsþénersIuIn b:U:lIEm)aøsÞic nigplitplrbs;
includes study of morphology, structure,
and other characteristics relatable to
vaEdlrYmmankarsikSaBIrUbsaRsþ TMrg; niglkçN³epSgeTotEdlTak;
composition or treatment. TgeTAnwgsmasPaB b¤RbRBwtþkmµ.
resinoid : A thermosetting synthetic
resin either in its initial (temporarily
ersIuNUGIut ³ ersIunsMeyaKedaykMedAEdlGacenAkñúgPaBedIm¬rlay
fusible) or in its final (infusible) state. beNþaHGasnñ¦ b¤kñúgPaBbBa©b;rbs;va¬minrlay ¦.
resite : See C stage.
ersIut ³ emIl C stage.

239
resolution : The process of separating a

racemic mixture into the two component
karEjk ³ lMnaMénkarEjkl,ayra:esmiuceGayeTACaGIusUEmGubTic
optical isomers. See resolving power. BIrénFatubgá. emIl resolving power.
resolving power : A measure of the
ability of a spectroscope or
GMNacEjk ³ rgVas;énlT§PaBs,iúcTsSn_ b¤GaMgETEPr:UmaRtedIm,I
interferometer to separate spectral lines
of nearly equal wavelength, equal to the
EjkbnÞat;s,iúcEdlCMhanrlkmanRbEvgCitesIµKña nigesIµeTAnwgRbEvg
average wave-length of two equally mFüménCMhanrlkrbs;bnÞat;s,úicxøaMgBIresIµKñaEdlrUbPaBrbs;vaGac
strong spectral lines whose images can
barely be separated, divided by the RtUv)anEjk nigEckecjtamPaBxusKñaénCMhanrlk. eKehAmüa:g
difference in wavelengths; Also known
as resolution. eTotfa karEjk.
resonance : Representation of the
structure of a molecule with two or more
ersUNg; ³ kartagTMrg;énm:UelKulEdlmanrUbmnþdUcKñaBIrb¤eRcInedIm,I
similar formulae, so that the actual
structure is a hybrid. Also known as
eGayTMrg;BitmanlkçN³GIuRb‘Ít. eKehAmüa:geTotfaemsUemrIs.
mesomerism.
resonance hybrid : A molecule that may
be considered an intermediate between
GIuRb‘ÍtersUNg;; ³ m:UelKulEdlGaccatuTukfaCaFatukNþalrvagTMrg;
two or more possible structures. BIrb¤eRcInEdlGacman.
resonance ionization spectroscopy : A
spectroscopic technique in which single
karsikSas,úicersUNg;GIuy:ugkmµ ³ bec©keTss,iúcTsSn_ Edlkñúg
atoms in a gas are detected by a laser
which ionises them. Abbreviated RIS.
enaH GatUmeTalCaeRcInkñúg]sµ½nRtUv)anrkeXIjedayLaEs‘EdlbMEbk
vaCaGIuy:ug. eKehABakükat;xøIfa RIS.
resonance line : The line of longest
wavelength associated with a transition
bnÞat;ersUNg; ³ bnÞÞat;énCMhanrlkEvgbMputEdlrYmCamYyGnþrPaB
between the ground state and an exited
state.
rvagPaBedImnigPaBePJac.
resonance spectrum : An emission
spectrum resulting from illumination of a
s,iúcersUNg; ³ karbeBa©©js,iiúcbNþalBIIkarbeBa©jBnøøWénsarFatu
substance (usually a molecular gas) by
radiation of a definite frequency.
¬CaFmµtaCam:UelKul]sµ½n¦edaysµIEdlmaneRbkg;kMNt;.
resonance structure : See resonance
TMrg;ersUNg; ³ emIl resonance.
respiration : Oxidation of a compound
with transfer of electrons to an inorganic
kardkdegIðm ³ GuksIutkmµénsmasFatumYyEdlmankarepÞreGLic-
substance. Respiration using oxygen is
the principal source of energy in the
RtugeTAeGaysarFatuGsrIragÁ. kardkdegðImedayeRbIGuksIuEsnKWCa
body. RbPBsMxan;énfamBlkñúgsarBagÁkay.
restricted internal rotation
Restrictions on the rotational motion of
:
rgVilxagkñúgkMrit ³ kMritclnargVilrbs;mUe: lKul b¤Epñkénm:UelKul
molecules or parts of molecules in some
substances, such as solid methane, at
kñúgsarFatuxøHdUcCaemtanrwgenAsItuNðPaBmYycMnYn.
certain temperatures.
ret : The reduction or digestion of fibers
(usually linen) by enzymes.
Ert ³ karbnßy b¤karrMlaysrés¬CaFmµtaKWlIEnn¦ edayGg;sIum.
retention time : In gas chromatography,
the time at which the center, or
ry³eBlertg;süúg ³ ry:eBlEdlpi©t b¤BicsIuemRTIGtibrmaekItman
maximum of a symmetrical peak occurs
on a gas chromatogram.
elIRkuma:tURkam]sµ½nenAkñúgRkuma:tURkaPI]sµ½n.
rethrolone : A generic name for the
five-member ring portion of a pyrethrin.
erRtÚLÚn ³ eQµaHTUeTAsMrab;Epñkénvg;R)aMRCúgrbs;BIerRTIn.

240
retrogradation : 1. Generally, a process

of deterioration; a reversal or
karRtLb;fyeRkay ³ 1.CaTUeTA KWCalMnaMénkarfycuH b¤karRtLb;
retrogression to a simpler physical form,
2. A chemical reaction involving
fyeRkayeTACasNæanrUbgaypg. 2.RbtikmµKImIEdlTak;TgeTAnwg
vegetable adhesives, which revert to a C½rs¥itrukçCatiEdlbMElgeTACaTMrg;; m:UelKulgayCag.
simpler molecular structure.
retrograde condensation : When the
vapor phase in contact with a liquid may
kugdg;kmµRtLb; ³ enAeBlpascMhayb:HCamYyvtßúravvaGacrg
be condensed at constant temperature by
a decrease in pressure; or the vapor is
kugdg;kmµenAsItuNðPaBefredaykarfycuHénsMBaFb¤cMhayrgkugdg;
condensed at constant pressure, by an kmµenAsMBaFefredaykarekIneLIgénsItuNðPaB.
increase in temperature.
retrograde evaporation : When the
liquid phase in contact with the vapor
rMhYtRtLb; ³ enAeBlpasravb:HCamYycMhay vaGachYtenAsItuNð-
may be vaporised at constant
temperature, by an increase in pressure;
PaBefredaykarekIneLIgénsMBaF b¤vtßúravhYtenAsMBaFefredaykar
or the liquid is evaporated at constant fycuHénsItuNðPaB.
pressure, by a decrease in temperature.
retrosynthetic analysis : A method for
planning an organic chemical synthesis
karviPaKsMeyaKRtLb; ³ viFIeFVIEpnkarsMeyaKKImIsrIragÁEdlkñúg
in which the desired product molecule is
considered first, and then steps are
enaHm:UelKulénplitplcg;)anRtUv)anKitBicarNaCamun ehIydMNak;
considered that lead back to the karbnÞab;mkRtUv)anKitRtLb;eTArkrUbFatuEdlcab;epþImya:gsmRsb.
appropriate starting materials.
reversal spectrum : A spectrum
produced when bright white light passes
s,úiccMras ³ s,úicEdlekIteLIgenAeBlBnøWPWøBN’sqøgkat;]sµ½nkMBug
through a burning gas. The spectrum has
dark lines instead of the bright lines in
dutkMedA. s,iúcmanbnÞat;ggwtCMnYseGaybnÞat;PWøenAkñúgs,iúcsayecj
the emission spectrum of the gas. én]sµ½n.
reversal temperature : The temperature
of a source of radiation, when light from
sItuNðPaBcMras ³ sItuNðPaBénRbPBrsµIenAeBlEdlBnøWecjBI
this source is passed through a burning
gas and a given spectral line of the gas
RbPBenHqøgkat;]sµ½nkMBugdutkMedA nigbnÞat;s,úicén]sµ½nenaH)at;bg;.
disappears. Whereas at lower cMEnkÉenAsItuNðPaBTabCagvaelcecjCabnÞat;PøW nigenAsItuNðPaB
temperatures it appears as a bright line
and at higher temperatures it appears as a x<s;CagvaelcecjCabnÞat;ggwt.
dark line
reverse bonded-phase chromato-
graphy : A technique of bonded-phase
RkÚma:tURkaPIpassm<½nVRcas ³ bec©keTsénRkuma:tURkaPIpassm<½nV
chromatography in which the stationary
phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase
EdlkñúgenaHpasnwgmanlkçN³minb:UEl nigpascl½tmanlkçN³b:UEl.
is polar.
reverse deionization : A process in
which anion-exchange unit and a cation
edGIuy:ugkmµcMras ³ lMnaMEdlÉktabNþÚþrGaj:úg nigÉktabNþÚrkacug
exchange unit are used in sequence to
remove all ions from a solution.
RtUv)aneRbIbnþbnÞab;KñaedIm,Ipþac;ykGIuy:ugTaMgGs;ecjBIIsUluysüúg.
reversed-phase partition chromato-
graphy : Paper chromatography in
RkÚma:tURkaPIEbgEckpasb®Ba©as ³ RkUma:tURkaPIRkdasEdlkñúg
which the low-polarity phase (such as
paraffin, paraffin jelly or grease) is put
enaHpasb:UElexSay¬dUcCa)a:ra:PIn )a:ra:PIncahYy b¤xøaj;¦RtUv)andak;
onto the support (paper) and the high- elITMr¬Rkdas¦ nigpasb:UElxaøMg ¬dUcCaTwkGasIut b¤FaturMlaysrIragÁ¦
polarity phase (such as water, acids or
organic solvents) is allowed to flow over GachUrelIva)an.
it.
reversible electrode : An electrode
whose potential depends on charges that
eGLicRtÚtRtLb;)an ³ eGLicRtÚtEdlb:Utg;Esülrbs;vaGaRs½y
can reverse, in contrast to electrodes
used in electroplating and destroyed
eTAnwgbnÞúkEdlGacRtLb;)an pÞúyeTAnwgeGLicRtÚteRbIkñúgkareRsab
during their use. eGLicRtÚt nigRtUv)anbMpøajkñúgkMLúgeBleRbIR)as;va.

241
reversible inhibitor : Molecule that

binds temporarily to an enzyme and,
Fatubg¥ak;RtLb; ³ m:UelKulEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGg;sIumCabeNþaHGasnñ
while bound, reduces or eliminates the
activity of the enzyme.
nigenAeBlP¢ab;vabnßyb¤bM)at;skmµPaBGg;sIum .
reversible reaction : A chemical
reaction that can be made to proceed in
RbtikmµeTAmk ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlGacekItmaneLIgenAkñúgTisNamYy
either direction by variations in the
temperature, volume, pressure or
k¾)anedaybMErbMrUlsItuNðPaB maD sMBaF b¤brimaNrbs;Rbtikr b¤
quantities of reactants or products. plitpl.
RF value : In chromatography, the
distance traveled by the solvent front
tMél R ³ cMgaypøas;TIedayFaturMlayCYrmuxEcknwgcMgaypøas;TI
F
divided by the distance traveled by a

substance. It is a characteristic property
edaysarFatuenAkñúgRkuma:tURkahVI. vaCalkçN³sMKal;rbs;sarFatu.
of the substance.
rheopexy : A property of some sols,
having particles shaped like rods or
erGUeb:csIu ³ lkçN:rbs;dIxøHEdlmanPaKl¥itdUcragdMbg b¤sMEb:t
plates, which set to form a gel more
quickly when vibration is used to speed
EdlGacbegáItCaEClya:gqab;rh½sCag enAeBllMj½rRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I
up the orientation of the particles. begáInel,ÓnénkartMrg;Tisrbs;PaKl¥it.
rhombic : One of the seven crystal
systems into which substances can be
r:umb‘Íc ³ RbB½n§mYykñúgcMeNamRbBn½§RkamR)aMBIrEdlkñúgenaHsarFatu
classified based on the structure of their
unit cell. In rhombic crystals the sides a
TaMgLayGacRtUv)anEckCafñak;edayEp¥kelITMrg;énÉktamuxrbs;va.
≠ b ≠ c and the angles α = β = γ = 90o kñúgRkamr:umb‘ÍcRCug a ≠ b ≠ c ehIymMu α = β = γ = 90 .
o
ribonucleic acid (RNA) : Several kinds

of acidic macromolecules found in the
GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiuc ³ RbePTmYycMnYnénma:RkumUe: lKulGasIutenAkñúg
nucleus and other parts of the cell. éNVyU: nigEpñkepSg²eToténekasika.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : Ribonucleic
acid molecules found in ribosomes, the
GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucrIbUsUm ³ m:UelKulGasIutnuyekøGiucenAkñúgrIbUsUm
site of protein synthesis. CakEnøgsMeyaKRbUetGIun.
ribosome : Small organelle that is the
site of protein synthesis.
rIbUsUm ³ FatuekasikatUcEdlCakEnøgsMeyaKRbUetGIun.
Rice’s bromine solution : Analytical
reagent for the quantitative analysis of
sUluysüúgRbÚm Rice ³ FatubnÞal;viPaKsMrab;karviPaKbrimaNén
urea; has 12.5% bromine and sodium
bromide in aqueous solution.
Gu‘yer EdlmanRbÚm 12,5% nigsUdüÚmRbUmYkñúgsUluysüúgTwk.
rich mixture : An air-fuel mixture that
has a high concentration of fuel.
l,aysMbUr ³ l,ayxül;\n§n³EdlmankMhab;\n§n³x<s;.
Riegler’s test : Analytical test for
nitrous acid; uses sodium naphthionate
etsþ Riegler ³ etsþviPaKsMrab;GasIutnIRtWedayeRbIsUdüÚmNatüÚNat
and β-naphthol. nig β-NapþÚl.
ring : A closed loop of bonded atoms in
a chemical structure, e.g., benzene or
vg; ³ rgVg;biTénGatUmcgsm½<n§kñúgTMrg;KImI. ]TahrN_ bg;Esn
cyclohexane. b¤sIukøÚGiucsan.
ring closure : A chemical reaction in
which one part of an open chain of a
karbiTvg; ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHEpñkmYyénExSebIkrbs;mUe: lKul
molecule reacts with another part to form
a ring.
manRbtikmµCamYyEpñkmYYyepSgeTotedIm,IbegáItvg;.
ring isomerism : A type of geometric
isomerism in a ring which contains less
GIusUEmvg; ³ RbePTGIusUEmFrNImaRtkñúgvg;EdlmanGatUmticCag 8
than eight atoms, in which bond lengths
and bond angles prevent the existence of
ehIykñúgenaHRbEvgsm<½n§nigmMusm½<n§karBarGtßiPaBénTMrg;Rtg;ebIsinCa
the trans structure if substituents are FatuCMnYsRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgsm<½n§BIrCan;énkabUn. ]TahrN_ 1,2-
attached to double-bonded carbons; e.g.
1,2-dichlorocyclohexene. DIkørUsIukøÚGiucsan.

242
ring whizzer : A molecule in which

rapid rearrangements occur by
Fatuvilvg; ³ m:UelKulEdlkñúgenaHkartMerobya:grh½sekItmaneday
migrations around unsaturated organic
rings.
karrMkilenACMuvijvg;FatusrIragÁminEq¥t.
Ringer’s solution : A solution of 0.86
gram sodium chloride 0.03 gram
sUluysüúg Ringer ³ sUluysüúgEdlmansUdüÚmkørY 0,86 Rkam
potassium chloride, and 0.033 gram
calcium chloride in boiled purified
b:UtasüÚmkørY 0,03 Rkam nigkal;süÚmkørY 0,033 RkamenAkñúgTwkpSúT§BuH
water, used as a physiological salt ehIyRtUv)aneRbICasUluysüúgGMbilsrIr³.
solution.
RIS : See resonance ionization
spectroscopy.
RIS ³ emIl resonance ionization spectroscopy.
risk : Chance of exposure to injury,
danger or hazard.
eRKaHfñak; ³ »kasTTYlrgrbYs eRKaHfñak; b¤Gnþray.
Ritter reaction : A procedure for the
preparation of amides by reacting
Rbtikmµ Ritter ³ lMnaMsMrab;TegIVGamItedayRbtikmµGal;Esnb¤Gal;-
alkenes or tertiary alcohols with nitriles
in an acidic medium.
;kulfñak;bICamYynIRTIlkñúgmCÄdæanGasIut.
Ritz’s combination principle : The
empirical rule that states; the sums and
eKalkarN_bnSM Ritz ³ viFanBiesaFn_EdleBalfaplbUk nigpl
differences of the frequencies of spectral
lines often equal other observed
sgéneRbkg;rbs;bnÞat;s,úiceRcInEtesµInwgeRbkg;segátepSg²eTot.
frequencies. Also known as combination eKsÁal;pgEdrfaCaeKalkarN_bnSM.
principle.
rock : Hard solid mass of mineral
particles that have become cemented
fµ ³ ma:svtßúrwgEdlrwgénPaKli¥tEr:EdlpSaCab;Kñaya:grwg.
together.
rodenticide : Chemical used to kill
rodents (rats and mice). e.g. warfarin.
fñaMsMlab;stVkekr ³ sarFatuKImIEdleRbIsMrab;sMlab;stVkekr
¬kNþuúrERbg nigkNþúrRbemH¦ ]TahrN_ va:hVarIn.
Roentgen : Unit used to describe the
amount of energy deposited in 1 g of air
ernEsn ³ ÉktaeRbIsMrab;BN’nabrimaNfamBlEdlbeBa©jeday
by x-rays or gamma radiation. kaMrsIµGiuc b¤kaMrsµIhÁam:aeTAelIxül;mYyRkam.
Roentgen equivalent man (Rem) : Unit
that equates radiation damage caused by
smmUlernEsnmnusS (Rem) ³ ÉktaEdlesµInwgkarxUcxateday
alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. We
are exposed to about 10 mrem/month
kaMrsµIbgáedaykaMrsIµGal;hVa ebta nighÁam:a. eyIgTTYlRbEhl
from natural sources of radiation. 10mrem kñúgmYyExBIIRbPBkaMrsµIFmµCati.
Roentgen spectrometry : See x-ray
spectrometry.
karsikSas,iúcernEsn ³ emIl x-ray spectrum.
Roese-Gottlieb method : A solvent
extraction method used to obtain an
viFI Roese-Gottlieb ³ viFIcMraj;FaturMlayEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I
accurate determination of the fat content
of milk.
TTYl)ankarkMNt;Cak;lak;énbrimaNxøaj;énTwkedaH.
Rosenmund reaction : Catalytic
hydrogenation of an acid chloride to
Rbtikmµ Rosenmund ³ GIuRdUEsnkmµviPaKénGasIutkørIRDicedIm,I
form an aldehyde, in the presence of
sulfur to prevent the further
begáItCaGal;edGIutkñúgvtþmanéns<an;Fr½edIm,IkarBarkMueGaymanGIuRdU-
hydrogenation of the aldehyde. EsnkmµénGal;edGIutbnþeTot.
rosin ester : See ester gum.
eGEsÞrC½rs¥it ³ emIl ester gum.
rotating platinum electrode : Platinum
wire sealed in a soft glass tubing and
eGLicRtÚt)aøTInrgVil ³ ExS)aøTInEdlbiTbMBg;EkvTn; ehIyvilCab;
rotated constantly by a motor; used as
the electrode in amperometric titrations.
edaym:UT½r nigRtUv)aneRbICaeGLicRtÚtenAkñúgGRtakmµGMEBEm:Rt.
Abbreviated RPE. sresrkat;Ca RPE.

243
rotational constant : A constant

inversely proportional to the moment of
efrrgiVl ³ efrRcassmamaRteTAnwgm:Um:g;niclénm:UelKullIenEG‘ Edl
inertia of a linear molecule; used in
calculations of microwave spectroscopy
eRbIenAkñúgkarKNnaénkg;TUms,iúcsikSamIRkUrlk.
quantums.
rotational energy : For a diatomic
molecule, the difference between the
famBlrgiVl ³ sMrab;m:UelKulDIGatUmCaplsgrvagfamBlénm:Uel-
energy of the actual molecule and that of
an idealised molecule.
KulBitnigfamBlénm:UelKulsuTV.
rotational quantum number : A
quantum number J characterizing the
cMnYnkg;TUmrgiVl ³ cMnYnkg;TUm J EdlsMKal;lkçN³kMlaMgmMuEdlcUl
angular momentum associated with the
motion of the nuclei of a molecule.
rYmCamYynwgclnaéNVy:Urbs;mUe: lKul.
rotational spectrum: The molecular
spectrum resulting from transitions
s,iúcrgiVl ³ s,iúcm:UelKulEdl)anmkBIGnþrPaBrvagkMritrgiVlénm:Uel-
between rotational levels of a molecule. Kul.
rotational transition : A transition
between two molecular energy levels
GnþrPaBrgiVl ³ GnþrPaBrvagkMritfamBlénm:UelKulBIrEdlxusKñaEt
which differ only in the energy
associated with the molecule’s rotation.
famBlEdlcUlrYmCamYyrgiVlm:UelKul.
rotatory power : The product of the
specific rotation of an element or
GMNacvil ³ plitplénrgiVlyfaRbePTrbs;Fatu b¤smasFatu
compound and its atomic or molecular
weight.
nigGatUmrbs;va b¤ma:sm:UelKul.
rotaxane : A compound with two or
more independent portions not bonded to
r:Utak;san ³ smasFatumanEpñkminTak;TgKñaBIrb¤eRcInmincg
each other but linked by a linear portion
threaded through a ring and maintained
sm½<n§CamYyKña b:uEnþP¢ab;KñaedayEpñklIenEG‘cak;cUlkat;tamvg;
in this position by bulky end groups. nigrkSaTItaMgenHedaybNþMúRkumbBa©b;.
rounding : Process by which the
appropriate number of significant figures
viFIsMrYlTsPaK ³ lMnaMEdlelxxÞg;sMxan;²RtUv)anrkSaTuk bnÞab;BI
are maintained after an arithmetic
operation. e.g. if the number 6.543 is
karKNnaelx. ]TahrN_ elx 6,543RtUv)ansMrYlenARtwm Et 6,5.
rounded to 1 significant figure, it
becomes 6.5.
Rowland : A unit of length, formerly
used in spectroscopy, equal to
r:UvLg; ³ xñatRbEvgEdlBImunRtUv)aneRbIkñúgs,iúcsikSaesµInwg
999.81/999.94 angstrom, or 999,81/999,94 Gg;RsþÚm b¤RbEhl 0,99987 X 10 Em:Rt.
-10
approximately 0.99987 X 10-10 meter.
Rowland ghost : A false spectral line
produced by a diffraction grating, arising
bnÞat;s,iúcExøg ³ bnÞat;s,iiúcminBitEdlekIteLIgeday]bkrN_
from errors in groove position. DIR)ak;süúgbNþalmkBIPaBel¥ógénTItaMgcg¥Úr.
Rowland grating : See concave grating.
RbTas Rowland ³ emIl concave grating.
Rowland mounting : A mounting for a
concave grating spectrograph in which
kartMelIg Rowland ³ kartMelIgsMrab;s,iúcRtURkabRbTasptEdl
camera and grating are connected by a
bar forming a diameter of the Rowland
kñúgenaHma:sIunftnigRbTasRtUv)antP¢ab;edayr)aregáItCabnÞat;p©itén
circle, and the two run on perpendicular vg;Rowland ehIyma:sIunftnigRbTasrt;elIpøÚvEkgCamYyrgVHRbsBV
tracks with the slit placed at their
junction. Kñarbs;va.
RPE ³ emIl rotating platinum electrode.
RPE : See rotating platinum electrode.
rubber : A natural, synthetic; or

modified polymer from the sap of the
ekAs‘U ³ b:UlIEmFmµCati b:UlIEmsMeyaK b¤bUl: IEmkMENERbEdl)anmk
tree Hevea brasiliensis. It is a polymer of
isoprene and has elastic properties.
BIrukçrsénedImekAs‘U (Hevea brasiliensis).vaKWCab:UlIEménGIusUERbn
nig manlkçN³yWt.

244
rubber accelerator : A substance that

increases the speed of curing of rubber,
FatuBenøÓnekAs‘U ³ sarFatuEdlbegáInel,ÓnénkarEkécñekAs‘U dUcCa
such as thiocarbanilide. tüÚka)anIlIt.
ruling engine : A machine operated by a
long micrometer screw which rules
ma:sIunbMEbk ³ ma:sIunEdldMeNIrkaredayvIsmIRkÚEm:RtEvgEdleFIV
equally spaced lines on an optical
diffraction grating.
eGaymancenøaHbnÞat;esµIKñaenAelI]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúgGubTic.
rusting : Corrosion of iron (or steel) in
air to form a flaky layer of hydrated (III)
kareRcHsIu ³ kMNUtEdk¬b¤EdkEfb¦kñúgxül;edIm,IbegáItCaRsTab;Edl
iron oxide. rbkénEdk(III)GuksIutGIuRdaet.
Rutherford
spectrometry :
back
A
scattering
method of
s,iúcmaRtBRgayRtLb;; Rutherford ³ viFIkMNt;kMhab;rbs;Fatu
determining the concentrations of
various elements as a function of depth
epSg²KñaCaGnuKmn_énCMerAenAeRkamépÞPaKsMNak edaykarvas;;fam-
beneath the surface of a sample, by Bls,iúcrbs;GIuyug: EdlBRgayRtLb;ecjBI)ac;BnøWpÞal;enAelIépÞ.
measuring the energy spectrum of ions
which are backscattered out of a beam
directed at the surface.
Rydberg : See kayser.
rIEb‘r ³ emIl kayser.
Rydberg constant : Symbol R. A
constant that appears in the formulae for
efr Rydberg ³ nimitþsBaaØ R. efrEdleXIjkñúgrUbmnþþsMrab;s,iúc
atomic spectra and is related to the
binding energy between an electron and
GatUm nigmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgfamBlP¢ab;eGLicRtugCamYynwg
a nucleon. nuyekøGug.
Rydberg spectrum : An ultraviolet
absorption spectrum produced by
s,iúc Rydberg ³ s,iúcsMrUbsVayG‘ulRtaEdlekIteLIgedayGnþrPaB
transitions of atoms of a given element
from the ground state to states in which a
énGatUmrbs;FatuNamYysPaBedImeTAsPaBEdleGLicRtugeTalsßit
single electron occupies an orbital enAelIRsTab;Grb‘Ítal;enAq¶ayBIéNVy:U.
farther from the nucleus.
Rydberg: A unit of wave number
measured in cm-1. Also called kayser.
rItEb‘r ³ ÉktaéncMnYnrlk EdlRtUv)anvas;Ca cm . eKehAmüa:g
-1
eTotfaékEs‘.
S
sacrificial anode : Protection of metal
surface from electrolytic corrosion by
GaNUtbUCa ³ karkarBarépÞelah³BIkMNUteGLicRtUlItedaykar
applying a coating of a more active
metal to act as an anode and be
eRsabRsTab;elah³skmµCagedIm,IeFIVCaGaNUt nigRtUv)aneRbIkñúg
consumed in an electrochemical RbtikmµeGLicRtUGKÁisnI. ]TahrN_kareRsabEdkCamYys½gásIedIm,I
reaction. e.g. coating iron with zinc to
form galvanized iron. begáItCaEdkRClk;s½gásI.
safranines : Any of a group of
phenazine based dyes; some are used as
sa®hVanIn ³ Rkuménl½xedImepNasIun xøHRtUv)aneRbICal½xCIvsa®sþ.
biological stains.
salt : Metal-containing product of an
acid-base reaction. Salts are usually
GMbil ³ plitplmanelah³kñúgRbtikmµGasIut-)as. CaTUeTAGMbil
crystalline ionic compounds like NaCl. KWCasmasFatuGIuyU:nicRkamdUcCa NaCl.
salt bridge : A tube containing a
conducting solution used to connect half
s<anGMbil ³ bMBg; b¤RkdaspÞúksUluysüúgcMlgEdlRtUveRbIedIm,IP¢ab;
cells in a voltaic cell, it allows the
passage of ions from one compartment to
Bak;kNþalBilkñúgfµBilv:ulta. vaGnuBaaØtþeGayGIuyu:gqøgkat;BIft
another but prevents the solutions from mYyeTAftmYyepSgeTot b:uEnþkarBarsUluysüúgmineGaylaycUlKña
mixing completely.
TaMgRsug.

245
salt hydrolysis : A process in which the

cations or anions of a dissolved salt
GMbilGIuRdUlIs ³ lMnaMEdlkacugb¤Gaj:úgénGMbilrlayTTYYlGIuyug:
accept hydrogen ions from water or
donate hydrogen ions to water; solutions
GIuRdUEsnBITwk b¤eGayGIuyu:gGIuRdUEsneTATwk. sUluysüúgpÞúkGMbil
containing hydrolyzed salts may either GIuRdUlIs GacCaGasIut b¤)as.
be acidic or basic.
salt pan : A pool used for obtaining salt
by the natural evaporation of sea water.
xÞHGMbil ³ GageRbIsMrab;TTYlGMbilBIrMhYtedayFmµCatiénTwksmuRT.
Sandmeyer’s reaction : Conversion of
diazo compounds (in the presence of
Rbtikmµ Sandmeyer ³ bMElgsmasFatuDIGas ¬kñúgvtþmanGMbil
cuprous halogen salts) into halogen
compounds; used to prepare chloro- and
GaLÚEsnénTg;Edg¦ eTACasmasFatuGaLÚEsn. vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
bromo- substituted aromatic compounds. eFVIsmasFatuGar:Uma:TicEdlmanRkumCMnYskørUnigRbÚm:U.
saponification : Basic hydrolysis of an
ester to form the salt of the acid and the
sab‘Ukmµ ³ GIuRdUlIseGEsÞCamCÆdæanedIm,IbegáItGMbilénGasIutnig
alcohol. Salts of long chain fatty acids
are soaps.
Gal;kul. GMbilénGasIutxøaj;ExSEvgKWCasab‘U.
saponin : Plant glycosides characterised
by the ability to produce foam in water
sab:UnIn ³ KIøkUsIutrukçCatiEdlsMKal;edaylT§PaBbegáItBBuHkñúgTwk
and by producing hemolysis when water
solutions are injected into the
nigbegáIt GUm:UlIsenAeBlsUluysüúgTwkRtUv)ancak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgcrnþ
bloodstream; used as beverage foam Qam. vaRtUv)an eRbICaFatubegáItBBuHsMrab;ePsC¢³ FatuCMrHEk¥lsMrab;
producer, textile detergent, soap
substitute, and emulsifier. vaynPNÐ FatuCMnYssab‘U nigFatueGmulsüúg.
saturated calomel electrode : A
reference electrode of mercury topped by
eGLicRtUtkaLÚEm:lEq¥t ³ eGLicRtUteyagén)artEdlxagcugman
a layer of mercury (I) chloride paste
(calomel) with potassium chloride
RsTab;esþIgénemSA)art(I)kørY¬kaLÚEm:l¦CamYysUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmkørY
solution placed above. The standard dak;enAxagelI. b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;daKW –0,2415v:ul.
electrode potential is –0.2415 V.
saturated fatty acid : Fatty acid that has
no C to C double bonds.
GasIutxøaj;Eq¥t ³ GasIutxøaj;EdlKµankabUncgsm<½n§BIrCan;CamYy
Kña.
saturated hydrocarbon : Hydrocarbon
containing only single carbon-to-carbon
GIuRdUkabYEq¥t ³ GIuRdUkabYEdlmanEtsm<½n§mYyCan;rvagkabUnnigkabUn.
bonds.
saturated interference spectroscopy :
A version of saturation spectroscopy in
karsikSas,úicGaMgETepr:g;Eq¥t ³ kMENERbmYyéns,úicsikSaEq¥t
which the gas sample is placed inside an
interferometer that splits a probe laser
Edl kñúgenaHPaKsMNak]sµ½nRtUv)andak;kñúgGaMgETepr:UEm:Rt EdlbMEbk
beam into parallel components in such a )ac;BnøWLaEs‘sMrab;sÞg;eTACasmasPaKRsbKñatamrebobmYyEdlva
way that they cancel on recombination;
intensity changes in the recombined bBaÄb;karbnSMeLIgvij. karpøas;bþÚrGaMtg;sIuetkñúg)ac;BnøWsÞg;bnSMeLIg
probe beam resulting from changes in
absorption or refractive index induced by vijekIteLIgBIkarpøas;bþÚrsMrUbb¤snÞsSn_cMNaMgEbrbgáeday)ac;BnøW
a laser saturating beam are then
measured.
LaEs‘Eq¥tRtUv)anvas;enAeBlenaH.
saturated solution : A solution
containing the maximum amount of
sUluysüúgEq¥t ³ sUluysüúgpÞúkbrimaNFaturlayCaGtibrma
solute for a given amount of solvent at a
constant temperature and pressure; in a
sMrab;brimaNkMNt;énFaturMlayenAsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFefr. kñúg
saturated solution, the dissolved and sUluysüúgEq¥tFaturlay nigFatuminrlaysßitenACalMnwgDINamic.
undissolved solute are in dynamic
equilibrium.

246
saturation spectroscopy :
spectroscopic technique in which a laser
A
karsikSas,úicEq¥t ³ bec©keTss,úicsikSaEdlkñúgenaHBnøWLaEs‘RtUv
is used to locate extremely narrow
spectral lines that are free from Doppler
)an eRbIedIm,IrkbnÞat;s,úictUc²bMput EdlrYcputBIkarBRgIk Doppler
broadening and are thus very precise; dUecñH vaCak;lak;Nas;. vaRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IsikSaTMrg;GatUm m:UelKulnig
used to study atomic, molecular, and
nuclear structure, and to establish nuyekøEG‘ nigedIm,IkMNt;tMélCak;lak;sMrab;efrrUbmUldæan.
accurate values for fundamental physical
constants.
s-block element : A chemical element
whose valence shell contains s-electron
Fatubøúk -S ³ FatuKImIEdlRsTab;va:Lg;rbs;vamanEteGLicRtug-s
only, found in group 1 and 2 of the
periodic table.
b:ueNÑaH EdlRtUv)aneXIjenAkñúgRkum 1nig 2éntaragxYb.
scale : 1. A series for measurement. 2.
Calcium carbonate deposits that form on
maRtdæan ³ 1. es‘rIsMrab;rgVas;. 2. kMNkkal;süÚmkabUNatEdlk
the inside of a kettle or boiler from
boiling hard water.
ekIteLIgenAelIépÞxagkñúgénkMesov b¤qñaMgBIkardaMTwkrwg.
scavenger : A substance added to a
mixture or other system to remove or
sáav:g;Es‘ ³ sarFatuEdlRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIl,ay b¤RbB½n§epSgeTot
inactivate impurities. Also known as
getter.
edIm,Ipþac;rWGskmµkmµFatuminsuTV. eKsÁal;vapgEdrCaEkET.
Schiff test : A test for aldehydes and
ketones by using an aqueous solution of
etsþ Schiff ³ etsþsMrab;Gal;edGIutnigestUnedaykareRbIsUluysüúg
rosaniline that has been decolorised by
sulfurous acid. Aliphatic aldehydes
Twkénr:UsanIlInEdlRtUv)ansakBN’edayGasIuts‘ulpYric. Gal;edGIut
restore the pink quickly but aromatic GalIpaTiceLIgBN’páaQUkvijya:grh½s b:uEnþestUnGar:Uma:TicKµanpl
ketones have no effect. Aromatic
aldehydes and aliphatic ketones restore GIVeT. Gal;edGIutGar:Uma:Tic nigestUnGalIpaTiceLIgBN’vijya:gyWt.
the color slowly.
schiller layer : One of a series of layers
formed by sedimenting particles that
RsTab;FatucaMg ³ es‘rIénRsTab;kekIteLIgedayPaKl¥itkMeTckMN
exhibit bright co1ors in reflected light,
because the layers are separated by
EdlbgðajBN’PøWepøkqøúHBnWøeRBaHRsTab;TaMgenaHRtUv)anEjkedaycMgay
approximately equal distances, with the CitesIµKñaKWmancMgayénlMdab;dUcKñaénTMhMdUcCaRbEvgrlkénBnøWemIl
distances being of the same order of
magnitude as the wavelength of visible eXIj. eKehAmüa:geTotfaRsTab;BN’\nVnU.
light. Also known as iridescent layer.
Schotten-Baumann reaction : An
acylation reaction that uses an acid
Rbtikmµ Schotten-Baumann ³ RbtikmµGal;sIulkmµEdleRbIGasIut-
chloride in the presence of dilute alkali
to acylate the hydroxyl and amino group
kørIRDickñúgvtþmanGal;kalIravedIm,IeFIVGal;sIulkmµRkumGIuRduksIul nig
of organic compounds. GamINUénsmasFatusrIragÁ.
Schrödinger wave equation : An
equation which can describe the shapes
smIkarrlk Schrödinger ³ smIkarEdlGacBN’naBIragGrb‘Ítal;
of atomic orbitals by determining the
probability of finding an electron in the
GatUmedaykarkMNt;RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarRbTHeXIyeGLicRtugkñúglMhCMuvi
space around an atom. jGatUm.
Schweitzer’s reagent : An ammoniacal
solution of cupric hydroxide: used to
FatubnÞal; Schweitzer ³ sUluysüúgGam:Uja:k;énTg;EdgGIuRduksIut
dissolve cellulose, silk and linen, and to
test for wool.
EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;rMlayEsluyLÚs sURt nigRkNat; nigsMrab;eFIV
etsþELn.
scientific method : A method of enquiry
that involves observations, hypotheses,
viFIviTüasaRsþ ³ viFIsikSaRsavRCavEdlrYmmankarGegát smµtikmµ
and experiments to formulate theories. nigBiesaFn_sMrab;begáItRTwsþI.

247
scientific notation : Process of writing a

measurement or computed result as a
sBaØaNviTüasaRsþ ³ lMnaMénkarsresrBIrgVas;b¤lT§plEdl)an
number between 1 and 10 times a power
of 10. It is particularly useful in rounding
KNna dUcCacMnYncenøaHBI 1 eTA 10 KuNnwgsV½yKuNén10. vaman
off and presenting results to the RbeyaCn_BiesskñúgviFIsMrYlTsPaK ehIynigkarbgðajlT§plBIcMnYn
appropriate number of significant
figures. smRsbéntYelxsMxan;².
scintillation : Flash of light given off
when an atom is struck by a nuclear
karbeBa©jBnøW ³ kareGayBnøWenAeBlEdlGatUmRtUv)anb:HedayPaK
particle or gamma ray. l¥IténéNVy:Ub¤kaMrsIµháama: .
scintillation detector : Detector used
principally for detecting gamma rays.
edticT½rvas;karbeBa©jBnøW ³ edticT½rEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ivas;
Photons striking the detector knock
electrons from atoms; as these electrons
kaMMrsIµháama:. pUtugEdlb:HnwgedticT½r)aneFIVeGayvabeBa©jeGLicRtug
fall back to lower energy positions in ecjBIGatUm. edayeGLicRtugFøak;eTArkTItaMgEdlmanfamBlTab
their atoms, light is given off. This light
is observed by a photomultiplier tube, kñúgGatUmrbs;va BnøWRtUv)anbeBa©j. BnøWenHRtUv)ansegátemIleday
and the passage of the particle is
recorded. bMBg;begáInBnøW ehIykarqøgkat;énPaKl¥itRtUv)ankt;RtaTuk .
secondary alcohol : An organic
compound with molecular structure
Gal;kulfñak;BIr ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanTMrg;m:UelKul R R 1 2-
R1R2CHOH, where R1 and R2 designate CHOH Edl R nig R CaRkumGal;KIlEdldUcKñaebHbiTb¤xusKña.

1 2
either identical or different alkyl groups.
secondary amine : An organic
compound that may be written R1R2NH.
GamInTIBIr ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlGacsresrR R NHEdl R nig
1 2 1
where R1 and R2 designate either R CaRkumGal;KIlEdldUcKñaebHbiTb¤xusKña.

2
identical or different alkyl groups.
secondary carbon : Carbon atom that is
bonded to two other carbons.
kabUnfñak;BIr ³ GatUmkabUnEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgkabUnBIrepSgeTot.
secondary cell : A voltaic cell which
produces an electric current by a
fµBilTIBIr¬mFüm¦ ³ fµBilv:ultaEdlbegáItcrnþGKÁisnIeday
chemical reaction, which can be
recharged by passing an electric current
RbtikmµKImIEdlGacbBa©ÚlePIøgedaykarbBa¢ÚncrnþGKÁisnIqøgkat;kñúgTis
through in the opposite direction (unlike edApÞúyKña¬mindUcfµBilbzmeTEdlminGacbBa©ÚlePøIg)an¦. emIl
a primary cell which cannot be
recharged). See lead-acid accumulator. lead-acid accumulator.
secondary hydrogen : A hydrogen atom
that is bonded to a secondary carbon
GIuRdUEsnfñak;BIr ³ GatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlcgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUm
atom. kabUnfñak;BIr.
secondary structure : Helical or pleated
structure of a protein that is due to
TMrg;TIBIr ³ TMrg;GgÁÜjb¤Capñt;énRbUetGIunEdlbNþalmkBIsm<½n§GIuRdU-
hydrogen bonding between atoms of the
polypeptide backbone.
EsnrvagGatUmTaMgLayrbs;eRKagb:UlIbiubTIt.
second-order reaction : A reaction
whose rate of reaction is determined by
RbtikmµlMdab;TIBIr ³ RbtikmµEdlel,ÓnRtUv)ankMNt; edaykMhab;
the concentration of two chemical
species.
énRbePTKImIBIr.
sedimentation : The settling of a
suspension.
karrg ³ karrgcuHénkkrvilvl;.
sedimentation : The settling of
suspended particles within a liquid under
kMNkMeTc ³ karrgkkénPaKli¥tvilvl;kñúgvtßúraveRkamGMeBIénRbCMu
the action of gravity or a centrifuge. TMgn;b¤RbTajecj.
sedimentation balance : A device to
measure and record the weight of
CBa¢IgkMNkMeTc ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;vas;nigkt;RtaTMng;kMeTckMN ¬PaK
sediment (solid particles settled out of a
liquid) versus time; used to determine
li¥trwgrgkkrkñúgvtßúrav¦Tl;nwgry³eBlEdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kMNt;
particle sizes of fine solids. TMhMPaKl¥itrwgtUc².

248
sedimentation equilibrium : The

equilibrium between the forward
lMnwgkMNkMeTc ³ lMnwgrvagclnaeTAmuxénRBMx½NÐkMeTckMNvtßúrav
movement of a sample’s liquid-sediment
boundary and reverse diffusion during
rbs;PaKsMNak nigbnSayb®Ba©askñúgeBlclnaRbTajecjEdlRtUv
centrifugation; used in molecular-weight )aneRbIkñúgkarkMNt;TMgn;m:UelKulsmasFatu.
determinations.
sedimentation velocity : The rate of
movement of the liquid-sediment
el,Ónrg ³ el,ÓnénclnaRBMx½NÐkMeTckMNvtßúravkñúgRbdab;pÞúkPaK
boundary in the sample holder during
centrifugation; used in molecular weight
sMNakkñúgeBlclnaRbTajecjEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarkMNt;TMgn;
determinations. m:UelKulsmasFatu.
seed : A small, single crystal of a desired
substance added to a solution to induce
RKab;Rkam ³ RkameTaltUcénsarFatuEdlRtUvkarbEnßmeTAkñúgsUluy-
crystallization. süúgedIm,IbgákMNkRkam.
segment : A specific portion of an
amount of a substance that is to be
kMNat; ³ EpñkmYyénbrimaNsarFatuEdlRtUvviPaKtamrebobKImI.
chemically analyzed.
selective inhibition : See selective
poisoning.
karbg¥ak;CMerIs ³ emIl selective poisoning.
selective poisoning : Retardation of the
rate of one catalyzed reaction more than
karbMBulCeRmIs ³ karBnüWtel,ÓnRbtikmµkatalIsmYyEdlelOn
that of another reaction by the use of a
catalyst poison. Also known as selective
CagRbtikmµmYyeTotedaykareRbIkatalIkrBul. RtUv)ansÁal;pgEdr
inhibition. fakarbg¥ak;CeRmIs.
selectivity : The ability of a type of
method or instrumentation to respond to
PaBCeRmIs ³ lT§PaBénviFI b¤]bkrN_mYyRbePTEdleqøIytbeTA
a specified substance or constituent and
not to others.
nwgsarFaturWFatubgáyfaRbePTnigmineqøIytbnwgsarFaturWFatubgáepSg
eTot.
self-absorption : Reduction of the
intensity of the center of an emission line
s½VysMrUb ³ karbnßyGaMgtg;sIueténmCÆmNÐlExSbnÞat;beBa©jBnøW
caused by selective absorption by the
cooler portions of the source of
EdlbNþal mkBIsMrUbCeRmIsedayEpñkRtCak;énRbPBkaMrsµI. vaRtUv
radiation. Also known as self-reduction, )aneKehAmüa:geTotfasV½ybnßy sV½ycMras;.
self-reversal.
self-poisoning : Inhibition of a chemical
reaction by a product of the reaction.
sV½yBMnul ³ karbg¥ak;énRbtikmµKImIedayplitplénRbtikmµ. va
Also known as auto-poisoning. RtUv)aneKehAmüa:geTotfaBMnulsV½yRbvtþi.
self-reduction : See self-absorption.
sV½ybnßy ³ emIl self-absorption.
self-reversal : See self-absorption.
sV½ycMras; ³ emIl self-absorption.
Seliwanoff’s test : A color test helpful in
the identification of ketoses like fructose,
etsþ Seliwanoff ³ etsþBN’EdlCYykñúgGtþsBaØaNkmµénestUsdUcCa
which develop a red color with
resorcinol in hydrochloric acid.
RPuctUs EdleLIgtBN’RkhmCamYyersrsIuNulkñúgGasIutkørIRDic.
semi-microanalysis : A chemical
analysis procedure in which the weight
mIRkUviPaKBak;kNþal ³ TMrg;viPaKKImIEdlkñúgenaHTMgn;énPaKsMNak
of the sample is between 10 and 100
milligrams.
enAcenøaHBI 10 eTA 100 mIlIRkam.
semiconductor : Crystalline material
with an electrical conductivity between
rUbFatucMlgBak;KNþal ³ rUbFatuRkamEdlmanPaBcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI
that of metals (good) and insulators
(poor).
rvagelah³¬l¥¦ nigGIusULg;¬exSay¦.

249
semiconservative replication : Process

that produces two DNA molecules from
sV½ytMelIgeTVtamrebobrkSaTukBak;kNþal ³ lMnaMplit ADN
one. The process is semiconservative
because each daughter DNA molecule
BIrm:UelKulecjBI ADN mYym:UelKul. lMnaMenHRtUvrkSaTukBak;kNþal
receives one of the strands from the edayehtufam:UelKul ADN kUnTTYlRcvak;mçagBImU:elKulem.
parent molecule.
semi-empirical computation
Computation of the geometry of a
:
karKNnaGDÆBiesaF ³ karKNnaFrNImaRténm:UelKuledaykar
molecule by using parameters that have
been experimentally determined for
eRbI)a:ra:Em:RtEdl)ankMNt;edayBiesaFn_sMrab;m:UelKulRsedogKña.
similar molecules.
semiforbidden line : A spectral line
associated with a semi forbidden
bnÞat;hamXat;Bak;kNþal ³ bnÞat;s,úicEdlrYmCamYyGnþrPaB
transition. hamXat;Bak;kNþal.
semimetal : See metalloid.
elah³GMpUET ³ emIl metalloid.
sensing zone technique : Particle-size
measurement in a dilute solution, with
bec©keTsdwgtamtMbn; ³ karvas;TMhMénPaKl¥itkñúgsUluysüúg
fine particles passed through a small hole
so that individual particles may be
ravedayeGayPaKli¥ttUc²qøgkat;rn§tUc EdleFIVdUecñHPaKl¥itnimYy²
observed and measured by electrolytic, GacRtUv)ansegátnigvas;edayviFIeGLicRtUlITic pUTic b¤sUnic.
photic, or sonic methods.
sensitive : Responsive to slight changes.
rYs ³ eqøIytbeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrbnþicbnþÜc.
separatory funnel : A funnel-shaped
device used for the careful and accurate
LavEjk ³ ]bkrN_manragCaLaveRbIsMrab;EjkvtßúravBIrEdlminGac
separation of two immiscible liquids; a
tap on the funnel stem controls the rate
laycUlKña)an. r:Ub‘ÍenenAksþÜcénLavRtYtBinitüel,Ón nigbrimaNhUr
and amount of outflow of the lower ecjénvtßúravEdlenAxageRkam.
liquid.
sequestering agent : A substance that
removes a metal ion from a solution
Pñak;garbNþac; ³ sarFatuEdlpþac;GIuyu:gelah³ecjBIRbB½n§sUluy-
system by forming a complex ion that
does not have the chemical reactions of
süúgedaykarbegáItCaGIuyu:gsaMjaMúEdlminmanRbtikmµKImICamYyGIuyu:g
the ion that is removed; can be a elah³enaHeT. vaGacCaPñak;garekLatb¤Pñak;gareFVIeGaysaMjaMú.
chelating or a complexing agent.
series : 1. A group of results of repeated
analyses completed by using a single
es‘rI ³ 1. RkumlT§plénkarviPaKdEdl²EdlbMeBjedaykareRbIviFI
analytical method on samples of a
homogeneous substance. 2. A collection
viPaKelIPaKsMNakénsarFatuesµIsac;.
of spectral lines of an atom or ion for a 2. karRbmUlpþúMbnÞat;s,úicénGatUm b¤GIuyu:gCaQuténGnþrPaBmanc,ab;
set of transitions with the same selection
rules, to a single final state; often the CMerIsdUcKñaeTAdl;PaBbBa©b;mYy. CaerOy²eRbkg;manrUbmnþTUeTA
[R/(a + c ) ) –[R/(n + c ) ] Edl R KWCaefr RydbergsMrab;GatUm a
frequencies have the general formula; 2 2
[R/(a + c1)2) –[R/(n + c2)2] where R is 1 2
the Rydberg constant for the atom, a and

c1 and c2 are constants, and n takes on the
nig c nig c KWCacMnYnefr nig n KWCacMnYnKt;FMCag a sMrab;bnÞat;epSg²
1 2
values of the integers greater than a for kñúges‘rI. ]TahrN_ es‘rI Balmer, Lymen, Paschen.
the various lines in the series. e.g.
Balmer, Lymen, Paschen series.
set : The hardening or solidifying of a
plastic or liquid substance.
karrwg ³ kareFIVeGayrwgb¤kareFIVeGayeTACavtßúrwgénsarFatu)aøsÞicb¤rav.
shape : Physical state or form,
configuration.
rUbrag ³ sPaBrUb b¤RTg;RTay rUbsNæan.

250
sharp series : A series occurring in the

line spectra of many atoms and ions with
es‘rIkMNt; ³ es‘rIekIteLIgkñúgs,úicbnÞat;énGatUmb¤GIuyug: CaeRcInEdl
one, two, or three electrons in the outer
shell, in which the total orbital angular
maneGLicRtugmYy BIr b¤bIkñúgRsTab;eRkAEdlkñúgenaHcMnYnkg;TUmm:Um:g;
momentum quantum number changes mMuGrb‘Ítal;srubpøas;bþÚrBI 0 eTA 1.
from 0 to I.
shift : A small change in the position of
a spectral line that is due to a
rMkil ³ karpøas;bþÚrtictYcénTItaMgbnÞat;s,úicEdlbNþalmkBIkarpøas;
corresponding change in frequency
which, in turn results from one or more
bþÚrRtUvKñaéneRbkg;Edl)anTTYllT§plBIbuBVehtumYyb¤eRcIndUcCapl
of several causes, such as the Doppler Doppler.
effect.
Shpol’skii effect : The occurrence of
very narrow fluorescent lines in the
pl Shpol’skii ³ karekIteLIgénbnÞat;cMNaMgBnøWtUcNas;kñúgs,úic
spectra of certain compounds from
molecules frozen at low temperatures.
énsmasFatuxøHBImUe: lKulEdlkkenAsItuNðPaBTab.
side chain : A grouping of similar atoms
(two or more, generally carbons, as in
ExSxag¬Exñg¦ ³ RkumGatUmdUcKña¬GatUmBIrb¤eRcIn CaTUeTAkabUn dUcCa
the ethyl radical C2H5-) that branches off
from a straight chain or cyclic
kñúgra:DIkal;eGTIl¦EdlEbkCaExñgBIExSRtg; b¤mUe: lKulsIuKøic¬]TahrN_
molecule(e.g. benzene). Also known as bg;Esn¦. eKehAmüa:geTotfaExSExñg.
branch; branched chain.
side reaction : A secondary or
subsidiary reaction that takes place
RbtikmµbnÞab;bnSM ³ RbtikmµTIBIrEdlekIteLIgdMNalKñaCamYy
simultaneously with the reaction of
primary interest.
RbtikmµsMxan;dMbUg.
siderophile element : An element with a
weak affinity for oxygen and sulfur and
Fatusayr:UPIl ³ FatuEdlmankMritcMNUlexSaycMeBaHGuksIuEsnnig
that dissolves easily in molten iron;
includes iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum,
s<an;F½r nigEdlrlayya:ggayRsYlkñúgEdkrlay rYmmanEdk nIEkl
gold, tin, and tantalum. kU)al; )øaTIn mas sMN)a:haMg nigtg;taLUm.
sigma (σ) bond : Two electrons shared sm<½n§sIucma: (σ) ³ eGLicRtugBIrdak;rYmKñakñúgGrb‘Ítal;EdlRtYtKña
in overlapped orbitals on the axis
between two covalently bonded atoms. elIG½kSrvagGatUmBIr Edlcgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;.
sigmatropic shift : A rearrangement
reaction that consists of the migration of
rMkilsiucma:RtUBic ³ RbtikmµtMerobeLIgvijEdlrYmmanbMlas;TIsm<½n§
a sigma bond and the group of atoms that
are attached to it from one position in a
siucma:nigRkumGatUmEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgvaBITItaMgmYykñúgExSb¤vg;eTATItaMgfIµ.
chain or ring into a new position.
significant figures : Digits in a
measured or computed number that are
elxeRkamek,óscaM)ac; ³ elxtYKNnanigmann½yRKb;RKan;.
meaningful. Arithmetic operations
sometimes artificially create additional
RbmaNviFInBVnþCYnkalmantYelxtamnimtþsBaØa. lT§plénRbmaN
digits. The result of multiplication or viFIKuN b¤EckminRtUvmancMnYnxÞg;eRkayeRcInek,óselIsBIcMnYnxÞg;
division operations may never have more
significant figures than the least certain eRkayek,óscaM)ac;eLIy. lT§plénRbmaNviFIbUkb¤dkminRtUvman
number used in the operation. The result
of an addition or subtraction operation xÞg;eRkayek,óselIsBIcMnYnxÞg;eRkayek,óscaM)ac;.
may never have more numbers after the
decimal place than the least certain
number used in the operation.
simple protein : Protein containing only
amino acids.
RbUetGIungay ³ RbUetGIunEdlmanEtGasIutGamIen.
single bond (covalent) : a pair of
electrons shared between two atoms
sm<½n§eTal¬kUva:Lg;¦ ³ KUeGLicRtugdak;rYmrvagGatUmBIr Edlcg
holding them together. P¢ab;vaCab;Kña.

251
single-replacement reaction : A
chemical reaction in which an element
RbtikmµCMnYs ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHFatumYyCMnYsFatumYyeTot
replaces one element in a compound. kñúgsmasFatu.
singlet : A spectral line that cannot be
resolved into components at even the
siugKIøt ³ bnþat;s,úicEdlminGacedaHRsay)ankñúgsmasPaKsUm,I
highest resolution. EtkaredaHRsayEdlx<s;CageK.
Skraup synthesis : A method for the
preparation of commercial synthetic
sMeyaK Skraup ³ viFIplitKINUlInsMeyaKEbbBaNiC¢kmµ edaykar
quinoline by heating aniline and glycerol
in the presence of sulfuric acid and an
dutkMedAGanIlInnigKIøesr:ulkñúgvtþmanGasIuts‘ulpYricnigPñak;garGuksIut-
oxidizing agent to form pyridine kmµedIm,IbegáItBIrIDInKINUlInKµanRkumCMnYs.
unsubstituted quinolines.
smectic phase : A form of the liquid
crystal (mesomorphic) state in which
passµicTic ³ TMrg;PaBCaRkamrav¬emsUmrhVic¦ EdlkñúgenaHm:UelKul
molecules are arranged in layers that are
free to glide over each other with
tMerobkñúgRsTab;EdlGacrMkilelIKñaedayel,ÓnyWtlµm. m:UelKulEkg
relatively small viscosity. Molecules are eTAnwgRsTab;.
perpendicular to the layers.
smectic-A : A subclass of smectic liquid
crystals in which molecules are free to
sµicTic-A ³ fñak;rgénRkamravsµicTicEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulpøas;TIeday
move within layers and are oriented
perpendicular to the layers.
esrIkñúgRsTab; nigRtUv)antMrg;TisEkgeTAnwgRsTab;.
smectic-B : A subclass of smectic liquid
crystals in which molecules in each layer
sµicTic-B ³ fñak;rgénRkamravsµicTicEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulkñúgRsTab;
are arranged in a close-packed lattice and
are oriented perpendicular to the layers.
nimYy²RtUv)antMerobkñúgRbTasENnCit nigRtUv)antMrg;TisEkgeTAnwg
RsTab;.
smectic-C : A subclass of smectic liquid
crystals in which molecules are free to
sµicTic-C ³ fñak;rgénRkamravsµicTicEdlkñúgenaHm:UelKulpøas;TIeday
move within layers and are oriented with
their axes tilted with respect to the
esrIkñúgRsTab; nigRtUv)antMrg;TisCamYyG½kSRsTab;EdleRTteTAtam
normal to the layers. PaBFmµtacMeBaHRsTab;.
smectogenic solid : A solid which will
form a smectic liquid crystal when
vtßúrwgsµictUesnic ³ vtßúrwgEdlnwgbegáItCaRkamravsµicTicenAeBldut
heated. kMedAva.
smoldering : Combustion of a solid
without a flame, often with emission of
kareqHgM ³ cMehHénvtßúrwgEdlKµanGNþatePøIg eRcInEtmankarbeBa©j
smoke. EpSg.
soap : Detergent consisting of the salt of
a long-chain fatty acid.
sab‘U ³ FatuCMrHEk¥lEdlbgáeLIgedayGMbilénGasIutxøaj;ExSEvg.
sodium bisulfite test : A test for
aldehydes in which aldehydes form a
etsþsUdüÚmb‘Ís‘ulPIt ³ etsþsMrab;Gal;edGIutEdlkñúgenaHGal;edGIut
crystalline salt after addition of a 40%
aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite.
begáItCaGMbilRkambnÞab;BIkarbEnßmsUluysüúg 40%énsUdüÚmb‘Ís‘ul-
PIt.
soft water : Water not containing salts
of calcium or magnesium. With soap,
TwkTn; ³ TwkEdlKµanpÞúknUvGMbilénkal;süÚm b¤m:aejsüÚ:m. CamYy
soft water forms a lather easily. sab‘U TwkTn;kMenItCaBBuHy:aggay.
sol : A colloidal solution consisting of
small solid particles dispersed in a liquid
sul ³ sUluysüúgkULÚGIutEdlbgáeLIgBIPaKl¥itrwgtUc²BRgaykñúg
medium. mCÄdæanrav.
solation : The change of a substance
from a gel to a sol.
sULasüúg ³ karpøas;bþÚrénsarFatuBIECleTAsul.

252
sol-gel glass : An optically transparent

amorphous silica or silicate material
EkvsUl-ECl ³ sIulIsb¤rUbFatunisNæanføaqøúHsIulIkatEdlplit
produced by forming interconnections in
a network of colloidal, submicrometer
edaykarkekItGnþrCMnab;kñúgbNþajénPaKl¥itkULÚGIut b¤PaKl¥ittUclµm
particles under increasing viscosity until eRkamkarbegáInPaBGn§ilrhUtTal;EtbNþajenaHrwgTaMgRsugEdlman
the network becomes completely rigid,
with about one-half the density of glass. dg;sIuetRbEhl 1/2éndg;sIuetEkv.
solid : State of matter in which the
material has a definite shape and
vtßúrwg ³ lkçN³énrUbFatuEdlmanragnigmaDkMNt;. minEmnvtßúrav
volume; not liquid or gas, composed of
one substance throughout.
b¤]sµ½nEdlbgáeLIgedaysarFatumYyTaMgmUl.
solidus curve : A curve on the phase
diagram of a system with two
ExSekagsUlIDus ³ ExSekagelIdüaRkampasénRbB½n§mansmasPaK
components which represents the
equilibrium between the liquid phase and
BIrEdltageGaylMnwgrvagpasrav nigpasrwg.
the solid phase.
solubility : The amount of substance that
dissolves in a given quantity of solvent
kMritrlay ³ brimaNénsarFatuEdlrlayenAkñúgbrimaNFatu
at specified conditions of temperature
and pressure to produce a saturated
rMlaykMNt;enAl½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFkMNt;edIm,IbegáItsUluy-
solution. süúgEq¥t.
solubility curve : A graph showing the
concentration of a substance in its
ExSekagkMritrlay ³ RkabEdlbgðajBIkMhab;énsarFatukñúg
saturated solution in a solvent as a
function of temperature.
sUluysüúgEq¥trbs;vakñúgFaturMlayeTAtamsItuNðPaB.
solubility product (Ks.) : the product of
the concentrations of ions in a saturated
plKuNkMritrlay ¬K ¦ ³ plénkMhab;rbs;GIuyu:gkñúgsUluysüúg
S
solution. Eq¥t.
solubility product constant : A type of
simplified equilibrium constant, Ksp,
efrplKuNkMritrlay ³ RbePTénefrlMnwggay K EdlRtUv)ansp
defined for and useful for equilibria

between solids and their ions in solution;
kMNt;nigmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHlMnwgrvagvtßúrwgnigGIuy:ugrbs;vakñúgsUluy-
e.g., AgCl(s) ⇔ Ag+ + Cl-, süúg. ]TahrN¾ smIkarlMnwg AgCl ⇔ Ag + Cl
(s)
+ -
Ksp = [Ag+].[CI-] where [Ag+] and [CI-]

are molar concentrations of silver ions K = [Ag ] . [CI ] Edl [Ag ] nig [CI ] KWCakMhab;m:UlénGIuy:ugR)ak;
sp
+ - + -
and chloride ions.

nigGIuy:ugkør.
soluble : Capable of being dissolved.
rlay)an ³ EdlGacRtUvrMlay.
solute : Material that is dissolved in the
solvent.
Faturlay ³ sarFatuEdlRtUvrlaykñúgFaturMlay.
solution : A homogenous mixture of two
or more substances (solvent and solute)
sUluysüúg ³ l,ayesµIsac;énsarFatuBIrb¤eRcIn¬FaturMlaynigFatu
that is clear and uniform throughout.
Molecules or ions of solute are dispersed
rlay¦ EdlføanigdUcKñaTaMgGs;. m:UelKulb¤GIuyug: énFaturlayRtUv
evenly throughout the mixture. BRgayesµIKñaTaMgGs;kñúgl,ay.
solution pressure : 1. A measure of the
tendency of molecules or atoms to cross
sMBaFsUluysüúg ³ 1. sMBaFénTMenarm:UelKulb¤GatUmkñúgkarqøg
a bounding surface between phases and
to enter into a solution. 2. A measure of
kat;épÞRBMx½NÐrvagpas nigedIm,IcUleTAkñúgsUluysüúg.
the tendency of hydrogen, metals and 2. sMBaFénTMenarGIuRdUEsn elah³ nigGelah³xøHkñúgkarqøgkat;cUl
certain nonmetals to pass into solution as
ions. eTAkñúgsUluysüúg dUcCaGIuyug: .
solutrope : A mixture with two liquid
phases and a third component distributed
sUluyRtUb ³ l,ayEdlmanpasravBIr nigsmasPaKTIbIRtUv)an
between the phases, or selectively
dissolved in one or the other of the
BRgayrvagpasTaMgenaHb¤RtUv)anrMlayeRCIserIskñúgpasmYyb¤pas
phases; analogous to an azeotrope. epSgeTotEdlRsedogKñaeTAnwgGaesGURtUb.

253
solvation : The interaction between ions

of a solute and molecules of solvent.
sulva:süúg ³ GnþrkmµrvagGIuyu:génFaturlay nigm:UelKulénFatu
Usually a process of hydration. Solvation
causes ionic solids to dissolve in polar
rMlay. CaFmµtaCalMnaMGIuRdatkmµ. sulva:süúgbNþaleGayvtßúrwg
solvents. e.g. between Na+ and Cl- and GIuyU:nicrlaykñúgFaturMlayb:UEl. ]TahrN_ vg;GIuyu:g Na nig Cl nig
+ -
H2O.
H O.
2
Solvay process : (ammonia-soda

process) industrial process for producing
lMnaMsulev ³ ¬lMnaMGam:Uj¶:ak;-sUda¦lMnaM]sSahkmµsMrab;begáIt
sodium carbonate. sUdüÚmkabUNat.
solvent : Pure substance in which
another material (the solute) is dissolved;
FaturMlay ³ sarFatusuT§EdlkñúgenaHFatudéTeTot¬Faturlay¦RtUv
the dissolving medium in solution. rMlay. mCÄdæanrMlayCasUluysüúg.
solvent extraction : A process of
separating one substance from a mixture
eyabkFaturMlay ³ lMnaMEjkyksarFatumYyBIl,aymYyedaykar
by dissolving it in a solvent in which it is
soluble but in which the other substances
rMlayvakñúgFaturMlayEdlkñúgenaHvarlay b:uEnþsarFatudéTeTotkñúg
in the mixture are not. l,ayenaHminrlay.
solvent front : In paper chromatography,
the wet moving edge of the solvent that
muxFaturMlay ³ kñúgRkdasRkUma:tURkaPI EKmcl½tesIménFaturMlay
progresses along the surface where the
separation of the mixture is occurring.
EdldMeNIrkartamépÞEdlkarEjkl,aykMBugdMeNIrkar.
solvolysis : A reaction in which a solvent
reacts with the solute to form a new
sulv:UlIs ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHFaturMlaymanRbtikmµCamYyFatu
substance. rlayedIm,IbegáItCasarFatufIµmYy.
solvus : In a phase or equilibrium
diagram, the locus of points representing
sulvus ³ kñúgdüaRkampasb¤lMnwg TItaMgcMNucEdltageGaysItu-
the solid-solubility temperatures of
various compositions of the solid phase.
NðPaB rwg-rlayénsmasPaBnanaénpasrwg.
Sommelet process : The preparation of
thiophene aldehydes by treatment of
dMeNIrkarsUmWeL ³ karplittüÚEpnGal;edGIutedayGMeBIéntüÚEpn
thiophene with hexamethylenetetramine. CamYyGicsaemTIELnetRtamIn.
Sonnenschein’s reagent : A solution of
phosphomolybdic acid that forms a
FatubnÞal; Sonnenschein ³ sUluysüúgGasIutpUssVÚmU:lIbDic Edl
yellow precipitate with alkaloid sulfates. begáItCakkrBN’elOgCamYyGal;kaLÚGIuts‘ulpat.
sonocatalysis : Use of sound or
ultrasound to produce catalytic activity
sUNUkatalIs ³ kareRbIsUr b¤sUrG‘ulRtaedIm,IbegáItCaskmµPaB
in a chemical compound. katalITickñúgsmasFatuKImI.
sonochemistry : Any chemical change
such that occurs in response to sound or
sUNUKImI ³ bMlas;bþÚrKImINamYyEdlekIteLIgedaykareqøIytbeTAnwg
ultrasound. sUr b¤sUrG‘uyRta.
soot : Black powdery deposit from
smoke consisting mainly of carbon
ERmgePøIg ³ kMNkemSABN’exµA)anmkBIEpSgEdlbgáeLIgCasMxan;eday
particles. pg;kabUn.
sorbate : 1. A substance that has been
either adsorbed or absorbed. 2. A salt or
sr)at ³ 1. sarFatuEdlRtUv)anRsUbesI b¤RsUbcUl.
an ester of sorbic acid. 2. GMbil b¤eGEsÞénGasIutsrb‘íc.
sorbide : The generic term
anhydrides derived from sorbitol.
for
srb‘Ít ³ BaküTUeTAsMrab;GanIRDItEdlCaRsLaymkBIsrb‘Ítul.

254
sorption : A general term that includes

the processes of absorption, adsorption,
s‘bsüúg ³ BaküTUeTAEdlrYmmandMeNIrkarénsMrUb sMrUbesI dMNksMrYb
desorption, ion exchange, ion exclusion,
ion retardation, chemisorption, and
bNþÚrGIuy:ug cMranGIuyug: karBnüWtGIuyu:g s‘bsüúgKImI nigdüalIs.
dialysis.
sosoloid : A system consisting of
particles of a solid dispersed in another
sUsULÚGIut ³ RbB½n§EdlbgáeLIgedayPaKl¥iténvtßúrwgEdlBRgay
solid. kñúgvtßúrwgmYyepSgeTot.
sour : 1. Acidic. 2. Containing large
amounts of bad smelling sulfur
CUr ³ 1. GasIut. 2. EdlmanbrimaNeRcInénsmasFatus<an;F½r Edl
compounds (such as mercaptans or
hydrogen sulfide) as in crude oils,
mankøinGaRkk;¬dUcCa Emkabtg; b¤GIuRdUEsns‘ulPIt¦ dUcCaeRbgeqA
naphthas, or gasoline. Nab;pþa b¤eRbgsaMg.
Soxhlet extractor : A flask and
condenser device for the continuous
]bkrN_eyabk Soxhlet ³ ]bkrN_EkvksþÜcnigsItkrsMrab;eyabk
extraction of alcohol or ether soluble
materials. e.g. fats and oils.
bnþCab;énGal;kul b¤rUbFaturlaykñúgeGET. ]TahrN_ xøaj; nigeRbg.
spark excitation : The use of an electric
spark (10,000 to 30,000 volts) to produce
rMejacpáaePIøg ³ kareRbIpáaePIøgGKÁisnI ¬10,000 eTA 30,000v:ul¦edIm,I
spectral line emissions from samples that
are difficult to excite; used in emission
plitkarbeBa©jbnÞat;s,úicBIPaKsMNakEdlBi)akePJac. vaRtUv)aneK
spectroscopy. eRbIkñúgs,úicsikSa.
spark explosion method : A technique
for the analysis of hydrogen; the sample
viFIbnÞúHpáaePøIg ³ bec©keTssMrab;karviPaKGIuRdUEsn edayPaKsMNak
is mixed with an oxidant and exploded
by a spark or hot wire, and the
RtUv)anlayCamYyGuksIutkr nigRtUv)anpÞúHedaypáaePøIgb¤ExSlYsekþA
combustion products are then analyzed. nigbnÞab;mkplitplcMehHRtUv)aneFIVviPaK.
spatula : Broad bladed implement used
for spreading, stirring, mixing, etc.
EvkkUr ³ ]bkrN_sMEb:tFMeRbIsMrab;)a:t kUr lay.l.
species : A chemical entity or molecular
particle such as a radical, ion, molecule,
RbePT ³ GgÁPaBKImI b¤PaKli¥tm:UelKuldUcCara:DIkal; GIuyug: m:UelKul
or atom. Also known as chemical
species.
b¤GatUm. eKehAmüa:geTotfaRbePTKImI.
specific gravity : See relative density.
dg;sIueteFob ³ emIl relative density.
specific heat capacity : The heat
required to change the temperature of
cMNuHkMedAyfaRbePT ³ kMedAEdlRtUvkaredIm,Ipøas;bþÚrsIutuNðPaB
unit mass of a material by 1oC. Measured 1 CénrUbFatumYyRkam. RtUv)anvas;Ca J/K/kg.
o
in J/K/kg.
specificity : The selective reactivity that
occurs between substances, such as
yfaRbePTPaB ³ RbtikmµPaBeRCIsEdlekIteLIgrvagsarFatu
between an antigen
corresponding antibody.
and its dUcCarvagGg;TIEsn nigGg;TIkrRtUvKñarbs;va.
spectator ion : An ion that serves to
balance the electrical charges in a
GIuy:ugTsSnic ³ GIuyu:gEdleRbIsMrab;føwgbnÞúkGKÁIsnIkñúgRbtikmµ
reaction without participating in product
formation.
edayKµankarcUlrYmkñúgkMNplitpl.
spectral bandwidth : The minimum
radiant energy bandwidth to which a
bnÞarbg;s,úic ³ bnÞarbg;famBlkaMrsµIviTüúskmµGb,rmaEdls,úicRtU
spectrophotometer is accurate; usually 1
to 5 nm.
pUtUEm:RtCak;lak;. CaFmµtaBI 1 eTA 5nm.
spectral line : A single line in the
spectrum produced by excited atoms or
bnÞat;s,úic ³ bnÞat;EtmYykñúgs,úicEdlbegáIteLIgedayGatUmb¤GIuyug:
ions as they fall back to a lower energy
level.
ePJacenAeBlvaRtLb;eTAkMritfamBlTabvij.

255
spectral region : A range of

wavelengths in the electro-magnetic
tMbn;s,úic ³ cenøaHCMhanrlkkñúgs,úiceGLicRtUma:ejTicGaRs½yeTAnwg
spectrum, according to the types of
sources that are required to produce and
RbePTénRbPBEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegáIt nigBinitüemIlCMhanrlknana
detect the various wavelengths, such as dUcCakaMrsµIGuickaMrsµIemIleXIjkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtakaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)a
x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, or
radio-frequency. b¤eRbkg;viTüúskmµ.
spectral series : See series 2.
es‘rIs,iúc ³ emIl series 2.
spectrofluorometer : A device used in
fluorescence spectroscopy to increase the
s,úicRtUPøúyGr:UEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_eRbIs,úicsikSacMNaMgBnøWedIm,IbegáInPaB
selectivity of fluorometry by passing
emitted fluorescent light through a
CMerIsénPøúyGmaRtedayeGayBnøWcaMgqøgkat;m:UNURkUma:T½redIm,Ikt;Rta
monochromator to record the s,úicbeBa©jBnøWcaMg.
fluorescence emission spectrum.
spectrometer: See spectroscope
s,úicRtUEm:Rt ³ emIl spectroscope
spectrophone : A cell containing the
sample in the opto-acoustic detection
s,úicRtUpUn ³ ftpÞúkPaKsMNakkñúgviFItamdansUrsMelgGubTic
method; equipped with windows through
which the laser beam enters the cell and
Edlmanbg¥ÜcsMrab;)ac;BnøWLaEs‘caMgcUleTAkñúgftenaHnigmIRkUpn
a microphone for detecting sound. sMrab;cab;sUr.
spectroscope (spectrometer) : An
instrument that separates light into a
s,úicRtUsáÚb b¤s,úicRtUEm:Rt ³ ]bkrN_EdlEjkBnøWeTACas,úic
spectrum of component colors according
to the wavelength of the photons. Used
énBN’smasPaKeTA tamCMhanrlkénpUtug. eKeRbIsMrab;viPaKs,úic
for analyzing a spectrum; color, BN’ CMhanrlk snÞsSn_cMNaMgEbr.l.
wavelength, refractive index, etc.
spectroscopic displacement law : The
spectrum of an un-ionised atom
c,ab;CMnYskEnøgs,úic ³ s,úicénGatUmmineFIVGIuyug: kmµdUcKñanwg
resembles that of a singly ionised atom
of the element one place higher in the
GatUmeFVIGIuyug: mþgénFatuEtmYyEdlmanTItaMgmYyx<s;CagkñúgtaragxYb
periodic table, and that of a doubly nigGatUmeFVIGIuyu:gkmµBIrdgénFatuEdlmanTItaMgBIrx<s;CagkñúgtaragxYb.
ionised atom two places higher in the
table, etc.
spectroscopy : The study of methods of
producing and analyzing spectra.
karsikSas,úic ³ karsikSaviFIbegáItnigviPaKs,úic. karviPaKs,úicGac
Analysis of spectra can be used for
chemical identification and for
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;GtþsBaØaNkmµKImI nigsMrab;karBinitüTMrg;GatUm nig
examining atomic and molecular m:UelKul.
structures.
spectrum : Bands of color into which
light is dispersed by a prism or
s,iúc ³ bg;BN’EdlBnøwRtUv)anbMEbkedayRBIsb¤]bkrN_DIR)ak;süúg.
diffraction grating. A continuous
spectrum is one in which light of all
s,úicbnþCab;KWCas,úicmYyEdlkñúgenaHmanBnøWénCMhanrlkTaMgGs;
wavelengths (color) is present. A line ¬BN’¦. s,úicbnÞat;KWCas,úicmYyEdlkñúgenaHmanBnøWénCMhanrlkxøH
spectrum is one in which light of only
certain wavelengths is present. b:ueNÑaH.
spectrum line : See spectral line.
bnÞat;s,ic ³ emIl spectral line.
speed : Rate of progress, motion or
movement (velocity).
el,Ón ³ el,ÓnéndMeNIrkar clna b¤karkeRmIk¬el,Ón¦.
sphingolipids : Group of polar
membrane lipids characterised by the
sÖInkUlIBIt ³ RkumlIBItPñasb:UElEdlsMKal;edayvtþmansÖInkUsIun.
presence of sphingosine.

256
spin (intrinsic angular momentum) :

That part of the total angular momentum
s<InrWrgVilelOn¬m:Um:g;tUmmuMxagkñúg¦ ³ Epñkénm:Um:g;tUmmuMsrubén
of a particle, atom, nucleus etc. that is
still present even when the particle is not
PaKl¥it GatUm éNVy:U.l. EdlenAEtmansUm,IenAeBlPaKl¥itmineFIV
moving. Particles have a characteristic clna. PaKl¥itmans<In CalkçN³sMKal; dUecñHvamanm:Um:g;ma:ejTic.
spin and therefore a magnetic moment.
spin : To whirl or rotate quickly.
bgVilelOn ³ eFIVeGayvilxJal; b¤vilya:grh½s.
spinning-band column : An analytical
distillation column inside of which is a
bMBg;bg;vil ³ bMBg;bitviPaKxagkñúgmanes‘rIbg;vil. GMeBIRbTaj
series of spinning bands; centrifugal
action of the bands throws a layer of
ecjénbg;rujRsTab;vtßúraveTAépÞxagkñúgénbMBg;. vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
liquid onto the inner surface of the CaCMnYykñúgkarb:Hvtßúrav-cMhay.
column; used as an aid in liquid-vapor
contact.
spin-polarised atomic hydrogen : A
system of hydrogen atoms cooled to a
GIuRdUEsnGatUmics<Inb:UEl ³ RbB½n§GatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlRtUv)anbBa©úH
very low temperature in a very high
magnetic field so that electron spins in
sItuNðPaBTabbMputkñúgEdnma:ejTicx<s;bMput Edls<IneGLicRtugkñúg
almost all the atoms are anti-parallel to GatUmesÞIrEtTaMgGs;b®Ba¢asTiseTAnwgEdnma:ejTic EdlCalT§pl
the magnetic field, with the result that
the atoms interact only weakly so that no GatUmeFIVGnþrkmµ exSayEdlKµanGatUmGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeT.
hydrogen molecules are formed.
spiral wire column : An analytical
distillation column with a wire spiral
bMBg;lYsrWusr ³ bMBg;bitviPaKEdlmanlYsrWusrxagkñúgtambeNþay
inside the length of the column to serve
as a liquid-vapor contact surface.
bMBg;sMrab;CaépÞb:Hvtßúrav-cMhay.
spirit : A solution of alcohol and a
volatile substance, such as an essential
Rsa ³ sUluysüúgGal;kul nigsarFatuehIrdUcCaeRbgRkGUb.
oil.
spiro atom : A single atom that is the
only common member of two ring
GatUms<Ir:U ³ GatUmEtmYyKt;EdlCasmaCikrYmEtmYyKt;énsNæan
structures. vg;BIr.
spiro ring system : A molecular
structure with two ring structures having
RbB½n§vg;s<Ir:U ³ sNæanm:UelKulmanvg;BIrEdlmanGatUmmYyrYmKña.
one atom in common; e.g., spiropentane. ]TahrN_ s<IrUb: :g;tan.
spontaneous combustion : Ignition
resulting from the generation of
cMehHÉkÉg ³ kareqHbNþalmkBIkarbegáItkMedARKb;RKan;kñúgsarFatu
sufficient heat within a substance,
without the need for an external source
mYyedayKµantMrUvkarRbPBfamBlBIxageRkA. CaerOy²kMedARtUv)an
of energy; often heat is generated by begáIteLIgedayGMeBImIRkub b¤GuksIutkmµyWt. ehAmüa:geTotfakar
microbial action or slow oxidation. Also
known as spontaneous ignition. eqHÉkÉg.
spontaneous ignition : See spontaneous
combustion.
kareqHÉkÉg ³ emIl spontaneous combustion.
spot test : The addition of a drop of
reagent to a few drops of sample solution
etsþcMNuc ³ karbEnßmtMNk;FatubnÞal;eTAelIsUluysüúgPaKsMNak
on a ceramic plate to obtain distinctive
colors or precipitates; used in qualitative
BIrbItMNk;enAelIcanesra:micedIm,ITTYlBN’b¤kkrxus²Kña. vaRtUv)an
analysis. eRbIkñúgkarviPaKKuNPaB.
square planer : The shape of a
coordination compound in which four
bøg;kaer ³ rUbragénsmasFatukUGrDINasüúgEdlkñúgenaHlIkg;bYn
ligands that are positioned at the corners
of a square, coordinate to a metal ion at
manTItaMgenAelIRCugénkaercgsm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgeTAnwgGIuyug: elah³
the center. mYyenAkNþal.

257
stability : The property of a chemical

compound which is not readily
esßrPaB ³ lkçN³énsmasFatuKImIEdlminGacrgkarbMEbkedaygay
decomposed and does not react with
other compounds.
nigminmanRbtikmµCamYysmasFatuepSgeTot.
stability constant : Refers to the
stability constant for the equilibrium
efresßrPaB¬lMnwg¦ ³ sMedAeTAelIefresßrPaBcMeBaHRbtikmµlMnwgén
reaction of a metal cation and a ligand to
form a chelating mononuclear complex.
kacugelah³niglIkg;edIm,IbegáItCakMupøicm:UNUnuyekøEG‘sMrab;ekob.
stable electron configuration
Complete complement of outer group s
:
rUbsNæaneGLicRtugzitefr ³ karbMeBjeBjeljéneGLicRtug
and p electrons. Often referred to as a
noble-gas electron complement.
RkumRsTab;eRkA s nig p. Cajwkjab;sMedAelIkarbMeBjeGLicRtug
elI]sµ½nkMr.
stable octet : A group of eight valence
electrons in the outer shell of an atom.
Gdætazitefr ³ RkuméneGLicRtugva:Lg;R)aMbIenARsTab;eRkAénGatUm.
staggered conformation : A particular
arrangement of constituent atoms that
RTg;RTaybgçit ³ kartMerobedayEpñkénPaKpSMGatUmEdlGac
may rotate about the single bond in a
molecule; e.g. for ethane, it is when the
bgVilCMuvijsm<½n§eTalkñúgm:UelKul. ]TahrN_ eGtan KWkalNaGatUm
hydrogen atoms of one methyl group are GIuRdUEsnénRkumemTIlmYy EdlKWCaminenAkñúgbnÞat;EdlGatUmGIuRdUEsn
not in line with those of the other methyl
group. Also see eclipsed conformation TaMgenaHenAkñúgRkumemTIlepSgeTot. emIl eclipsed conformation
stalactites : Long thin deposit of calcium
carbonate hanging from the roof a cave.
sþaLak;TIt ³ kMNksþÜnEvgénkal;süÚmkabUNatEdlBüÜrFøak;cuHBI
dMbUlénrUgPñM.
stalagmites : Long thin deposit of
calcium carbonate rising from the floor
sþaLak;mIt ³ kMNksþÜnEvgénkal;süÚmkabUNatEdlekIneLIgBI)at
of a cave. RkaménrUgPñM.
standard electrode potentials Eø: The
potential of an electrode composed of a
b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;da E ³ b:Utg;EsüléneGLicRtUtEdl
ø
substance in its standard state, in

equilibrium with ions in their standard
bgáeLIgedaysarFatumYykñúgPaBsþg;darbs;vakñúgsßanPaBlMnwgCamYy
states compared to a standard hydrogen GIuyu:gkñúgPaBsþg;darbs;BYkvaedayeRbobeFobeTAnwgeGLicRtUtGIuRdU-
electrode at 25oC.
Esnsþg;daenA 25 C.
0
standard potential : See standard

electrode potential
b:Utg;Esülsþg;da ³ emIl standard electrode potential.
standard solution : A solution of known
concentration used in carrying out a
sUluysüúgsþg;da ³ sUluysüúgEdlkMhab;sÁal;RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
titration. dMeNIrkarGRtakmµ.
standard solution : See titrant.
sUluysüúgsþg;da ³ emIl titrant.
standard state : The state of a system
used as a reference value in
PaBsþg;da ³ PaBénRbB½nV eRbICatMéleKalkñúgrgVas;ETm:UDiNamic
thermodynamic measurements, usually 1
atm. pressure, 1M concentration of
FmµtasMBaF 1atm.kMhab;sUluysüúg 1M rWsPaBrUbFmµtakñúgl½kç-
solutions or normal physical state in x½NÐTIBiesaF.
laboratory conditions.
standard temperature and pressure
(STP) : Conditions of OoC (273 K) and
sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFsþg;da ³ l½kçx½NÐénsItuNðPaB O C (273
o
101.3kPa (760mmHg) standardised K)nig sMBaF101,3kPa (760mmHg)EdlykCaKMrUTUTaMgBiPBelak.

worldwide.
standardization : A process in which
the value of a potential standard is fixed
sþg;dakmµ ³ dMeNIrkarEdlkñúgenaHb:Utg;Esülsþg;daRtUv)ankMNt;
by a measurement made with respect to a
standard whose value is known.
edaykarvas;eFVIeLIgedayeKarBeTAtamsþg;daEdltMélRtUv)andwg.

258
starch : Readily digestible plant

polysaccharide made of glucose residues
GamIdug ³ b:UlIsakarItrukçCatigayrMlayEdlbgáeLIgedayra:DIkal;
bonded by α 1→4 and some α 1→6 KøúykUsP¢ab;Kñatamsm<½n§KIøkUsIut α 1→4 nig α 1→6.
glycosidic bonds.
Stark effect : The effect of an electric
field on spectrum lines. Also known as
pl Stark ³ plEdnGKÁisnIelIbnÞat;s,úic. vaRtUv)ansÁal;pgEdr
electric field effect. CaplEdnGKÁisnI.
Stark-Einstein law : The law stating
that in a photochemical reaction one
c,ab; Stark-Einstein ³ c,ab;EdlEtgfakñúgRbtikmµpUtUKImIpUtugmYy
photon is absorbed by each molecule
causing the main reaction.
RtUv)anRsUbedaym:UelKulnimYy²EdlbNþaleGaymanRbtikmµsMxan;.
stationary phase : In chromatography,
the non mobile phase contained in the
pasnwg ³ kñúgRkUma:tURkaPI pasGcl½tEdlmankñúgmCÆdæanRkUma:tU-
chromatographic medium. RkaPI.
statistical control : In an analytical
procedure, when the means of a large
karRtYtBinitüsßiti ³ kñúglMnaMviPaK eBlEdlmFüméntMélÉktþ³eRcIn
number of individual values tend to
approach a limit.
xiteTACitkMritmYy.
steel : A strong, malleable alloy
composed of iron and carbon.
EdkEfb ³ sMelah³siVtEp)anEdlbgáeLIgedayEdk nigkabUn.
stem name : First part of the element
name that provides enough information
eQµaHedIm ³ EpñkdMbUgéneQµaHrbs;FatuEdlpþl;Bt’manRKb;RKan;edIm,I
to identify the element in a compound
name. The stem name of sulfur, e.g., is
kMNt;FatukñúgeQµaHsmasFatumYy. ]TahrN_ eQµaHedIménsulfur KW
sulf-. Thus, the binary compound of sulf-. dUecñHsmasFatueTVPaKénGIuRdUEsnnigs<an;F½rmaneQµaHfa GIuRdU-
hydrogen and sulfur has the name
hydrogen sulfide. Esns‘ulPY.
stepwise reaction : A chemical reaction
in which at least one reactive
RbtikmµCaCMhan ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHya:gehacNas;manFatu
intermediate is produced and at least two
elementary reactions are involved.
kNþalénRbtikmµmYyekIteLIgnigya:gehacNas;mankarcUlrYmBIRbti
kmµdMbUgBIr.
steradian ³ Symbol Sr . SI unit of solid
angle. 1 steradian is equal to the solid
esþra:düg; ³ nimitþsBaØa xñatrgVas;mMuvtßúrwg ¬mMuvimaRtbI¦énRbB½n§Gnþr
angle that encloses a surface equal to the Cati. 1esþr:adüg;esµInwgmMuvtßúrwgEdlB½TVCMuvijépÞesµInwgkaer:énr:adüg;EsV‘.
square of the radians of the sphere.
stereochemistry : The study of the
arrangement of atoms in molecules and
esþer:GUKImI ³ karsikSaGMBIkartMerobénGatUmkñúgm:UelKul nigplvi)ak
the chemical and physical consequences
of that arrangement
énlkçN³rUbniglkçN³KImIénkartMerobenaH.
stereogenic center : See asymmetric
carbon atom.
mNÐlesþer:rUesnic ³ emIl asymmetric carbon atom.
stereoisomers : Isomers that differ only
in the arrangement of atoms in space.
esþer:GUGIusUEm ³ GIusUEmEdlxusKñaEtkñúgkartMerobénGatUmkñúg
lMhb:ueNÑaH.
stereoregular polymer
stereospecific polymer.
: See
b:UlIEmesþer:GUeTogTat; ³ emIl stereospecific polymer.
stereorubber : Synthetic rubber, cis-
polyisoprene a polymer with
esþer:GUekAs‘U ³ ekAs‘UsMeyaK sIus-b:UlIGIusUERbnEdlCab:UlIEmman
stereospecificity. lkçN³esþer:GUyfaRbePT.
stereoselective reaction : A chemical
reaction in which one stereoisomer is
RbtikmµCMerIsesþer:GU ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHesþer:GUGIusUEmmYy
produced or decomposed more rapidly
than another. Also known as
RtUv)an begáIteLIg b¤RtUv)anbMEbkya:grh½sCagesþer:GUGIusUEmepSg
enantioselective reaction. eTot. vaRtUv)ansÁal;pg EdrCaRbtikmµeGNg;tüÚEmeRCIserIs.

259
stereospecific polymer : A polymer

with molecules arranged in a specific
b:UlIEmesþer:GUyfaRbePT ³ b:UlIEmmanm:UelKUltMerobCalMdab;yfa
order that allows greater packing of
molecules producing a high density.
RbePTEdlGaceGaymankarpþúMmU:elKulFMCagbegáIt)andg;suIetx<s;Cag.
stereospecific synthesis : Catalytic
polymerization of monomer molecules to
sMeyaKesþer:GUyfaRbePT ³ b:UlIEmkmµkatalIkmµénm:UelKul
produce polymers with a particular
arrangement of atoms, as in the Ziegler
m:UNUEmedIm,IbegáItCabU:lIEmEdlmankartMerobedayELkénGatUmdUcCa
process for making polythene. kñúglMnaM Ziegler sMrab;TegVIbU:lIEtn.
steric effect : The influence of the
spatial configuration of reacting
plesþric ³ \Ti§BlénrUbsNæankñúglMhrbs;sarFatuRbtikmµeTAtam
substances upon the rate, nature and
extent of reaction.
el,ÓnRbePT nigvisalPaBénRbtikmµ.
steric hindrance : The prevention or
retardation of chemical reaction because
karbg¥ak;esþric ³ karkarBarb¤BnüWténRbtikmµKImIedaysarRkumnaTI
of neighboring groups on the same
molecule: e.g., ortho-substituted
CitxagenAelIm:UelKuldUcKña. ]TahrN_ GasIuténGar:Uma:TicCMnYsGrtU
aromatic acids are more difficult to Bi)akeFIVeGEsÞkmµCagkarCMnYsemta nig)a:ra:.
esterify than are the meta and para
substitutions.
stern layer : One of two electrically
charged layers of electrolyte ions, the
RsTab;maM ³ RsTab;mYyénRsTab;manbnÞúkGKÁisnIBIrrbs;GIuy:ug
layer of ions immediately adjacent to the
surface, in the neighborhood of a
eGLicRtUlIt. RsTab;énGIuy:ugCitbMputeTAnwgépÞenAEk,répÞEdlman
negatively charged surface. bnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢man.
steroids : Compounds possessing the
steroid nucleus.
esþr:UGIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanéNVyUe: sþrU:GIut.
sticking coefficient : The fraction of all
atoms incident on a surface that are
emKuNP¢ab; ³ RbPaKénGatUmTaMgGs;ekIteLIgelIépÞEdlRtUv)anRsUb
adsorbed on the surface. enAelIépÞenaH.
Stobbe reaction : A type of aldol
condensation reaction represented by the
Rbtikmµ Stobbe ³ RbePTRbtikmµkugdg;kmµGal;dulEdltageday
reaction of benzophenone with dimethyl
succinate and sodium methoxide to form
Rbtikmµénbg;sUepNUnCamYyDIemTIls‘uysIuNatnigsUdüÚmemtuksIut
monoesters of an alkylidene (or edIm,IbegáItCam:UNUeGEsÞénGal;KIlIEdn¬b¤GarIlIEdn¦s‘uysIunicGasIut.
arylidene) succinic acid.
stock method : Oxidation states are
indicated by Roman numerals
viFIsþúk ³ sNæanGuksIutkmµEdlbgðajedayelxrU:muaMgbnÞab;BIeQµaH
immediately following the name of the
element. E.g., Fe3+ is iron (III).
rbs;Fatu. ]TahrN_ Fe KWEdk(III).
3+
stoichiometry : The portion of

chemistry dealing with numerical
sÞWsüÚemRTI ³ EpñkénKImIEdlsikSaBITMnak;TMngtYelxkñúgRbtikmµ KImI.
relationships in chemical reactions; the
calculation of quantities of substances
karKNnabrimaNénsarFatuEdlmanenAkñúgsmIkarKImI.
involved in chemical equations.
Stokes’ law : In spectroscopy, the
wavelength of radiation emitted is
c,ab; Stokes ³ kñúgs,úicsikSa CMhanrlkénkaMrsIµ beBa©jCanic©KalFM
always greater than that of the exciting
radiation.
CagCMhanrlkénkaMrsµIePJac.
stripping analysis : An analytic process
in which the ions in a solution are first
karviPaKqñÚt ³ lMnaMviPaKEdlkñúgenaHGIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúg dMbUgkkKr
electrodeposited onto an electrode, then
dissolved (stripped) from the electrode,
elIeGLicRtUtbnÞab;mkRtUv)anrMlay ¬qñÚt¦ BIeGLicRtUtenaH nigRtÚv
and weighed. )anføwg.

260
strong acid : Molecule or ion with a

greater tendency to give up hydrogen
GasIutxøaMg ³ m:UelKulb¤GIuy:ugEdlmanTMenarkñugkareGayGIuyug:
ions than H30+ ; an acid that is
completely (or almost completely)
GIuRdUEsnxøaMgCagGIuRdUj:Úm. GasIutEdlbMEbkTaMgRsug ¬rWesÞIrEtTaMg
ionised in aqueous solution. Rsug¦ eTACaGIuyug: kñúgsUluysüúgTwk.
strong base : A base that completely
dissociates into metal ions and hydroxide
)asxøaMg ³ )asEdlbMEbkTaMgRsugeTACaGIuyu:gelah³nigGIuy:ug
ions in aqueous solution. GIuRduksIutkñúgsUluysüúgTwk.
strong electrolyte : A solution in which
a large portion of the solute exists as
eGLicRtUltIxøaMg ³ suluysüúgEdlmYyPaKFMénFaturlayCa
ions. GIuyu:g.
structural formula : A chemical
formula that shows the arrangement of
rUbmnþTMrg; ³ rUbmnþKImIEdlbgðajkartMerobénGatUmTaMgLaykñúg
atoms in a molecule or a polyatomic ion;
each dash between the two atoms
m:UelKul b¤ GIuyug: b:UlIGatUm. KMnUsmYyrvagGatUmBIrbgðajmYyKU
indicates a pair of shared electrons. eGLicRtugdak;rYm.
structural formula : Representation of a
structure that emphasizes the bond
rUbmnþeRKag ³ kartagTMrg;EdlbgðajBICMnab;sm½<n§rvagGatUm.
connection between atoms.
structural isomer : A compound that
has the same molecular formula as
GIusUEmTMrg; ³ smasFatuEdlmanrUbmnþmUe: lKuldUcKñadUc smasFatu
another compound but has a different
molecular structure.
mYyeTot b:uEnþmanTMrg;mU:elKulxusKña.
styrene plastic : A plastic made by the
polymerization of styrene or the
sÞIEr:n)øasÞic ³ )øasÞicEdlplitedayRbtikmµbUl: IEmkmµénsÞIEr:n b¤eday
copolymerization of styrene with other
unsaturated compounds.
kUbU:lIEmkmµénsÞIer:nCamYysmasFatuminEq¥tdéTeTot.
subcompound : A compound, generally
in the vapor phase, in which an element
smasFaturg ³ smasFatu CaTUeTAkñúgpascMhay EdlkñúgenaHFatu
has a valence lower than its ordinary
compounds.
mYymanva:Lg;TabCagsmasFatuFmµtarbs;va.
sublimation : The conversion of a solid
to a gas without passing through the
rMehIr ³ bMElgénvtßúrwgeTACa]sµ½nedayminqøgkat;tamsNæanrav.
liquid state.
sublimatography : A procedure of
fractional sublimation in which a solid
s‘ublIma:tURkaPI ³ lMnaMMénrMehIrRbPaKEdlkñúgenaHl,ayvtßúrwgRtUv)an
mixture is separated into bands along a
condensing tube which has a temperature
EjkeTACabg;tambeNþaybMBg;kugdg;kmµEdlmanCMralsItuNðPaB.
gradient.
sublimator : Device used for the heating
of solids (usually under vacuum) to the
s‘ublIma:T½r ³ ]bkrN_EdleRbIsMrab;dutkMedAvtßúrwg ¬CaFmµtaeRkam
temperature at which the solid sublimes. suBaØakas¦eTAdl;sItuNðPaBEdlvtßúrwgbMElgCa]sµ½n.
subscript number : Number placed
below and after the symbol for an
elxsnÞsSn_ ³ elxEdldak;enAeRkamnigeRkaynimitþsBaØasMrab;Fatu
element in a chemical formula indicating
the number of that element in the
mYykñúgrUbmnþKImI EdlbgðajBIcMnYnrbs;FatuenaHkñúgrUbmnþmantulüPaB
balanced formula for the compound. e.g. sMrab;smasFatu. ]TahrN_ snÞsSn_”2”kñúg H 0bBa¢ak;BIGIuRdUEsnBIr.
2
the subscript “2” in H20 indicates two
hydrogens. If a subscript number is not ebIsinCaelxsnÞsSn_minRtUv)anbgðajeTenaH eKsnµtfa vaesµInwgmYy.
given, it is presumed to be 1.
substance : A sample of matter having a
uniform and definite composition; it can
sarFatu ³ KMrUrUbFatuEdlmansmasPaBÉksNæan nigsmasPaB
be either an element or a compound. kMNt; GacCaFatu b¤smasFatu.

261
substituent : An atom or functional

group substituted for another in a
RkumCYs ³ GatUmrWRkumnaTIEdlRtUvCMnYssMrab;GatUmrWRkumnaTImYy
chemical structure. epSgeTot kñúgTMrg;KImI.
substitution : 1. Mutation in which a
single base has substituted for another in
karCMnYs ³ 1. muytasüúgEdl)asmYy)anCMnYseGay)asmYyeTot
a DNA strand; a single codon is affected.
2. A reaction in which one atom or
kñúgRcvak;GasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGiuc Edlb:HBal;dl;kUdugmYy.
molecule is replaced by another atom or 2.RbtikmµEdlGatUmb¤mUe: lKulmYyRtUv)anCMnYsedayGatUmb¤mUe: lKul
molecule.
mYyepSgeTot.
substrate : Reacting molecule that binds
to an enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes its
s‘ub®sþa ³ m:UelKulRbtikmµEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGg;sIum. Gg;sIumCYysMrYl
conversion to product. bMElgrbs;vaCaplitpl.
sucrochemical : A chemical made from
a feedstock derived from sucrose
s‘uRkUKImI ³ sarFatuKImIEdlRtUv)anplitBIsarFatuciBa©wm)anmkBIs‘uRkUs
extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet. EdlcMraj;BIGMBA b¤éqfavsár.
sucrochemistry : A type of chemistry
based on sucrose as a starting point.
s‘uRkUKImI ³ RbePTKImIEdlEp¥kelIs‘uRkUsCacMNuccab;epþIm.
sugar alcohol : Any of the acyclic linear
polyhydric alcohols; may be considered
Galkulsár ³ GasIuKøiclIenEG‘bU:lIGuIRDicGal;kul. vaGacRtUv)ancat;
sugars in which the aldehyde group of
the first carbon atom is reduced to a
TukCasárEdlkñúgenaHRkumGal;edGIuténGatUmkabUnTImYyRtUvbnßyeTACa
primary alcohol; classified according to Gal;kulfñak;bfm. vaRtUv)aneFIVcMEnkfñak;eTAtamcMnYnRkumGIuRduksIul
the number of hydroxyl groups in the
molecule; e.g. sorbitol (D-glucitol, kñúgm:UelKul. ]TahrN_ srb‘Ítul¬ed-KøúysIutulsrb‘Ít¦.
sorbite)
sulfation : The conversion of a
compound into a sulfate by the oxidation
s‘ulpatkmµ ³ bMElgénsmasFatumYyeTACas‘ulpatedayRbtikmµ
of sulfur, or the addition of a sulfate
group.
GuksIutkmµéns<an;F½r b¤RbtikmµbUkénRkums‘ulpat.
sulfidation :The chemical insertion of a
sulfur atom into a compound.
s‘ulPYkmµ ³ karbBa©ÚltamEbbKImIénGatUms<an;F½reTAkñúgsmasFatu
mYy.
sulfide dye : A dye containing sulfur and
soluble in a 0.25-0.50% sodium sulfide
l½xs‘ulPIt ³ l½xEdlmans<an;F½rnigrlayenAkñúgsUluysüúgsUdüÚm-
solution and used to dye cotton. Also
known as sulfur dye.
s‘ulPIt 0,25-0,50% nigeRbIsMrab;RClk;B’NGMe)aH. ehAmüa:geTotfa
l½xs<an;F½r.
sulfo- : Prefix for a compound contai-
ning either a sulfur atom or the -SO3H.
s‘ulpU- ³ buBVbTsMrab;smasFatuEdlmanGatUms<an;F½r rW -SO H.3
Also spelled sulpho-. Gacsresr sulpho-.

sulfonation : Substitution of -SO3H
groups (from sulfuric acid) for hydrogen
s‘ulpUnkmµ ³ karCMnYsRkum-SO H¬BIGasIuts‘ulpYric¦sMrab;GatUm
3
atoms, e.g., conversion of benzene. C6H6

into benzenesulfonic acid C6H5SO3H.
GIuRdUEsn ]TahrN_ bMElgbg;Esn C H eGayeTACaGasIutbg;esen
6 6
s‘ulpUnic C H SO H.
6 5 3
sulfonyl : Also known as sulfuryl 1. A

compound containing the radical -SO2.
s‘ulpUnIl ³ eKehAmüa:geTotfas‘ulpYrIl. 1.smasFatuEdlman
2. A prefix showing the presence of a
sulfone group.
ra:DIkal; -SO . 2.buBVbTEdlbgðajBIvtþmanénRkums‘ulpUn.
2
sulfur number : The number of

milligrams of sulfur per 100 milliliters of
cMnYns<an;Fr½ ³ cMnYnmIlIRkaméns<an;Fr½kñúg100mIlIlIRténPaKsMNak
a sample of oil; determined by
electrometric titration.
eRbg. vaRtUv)ankMNt;edayGRtakmµeGLicRtUemRTic.

262
sulfuration : The chemical action

combining an element or compound with
s<an;Fr½kmµ ³ GMeBIKImIénkarbnSMFatub¤smasFatumYyCamYys<an;Fr½.
sulfur.
sulfuric acid : (oil of vitriol) a colorless
oily liquid. H2SO4
GasIuts‘ulpYric ³ (eRbg vitriol ) vtßúraveRbgKµanBN’. manrUbmnþ
H SO .
2 4
sulpho ³ e mIl sulfo-.

sulpho- : See sulfo-.
superacid : 1. An acidic medium that

has a proton-donating ability equal to or
s‘ubEBGasIut ³ 1.mCÄdæanGasIutEdlmanlT§PaBpþl;RbUtugesµI b¤eRcIn
greater than100% sulfuric acid. 2. A
solution of acetic or phosphoric acid.
CagGasIuts‘ulpYric100%. 2.sUluysüúgGasIutGaesTic b¤pUsVric.
supercritical fluid : A substance that is
a liquid under conditions of pressure or
snÞnIyelIsRBMx½NÐ ³ sarFatuEdlCavtßúraveRkaml½kçx½NÐçsMBaF rW
temperature above its critical state. sItuNðPaBxagelIsPaBRKITicrbs;va.
supercritical fluid chromatography :
Any chemical separation technique using
RkUma:tURkaPIsnÞnIyelIscaM)ac; ³ bec©keTsEjkFatuKImIEdleRbI
chromatography in which a supercritical
fluid is used as the mobile phase.
RkUma:tURkaPIEdlkñúgenaHsnÞnIyelIscaM)ac;RtUv)aneRbICapascl½t.
superheavy element : A chemica1
element with an atomic number of 110
FatuF¶n;xøaMg ³ FatuKImIEdlmancMnYnGatUm110 b¤eRcInCag.
or greater.
superoxide ion : O2- An ion formed by
the combination of one molecule of
GIuy:ugs‘ubEBGuksIut ³ O GIuyu:gmYyEdlekIteLIgedaybnSMén
2
-
dioxygen (O2) and one electron (e-). m:UelKulmYyénDIGuksIuEsn(O ) nigeGLicRtugmYy(e-).

2
supersaturated solution : A solution

that contains more solute than it can
sUluysüúgEq¥thYs ³ sUluysüúgEdlpÞúkFaturlayeRcInCagva
theoretically hold at a given temperature. GacpÞúktamRTwsþIenAsItuNðPaBkMNt;.
supersolubility : See supersaturated
solution.
lkçN³rlays‘ubEB ³ emIl suspensaturated solution.
supertransuranics : A group of
relatively stable elements with atomic
s‘ubEBRtg;s‘uyra:nic ³ RkuménFatuzitefreFobEdlmancMnYnGatUm
numbers around 114 and mass numbers
around 298 that are predicted to exist
RbEhl114nigcMnYnma:sRbmaN298EdlRtUv)anTsSn_Tayfaman
beyond the present periodic table of eRkayBItaragxYbbc©úb,nñénFatuEdl)ansÁal;.
known elements.
support coated capillary column : A
thin chromatography column in which a
bMBg;qµarTMreRsab ³ bMBg;RkUm:atURkaPIesþIg EdlkñúgenaHRKab;tUcrwgRtUv
fine granular solid is coated by the
stationary liquid phase.
)aneRsabedaypasravnwg.
suppressor : In an analytical procedure,
a substance added to the sample to
FatuTb; ³ kñúgTMrg;karviPaK sarFatuEdl)anbEnßmeTAelI PaKsMNak
reduce the unwanted emission,
absorption or light scattering caused by
edIm,IbnßykarbeBa©j karRsUb b¤BnøWRBacmincg;)anEdlbNþalmkBI
the presence of an impurity. vtþmanénPaBminsuTV.
surface chemistry : The study and
measurement of the forces and processes
KImIépÞ ³ karsikSa nigkarvas;énkMlaMgnigdMeNIrkarEdlmanGMeBIelIépÞ
that act on the surfaces of fluids (gases
and liquids) and solids or at an interface
énsnÞnIy¬]sµ½n nigvtßúrav¦ nigvtßúrwgb¤enAGnþrmuxEdlEjkpasBIr.
separating two phases; e.g., surface ]TahrN_ tMNwgépÞ.
tension.
surface orientation : Arrangement of
molecules on the surface of a liquid with
kartMrg;TisépÞ ³ kartMerobénm:UelKulelIépÞénvtßúravedayEpñkmYy
one part of the molecule turned toward
the liquid.
énm:UelKulgakeTArkvtßúrav.

263
surface reaction : A chemical reaction

carried out on a surface as on an
RbtikmµépÞ ³ RbtikmµKImIEdldMeNIrkarelIépÞmYydUcCaelIFatusMrUbesI
adsorbent or solid catalyst. b¤katalIkrrwg.
surfactant : A surface active agent; any
substance whose molecules interface
FatuelIépÞ ³ Pñak;garskmµelIépÞ.sarFatuEdlm:UelKulb:H(interface)
with the hydrogen bonding between
water molecules, reducing surface
CamYynwgsm½çn§GuiIRdUEsnrvagm:UelKulTwk edaybnßytg;süúgépÞ. sab‘U
tension; soaps and detergents are nigsarFatuCMrHEk¥lKWCaFatuelIépÞ .
surfactants.
suspended solids : See suspension.
vtßúrwgGENþtvilvl; ³ emIl suspension.
suspension : Mixtures in which the
solute particles are small enough that
kkrvilvl; ³ l,ayEdlPaKli¥ténFaturlaymanTMhMtUclµmEdl
gravitational force does not causes them
to settle.
kMlaMgTMnajminGaceFVIeGayvarg)an.
Svedberg coefficient unit (S) : A unit of
measure for the rate at which particles
ÉktaemKuN Svedberg ³ xñaténrgVas;sMrab;el,ÓnEdlPaKl¥it
(molecules) sediment in a centrifuge.
This unit is a function of several physical
¬mU:elKul¦ rgenAkñúgRbdab;RbTajecj. xñatenHGaRs½yeTAtam
and chemical properties, including size, lkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImImYycMnYnrYmmanTMhM rag nigm:as.
shape and mass.
Swarts reaction : The reaction of
chlorinated hydrocarbons with metallic
Rbtikmµ Swarts ³ RbtikmµénGIuRdUkabUnénkørCamYyelah³PøúyGrY edIm,I
fluorides to form chlorofluoro-
hydrocarbons, such as CCl2F2 which is
begáItCakørUP: øúyGr:UGIuRdUkabUndUcCa CCl F Edlnicl nigmintuksIuc.
2 2
quite inert and nontoxic.

sweat : Exudation of nitroglycerin from
dynamite due to separation of
ejIs ³ karecjnIRtUKøIesrInBIDINamItedaykarEjkénnIRtUKøIesrInBIFatu
nitroglycerin from its adsorbent. sMrUbesIrbs;va.
sym- : A chemical prefix; denotes
structure of a compound in which
sIum- ³ buBVbTKImIEdlbgðajTMrg;rbs;smasFatumYyEdlkñúgenaHRkum
substituents are symmetrical with respect
to a functional group or to the carbon
CMnYssIuemRTIKñaedayeKarBeTAtamRkumnaTI b¤eTAnwgeRKagkabUn.
skeleton.
symbol : Letter or combination of letters
and numbers that represent various
nimitþsBaØa ³ GkSr b¤bnSMGkSrnigelxEdltageGayl½kçx½NÐb¤lkçN³
conditions or properties of an element
e.g., a normal atom O (oxygen),with its
xus²KñaénFatumYy. ]TahrN_GatUmFmµta O ¬GuksIuEsn¦CamYyma:s
atomic weight 16O; its atomic number,
16 2+
GatUmrbs;va O elxlMdab;GatUmrbs;va O Cam:UelKul O CaGIuyu:g
16
8
16
2
8 O as a molecule O2 as an ion O in
18
excited state O* or as an isotope O. O kñúgPaBePJac O* CaGIusUtUb O.
2+ 18
symmetric top molecule : A nonlinear

molecule which has only one axis of
m:UelKulsIuemRTIeRcIn ³ m:UelKulminlIenEG‘EdlmanG½kSEtmYyén
threefold or higher symmetry. sIuemRTIbIrWeRcInRCug.
symmetry number : The number of
indistinguishable orientations that a
cMnYnsIuemRTI ³ cMnYnénkarkMnt;TisEdlminxusEbøkKñaEdlm:UelKulmYy
molecule can exhibit by being rotated
around symmetry axes.
GacbgðajedaykarrgVilCMuvijG½kSsIuemRTI.
syndiotactic polymer : A vinyl polymer
in which the side chains alternate
b:UlIEmsaMgdüÚtakTic ³ b:UlIEmvInIlEdlkñúgenaHRcvak;cMehogqøas;Kña
regularly above and below the plane of
the backbone.
eTogTat;xageLInigxageRkamdUcbøg;énq¥wgxñg.
syneresis : Spontaneous separation of a
liquid from a gel or colloidal suspension
sIueners ³ karEjkEdlekIteLIgedayÉkÉgénvtßúravBIECl b¤kar
due to contraction of the gel. GENþtvilvl;kULÚGIut edaykarbRgYménECl.

264
synthesis : Any process or reaction for

building up a complex compound by the
karsMeyaK ³ lMnaMb¤RbtikmµEdlsMrab;begáItsmasFatusaMjaMúeday
union of simpler compounds or
elements.
karpþúMKñaénsmasFatub¤FatugayCag.
synthetic resin : Amorphous organic
semisolid or solid material derived from
ersIunsMeyaK ³ rUbFatusrIragÁrwg b¤rwgesÞIrnisNæan EdlekItmkBI
the polymerization of unsaturated
monomers such as ethylene, buty1ene,
b:UlIEmkmµénm:UNUEmminEq¥tdUcCaeGTIELn b‘uyTIELn RbUBIELn nig
propylene and styrene. sÞIEr:n.
System International d’Unites:
Internationally accepted measurement
RbB½n§xñatGnþrCati (SI) ³ Rb½Bn§rgVas;GnþrCatiEdleK)anTTYlsÁal;
system based on physical rather than
biological standards. The system is
edayEp¥kelIsþg;darUbCaCagsþg;daCIvsa®sþ. RbB½n§enHmanEtmYykñúg
unique in its use of decimal prefixes to kareRbIbuBVbTCaTsPaK edIm,IEkERbxñatRKwHrbs;va.
modify its basic units.
systematic error : Mistake produced by
error in procedure or method.
el¥ogRbB½n§ ³ kMhusEdlekIteLIgedayel¥ógkñúgTMrg;karrWviFI.
systematic nomenclature : A system for
naming chemical compounds according
RbB½n§namvlI ³ RbB½n§sMrab;kardak;eQµaHsmasFatuKImIeTAtamc,ab;
to a specific set of rules, usually those
developed by the International Union of
Cak;lak; ehIyCaFmµtac,ab;TaMgenaHbegáIteLIg edayshPaBGnþrCati
Pure and Applied Chemistry. énKImIsuTVnigGnuvtþ (Pure and Applied Chemistry).
T
tactic polymer : A polymer with
regularity or symmetry in the structural
b:UlIEmtak;Tic ³ b:UlIEmEdlmanPaBeTogTat; b¤mansuIemRTIkñúgkar
arrangement of its molecules; as in a
stereospecific polymer such as some
tMerob eRKagm:UelKulrbs;va dUckñúgb:UlIEmesþer:GUyfaRbePTCaRbePT
types of polypropylene. b:UlIRbUBIELnmUycMnYn.
Tag closed-cup tester : A laboratory
device used to determine the flash point
]bkrN_etsþEBgbitTag ³ ]bkrN_enATIBiesaFEdleRbIsMrab;kMnt;
of mobile petroleum liquids flashing
below 175°F (79.4°C). Also known as
cMNuccMNaMgEpøténkarcaMgBnøWEpøténeRbgeqAravcl½tenAsItuNðPaB
Tagliabue closed tester. eRkam 175°F (79,4°C) . eKehAmüa:geTotfa]bkrN_etsþbitCit
Tagliabue.
tagged molecule : A molecule having
one or more atoms which are either
m:UelKulcMElk ³ m:UelKulEdlmanGatUmmYyb¤eRcInCaviTüúskmµb¤
radioactive or have a mass which differs
from that of the atoms which normally
manm:asxusBIma:sénGatUmEdlCaFmµtabgámUe: lKul.
make up the molecule.
Tagliabue closed tester : See Tag
closed-cup tester.
]bkrN_etsþbitCit ³ emIl Tag closed-cup tester.
tar base : A basic nitrogen compound
found in coal tar, e.g., pyridine and
)asC½r ³ smasFatumanGasUtCamUldæanRbTHeXIjkñúgC½rFüÚgfµ
quinoline. ]TahrN_ BIrIDIn nigKINUlIn.
Tauber test : A color test for
identification of pentose sugars; the
etsþ Tauber ³ etsþBN’sMrab;rkGtsBaØaNsárb:g;tUs sárTaMgenH
sugars produce a cherry-red color when
heated with a solution of benzidine in
begáItBN’RkhmeBlRtUvdutkMedACamYysUluysüúgbg;suIDInkñúgGasuIt
glacial acetic acid. GaesTicxab;.
tautomerism : The reversible inter-
conversion of structural isomers of
tUtUemrIs ³ GnþrbMElgRtLb;)anénGuIsUEmeRKagrbs;smasFatuKImI
organic chemical compounds; such inter-
conversions usually involve transfer of a
srIragÁ GnþrbMElgdUcenHCaTUeTAmankarepÞrRbUtug.
proton.

265
Teller-Redlich rule : For two isotopic

molecules, the product of the frequency
c,ab; Teller-Redich ³ cMeBaHm:UelKulGuIsUtUbBIr plitpléntMélpl
ratio values of all vibrations of a given
symmetry type depends only on the
eFobeRbkg;lMj½rTaMgGs;rbs;RbePTsuIemRTIGaRs½yEtnwgTMrg;FrNI-
geometrical structure of the molecule maRtrbs;mUe: lKul nigm:asGatUm nigminGaRs½yelIefrb:Utg;EsüleT.
and the masses of the atoms and not on
the potential constants.
telluric line : Any of the spectral bands
and lines in the spectrum of the sun and
bnÞat;EtlYric ³ bg;s,iúc nigbnÞat;kñúgs,iúcrbs;RBHGaTitü nigpáayEdl
stars produced by the absorption of their
light in the atmosphere of the earth.
RtUvbegáIteLIgedaysMrUbénBnøWrbs;vakñúgbriyakasEpndI.
telluroketone : One of a group of
compounds with the general formula
EtlYr:UestUn ³ smasFatumYyénRkumsmasFatuEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA
R2CTe. R CTe.
2
telluromercaptan : One of a group of

compounds with the general formula
EtlYr:UEmkab;tan ³ smasFatumYyénRkumsmasFatuEdlmanrUbmnþ
RTeH. TUeTA RTeH.
Telvar : The common name for the
herbicide 3-(para-chloro-phenyl)-1,1-
tilv:a ³ eQµaHTUeTArbs;fñaMsMlab;rukçCati 3-():ar:akørUe: pnIl)1,1-DIemTIl
dimethylurea; used as a soil sterilant. G‘uyerEdleRbICaFatueFVIeGaydIhil.
temperature : The degree of hotness or
coldness of an object, which is the
sItuNðPaB ³ kMriténPaBekþA b¤PaBRtCak;énvtßúEdlCargVas;én
measure of the average kinetic energy of
the molecules of the object.
famBlsIuenTicmFüménm:UelKulrbs;vtßúenaH.
temporary hardness : The portion of
the total hardness of water that can be
PaBrwgGnaciERnþy_ ³ cMENkénPaBrwgsrubrbs;TwkEdlGacRtUv)an
removed by boiling whereby the soluble
calcium and magnesium bicarbonate are
pþac;ecjBITwkedaykardaMTwkeGayBuHEdleFVIeGaykal;süÚm nigm:aej-
precipitated as insoluble carbonates. süÚmb‘ÍkabUNatrlaykøayCakkrkabUNatminrlay.
term : A set of (2S+ 1) (2L+ 1) atomic
states belonging to a definite
TMnak;TMng ³ kartMerobPaBCaGatUm (2S+1) (2L+1) EdlmansNæan
configuration and to definite spin and
orbital angular momentum quantum
Cak;lak; nigs<InCak;lak; nigcMnYnkg;TUmm:Um:g;Grb‘Ítal;muMKW S nig L.
numbers S and L.
termination : The steps that end a chain
reaction by destroying or rendering
TIbBa©b; ³ dMNak;kalEdlbBa©b;ExSRbtikmµedaykarbMpøaj b¤kareFVI
inactive the reactive intermediates. eGayGskmµnUvFatukNþalénRbtikmµ.
termination step : In a chain reaction,
the mechanism that halts the reaction.
dMNak;bBaÄb; ³ kñúgExSRbtikmµ clnkarEdlbBaÄb;dMeNIrkar
Rbtikmµ.
ternary compound : A molecule
consisting of three different types of
smasFatuRtIFatu ³ m:UelKulEdlbgáeLIgBIGatUmbIRbePTepSgKña.
atoms; e.g., sulfuric acid H2SO4. ]TahrN_ GasuIts‘ulPYric H SO .
2 4
ternary system : Any system with three

nonreactive components; in liquid
RbB½n§RtIFatu ³ RbB½n§EdlmansmasPaKminRbtikmµbI. kñúgRbB½n§rav
systems, the components may or may not
be partially soluble.
smasPaKGacb¤minGacrlayedayEpñk.
terpene : Naturally occurring compound
that contains isoprene units.
ETEb:n ³ smasFatuFmµCatiEdlmanÉktaGIusUERbn.
terpene alcohol : A generic name for al1
alcohol related to or derived from a
ETEb:nGal;kul ³ eQµaHTUeTAsMrab;Gal;kulEdlTak;Tgnwg b¤)anmk
terpene hydrocarbon, such as terpineol or
borneol.
BIGuIRdUkabYETEb:ndUcCaETBIenGul b¤brenGul.

266
terpenoid : Any compound with an

isoprenoid structure similar to that of the
ETEb:nNUGIut ³ smasFatuEdlmanTMrg;GIusUERbnNUGIutRsedog
terpene hydrocarbons. KñanwgTMrg; GIuRdUkabYETEb:n.
terpolymer : A polymer that contains
three distinct monomers; e.g.,
ETb:UlIEm ³ b:UlIEmEdlbgáeLIgBImUN : UEmbIepSgKña. ]TahrN_ETb:UlIEm
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
terpolymer, ABS.
GaRKILÚnIRTIl-b‘uytaDIEGn-sÞIEr:n ABS.
tert- : Abbreviation for tertiary;
trisubstituted methyl radical with the
ET- ³ GkSrkat;sMrab;BaküTIbI. r:aDIkal;emTIlEdlmanRkumCMnYsbI
central carbon attached to three other
carbons (R1R2R3C-).
EdlmanGatUmkabUnkNþalcgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmkabUnbIepSgeTot
(R R R C).
1 2 3
tertiary alcohol : A trisubstituted

alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is
Gal;kulfñak;bI ³ Gal;kulmanRkumGuIRduksuIlcgsm<½n§CamYyGatUm
attached to a carbon that is joined to
three carbons; e.g., tertbutyl alcohol.
kabUn EdlGatUmkabUnenHcgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmkabUnbIepSgeTot
]TahrN_ ETb‘uyTIlGal;kul.
tertiary amine : R3N A trisubstituted
amine in which the amine group is
GamInTIbI ³ R N GamInCMnYsbIEdlbgÁúMnaTIrbs;vacgsm<½n§CamYy
3
attached to three carbons; e.g..

trimethylamine, (CH3)3N.
GatUmkabUnbIepSgeTot. ]TahrN_ RTIemTIlGamIn(CH ) N. 3 3
tertiary carbon : A carbon atom bonded

to three other carbon atoms with single
kabUnfñak;bI ³ GatUmkabUnEdlcgsm<½n§mYyCan;CamYyGatUm
bonds. kabUnbIepSgeTot.
tertiary hydrogen : A hydrogen atom
that is bonded to a tertiary carbon atom.
GuIRdUEsnfñak;bI ³ GatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlcgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmkabUn
fñak;TibI.
tertiary structure : Compact, three-
dimensional shape of globular proteins.
TMrg;TIbI ³ TMrg;RtIvimaRthab;ENkénRbUetGIunRKab;.
tetradentate ligand : A chelating agent
which has four groups capable of
lIkg;eFµjbYn ³ Pñak;gareFobEdlmanRkuméd sm<½n§bYnGaccgsm<½n§
attachment to a metal ion, Also known as
quadridentate ligand.
CamYyGIuyu:gelah³. eKehAmüa:geTotfalIkg;cturnþ.
tetrahedral (angle) : A bond angle of
109.5 degrees created when a central
ctumux¬mMu¦ ³ muMénsm<½n§ 109,5dWeRkEdlekIteLIgenAeBlGatUmkNþal
atom forms four bonds directed toward
the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
begáItsm<½n§bYntMrg;eq<aHeTARCugénctumuxesµIKña.
tetrahedron : A polyhedron with four
triangular faces. Symmetrical geometric
etRtaEGt b¤ctumµx ³ BhumuxEdlmanmuxRtIekaNbYn. TMrg;
shape with four vertices and equal bond
angles.
FrNImaRtsIuemRTI CamYynwgExSQrbYn nigmanmMusm<½n§esIµKña.
tetramer : A polymer that results from
the union of four identical monomers;
etRtaEm ³ b:UlIEmEdlCalT§plBIkarrYmKñaénmU:NUEMmbYndUcKñaebHbiT
e.g., the tetramer C8H8 forms from union
of four molecules of C2H2.
]TahrN_ etRtaEm C H ekItmkBIkarrYmKñaénm:UelKul C H bYn.
8 8 2 2
tetrapyrrole : A chemical structure in

which four pyrrole rings are joined in
etRtaBIr:Ul ³ TMrg;KImIEdlkñúgenaHExSbiTBIrUl: bYnRtUv)ancgsm<½n§CaExS
straight chains, as in a phycobilin, or as
joined rings as in a chlorophyll.
Rtg; dUcenAkñúghVIkUb‘ÍlIn b¤dUcExSbiTEdlRtUvP¢ab;kñúgkørUP: Il.
tetraterpene : A class of terpene
compounds that contain isoprene units;
etRtaETEb:n ³ fñak;énsmasFatuETEb:nEdlmanbNþúMGIusUERbn Edl
best known are the carotenoid pigments
from plants and animals such as
sÁal;c,as;KWCaCatiBN’kar:UetNUGIut)anmkBIrukçCati nigstVdUcCalIkUEb:n
lycopene, the red coloring matter in rUbFatuBN’RkhmkñúgEpøeb:ge):aH.
tomatoes.

267
theoretical yield : The amount of

product that could form during a reaction
TinñpltamRTwsþI ³ brimaNénplitplEdlGacekIteLIgkñúgkMLúg
calculated from a balanced chemical
equation; it represents the maximum
eBl RbtikmµEdlKNnaBIsmIkarKImImanlMnwg. vatageGaybrimaN
amount of product that could be formed GtibrmaénplitplEdlekIteLIgBIbrimaNénRbtikrpþl;)aneGay.
from a given amount of reactant.
theories : A description of nature that
includes more than one law but has not
RTwsþI ³ karBiBN_naBIFmµCatiEdlbBa©Úlc,ab;eRcInCagmYy b:uEnþminTan;
achieved the unquestionable status of a
law is sometimes called a theory. (e.g.
eTAdl;sßanPaBminGacsYr)anénc,ab; CYnkalehAfa RTwsþI. ]TahrN_
Einstein’s theory of relativity and RTwsþIeFobGajsþaj nigRTwsþIvivtþn_davIn.
Darwin’s theory of evolution).
thermal analysis : Any analysis of
physical or thermodynamic properties of
viPaKedaykMedA ³ karviPaKlkçN³rUb b¤lkçN³ETmU:DINamicrbs;
materials in which heat (or its removal)
is directly involved; e.g., boiling,
rUbFatuEdlkñúg enaHkMedA ¬b¤karpþac;ecjrbs;va¦)ancUlrYmedaypÞal;.
freezing, solidification-point determin ]TahrN_karkMNt;sItuNðPaBrMBuH kMNk PaBkkrwg rgVas;kMedArlaynig
ations, heat of fusion and heat of
vaporization measurements, distillation, kMedArMhYt bMNit kaLÚrI;maRt nigviPaKkMedADIepr:g;Esül ETm:URkavIemRTic
calorimetry, and differential thermal,
thermogravimetric, thermometric, and ETm:UemRTic nigGRtakmµETm:UemRTic. eKehAmüa:geTotfaviPaKETm:U.
thermometric titration analyses. Also
known as thermoanalysis.
thermal black : A type of carbon black
made by a thermal process using natural
kabUnexµAedaykMedA ³ RbePTkabUnexµAEdlplitedaylMnaMkMedA
gas; used in the rubber industry. edayeRbI]sµ½nFmµCati EdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúg]sSahkmµekAs‘U.
thermal degradation : Molecular
deterioration of materials (usually
tMhyKuNPaBedaykMedA ³ karxUcRTg;RTaym:UelKulénrUbFatu
organics) because of overheat; can be
avoided by low-temperature or vacuum
¬CaTUeTAsrIragÁ¦ edaysarkardutkMedAxøaMgeBk EdlGaceCosvag)an
processing, as for foods and edaykarbBa©úH sItuNðPaB b¤tamlMnaMsuBaØkas dUcCacMeBaHcMNIGahar
pharmaceuticals.
nig»sf.
thermal diffusion : A phenomenon in
which a temperature gradient in a
sMNaykMedA ³ )atuPUtEdlkñúgenaHCMralénsItuNðPaBkñúgl,ayvtßúrav
mixture of fluids gives rise to a flow of
one constituent relative to the mixture as
ekIneLIgtamlMhUrénFatubgámYyEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgl,aydUcCa
a whole. Also known as thermodiffusion. RbB½n§EtmYy. eKehAmüa:geTotfa ETmU:sMNay.
thermal titration : See thermometric
titration.
GRtakmµkMedA ³ emIl thermometric titration.
Thermoanalysis : See thermal analysis.
]NðviPaK ³ emIl thermal analysis.
thermobalance : An analytical balance
modified for thermogravimetric analysis,
CBa¢IgETmU: ³ CBa¢IgviPaKEdl)anEkécñsMrab;eRbIkñúgviPaKETm:URkavImaRt
involving the measurement of weight
changes associated with the
edayrYmmanrgVas;énbMErbMrYlTMgn;CamYynwgbMElgrUbFatuenAeBldut
transformations of matter when heated. kMedA.
thermochemistry : The measurement,
interpretation, and analysis of heat
ETmU:KImI ³ rgVas; bMNkRsay nigkarviPaKénbMErbMrYlkMedACamYynwg
changes accompanying
reactions and changes in state.
chemical RbtikmµKImI nigbMlas;bþÚrsNæan.
thermodiffusion : See thermal diffusion.
ETmU:sMNay ³ emIl thermal diffusion.
thermodynamics : Science of the
relation between heat and other forms of
ETm:UDINamic ³ viTüasa®sþénGnþrkmµrvagkMedA nigTMrg;epSgeTotén
energy. famBl.

268
thermoelectric diffusion potential : A

potential difference across an electrolyte
b:Utg;EsülsMNaykMedAGKÁisnI ³ plsgb:Utg;Esülqøgkat;
that results when a temperature gradient
causes one constituent to attempt to flow
eGLicRtUlItEdlecjlT§plenABasCMralsItuNðPaBbNþaleGayFatu
relative to the other. bgámYycg;hUrTak;TgeTAnwgFatubgáepSgeTot.
thermogravimetric analysis : Chemical
analysis by the measurement of weight
viPaKETm:URkavIemRTic ³ viPaKKImIedaykarpøwgBIbMErbMrYlm:asénRbB½n§
changes of a system or compound as a
function of increasing temperature.
b¤smasFatuCaGnuKménkMENInsItuNðPaB.
thermokinetic analysis : A type of
enthalpimetric analysis which uses
viPaKETm:UsuIenTic ³ RbePTénviPaKrgVas;Gg;tal;BIemRTicEdleRbI
kinetic titrimetry; involves rapid and
continuous automatic delivery of a
GRtamaRtsIuenTicEdlmankarpþl;eGayelOn nigbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi
suitable titrant, under judiciously énFatuGRtakrsmRsb eRkaml½kçx½NÐBiesaFn_mankarRtUtBinitüy:ag
controlled experimental conditions with
temperature measurement; the end points m:t;ct;rYmCamYynwgkarvas;sItuNðPaB cMNuccugbBa©b;TTYl)anRtUvbMElg
obtained are converted by mathematical
procedures into valid stoichiometric tamlMnaMKNitviTüaeTACacMnuclMnwg sþÚGIusUmaRt)ankar nigeRbIsMrab;
equivalence points and used for
determining reaction rate constants.
KNnaefrel,ÓnRbtikmµ.
thermometer : An instrument used for
measuring the temperature of a
ETm:UEm:t ³ ]bkrN_eRbIsMrab;vas;sItuNðPaBénsarFatu.
substance.
thermometric analysis : A method for
determination of the transformations a
viPaKETm:UEm:RTic ³ viFIkMNt;bMElgsarFatusßitenAeRkamkardutkMedA
substance undergoes while being heated
or cooled at an essentially constant rate,
b¤kareFVIeGayRtCak;enAel,ÓnefrCacaM)ac;. ]TahrN_ karkMNt;cMNuc
e.g., freezing-point determinations. kk.
thermometric titration : A titration in
an adiabatic system yielding a plot of
GRtakmµETm:UEm:RTic ³ GRtakmµkñúgRbB½n§Gadüa)aTicEdllT§pl
temperature versus volume of titrant;
used for neutralization, precipitation,
)anCaExSekagénsItuNðPaBnigénmaDGRtakrRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Rbtikmµ
redox, organic condensation, and bnSab RbtikmµkMNk Rbtikmµerduk Rbtikmµkugdg;kmµsrIragÁ nigRbti-
complex-formation reactions. Also
known as calorimetric titration; enthalpy kmµkMNkuMpøic. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GRtakmµkaLÚrIEm:RTic GRtakmµ
titration; thermal titration.
Gg;tal;BI GRtakmµkMedA.
thermoplastic elastomer : A polymer
that can be processed as a thermoplastic
eGLas;tUEmETm:U)øasÞic ³ b:UlIEmEdlGacRtUv)andMeNIrkarCa
material but also possesses the properties
of a conventional thermoset rubber.
sarFatuETmM:U)øasÞic b:uEnþk¾manlkçN³eFVIeGayekAs‘UeLIgkkedaykMedA
Abbreviated TPE. Fmµta. sresrkat; TPE.
thermoplastic polymers: hard polymers
that can be melted.
b:UlIEmTn;edaykMedA ³ b:UlIEmrwgEdlGacrlay.
Thermosetting polymers: hard
polymers formed by heating, that cannot
b:UlIEmrwgedaykMedA ³ b:UlIEmrwgekItejeLIgedaykardutkMedA
be melted. EdlminGacrlay.
thermotropic liquid crystal : A liquid
crystal prepared by heating the
RkamravETm:URtUBic ³ RkamravEdl)anplitedaydutkMedAsarFatu.
substance.
thiazole dye : One of a family of dyes in
which the chromophore groups are
l½xtüas‘Ul ³ GMbUrmYyénl½xB’NEdlmanRkumRkUmUp: rCa =C=N-,
=C=N-, -S-C=, and used mainly for -S-C= nigeRbICacMbgcMeBaHGMe)aH. ]TahrN_ RBImuylIn.
cotton; an example is primuline.
Thiele melting-point apparatus : A
stirred, specially shaped test-tube device
]bkrN_vas;cMNucrlay Theile ³ ]bkrN_ragbMBg;sakBiess
used for the determination of the melting
point of a crystalline chemical.
EdlkUr)aneRbIsMrab;kMNt;rkcMNucrlayrbs;FatuKImIRkam.

269
thin-layer chromatography
Chromatography on thin layers of
:
RkUm:atURkaPIbnÞ³esþIg ³ kareFIVRkUm:atURkaPIelIbnÞ³énFatuépÞsMrUbesI
adsorbents rather than in columns:
adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel,
CaCagkñúgbMBg;. FatuépÞsMrUbesIGacCaGaluymIn EClsuIlIs suIlIkat
silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. FüÚg b¤EsluyLÚs.
thio- : A chemical prefix derived from
the Greek theion, meaning sulfur;
tüÚ- ³ buBVbTKImIEdl)anmkBIBaküRkic theionmann½yCas<an;Fr½bBa¢ak;
indicates the replacement of an oxygen
in an acid radical by sulfur with a
BIkarCMnYseGayGuksuIEsnkñúgr:aDIkal;GasuItedays<an;Fr½Edlmanv:aLg;
negative valence of 2. GviC¢man 2.
thioaldehyde : An organic compound
that contains the
tüÚGal;edGuIt ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlmanr:aDIkal;-CHS nigmanbc©½y
-CHS radical and has the suffix -thial;
e.g., ethanethial, CH3CHS.
-tüal;. ]TahrN_ eGtaneGtüal;.
thiocyanate : A salt of thiocyanic acid
that contains the –SCN radical: e.g.;
tüÚsüanY ³ GMbilénGasuIttüÚsüanicEdlmanr:aDIkal; -SCN.
sodium thiocyanate, NaSCN. Also
known as sulfocyanate; sulfocyanide;
]TahrN_ sUdüÚmtüÚsüaNat NaSCN. eKsÁal;pgEdrCa s‘ulpYsüa-
thiocyanide. Nat su‘lpUsüanY tüÚsüanY.
thiocyanide : See thiocyanate.
tüÚsüaNat ³ emIl thiocyanate.
thioester : Functional group derived
from an acid and a thiol.
tüÚeGEsÞ ³ RkumnaTIEdl)anmkBIGasIut nigtüÚl.
O O
R1 C S R2 R1 C S R2
thiol : Sulfur analog of an alcohol in
which oxygen is replaced by sulfur.
tüúl ³ s<an;F½rEdldUcGal;kulEdlkúñgenaHGuksIuEsnRtUv)anCMnYs
edays<an;F½r.
third-order reaction : A chemical
reaction in which the rate of reaction is
RbtikmµlMdab;TIbI ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlkñúgenaHel,ÓnRbtikmµRtUv)an
determined by the concentration of three
reactants.
kMNt;edaykMhab;énRbtikrbI.
thiuram : A chemical compound
containing a R2NCS radical; occurs
FIG‘uyr:am ³ smasFatuKImIEdlmanr:aDIkal; R NCS ekItmanCasMxan;
2
mainly in disulfide compounds; the most

common monosulfide compound is
kñúgsmasFatuDIs‘ulPY CaTUeTAbMputsmasFatumUN : Us‘uPYKWCaetRtaemTIl
tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. FIG‘uyr:ammMU:NUs‘ulPY.
thixotropy : Property of certain gels
which liquefy when subjected to
FIsURtUBI ³ lkçN³éneylmYycMnYnEdlkøayCaravenAeBlrgnUvkMlaMg
vibratory forces, such as ultrasonic
waves or even simple shaking, and then
lMj½r dUcCarlksUrG‘ulRta b¤karrBa¢ÜyFmµta nigbnÞab;mkrwgeLIgvij
solidify again wl:1en left standing. eBlTukeGayenAes¶óm.
Thomson-Berthelot principle : The
assumption that the heat released in a
eKalkarN_ Thomson-Berthelot ³ karsnµtfakMedAEdlbeBa©j
chemical reaction is directly related to
the chemical affinity and that in the
kñúgRbtikmµKImITak;TgpÞal;nwgcMNUlKImI nigfakñúgGvtþmanénkarpþl;
absence of the application of external famBlBIxageRkAEdlRbtikµKImIenaHbeBa©jkMedAxøaMgbMputsMrab;Rbtikmµ
energy, that chemical reaction which
releases the greatest heat is favored over déTeTot. eKalkarN_enHminRtwmRtUvCaTUeTAeT bu:EnþGaceRbI)ankñúg
others; the principle is in general
incorrect, but applies in certain special krNIBiessmYycMnYn.
cases.

270
Thorpe reaction : The reaction by

which, in presence of lithium amides, α,
Rbtikmµ Thorpe ³ RbtikmµEdlkñúgvtþmanlIcUmGamIn α, ω-DInIRTIl
ω- dinitriles undergo base-catalyzed
condensation to cyclic iminonitriles,
rgRbtikmµkugdg;kmµkatalIkmµ)aslIcUmGamIneGayCasiucGIumINUnIRTIl
which can be hydrolyzed and EdlGacrgGIuRdUlIs nigedkabuksuIlkmµCaestUnExSbiT.
decarboxylated to cyclic ketones.
tie line : A line on a phase diagram
joining the two points which represent
bnÞat;P¢ab; ³ bnÞat;enAelIdüaRkampasEdlP¢ab;cMNucBIrtageGay
the composition of systems in
equilibrium. Also known as conode.
smasPaBénRbB½n§kñúgsßanPaBlMnwg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa kUNUt.
tight ion pair : An ion pair composed of
individual ions which keep their
KUGIuy:ugsm<½nPaB ³ KUGIuy:ugbgáeLIgedayGIuyu:gedayELkBIKñaEdl
stereochemical configuration; no solvent
molecules separate the cation and anion.
rkSarUbsNæanesþer:GUKImIrbs;va Kµanm:UelKulFaturMlayEjkkacug nig
Also known as contact ion pair; intimate Gaj:úg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa KUGIuyug: b:HKñaKUGIuyu:gsiñTVsñal.
ion pair.
time-of-flight mass spectrometer : A
mass spectrometer in which all the
s,iúcRtUEm:Rtm:asviPaKGIuy:ug ³ s,iúcRtUEm:tm:asEdlkñúgenaHGIuyug:
positive ions of the material being
analyzed are ejected into the drift region
viC¢manTaMgGs;rbs;sarFatuRtUvviPaKRtUv)an)aj;beBa©jeTAkñúgtMbn;
of the spectrometer tube with essentially GENþténbMBg;s,iúcRtUEm:tEdlmanfamBlsMxan;dUcKña nigBRgayeTA
the same energies, and spread out in
accordance with their masses as they tamry³m:aseBlva eTAdl;katUtén]bkrN_begáIncMnYneGLicRtug
reach the cathode of a magnetic electron
multiplier at the other end of the tube. m:aej:TicenAcugmçageToténbMBg;.
time-resolved laser spectroscopy : A
method of studying transient phenomena
karsikSas,úicLaEs‘ry³eBlxøI ³ viFIsikSa)atuPUtqøgkat;kñúg
in the interaction of light with matter
through the exposure of samples to
Gnþrkmµén BnøWedaykardak;PaKsMNakeGayb:HcrnþBnøWLaEs‘xøaMg
extremely short and intense pulses of nigkñúgGMLúgeBl xøIbMputrhUtdl;eRkamNaNUvinaTI b¤eRkamBIkUvinaTI.
laser light. down to sub-nanosecond or
sub-picosecond duration.
Tischenko reaction : The formation of
an ester by the condensation of two
Rbtikmµ Tischenko ³ kMNeGEsÞedayRbtikmµkugdg;kmµénm:UelKul
molecules of aldehyde utilizing a
catalyst of aluminum alkoxides in the
BIrrbs;Gal;edGuItedayeRbIR)as;katalIkrGaluymIj:ÚmGal;kuksuIt
presence of a halide. kñúgvtþmanrbs;GaLÚEsnY.
titanate : A salt of titanic acid; titanates
of the M2TiO3 type are called
TItaNat ³ GMbilénGasuItTItanic. TItaNaténRbePT M TiO 2 3
metatitanates. Those of the M4TiO4 type

are called orthotitanates; an example is
RtUv)anehAfa emtaTItaNat. TItaNaténRbePT M TiO RtUv)an
4 4
sodium titanate (Na2O)2Ti2O5 ehAfa GrtUTItaNat. ]TahrN_ sUdüÚmTItaNat (Na O) Ti O .2 2 2 5
titer : 1. The concentration in a solution

of a dissolved substance as shown by
GRta ³ 1.kMhab;rbs;sarFaturlaykñúgsUluysüúgEdlRtUv)ankMNt;
titration. 2. The least amount or volume
needed to give a desired result in
edayGRtakmµ. 2.brimaNb¤cMNuHticbMputRtUvkaredIm,IsMerclT§pl
titration. 3. The solidification point of cg;)ankñúgGRtakmµ. 3.cMNucrwgénGasuItxøaj;GuIRdUlIs.
hydrolyzed fatty acids.
titrand : The substance that is analyzed
in a titration procedure.
FatueFVIGRtakmµ ³ sarFatuEdlRtUv)anviPaKkñúglMnaMGRtakmµ.
titrant : Solution of known
concentration and composition used for
GRtakr ³ sUluysüúgEdldwgkMhab; nigsmasPaBEdlRtUveRbIsMrab;
analytical titrations. Also known as
standard solution.
GRtakmµviPaK. eKehAmüa:geTotfa sUluysüúgsþg;da.

271
titration : A method of analyzing the

composition of a solution by adding
GRtakmµ ³ viFIviPaKsmasPaBrbs;sUluysüúgedaykarbEnßmbrimaN
known amounts of a standardised
solution until a given reaction (color
sUluysüúgsþg;darhUtdl;RbtikmµekItman ¬ERbBN’ kMNkkkr b¤kar
change, precipitation. or conductivity pøas;bþÚrkMritcMlg¦. cMNucEdlsUluysüúgminsÁal;RtUv)aneRbIGs;eRcIn
change} is produced. The point at which
the unknown is completely consumed is EtRtUv)ankMNt;edaykareRbIFatucg¥úlBN’KImIEdlpøas;bÚþrBN’enAcMNuc
usually identified by a chemical indica-
tor that changes color at the “end point.” bBa©b;.
titrimetric analysis : See volumetric
analysis.
karviPaKTIRTIemRTic ³ emIl volumetric analysis.
tocopherol : Any of several substances
having vitamin E activity that occur
tUkUepr:Ul ³ sarFatuEdlmanskmµPaBvItamIn EEdlekIttamFmµCati
naturally in certain oils; α-tocopherol
possesses the highest biological activity.
kñúgeRbgmYycMnYn. -tUkUepr:UlmanskmµPaBCIvsa®sþx<s;bMput.
tolerance interval : That range of values
within which it has been calculated that a
cenøaHGt;eGan ³ cenøaHtMélEdlkñúgenaHvaRtUv)anKNnaEdlPaKry
specified percentage of individual values
of measurements will lie with a stated
yfaRbePTrbs;tMéledayELkénrgVas;nwgCatMélkMritPaBeCOCak;;.
confidence level.
Tollen’s aldehyde test : A test that uses
an ammoniacal solution of silver oxides
etsþGal;edGuIt Tollen ³ etsþEdleRbIsUluysüúgGam:Ujak;én
to test for aldehydes and ketones. R)ak;GuksuItedIm,IeFVIetsþGal;edGuIt nigestUn.
toluene (methyl benzene) : A colorless
liquid, main use as a solvent. CH3C6H5
tUluyEGn (emTIlbg;Esn) ³ vtßúravKµanBN’eRcIneRbICaFaturMlay.
manrUbmnþ CH C H .
3 6 5
tonne : A metric unit of mass equal to

1,000 kilograms.
etan ³ xñatTMgn;énma:sesµInwg 1000KILÚRkam.
topochemical control : In a chemical
reaction, product formation that is
karRtYtBinitütUb:UKImI ³ kMNplitplEdlRtUv)ankMNt;edaykar
determined by the orientation of
molecules in the crystal.
tMrg;Tism:UelKulkñúgRkamkñúgRbtikmµKImI.
torr : Unit of pressure equal to the
pressure exerted by a standard column of
T½r ³ ÉktasMBaFesIµnwgsMBaFkñúgbMBg;sþg;daén)ar:tkMBs; 1,00 mIlI
mercury 1.00 mm in height. Em:Rt.
torsional angle : The angle between
bonds on adjacent atoms.
muMsm<½n§rmYl ³ muMrvagsm<½n§énGatUmCab;Kña.
total heat of dilution : See heat of
dilution.
kMedABRgavsrub ³ emIl heat of dilution.
total heat of solution : See heat of
solution.
kMedAsUluysüúgsrub ³ emIl heat of solution.
total solids : The total content of
suspended and dissolved solids in water.
vtßúrwgsrub ³ brimaNsrubénvtßúrwgEdlvilvl; nigrlaykñúgTwk.
toxic : Poisonous.
Bul ³ sarFatuBul.
TPE ³ emIl thermoplastic elastomer.
TPE : See thermoplastic elastomer.
trace analysis : Analysis of a very small

quantity of material of a sample by such
viPaKbrimaNtictYc ³ karviPaKbrimaNd¾tictYcénsarFaturbs;PaK
techniques
spectroscopy.
as polarography or sMNaktambec©keTsb:ULar:URkaPI b¤s,iúcsikSa.
trace element : 1. An element which
needed in very small amounts in the
FatucaM)ac;tictYc ³ 1.FatuEdlRtUvkarkñúgbrimaNd¾tictYcsMrab;rag
body or by plants. 2. An element in a
sample that has an average concentration
kay b¤rukçCati. 2.FatuEdlkñúgPaKsMNakmankMhab;CamFümticCag
of less than 100 parts per million atoms 100PaKlanGatUm b¤ticCag 100 mIRkURkamkñúg 1Rkam.
or less than 100 micrograms per gram.

272
tracer : Radioactive isotope used to

follow the passage of the element of
Fatutamdan ³ GIusUtUbviTüúskmµEdleRbIedIm,ItamBinitüelIkarqøgkat;
molecule in question through a
biological or physical system.
Faturbs;mUe: lKulEdlkMBugykmkBinitütamRbBn½§CIvsa®sþb¤rUb.
trans- : Prefix used to designate two
similar groups on opposite sides of a
Rtg;- ³ buBVbTeRbIedIm,IbBa¢ak;RkumdUcKñaBIrsßitenARbQmKñaénm:UelKul
molecule. mYy.
transamination : 1. The transfer of one
or more amino groups from one
benÞrGamInkmµ ³ 1. karepÞrRkumGamInmYyb¤eRcInBIsmasFatumYyeTA
compound to another. 2. The
transposition of an amino group within a
smasFatumYyeTot. 2. karepÞrTItaMgrbs;RkumGamInenAkñúgsmasFatu
single compound. EtmYy.
transesterification : Conversion of an
organic acid ester into another ester of
benÞreGEsÞkmµ ³ bMElgeGEsÞGasuItsrIragÁeTACaeGEsÞEdldUcKñanwg
that same acid. GasuItrbs;va.
ARNdwknaM ³ m:UelKulGasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucEdlepÞrGasuIutGamIenRtwm
transfer RNA (tRNA) : Ribonucleic
acid molecules that transfer the correct
amino acids into the protein that is being
synthesised by ribosomes.
RtUvedIm,IbegáItRbUetGIunEdlRtUv)ansMeyaKeLIg edayrIbUsUm.
transition : See activated complex.
GnþrPaB ³ emIl activated complex.
transition elements : A set of elements
in the periodic table with unfilled d- or f-
Fatuqøg ³ RkuménFatukñúgtaragxYbEdlmanRsTab; d b¤ fminTan;bMeBj.
sub shells. They have typical metallic
properties, have variable valency,
FatuenaHmanlkçN³Caelah³ tYy:agEdlmanva:Lg;eRcInCasmasFatu
colored compounds and form BN’ nigbegáItCasmasFatukUGrDINasüúg. PaKeRcInKWCa)a:ra:ma:ejTic
coordination compounds. Many are
paramagnetic and good catalysts. nigCakatalIkrd¾l¥.
transition interval : In a titrimetric
analysis, the range in concentration of
cenøaHGnþrPaB ³ cenøaHkMhab;énRbePTKImIEdlRtUv)ankMNt;Edlxag
the species being determined over which
a variation in a chemical indicator can be
elIcenøaHenaHbMErbMrYlFatucg¥úlBN‘KImIGacRtUv)ansegáty:agc,as;kñúg
observed visually. viPaKTIRTIemRTic.
transition state : See activated complex.
GnþrPaB ³ emIl activated complex.
transition temperature : The
temperature at which an enantiotropic
sItuNðPaBGnþrPaB ³ sItuNðPaBEdlb:UlImpeGNg;tüÚRtUBicRtUv)an
polymorph is converted into a different
form.
bMElgeTACaTMrg;epSgeTot.
transition time : The time interval
needed for a working (non- reference)
ry³eBlGnþrPaB ³ cenøaHry³eBlRtUvkarsMrab;eFVIeGayeGLicRtUt
electrode to become polarised during (minEmneKal)køayeTACab:UElkñúgkMLúgRkUNUb:Utg;EsülmaRt (rgVas;
chronopotentiometry (time-measurement
electrolysis of a sample). ry³eBlGKIÁsnIviPaKrbs;PaKsMNak).
translation : Synonym for protein
synthesis. Information stored in mRNA
karbkERbRkm ³ sTisn½ysMrab;karsMeyaKRbUetGIun. Bt’manEdl
is used to direct the synthesis of protein. sþúkkñúg ARNnaMsarEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IdwknaMkarsMeyaKRbUetGIun .
translational energy : The kinetic
energy of gaseous or liquid molecules
famBlpøas;TI ³ famBlsuIenTicrbs;mU:elKul ]sµ½n b¤GgÁFaturav
that is associated with their motion
within their particular chemical systems.
EdlTak;TgeTAnwgclnakñúgbB½n§KImICak;lak;.

273
transmission diffraction : A type of

electron diffraction analysis in which the
DIR)ak;süúgbBa¢ÚnkMlaMg ³ RbePTénkarviPaKcMNaMgpøateGLicRtug
electron beam is transmitted through a
thin film or powder whose smallest
EdlkñúgenaH)ac;BnøWeGLIcRtugRtUv)anbBa¢ÚntambnÞ³hVIlesþIg b¤emS:AEdl
dimension is no greater than a few tenths manvimaRttUcbMputKWminFMCagb:unµanPaKdb;énmIRkUEm:teT.
of a micrometer.
transmittance : During absorption
spectroscopy, the amount of radiant
lT§PaBbBa¢Ún ³ kñúgeBls,iúcsikSasMrUb brimaNénfamBlBnøWcaMg
energy transmitted by the solution under
analysis.
EdlbeB©ajedaysUluysüúgEdlkMBugviPaK.
transmutation : Process of conversion
of one element to another by radioactive
bMElgrUbFatu ³ lMnaMénbMElgBIFatumYyeTAFatumYyeTottamkar
decay or nuclear bombardment. bMEbkviTüúskmµb¤karbMEbkéNVy:U.
transpassive region : That portion of an
anodic polarization curve in which metal
tMbn;cMlg ³ cMEnkExSekagénGaNUtb:UlkmµEdlkñúgenaHkarrlay
dissolution increases as the potential
becomes noble.
rbs;elah³ekIneLIgenAeBlb:Utg;EsülRbesIreLIg.
transplutonium element : An element
haying an atomic number greater than
FatuqøgBøúytUj:Úm ³ FatuEdlmanelxGatUmFMCagelxGatUmBøúy-
that of plutonium (94). tUjÚm: elx (94).
transport number : The fraction of the
total current carried by a given ion in an
cMnYndwkCBa¢Ún ³ RbPaKéncrnþsrubdwknaMedayGuIy:ugNamYykñúg
electrolyte. Also known as transference
number.
eGLicRtUlIt. eKehAmüa:geTotfa cMnYnbenÞr.
transuranic elements : Elements that
have atomic numbers greater than 92; all
FatuqøgG‘uyr:aj:Úm ³ FatuEdlmanelxGatUmFMCag 92 EdlCaFatu
are radioactive, are products of artificial
nuclear changes, and are members of the
viTüúskmµ nigCaplitplénkarpøas;bþÚréNy:Unimitþ nigCaFatuénRkum
actinide group. Also known as Gak;TInIt.
transuranium elements.
transuranium elements :
transuranic elements.
See
FatuqøgGu‘yr:ajÚ:m ³ emIl transuranic elements.
trapping : A method for intercepting a
reactive intermediate or molecule and
kardak;GnÞak; ³ viFITb;sáat;FatukNþalb¤m:UelKulRbtikmµ nigpþac;va
removing it from the system or
converting it to a more stable form for
ecjBIRbB½n§ b¤bMElgvaeTACaTMrg;efrCagsMrab;karsikSabnþnigGtþ-
further study and identification. sBaØaNkmµ.
Traube’s rule : In dilute solutions the
concentration of a member of a
c,ab; Traube ³ enAkñúgsUluysüúgrav kMhab;rbs;smaCikénes‘rI
homologous series at which a given
lowering of surface tension is observed
GUmU:LÚkEdltMNwgépÞeGayTabRtUv)ansegáteXIjfafycuHbIdgcMeBaH
decreases threefold for each additional ral;karbEnßmRkumemTIELnkñúges‘rIenaH.
methylene group in a given series.
triacylglycerols : Triesters of glycerol
and three fatty acids.
RTIGasIulKøIesr:ul ³ RTIeGEsÞénKIøesr:ulnigGasIutxøaj;bI.
triatomic : Consisting of three atoms.
RTIGatUmic ³ bgáeLIgedayGatUmbI.
triazole : A five-membered chemical
ring compound with three nitrogens in
RTIGasUl ³ smasFatuKImIvg;R)aMRCug EdlmanGasUtbIGatUmkñúg
the ring; e.g., C2H3N3; proposed for use
as a photoconductor and for copying
vg;. ]TahrN_ C H N sMrab;eRbICaFatudwknaMBnøW nigsMrab;RbB½n§ft
2 3 3
systems. cMlg.
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle : Cyclic
pathway that oxidises acetyl-CoA to C02,
vdþGasIutRTIkabuksIulic (TCA) ³ dMeNIrsuIKøicEdleFIVGuksIutkmµ
yielding reduced and phosphorylated
coenzymes as the other products.
GaesTIlkUGg;sIum A eGayeTACakabUnDIGuksIutedaypþl;kUGg;sIumEdl
rgerdukmµnigpUsVrIlkmµdUcCaplitpldéTeTot.

274
tridentate ligand : A chelating agent

having three groups capable of
lIkg;eFµjbI ³ Pñak;garekobEdlmanRkumbIEdlGacP¢ab;eTAnwgGIuyug:
attachment to a metal ion. elah³.
triglycerides : triple esters of glycerol;
fats or lipids.
RTIKøIesrIt ³ RTIeGEsÞénKøIesr:ul xøaj; rWlIBIt.
trigonal bipyramid : A trigonal planer
molecule with a fifth atom outside the
b‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN ³ m:UelKulTMrg;bøg;RtIekaNEdlmanGatUmTIR)aM
plane forming a pyramid. enAxageRkAbøg;begáItCaragBIra:mIt.
trigonal planer : A molecule having a
central atom that is bonded to three other
TMrg;bøg;RtIekaN ³ m:UelKulmYyEdlmanGatUmkNþalcgsm<½n§eTAnwg
atoms, with all four lying in the same
plane.
GatUmbIepSgeTotEdlGatUmTaMgbYnsßitenAelIbøg;CamYyKña.
trimer : A molecule composed of three
identical monomers.
RTIEm ³ m:UelKulEdlbgáeLIgedaym:UNUEmbIdUcKña.
triphenylmethane dye : A family of
dyes with a molecular structure derived
l½xRTIepnIlemtan ³ GMbUrl½xEdlTMrg;mU:elKulRsLaymkBI
from (C6H5)3CH3 usually by NH2, OH, or (C H ) CH CaTUeTAedaykarCMnYsGatUmGIuRdUEsnmYyénGatUm
6 5 3 3
HSO3 substitution for one of the C6H5
hydrogens; includes many coal tar dyes, GIuRdUEsnrbs; C H eday NH rW OH b¤ HSO EdlrYmmanl½xC½r
6 5 2 3
e.g., rosaniline and fuchsin.
FüÚgfµ ]TahrN_ r:UsanIlIn nighVúcsuIn.
triphenylmethyl radical : A free radical
in which three phenyl rings are bonded
r:aDIkal;RTIepnIlemTIl ³ r:aDIkal;esrIEdlvg;epnIlbIcgsm<½n§eTA
to a single carbon. Also known as trityl
radical.
nwgkabUnEtmYy. eKehAmüa:geTotfa r:aDIkal;RTITIl.
triple bond : A covalent bond in which
three pairs of electrons are shared by two
sm<½n§bICan; ³ sm<½n§kUv:aLg;EdlkñúgenaHKUTaMgbIéneGLicRtugRtUv)an
atoms. rYmedayGatUmBIr.
triple phosphate : A phosphate
containing magnesium, calcium, and
pUsVatbICan; ³ pUsVatEdlmanGIuyu:gm:aejsüÚm kal;süÚmnig
ammonium ions. Gam:Uj:Um.
triple point : The temperature and
pressure at which solid, liquid and
cMNuclMnwgRtIsNæan ³ sItuNðPaB nigsMBaFEdlsNæanvtßúrwgvtßúrav
gaseous states of a substance are in
equilibrium.
nig]sµ½nénsarFatumanlMnwg.
trisulfide : A binary chemical compound
that contains three sulfur atoms in its
RTIs‘ulPY ³ smasFatuKImIeTVrFatupSMeLIgBIEdlmans<an;F½rbIGatUm
molecule, e.g., iron trisulfide, Fe2S3. kñúgm:UelKulrbs;va. ]TahrN_ EdkRTIs‘ulPY Fe S .
2 3
triterpene : One of a class of

compounds having molecular skeletons
RTIETEb:n ³ smasFatumYyénfñak;smasFatuEdleRKagm:UelKulman
containing 30 carbon atoms, and
theoretically composed of six isoprene
GatUmkabUn 30 nigtamRTwsþIbgáeLIgedayÉktaGIusUERbnR)aMmYy Edl
units; numerous and widely distributed EbgEckkñúgFmµCatiCacMnYneRcInCacMbgkñúgC½rrukçCatinigrukçrs ]TahrN_
in nature, occurring principally in plant
resins and sap; an example is ambrein. GMeRb‘GIun.
tritiated : Related to matter in which
tritium atoms have replaced one or more
RTIcUmCMnYs ³ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgrUbFatukñúgenaHGatUmRTIcUm)anCMnYs
atoms of ordinary hydrogen. GIuRdUEsnFmµtamYyb¤eRcInGatUm.
trityl radical : See triphenylmethyl
radical.
ra:DIkalRTITIl ³ emIl triphenylmethyl radical.

275
trivial name : A common name for a

chemical compound derived from the
eQµaHedIm ³ eQµaHeRcIneRbIsMrab;smasFatuKImIRsLaymkBIeQµaHén
names of the natural source of the
compound at the time of its isolation and
RbPBFmµCatirbs;smasFatuenAeBlvaRtUv)anbMEbkecj nigmuneBl
before anything is known about its EdlTMrg;m:UelKulrbs;vaRtUv)ansÁal;.
molecular structure.
Trouton’s rule : An approximation rule
for the derivation of molar heats of
c,ab; Trouton ³ c,ab;snµtsMrab;RsLayrbs;kMedAm:UlénrMhYtvtßúrav
vaporization of normal liquids at their
boiling points.
FmµtaenAcMNucrMBuHrbs;va.
true freezing point : The temperature at
which the liquid and solid forms of a
cMNuckkBit ³ sItuNðPaBEdlTMrg;rwgnigravrbs;sarFatumanGtßiPaB
substance exist in equilibrium at a given
pressure (usually 1 standard atmosphere;
kñúgsßanPaBlMnwgenAsMBaFkMNt; ¬CaTUeTA 1 Gat;mUE: sV‘sþg;da b¤101,325
or 101,325 pascals). )a:sáal;¦.
turbidimetric analysis : A scattered-
light procedure for the determination of
viPaKPaBkkrl¥k; ³ lMnaMRBacBnøWsMrab;karkMNt;kMhab;TMrg;rbs;PaK
the weight concentration of particles in
cloudy, dull. or muddy solutions; uses a
l¥itkñúgsUuluysüúgsRsGab; b¤l¥k;edayeRbI]bkrN_vas;GaMgtg;suIetBnøW
device that measures the loss in intensity Edl)at;eBlEdlvaqøgkat;sUluysüúg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa kkr.
of a light beam as it passes through the
solution. Also known as turbidimetry.
turbidimetric titration : Titration in
which the end point is indicated by the
GRtakmµkkrmaRt ³ GRtakmµEdlkñúgenaHcMNuccugeRkayRtUv)an
developing turbidity of the titrated
solution.
bgðajedaykarkekItPaBkkrl¥k;énsUluysüúgEdleFVIGRta.
turbidimetry : See turbidimetric
analysis.
kkrmaRt ³ emIl turbidimetric analysis.
turbidity : 1. Measure of the clarity of
an otherwise clear liquid by using
rgVas;PaBføa ³ 1.karvas;PaBføarbs;vtßúravføaedayeRbImaRtdæan
colorimetric scales. 2. Cloudy or hazy
appearance in a naturally clear liquid
kaLÚrIemRTic. 2. PaBkkrl¥k;lkçN³RsGab;elceLIgkñúgvtßúravføa
caused by a suspension of colloidal bNþalmkBIPaB vilvl;énPaKl¥itGgÁFaturavkULÚGuIt b¤GgÁFatub¤gm:dæ.
liquid droplets or fine solids.
Turnbull’s blue : A blue pigment that
precipitates from the reaction of
l½xB’Nexov Turnbull ³ CatiBN’exovEdlrgCakkredayRbtikmµ
potassium ferricyanide with a ferrous
salt.
énb:UtasüÚmEdk(II)süanYCamYyGMbilEdk(II).
Twitchell reagent : A catalyst for the
acid hydrolysis of fats; a sulfonated
FatubnÞal; Twitchell ³ katalIssMrab;GIuRdUlIsGasuItxøaj;. plit-
addition product of naphthalene and
oleic acid that is a naphthalene-
plRbtikmµbUks‘ulpUnkmµénNab;taELn nigGasIutGUelGicEdlCa
stearosulfonic acid. GasuItNab;taELnesþGar:Us‘ulpUnic.
two-dimensional chromatography : A
paper chromatography technique in
RkÚma:tURkaPIvimaRtBIr ³ bec©keTsRkUma:tURkaPIRkdasEdlkñúgenaH
which the sample is resolved by standard
procedures (ascending, descending, or
PaKsMNakRtUv)anecjtamTMrg;karsþg;da ¬clnaFaturMlayeLIg cuH
horizontal solvent movement) and then b¤edk¦ nigbnÞab;mkgakeTAmuMxagsþaMkñúgFaturMlayTIBIrnigRtUv)anEjk
turned at right angles in a second solvent
and re-resolved. eLIgvij.
two-fluid cell : Cell having different
electrolytes at the positive and negative
BileTVsnÞniy ³ ekasikaEdlmaneGLicRtUlItxusKñaenAeG-
electrodes. LicRtUtviC¢man nigGviC¢man.
U
U.V. : Ultraviolet.
G‘uyev ³ sVayG‘ulRta.

276
Ullmann reaction : A variation of the

Fittig synthesis, using copper powder
Rbtikmµ Ullmann ³ bMErbMrYlénsMeyaK Fittig EdleRbIemS:ATg;Edg
instead of sodium. CMnYseGaysUdüÚm.
ultimate analysis : The determination of
the percentage of elements contained in a
viPaKcugeRkay : karkMNt;PaKryrbs;FatuEdlmankñúgsarFatu
chemical substance. KImI.
ultramarine blue : A blue pigment; a
powder with heat resistance, used for
exovGu‘lRtama:rIn ³ CatiBN’exovemSAEdlFn;nwgkMedAeRbIsMrab;lab
enamels on toys and machinery, white
baking enamels, printing inks, and
Rbdab;ekµgelgnigm:asuIn labnMs eRbIsMrab;TwkfñaMe)aHBum<nigeRKOg
cosmetics, and in textile printing. sMGag nige)aHBum<elIRkaNat;.
ultrasensitive mass spectrometry : A
form of mass spectrometry in which the
viFIs,iúcRtUmaRtma:sGu‘lRtarMejac ³ TMrg;rbs;s,iúcRtUma:Rtma:s
ions to be detected are accelerated to
megaelectronvolt energies in a particle
EdlkñúgenaHGuIyug: EdlRtUvrkRtUv)anBenøÓneTarkfamBleGLicRtugvu:l
accelerator and passed through a thin gas x<s; kñúgQñan;el,ÓnPaKl¥itehIyqøgkat;ft]s½µn b¤bnÞ³EkvesþIgeday
cell or foil, stripping away outer
electrons, so that contaminating pþac;eGLicRtugRsTab;xageRkAdUcenHm:UelKulrbs;vabMEbkCabMEjkma:s
molecules dissociate into lower-mass
fragments, and isobars can be TabnigGIusU)aGacRtUv)anEjkedayedticT½rPaKl¥itEdlvas;el,Ón
distinguished by particle detectors that
measure ionization rate and total energy.
GIuyu:gkmµ nigfamBlsrub.
ultraviolet : A type of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths from 18,00
sVayG‘ulRta ³ RbePTmYyénrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTicEdlmancMhan
nm to 33000 nm. It is a powerful
mutagen and is harmful to the human
rlkBI 18,000nm eTA 33,000nm. vaKWCamuytaEsnEdlman\TViBl
retina skin. xøaMg nigmaneRKaHfñak;cMeBaHerTInnigEs,krbs;mnusS.
ultraviolet absorption spectrophoto-
metry : The study of the spectra
s,úicRtUpUtUmaRtsMrUbsVayGu‘lRta ³ karsikSas,úicbegáIteLIg
produced by the absorption of ultraviolet
radiant energy during the transformation
edaysMrUbénfamBlbnSayBnøWsVayG‘ulRtakñúgeBlbMElgeGLicRtug
of an electron from the ground state to an BIsNæanedImeTAsNæanrMejacEdlCaGnuKmn_nwgCMhanrlkbNþal
excited state as a function of the
wavelength causing the transformation. eGaymanbMElgenH.
ultraviolet densitometry :
ultraviolet-spectrophotometry technique
An
snÞmaRtsVayGu‘lRta ³ bec©keTssVayGu‘lRtas,iúcRtUpUtUmaRt
for measurement the colors on thin-layer
chromatography absorbents following
sMrab;karvas;BN’FatusMrUbelIRkUm:atURkaPIbnÞ³esþIgtameGluysüúg.
elution.
ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy :
A spectroscopic technique in which
karsikSas,úicbnSayBnøWsVayG‘ulRta ³ bec©keTss,úic
photons in the energy range 10.200
electronvolts bombard a surface and the
RtUsÁÚbBic EdlpUtugkñúgcenøaHfamBl 10 - 200 eGLicRtugv:ul)aj;
energy spectrum of the emitted electrons bMEbképÞeRkA nigs,úicfamBlrbs;eGLicRtugEdlxÞatecjpþl;Bt’man
gives information about the states of
electrons in atoms and chemical GMBIsNæanrbs; eGLicRtugkñúgGatUm nigsm<½n§KImI. sresrGkSrkat;
UPS.
bonding- Abbreviated UPS.
ultraviolet spectrometer : A device

which produces a spectrum of ultraviolet
s,iúcRtUEm:RtsVayG‘ulRta ³ ]bkrN_EdlbegáIts,úicénBnøWsVay
light and is provided with a calibrated
scale for measurement of wavelength .
G‘ulRta nigmanmaRtadæanRkitsMrab;rgVas;énCMhanrlk.

277
ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Determination of the spectra of
:
s,iúcRtUpUtUmaRtsVayG‘ulRta³karkMNt;s,úicénsMrUbsVayG‘ulRta
ultraviolet absorption by specific
molecules in gases or liquids {e.g.. C12,
edaym:UelKulyfaRbePTCa]sµ½n b¤vtßúrav ¬]TahrN_ Cl , SO NO
2 2 2 ,
SO2. NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, CS GUsUn cMhay)art nigsmasFatuminEq¥tepSg²eTot¦.
2
and various unsaturated compounds .
ultraviolet spectroscopy : Absorption
spectroscopy involving electromagnetic
karsikSas,úicsVayG‘ulRta ³ s,úicsikSasMrUbEdlmanCMhanrlk
wavelengths in the range 4-400
nanometers.
eGLicRtUma:ejTickñúgcenøaH 4 - 400 NaNUEm:Rt.
uncertainty
determined.
: Not definite or
PaBminBitR)akd ³ minCak;lak; b¤minGackMNt;)an.
uncharged species : A chemical entity
with no net electric charge. Also known
RbePTKImIKµanbnÞúk ³ FatuKImIEdlKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnIc,as;. eKsÁal;
as neutral species. pgEdrCaRbePTKImINWt.
uncoupling phenomena : Deviations of
observed spectra from those predicted in
)atuPUtminpÁÜb ³ lMgakéns,úicsegátBinitüBIs,úicTayTukkñúgm:UeKul
a diatomic molecule as the magnitude of
the angular momentum increases caused
DIGatUmCaTMhMénm:Um:g;muMekIneLIgbNþalmkBIGnþrkmµEdlGacecal)an
by interactions which could be neglected enAm:Um:g;muMTab.
at low angular moments.
undersaturated fluid : Any fluid (liquid
or gas) capable of holding additional
snÞniyesÞIrEq¥t ³ snÞniy ¬vtßúrav b¤]sµ½n¦ EdlmanlT§PaBTTYl
vapor or liquid components in solution at
specified conditions of pressure and
bEnßmFatubgácMhayb¤vtßúravkñúgsUluysüúgenAl½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBnig
temperature. sMBaFCak;lak;.
unidentate ligand : A ligand that
donates one pair of electrons in a
lIkg;eFµjmYy ³ lIkg;EdlGacpþl;eGLicRtugmYyKUkñúgRbtikmµkMupøic
complexation
coordinate bonds.
reaction to form kmµedIm,IbegáItsm<½nVkUGrDINasüúg.
unimolecular reaction : A chemical
reaction involving only one molecular
RbtikmµÉkm:UelKul ³ RbtikmµKImIEdlTak;TgnwgRbePTKImIEtmYyCa
species as a reactant; e.g.. 2H2O -2H2 +
02’ as in the electrolytic dissociation of
Rbtikr ]TahrN_ 2H O -- 2H + O dUckñúgkarbMEbkGKÁisnIviPaKTwk.
2 > 2 2
water.
unit : Fixed quantity as a standard of
measurement.
Ékta ³ brimaNminERbRbYldUcCargVas;sþg;da.
universal gas constant R : Constant in
the ideal gas law that relates pressure,
efr]sµ½nbrisuT§ R ³ efrenAkñúgc,ab;]sµ½nbrisuT§EdlTak;TgnwgsMBaF
temperature, and number of moles of gas
present. It has the value 8.314510 JK-
sItuNðPaB nigcMnYnm:Ulrbs;]sµ½n. vamantMél8,314510 JK mol .
-1 -1
1
mol-1
uns-, unsym- : A chemical prefix
denoting that the substituents of an
rW
uns unsym ³ buBVbTKImIbBa¢ak;BIFatuCMnYsénsmasFatusrIragÁEdl
organic compound are structurally
unsymmetrical with respect to the carbon
eGsuIemRTItamTMrg;rbs;vaedayeKarBeTAtameRKagkabUnb¤tambgÁúMnaTI
skeleton, or with respect to a function ¬]TahrN_ sm<½n§BIrCan; b¤bICan;¦.
group (e.g., double or triple bond).
unsaturated compound : Any chemical
compound with more than one bond
smasFatuminEq¥t ³ smasFatuKImIEdlmansm<½n§eRcInCagmYy
between adjacent atoms, usually carbon,
and thus reactive toward the addition of
rvagGatUmBIrenACab;KñaCaTUeTAKWGatUmkabUn dUcenHRbtikmµnwgkarbEnßm
other atoms at that point; e.g., olefins, GatUmepSgeTot ]TahrN_ GUelPIn DIGUelPIn nigGasuItxøaj;minEq¥t.
diolefins, and unsaturated fatty acids.
unsaturated fatty acids Fatty: acid that
has one or more C-C double bonds.
GasIutxøaj;minEq¥t ³ GasIutxøaj;Edlmansm<½n§BIrCan;mYyb¤eRcIn
rvagkabUn nigkabUn.

278
unsaturated hydrocarbon : One of a

class of hydrocarbons that have at least
GuIRdUkabYminEq¥t ³ RbePTGUIRdUkabYEdlmany:agticsm<½n§BIrCan;b¤bI
one double or triple carbon-to-carbon
bond that is not in an aromatic ring;
Can;mYyrvagkabUn-kabUnEdlminEmnCavg;Gar:Um:aTiceT ]TahrN_
examples are ethylene, propadiene, and eGTIELn RbU)a:Edün nigGaesTIELn.
acetylene.
upflow : In an ion-exchange unit, an
operation in which solutions enter at the
lMhUreLIgelI ³ kñúg]bkrN_bNþÚrGIuyu:g dMeNIrkarbBa©ÚlsUluysüúg
bottom of the unit and leave at the top. tam)at]bkrN_ nigbeBa©jBI]brN_tamEpñkxagelI.
upper flammable limit : The maximum
percentage of flammable gas or vapor in
kMritelIeqH ³ PaKryEdlGaceqHGtibrmaén]sµ½nb¤cMhayEdlelI
their above which, ignition cannot take
place because the ratio of the gas to
enaHEdlkareqHeLIgminGacekIteLIgedaysarEtpleFobén]sµ½nnwg
oxygen is too high. Also known as upper GuksuIEsnmankMritx<s;eBk.
explosive limit.
urea cycle : Pathway that converts
excess metabolic nitrogen to relatively
vdþG‘uyer ³ lMnaMbMElgGasUtelIskñúgemtabUlIseGayeTACaG‘uyer
nontoxic urea. GacminBul.
USP acid test : A standard test in the
United States to determine the
etsþGasuIt USP ³ etsþsþg;darbs;shrdæGaemriksMrab;kMNt;sar
carbonizable substances present in
petroleum white oils.
Fatu EdlGaduteFVIFüÚg)anmankñúgeRbgséneRbg\n§n³.
UV stabiliser : Any chemical compound
that, admixed with a thermoplastic resin,
FatulMnwg UV ³ smasFatuKImI EdllayKñaCamYyC½rTn;edaykMedA
selectively absorbs ultraviolet rays; used
to prevent ultraviolet degradation of
RsUbedayeRCIserIsnUvkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtaeRbIsMrab;karBartMhykMrit
polymers. Also known as ultraviolet G‘ulRtaénb:UlIEm. eKehAmüa:geTotfa FatulMnwgsVayG‘ulRta.
stabiliser.
V
V band : Absorption bands that appear
in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum
bg; V ³ bg;sMrUbEdlelceLIgkñúgEpñksVayG‘ulRtarbs;s,iúcR)ab;
clue to color centers produced in
potassium bromide by exposure of the
mCÄmNÐlBN’)anekIteLIgkñúgb:UtasüÚmRbÚmYedaydak;RkamenAsItuNð
crystal at temperature of liquid nitrogen PaBénGasUtrav (81K) eGaykaMrsµI X xøaMgqøgkat;.
(81K) to intense penetrating x-rays.
vacuum condensing point
Temperature at which the sublimate
:
cMNuckksuBaØkas ³ sItuNðPaBEdlFatuehIr¬vtßúrwghYt¦kCaejIs
(vaporised solid) condenses in a vacuum.
Abbreviated vcp.
kñúgsuBaØkas. sresrGkSrkat;Ca vcp.
vacuum thermobalance :
instrument used in thermogravimetry
An
CBa¢IgETm:UsuBaØkas ³ ]bkrN_eRbIkñúgETm:URkavima:Rt rYmmanCBa¢Ig
consisting of a precision balance and
furnace that have been adapted for
RtaCU nigLEdleFVItMrUvsMrab;karvas;b¤kt;RtabMErbMrYlTMgn;énsarFatueTA
continuously measuring or recording tamsItuNðPaB eRbIkñúgRbtikmµrUb-KImIeRcInRbePTEdlel,ÓnRbtikmµ
changes in weight of a substance as a
function of temperature; used in many nigfamBlskmµkmµsMrab;karbgðÜtrMehIrnigRbtikmµKImIGacRtUv)anTTYl.
types of physicochemical reactions
where rates of reaction and energies of
activation for vaporization, sublimation,
and chemical reaction can be obtained.

279
vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy :

Absorption spectroscopy involving
karsikSas,úicsVayG‘ulRtasuBaØkas ³ s,úicsikSasMrUbEdlman
electromagnetic wavelengths shorter
than 200 nanometers; a vacuum is used
CMhanrlkeGLicRtUma:ejTicxøICag 200 NaNUEm:RtsuBaØakasRtUv)an
to avoid interference by the UV eRbIedIm,IeCosvagkareRCotERCkedaysMrUbkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtaén]s½µn
absorption of most gases.
PaKeRcIn.
valence : A number that shows the
combining power of an element for other
v:aLg; ³ cMnYnEdlbgðajlTVPaBbnSMénFatumYycMeBaHFatuepSgeTot.
elements. Hydrogen is assigned valence
1 and the valence is the number of
GIuRdUEsnRtUv)ankMNt;v:Lg; I nigv:aLg;rbs;FatumYyKWCacMnYnGatUm
hydrogen atoms with which an atom of GuIRdUEsnEdlpSMKñaCamYyva.
the given element combines.
valence angle : See bond angle.
mMuv:aLg; ³ emIl bond angle.
valence bond : The bond formed
between the electrons of two or more
sm<½n§v:aLg; ³ sm<½n§EdlkekItrvageGLicRtugénGatUm BIrb¤eRcIn.
atoms.
valence electron : An electron in the
highest occupied energy level of an
eGLicRtugv:aLg; ³ eGLicRtugkñúgkMritfamBlkñúgTItaMgx<s;bMput
atom. rbs;GatUm.
valence number : A number that is
equal to the valence of an atom or ion
cMnYnv:aLg; ³ cMnYnEdlsmmUlnwgv:aLg;rbs;GatUm b¤GIuy:ugKuNnwg
multiplied by + l or -1, depending on +1 b¤ -1 GaRs½yelIfaetIGIuy:ugviC¢manb¤GviC¢man b¤elIGatUmkñúgm:UelKul
whether the ion is positive or negative,
or equivalently on whether the atom in kMBugsikSamaneGlicRtugxat b¤cMenjBIsNæanesrIrbs;va.
the molecule under consideration has
lost or gained electrons from its free
state.
valence transition : A change in the
electronic occupation of the 4 or 5
GnþrPaBv:aLg; ³ bMlas;bþÚrTItaMgeGLicRtugénGrb‘Ítal; 4 b¤ 5én
orbitals of the rare-earth or actinide
atoms in certain substances at a certain
GatUmkMrelIEpndI b¤GatUmGak;TInItkñúgsarFatumYycMnYnenAsItuNðPaB
temperature, pressure or composition. sMBaF b¤smasPaBCak;lak;.
valence-bond method : A method of
calculating binding energies and other
viFIsm<½n§v:aLg; ³ viFIKNnafamBlsm<½n§ nig)a:r:aEm:RtepSgeTot
parameters of molecules by taking linear
combinations of electronic wave
rbs;mUe: lKuledaykMNt;ykbnSMlIenEG‘énGnuKmn_rlkeGLicRtug
functions, some of which represent EdlxøHtageGayTMrg;kUv:aLg; xøHeTotTMrg;GuIyu:g. emKuNkñúgbnSMlIen-
covalent structures, others ionic
structures; the coefficients in the linear EG‘RtUv)an KNnaedayviFIbMErbMrYl. eKehAmüa:geTotfa viFIersUNg;
combination are calculated by the
variational method. Also known as v:aLg;sm<½n§.
valence-bond resonance method.
valence-bond theory : A theory of the
structure of chemical compounds
RTwsþIsm<½n§v:aLg; ³ RTwsþIénTMrg;smasFatuKImIGaRs½ytMrUvkarsMxan;
according to which the principal
requirements for the formation of a
sMrab;karkekIténsm<½n§v:aLg;KWCaKUeGLicRtug nigGrb‘Ítal;eGLicRtug
covalent bond are a pair of electrons and edATissmRsbelIGatUmnImYy²EdlRtUvcgsm<½n§ TMrg;FrNImaRtén
suitably oriented electron orbitals on
each of the atoms being bonded; the GatUmkñúgBhumuxkUGrDINasüúgKWRtUv)ansMrbsMrYlCamYykartMrg;Tis
geometry of the atoms in the resulting’
coordination polyhedron is coordinated rbs;Grb‘Ítal;elIGatUmFatukNþal.
with the orientation of the orbitals on the
central atom.

280
valence-shell electron-pair repulsion

(VSEPR) theory : Idea that pairs of
RTwsþIcMranKUeGLicRtugkñúgRsTab;v:aLg; ³ KMnitEdlfaKUénRkum
outer-group electrons move as far apart
as possible. It is used to predict the shape
eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAGacXøatecjq¶ayBIKña. vaRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I):an;
of the bonds around an atom. sµanRTg;RTayénsm<½n§CMuvijGatUmmYy.
value of isotope mixture : A measure
of the effort required to prepare a
tMéll,ayGuIsUtUb ³ rgVas;énkarxMRbwgRtUvkarsMrab;eFIVl,ayGIusUtUb
quantity of an isotope mixture; it is
proportional to the amount of the
kñúgbrimaNeRcIn. vasmamaRteTAnwgbrimaNrbs;;l,ay nigGaRs½y
mixture. and also depends on the elIsmasPaBénl,ayEdlRtUveFVI nigsmasPaBénl,ayedIm.
composition of the mixture to be
prepared and the composition of the
original mixture.
Van Deemter rate theory : A theory
that the sample phase in gas
RTwsþIel,Ón Van Deemter ³ RTwsþIGMBIpasPaKsMNakkñúgRkUma:tU-
chromatography flows continuously, not
stepwise.
RkaPI]sµ½nmanclna¬hUr¦\tQb;QrminEmnmþgmYydMNak;²eT.
Van der Waal’s forces : Weak
attractive forces between neutral atoms
kMlaMg Van der Waals ³ kMlaMgTMnajexSayrvagGatUmb¤mUe: lKul
or molecules caused by three factors; (i)
dipole-dipole interaction, (ii) dipole-
NWtEdlbNþalmkBIktþabIya:g³ (i)GnþrkmµDIbU:l-DIbU:l (ii)Gnþrkmµ
induced dipole interactions, (iii) DIbU:l-naMDIbUl: (iii)kMlaMgBRgay.
dispersion forces.
Van der Waals adsorption :
Adsorption in which the cohesion
sMrUbesI Van der Waals ³ sMrUbesIEdlkñúgenaHCMnab;s¥itrvag]sµ½n
between gas and solid arises from van
der Waals forces.
nigvtßúrwgekIneLIgedaysarmkBIkMlaMg van der Waals.
Van der Waals attraction : See van
der Waals force.
TMnaj Van der Waals ³emIl Van der Waals force.
Van der Waals co-volume : The
constant El in the Van der Waals
shmaD Van der Waals ³ efr EI kñúgsmIkar Van der Waals
equation, which is approximately four
times the volume of an atom of the gas
EdlRbhak;RbEhlbYndgénmaDrbs;GatUm]sµ½nkMBugsikSaKuNnwgcMnYn
in question multiplied by Avogadro’s Gav:UkaRdU.
number.
Van der Waals equation : An empirical
equation of state which takes into
smIkar Van der Waals ³ smIkarBIesaFn¾BIsNæanEdlrYmmanTMhM
account the finite size of the molecules
and the attractive forces between them: p
kMNt;Cak;lak;énmU:elKul nigkMlaMgTMnajrvagm:UelKul³
= [RT/(v-b)] – (a/v2) , where p is the p = [RT/(v-b)] – (a/v ) Edl p CasMBaF v CamaDkñúgmYym:Ul T Ca
2
pressure, v is the volume per mole, T is

the absolute temperature, R is the gas sItuNðPaBdac;xat R Caefr]sµ½n nig a nig b Caefr.
constant, and a and b are constants.
Van der Waals molecule : A molecule
that is held together by van der Waals
m:UelKul Van der Waals ³ m:UelKulEdlekItmanedaykMlaMg Van
forces. der Waals .
Van der Waals radius : The effective
radius of an un-bonded atom. One-half
kaM Van der Waals ³ kaMEdlmanRbsiT§PaBénGatUmmincgsm<½n§.
the distance between two atoms of an
element that are as close to each other as
cMgayBak;kNþalrvagGatUmBIrénFatumYyEdlenACitKñabMputedayKµan
possible without being formally bonded karcgsm<½n§CamYyKñaeRkABIkMlaMg Van der Waals.
to each other except for van der Waals
forces.

281
Van’t Hoff equation : An equation for

the variation with temperature T of the
smIkar Van’t Hoff ³ smIkarsMrab;bMErbMrYlsItUNðPaB TénefrlMnwg
equilibrium constant K of a gaseous K rbs;Rbtikmµ]sµ½nkñúgn½yCakMedARbtikmµenAsMBaFefr ∆H: d(ln K)
reaction in terms of the heat of reaction
at constant pressure, ∆H: d(ln K)/dT = /dT = ∆H/RT Edl R Caefr]sµ½n. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GuIsUkr van’t
2
∆H/RT2, where R is the gas constant.

Also known as van’t Hoff isochore. Hoff.
Van’t Hoff formula : The expression
that the number of stereoisomers of a
rUbmnþ Van’t Hoff ³ karbgðajcMnYnesþer:GUGuIsUEménm:UelKulsárEdl
sugar molecule is equal to 2n, where n is
the number of asymmetric carbon atoms.
esµInwg 2 Edl n CacMnYnGatUmkabUnGsIuemRTI.
n
Van’t Hoff Isochore : See van’t Hoff

equation.
GIusUkr Van’t Hoff ³ emIl Van’t Hoff equation.
Van’t Hoff isotherm : An equation for
the change in free energy during a
GIusUETm Van’t Hoff ³ smIkarsMrab;karpøas;bþÚrfamBlesrIkñúgeBl
chemical reaction in terms of the
reaction, the temperature, and the
RbtikmµKImIkñúgn½yCaRbtikmµ sItuNðPaB nigkMhab; nigcMnYnm:UelKulén
concentration and number of molecules Rbtikr.
of the reactants.
vapor (vapour) : A substance in the
gaseous state that is usually a liquid or
cMhay ³ sarFatukñúgsNæan]sµ½nEdlFmµtaCavtßúravb¤rwgenAsItu-
solid at room temperature. NðPaBbnÞb;.
vapor pressure : The pressure produced
when vaporised particles above the
sMBaFcMhay ³ sMBaFekIteLIgenAeBlPaKl¥itbgðÜtBIelIvtßúuravenA
liquid in a sealed container collide with
the container walls; when the container
kñúgeRKOgpÞúkbitCitTgÁicCamYyépÞéneRKOgpÞúk. enAeBlEdleRKOgpÞúk
is saturated with vapor, a dynamic )anEq¥tcMhaylMnwgDINamicekIteLIgmanrvag]sµ½nnigvtßúrav.
equilibrium exists between the gas and
the liquid.
vaporization : The conversion of a
liquid to a gas at a temperature below its
karbgðÜt ³ karbMElgénvtßúraveTACa]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBeRkamcMNuc
boiling point. rMBuHrbs;va.
vapor-pressure osmometer : A device
for the determination of molecular
GUsµÚEm:tsMBaFcMhay ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;kMNt;TMgn;mUe: lKuleday
weights by the decrease of vapor
pressure of a solvent upon addition of a
karbnßysMBaFcMhayénFaturMlayGaRs½yelIkarbEnßménPaKsMNak
soluble sample. rlay.
vapour : See vapor
cMhay ³ emIl vapor.
vapour pressure : See vapor pressure
sMBaFcMhay ³ emIl vapor pressure.
vcp ³ emIl vacuum condensing point.
vcp : See vacuum condensing point.
vibration : Oscillation of atoms about

their equilibrium positions within a
lMj½r ³ rMeyalénGatUmCitTItaMglMnwgrbs;vakñúgRbB§½nm:UelKul.
molecular system.
vibrational :energy For a diatomic
molecule, the difference between the
famBllMj½r ³ cMeBaHm:UelKulDIGatUmic PaBxusKñarvagfamBl
energy of the molecule idealised by
setting the rotational energy equal to
m:UelKulEdlKitfaRtUv)anpþl;famBlrgVilesµIsUnü nigm:UelKulbnÞab;
zero, and that of a further idealised )anmkBIkarbBaÄb;bnþicmþg²nUvlMj½rénéNy:UedayKµankardak;kMritfµI
molecule which is obtained by gradually
stopping the vibration of the nuclei elIclnaeGLicRtug.
without placing any new constraint on
the motions of electrons.

282
vibrational level : An energy level of a

diatomic or polyatomic molecule
kMritlMj½r ³ kMritfamBlrbs;mU:elKulDIGatUmb¤bUl: IGatUmEdlsMKal;
characterised by a particular value of the
vibrational energy.
lkçN³edaytMélBiessénfamBllMj½r.
vibrational quantum number :
quantum number v characterizing the
A
cMnYnkg;tUmlMj½r ³ cMnYnkg;tUmsMKal;lkçN³clnalMj½rrbs;éNVyU:
vibrational motion of nuclei in a
molecule; in the approximation that the
kñúgm:UelKul. kñúgkarRbmaNEdlm:UelKulmanlkçN³CaFaturMeyal
molecule behaves as a quantum- Gam:Unicemkanickg;tUm. famBllMj½rKW h (v+ ½ )f Edl h Caefr
mechanical harmonic oscillator, the
vibrational energy is h(v + ½ ) f, where Planck nig f CaeRbkg;lMj½r.
h is Planck’s constant and f is the
vibration frequency.
vibrational spectrum : The molecular
spectrum resulting from transitions
s,iúclMj½r ³ s,úicm:UelKulEdlbNþalmkBIGnþrPaBrvagkMritlMj½r
between vibrational levels of a molecule
which behaves like the quantum-
énmU:elKulEdlmanlkçN³dUcFaturMeyalGam:Unicemkanickg;tUm.
mechanical harmonic oscillator.
vibrational sum rule : 1. The rule that
the sums of the band strengths of all
c,ab;plbUklMj½r ³ 1. c,ab;EdlplbUkénkMlaMgbg;rbs;bg;bnSay
emission bands with the same upper state
is proportional to the number of
TaMgGs;CamYykMlaMgbg;énbg;bnSaydUcKñakñúgsßanPaBx<s;smamaRtnwg
molecules in the upper state, where the cMnYnm:UelKulsßanPaBx<s;Edlbg;kMlaMgKWCaGaMgtg;suIetbnSayEdlEck
band strength is the emission intensity
divided by the fourth power of the nwgeRbkg;sV½yKuNbYn. 2. plbUkénkMlaMgbg;rbs;bg;sMrUbCamYy
frequency. 2. The sums of the band
strengths of all absorption bands with the kMlaMg bg;rbs;bg;sMrUbdUcKñakñúgsßanPaBTabsmamaRtnwgcMnYnm:UelKul
same lower state is proportional to the
number of molecules in the lower state,
kñúgsßanPaBTabEdlkMlaMgbg;KWCaGaMgtg;sIuetsMrUbEckeGayeRbkg;.
where the band strength is the absorption
intensity divided by the frequency.
vibrational transition : A transition
between two quantised levels of a
GnþrPaBlMj½r ³ GnþrPaBrvagkMritbrimaNkmµBIrrbs;mU:elKulmYYy
molecule that have different vibrational
energies
EdlmanfamBllMj½repSgKña.
vic- : A chemical prefix indicating
vicinal positions on a carbon structure
vic-³ buBVbTKImIbBa¢ak;BITItaMgvIsIuNal;elIeRKagkabUn¬vg;b¤ExS ¦eRbI
(ring or chain): used to identify the
location of substituting groups when
edIm,IkMNt;TItaMgRkumCMnYseBldak;eQµaHsmasFatuRslay.
naming derivatives.
vicinal : Referring to neighboring or
adjoining positions on a carbon structure
vIsIuNal; ³ sMedAelITItaMgenACab;Kña b¤CitKñaelIeRKagkabUn ¬vg;b¤
(ring or chain). ExS¦.
Vigreaux column : An obsolete
apparatus used in laboratory, fractional
]bkrN_ Vigreaux ³ ]bkrN_hYssm½yEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgTI
distillation; it is a long glass tube with
indentation in its walls; a thermometer is
BiesaFkñúgbMNitRbPaK. vaKWCabMBg;EkvEvgEdlmansñamelIépÞxagkñúg
placed at the top of the tube and a side ETm:UEm:t RtUv)andak;enAEpñkxagelIénbMBg; nigédCMehogRtUv)anP¢ab;nwg
arm is attached to a condenser.
sItkr.
vinyl ether resin : Any of a group of
vinyl ether polymers; e.g., polyvinyl
C½rvInIleGET ³ RkummYyénb:UlIEmvInIleGET ]TahrN_
methyl ether, polyvinyl ethyl ether, and
polyvinyl butyl ether.
b:UlIvInIlemTIleGET b:UlIvInIleGTIleGET nigb:UlIvInIlb‘uyTIleGET.
vinyl group (CH2=CH-): A group of
atoms derived when one hydrogen atom
RkumvInIl (CH =CH-) ³ RkumGatUmEdl)anmkBIkarpþac;GatUm
2
is removed from ethylene. GIuRdUEsnmYyecjBIeGTIELn.

283
vinyl polymerization : Addition

polymerization where the unsaturated
Rbtikmµb:UlIEmkmµvInIl ³ RbtikmµbUkb:UlIEmkmµEdlm:UNUEmminEq¥t
monomer contains a CH2=C- group. manRkum CH =C-.
2
vinylidene resin : A polymer made up

of the (-H2CCX2-) unit, with X usually a
C½rvInIlIEdn ³ b:UlIEmEdlekIteLIgBIÉkta (-H CCX -) Edl X
2 2
chloride, fluoride, or cyanide radical.

Also known as polyvinylidene resin.
eRcInEtCakørY PøúyGrY b¤r:aDIkal;süanY. eKehAmüa:geTotfaC½rb:UlIvInIlI
Edn.
vinylog : Any of the organic compounds
that differ from each other by a vinylene
vInILÚk ³ smasFatusrIragÁEdlxusKñaBImYyeTAmYyedayCMnab;
linkage (-CH =CH-); e.g., ethyl crotonate
is a vinylog of ethyl acetate and of the
vInIELn (-CH=CH-) ]TahrN_ eGTIlRkUtUNatKWCavINILÚkrbs;
next higher vinylog, ethyl sorbate. eGTIlGaestat nigCavInILÚkbnÞab;Edlx<s;CagKW eGTIlsU)at.
volatile : Easily convertible to a gas at
low temperature.
ehIr ³ gaybMElgCa]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBTab.
voltaic cell : An electrochemical cell
used to convert chemical energy into
Bilv:ulta ³ fµBileGLicRtUKImIeRbIsMrab;bMElgfamBlKImIeTACa
electrical energy; the energy is produced
by a spontaneous redox reaction and
famBlGKÁisnI. famBlenHekIteLIgedayRbtikmµÉkÉg nwgplitpl
produces a potential difference (voltage) sgb:Utg;Esül (v:ulta) nwgcrnþGKÁisnI. rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgfµBils¶Üt fµBil
and a flow of electric charge (current).
Includes dry cell, wet cells esIm¬]bkrN_EdlpÞúkcrnþGKÁisnI¦ fµBilsþg;da fµBil\nÞn³ fµBil
(accumulators), standard cells, fuel cells,
solid electrolyte cells and reserve cells. eGLicRtUtrwg nig fµBilbMrug.
volume : The space occupied by matter.
maD ³ lMhEdlRtUv)anbMeBjedayrUbFatu.
volumetric analysis : A method of
quantitative analysis using measurement
viPaKmaD ³ viFIviPaKbrimaNedaykareRbIR)as;rgaVs;maD.
of volumes.
volumetric pipette : A graduated glass
tubing used to measure quantities of a
bMBg;bWtvas;maD ³ bMBg;EkvRkitEdleRbIsMrab;vas;brimaN
solution; the tube is open at the top and
bottom, and a slight vacuum (suction) at
sUluysüúg. bMBg;EkvenHebIkcMhenAEpñkTaMgsgxag nigekAs‘UbWtenA
the top pulls liquid into the calibrated cugxagelIRsUbykvtßúravcUlkñúgEpñkRkit karRc)ac;k,alekAs‘UeGayvtßú
section; breaking the vacuum allows
liquid to leave the tube. ravhUrecjBIbMBg;.
W
Wagner’s
solution of
reagent : An aqueous
iodine and potassium iodide;
FatubnÞal; Wagner ³ sUluysüúgTwkénGuIy:Utnigb:UtasüÚmGIuy:UdY
used for
alkaloids.
microchemical analysis of
Also known as Wagner’s
EdlRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;viPaKmIRkUKImIénGal;kaLÚGIut. eKehAmüa:geTot
solution. fa sUluysüúg Wagner.
Wagner’s solution : See Wagner’s
reagent.
sUluysüúg Wagner ³ emIl Wagner’s reagent .
Walden’s rule : A rule which states that
the product of the viscosity and the
c,ab; Walden ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfa plitplénPaBGn§ilnigkugDuctg;
equivalent ionic conductance at infinite
dilution in electrolytic solutions is a
GIuyu:gsmmUlenAkñúgsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItravxøaMgKWefr minGaRs½y
constant, independent of the solvent. nwgFaturMlay.
Wallach transformation : By the use of
concentrated sulfuric acid, an
bMElg Wallach ³ edayeRbIGasuIts‘ulpYricxab; GasuksuIbg;EsnRtUv
azoxybenzene is converted into a para-
hydroxyazobenzene.
)anbMElgeTACa)a:ra:GIuRduksIuGasUbg;Esn.

284
wall-coated capillary column : A

capillary column characterised by a layer
bMBg;qµareRsabépÞ ³ bMBg;qµarEdlsMKal;lkçN³edayRsTab;vtßúrav
of stationary liquid coated directly on the
inner wall of a coiled capillary tube.
nwgeRsabedaypÞal;elIépÞxagkñúgénregVlbMBg;qµar.
washing : 1. In the purification of a
laboratory sample, the cleaning of
karlagCMr³ 1. kñúgkarbnSúT§PaKsMNakkñúgTIBiesaF karCMr³sMNl;rav
residual liquid impurities
precipitates by adding washing solution
from minsuT§ecjBIkkredaykarbEnßmsUluysüúglagCMr³eTAelIkkrenaH
to the precipitates, mixing, then laybBa¢ÚlKña rYcsMritEpñkravecj nigeFVIrebobenHeGay)aneRcIndgtam
decanting, and repeating the operation as
often as needed. 2. The removal of tMrUvkar. 2. karpþac;FatubgáEdlrlayecjBIl,ayvtßúrwgedayeRbIR)as;
soluble components from a mixture of
solids by using the effect of differential plén lkçN³rlayeRCIs.
solubility.
waste : Material no longer useful.
kaksMNl; ³ rUbFatuEdlElgmanRbeyaCn¾.
water absorption tube : A glass tube
filled with a solid absorbent (calcium
bMBg;RsUbTwk ³ bMBg;EkvEdlpÞúkFatusMrUbrwg ¬kal;süÚmkørY b¤ECl-
chloride or silica gel) to remove water
from gaseous streams during or after
sIulIs ¦ edIm,Ipþac;TwkecjBIcMhay]sµ½nkñúgeBlrWeRkayeBlvIPaKKImI.
chemical analyses.
water ionization constant (kw) :
Product of hydronium ion and hydroxide
efrGIuy:ugkmµTwk (k ) ³ plKuNénkMhab;GIuy:ugGIuRdUjÚm: nigGIuyu:g
w
ion concentration in water solutions,

which is 1 x 10 -14.
GIuRduksIutkñúgsUluysüúgTwkEdlesµInwg1 x 10 .
–14
water of crystallization : See water of

hydration.
TwkénGIuRdakmµ ³ emIl water of hydration .
water of hydration : Water present in
a definite amount and attached to a
TwkénkMNeRkam ³ TwkkñúgbrimaNkMNt; nigsßitenACamYysmasFatu
compound to form a hydrate; can be
removed, as by heating, without altering
edIm,IbegáItGIuRdat. vaGacRtUv)anpþac;ecjedaykardutkMedA edayKµan
the composition of the compound. bMErbMrYlsmasPaBénsmasFatu.
water saturation : 1. A solid adsorbent
that holds the maximum possible amount
karEq¥tTwk ³ 1. FatusMrYbelIrwgEdlGacRsUbbrimaNTwkGtibrma
of water under specified conditions. 2. A
liquid solution in which additional water
eRkaml½kçx½NÐCak;lak;. 2. sUluysüúgravEdlkñúgenaHTwkbEnßmnwg
will cause the appearance of a second bNþaleGayelceLIgnUv pasravTIBIr. 3. ]sµ½nenArWenAeRkamcMNuc
liquid phase. 3. A gas that is at or just
under its dew point because of its water kMNejIsrbs;vaBIeRBaHbrimaNTwkxagkñúg rbs;va.
content
water softening : Removal of scale-
forming calcium and magnesium ions
karbnÞn;Twk ³ karpþac;GIuyu:gkal;süÚmnigm:aejsüÚmecjBITWkrwg b¤kar
from hard water, or replacing them by
the more soluble sodium ions; can be
CMnYsGuIyu:gkal;süÚmnigma:ejsüÚmedayGuIyug: sUdüÚmEdlrlayCag.
done by chemicals or ion exchange. vaGacsMerc)an tamvIFIKImI b¤bNþÚrGIuyu:g.
water white : A grade of color for
liquids that has the appearance of clear
BN’Twk³ kMritBN’sMrab;vtßúravEdlemIleTAdUcTwkføa. cMeBaHplitpl
water; for petroleum products, a plus 21
in the scale of the Saybolt chromometer .
eRbgkat KWbUk 21 kñúgmaRtdæanénRkUmU:Em:Rt Saybolt.
watercolor pigment : A permanent
pigment used in water color painting,
CatBN’Twk ³ CatiBN’GciéRnþy_EdleRbIfµaMlabBN’Twk ]TahrN_
e.g., titanium oxide (white) TItanGuksuIt ¬BN’s¦.
water-wettable : Denoting the capability
of a material to accept water, or of being
esImTwk)an : karbBa¢ak;BIlT§PaBénrUbFatuEdlTTYlykTwk)an b¤
hydrophilic. Ck;Twk.

285
Watson equation : Calculation method

to extend heat of vaporization data for
smIkar Watson ³ viFIKNnaedIm,IBnüaeBlTinñ½ykMedArMhYtrbs;
organic compounds to within 10 or 15°C
of the critical temperature; uses known
smasFatusrIragÁ§kñúgsItuNðPaB 10C b¤ 15C énsItuNðPaBRKITiceRbI
latent heats of vaporization and reduced Tinñ½ykMedArMhYt nigTinñ½ytMhysItuNðPaBEdlsÁal;.
temperature data.
wave number: Symbol K. The number
of cycles of a wave in one unit length. It
cMnYnrlk ³ nimitþrUb K. cMnYnénrdþrlkkñúgCMhanrlkmYyÉkta.
is the reciprocal of wavelength. vapÞúyeTAnwgCMhanrlk.
wave velocity : Speed at which a wave
moves through a material; it depends on
el,Ónrlk ³ el,ÓnEdlrlkpøas;TIqøgkat;rUbFatu. vaGaRs½yeTA
the material and the type of wave, not
the frequency of the wave.
nwgrUbFatunigRbePTrlk b:uEnþminGaRs½yelIeRbkg;énrlkeT.
wavelength standards : Accurately
measured lengths of waves emitted by
CMhanrlksþg;da ³ RbEvgvas;Cak;lak;énrlkbeBa©jedayRbPB
specified light sources for the purpose of
obtaining the wavelengths in other
BnøWCak;lak;kñúgeKalbMNgTTYl)anCMhanrlkkñúgs,úicepSgeTotedayk
spectra by interpolating between the areRCotcUlcenøaHsþg;da.
standards.
wavelength : Length of one wave;
mathematically equal to the wave
CMhanrlk ³ RbEvgénmYyrlktamKNitviTüaesIµnwgel,ÓnrlkEck
velocity divided by the frequency. nwgeRbkg;.
weak acid: Molecule or ion with a lesser
tendency to give up hydrogen ions than
GasIutexSay ³ m:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gEdlmanTMenare)aHbg;GIuyu:gGIuRdUEsn
H30+. An acid that is only slightly
ionised in aqueous solution. e.g., acetic
exSayCagGIuyu:gGIuRdUj:Úm. CaGasIutEdl)anbMEbkticeTACaGIuy:ugkñúg
acid or carbonic acid. sUluysüúg. ]TahrN_ GasuItGaesTic b¤GasIutkabUnic.
weak base : A base that does not
dissociate completely in aqueous
)asexSay ³ )asEdlminbMEbkeBjeljkñúgsUluysüúgTwk.
solution.
weak electrolyte : A solution in which
only a fraction of the solute exists as
eGLicRtUlItexSay ³ sUluysüúgEdlFaturlayEtmYyEpñksßitenA
ions. CaGIuy:ug.
wedge spectrograph : A spectrograph
in which the intensity of the radiation
s,iúcRtURkabesñot ³ s,iúcRtURkabEdlGaMgtg;suIeténkaMrsµIqøgkat;rgVH
passing through the entrance slit is
varied by moving an optical wedge.
ERbRbYleTAtamclnaesñotGubTic.
weight : Force a mass exerts downward
on the earth, which varies with the
TMgn;¬m:as¦ ³ kMlaMgEdlm:assgát;elIEpndIEdlERbRbÜleTAtam
gravitational field strength. kMlaMgEdnTMnaj.
weight titration : A titration in which
the amount of titrant required is
GRtakmµTMgn; ³ GRtakmµEdlkñúgenaHbrimaNGRtakrRtUvkarRtUv)an
determined in terms of the weight that
must be added to reach the end point.
kMNt;Cama:sEdlRtUvbEnßmedIm,IeGay)andl;cMNucbBa©b;.
Weisz ring oven : A device for
vaporization of solvent from filter paper,
LrgVg; Weisz ³ ]bkrN_sMrab;rMhYtFaturMlayBIRkdastMrgEdl
leaving the solute in a ring (circular)
shape; used for qualitative analysis of
bnSl;;TukFaturlayCaragrgVg; ¬vg;mUl¦ eRbIsMrab;viPaKKuNPaBénPaK
very small samples. sMNaktUc²bMput.
Werner band : A band in the ultraviolet
spectrum of molecular hydrogen
bg; Werner ³ bg;kñúgs,úicsVayG‘ulRtaénGIuRdUEsnm:UelKulEdlsn§wg
extending from 116 to 125 nanometers. BI 116 eTA 125 NaNUEm:Rt.
Werner complex :
compound.
See coordination
kMupøic Werner ³ emIl coordination compound.

286
wet ashing : The conversion of an

organic compound into ash
bMElgCaepHesIm ³ bMElgsmasFatusrIragÁeTACaepH ¬karbMEbk¦
(decomposition) by treating
compound with nitric or sulfuric acid.
the edayRbRBwtþkmµCamYyGasuItnIRTic b¤GasuIts‘ulpYric.
wettability : The ability of any solid
surface to be \vetted when in contact
kMritesIm ³ lT§PaBénépÞvtßúrwgEdlesImeBlvab:HnwgvtßúravEdltMnwg
.with .a liquid; that is, the surface tension
of the liquid is reduced so that the liquid
épÞénvtßúravfycuHdUcenHvtßúravRBacelIépÞenaH.
spreads over the surface.
wetted : Pertaining to material that has
accepted water or other liquid, either on
esIm ³ Tak;TgnwgsarFatuEdlTTYlykTwkb¤vtßúravepSgeTotTaMgelI
its surface or within its pore structure. épÞrbs;va nigkñúgTMrg;rnVrbs;va.
whey : Watery part of milk left after
separation of curd in cheese making.
TwkedaHføa : EpñkTwkénTwkedaHeKaEdlbnSl;TukbnÞab;BIkarEjkén
TwkedaHkkkñúgkareFVIb‘r½.
Wiedemann’s additivity law : The law
that the mass magnetic susceptibility of a
c,ab;kMritbEnßm Wiedemann ³ c,ab;EdlEcgfa kMritgayTTYlyk
mixture or solution of components is the
sum of the proportionate (by weight
ma:s ma:ejTicénl,ayb¤sUluysüúgrbs;FatubgáKWCaplbUkénkMritgay
fraction) susceptibilities of each TTYlyksmamaRt¬KitCaRbPaKma:s¦ énFatubgánimYy²kñúgl,ay.
component in the mixture.
Wien effect : An increase in the
conductance of an electrolyte at very
pl Wien ³ kMeNInkugDuctg;éneGLinRtUlItenACMralb:Utg;Esülx<s;
high potential gradients. xøaMg.
Wijs’ iodine monochloride solution : A
solution in glacial acetic acid of iodine
sUluysüúgGuIy:Utm:UNUkørY Wijs ³ sUluysüúgkñúgGasuItGaesTicén
monochloride; used to determine iodine
numbers. Also known as Wijs’ special
GIuyU:dYm:UNUkørY eRbIedIm,IkMNt;cMnYnGIuy:UdY. GacehA)anfa sUluysüúg
solution. Wijs’Biess.
Wijs’ special solution :
iodine monochloride solution.
See Wijs’
sUluysüúg Wijs Biess ³ emIl Wijs’ iodine monochioride
solution.
Williamson synthesis : The synthesis of
ethers utilizing an alkyl iodide and
sMeyaK Williamson ³ sMeyaKéneGETedayeRbIGal;KIlGIuyUd: Ynig
sodium alcoholate sUdüÚmGal;kULat.
Winkler titration : A chemical method
for estimating the dissolved oxygen in
GRtakmµ Winkler ³ viFIKImIsMrab;RbmaNGuksuIEsnEdlrlaykñúgTwk
seawater; manganous hydroxide is added
to the sample and reacts with oxygen to
smuRT m:g;kaENsGIuRduksIutbEnßmeTAelIPaKsMNaknigmanRbtikmµ
produce a manganese compound which CamYyGuksIuEsnedIm,IbegáItCasmasFatum:g;kaENs EdlCamYyvtþman
in the presence of acid potassium iodide
liberates an equivalent quantity of Iodine GasIutb:UtasüÚmGIuyUD: Y rMedaHbrimaNesµIKñaénGIUyU:tEdlGaceFVIGRtakmµ
that can be titrated with standard sodium
thiosulfate. CamYysUdüÚmtüÚs‘ulpatsþg;da.
Witt theory : A theory of the
mechanism of dyeing stating that all
RTwsþI Witt ³ RTwsþIénclnkarrbs;kardak;BN’EdlEcgfaral;
colored organic compounds (called
chromogens) contain certain unsaturated
smasFatusrIragÁmanBN’TaMgGs; ¬ehAfaRkUmU:Esn¦ pÞúkRkumRkUmUp: rmin
chromophoric groups which are Eq¥tmYycMnYnEdlTTYlxusRtUvdak;BN’smasFatu nigRbsinebI
responsible for the color, and if these
compounds also contain certain smasFatuTaMgenHmanRkumGuksURkUmxøHvamanlkçN³eGayBN’.
auxochromic groups, they possess
dyeing properties.

287
Wittig ether rearrangement : The

rearrangement of benzyl and alkyl ethers
karbNþÚTItaMg Wittig ³ karerobcMeLIgvijénbg;suIl nigGal;KIl
when reacted with a methylating agent,
producing secondary and tertiary
eGETeBlRbtikmµCamYyFatubnÞal;emTILatbegáItGal;kul fñak;TIBIr
alcohols. nigTIbI.
Wolf-Kishner reduction : Conversion
of aldehydes and ketones to
erdukmµ Wolf-Kishner ³ bMElgénGal;edGuIt nigestUnEdlRtUvKñanwg
corresponding hydrocarbons by heating
their semicarbazones, phenylhydrazones,
GIuRdUkabYrbs;edaykardutkMedAsWmIka)asUn epnIlGIuRdasUn nigGIuRdasUn
and hydrazones with sodium ethoxide or rbs;vaCamYysUdüÚmeGtuksuIt b¤edaykardutkMedAsmasFatukabUnIl
by heating the carbonyl compound with
excess sodium ethoxide and hydrazine CamYysUdüÚmeGtuksuIt nigGIuRdasuIns‘ulpatEdlmanbrimaNelIs.
sulfate.
Woodward-Hoffmann rule :
concept which can predict or explain the
A
c,ab; Woodward-Hoffmann ³ bBaØtiEdlGacRbmaN b¤Bnül;BI
stereochemistry of certain types of
reactions in organic chemistry; it is also
esþer:GUKImIénRbePTRbtikmµKImImYycMnYnkñúgKImIsrIragÁ vaRtUv)anBiBN’na
described as the conservation of orbital pgEdrdUcCakarrkSasuIemRTIGrb‘Ital;.
symmetry.
work : The measure of transferred
energy used to move an object.
kmµnþ ³ viFankarénfamBlpøas;kEnøgEdl)aneRbIedIm,Ipøas;TIvtßú.
working electrode : The electrode used
in corrosion testing by an
eGLicRtUtRbtibtþi ³ eGLicRtUteRbIkñúgkareFVIetsþsMNwkeday
electrochemical cell. BileGLicRtUKImI.
Wurtz reaction : Synthesis of
hydrocarbons by treating alkyl iodides in
Rbtikmµ Wurtz ³ sMeyaKGuIRdUkabYedayRbRBwtþkmµGal;KIlGuIy:UdYkñúg
ethereal solution with sodium according sUluysüúg eGETCamYysUdüÚmtamRbtikmµ 2CH I + 2Na →CH CH
3 3 3
to the reaction 2CH3I + 2Na →
CH3CH3 + 2NaI. + 2NaI.
Wurtz-Fittig reaction : A modified
Wurtz reaction in which an aromatic
Rbtikmµ Wurtz-Fitting ³ Rbtikmµ Wurtz EkERbEdlkñúgenaH
halide reacts with an alkyl halide in the
presence of sodium and an anhydrous
Gar:Uma:TicGaLÚEsnYRbtikmµCamYyGal;KIlGaLÚEsnYkñúgvtþmansUdüÚmnig
solvent to form alkylated aromatic FaturMlayGanIRDIt edIm,IbegáItCaGIuRdUkabYGal;KILatGar:Uma:Tic.
hydrocarbons.
X
xenobiotic : Any substance foreign to
living systems. e.g. drugs, pesticides and
EsNUbüÚTic ³ sarFatueRkAbEnßmeTAelIRbBn½§EdlmanCIvit.
carcinogens. ]TahrN_ »sf fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg nigsarFatEdlbNþaleGayekIt
eraKmharIk.
xerogel : 1. A gel whose final form
contains little or none of the dispersion
esr:UECl ³ 1. ECl EdlTMrg;cugeRkaypÞúkmCÄdæanr)a:yRtUv)aneRbI
medium used. 2. An organic polymer
capable of swelling in suitable solvents
R)as;bnþicbnþÜcb¤Kµan. 2. b:UlIEmsrIragÁEdlGaceLIge)a:gxøaMgkñúg
to yield particles possessing a three- FaturMlaysmRsbedIm,Ipþl; PaKl¥itmanbNþajRtIvimaRténExSb:UlIEm.
dimensional network of polymer chains.
X-ray crystallography : The use of X-
ray diffraction to determine the structure
RkamviTüakaMrsµIGiuc ³ kareRbIDIR)ak;süúgkaMrsµI -XedIm,IkMNt;TMrg;
of crystals or molecules. rbs;Rkam b¤TMrg;m:UelKul.

288
X-ray diffraction : X-rays are diffracted

by electrons in molecules. The
DIR)ak;süúgkaMrsµIGiuc³ kaMrsµIGiuccaMgpøatedayeGLicRtugkñúgm:Uel-
wavelength of X-rays is similar to the
distance between atoms in most crystals,
Kul. CMhanrlkénkaMrsµIGiucKWRbEhlKñaeTAnwgcMgayrvagGatUmkñúg
so the crystal lattice acts like a RkamPaKeRcIn. dUenHRbTasRkamedIrtYCaRbTascMNaMgpøat. KMrUkaMrsµI
diffraction grating. The pattern of
diffracted x-rays can be used to GiuccMNaMgpøatGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;TMrg;Rkam.
determine the crystal structure.
x-ray fluorescence analysis :
nondestructive physical method used for
A
viPaKcMNaMgBnøWkaMrsµIGiuc ³ viFIrUbminbMpøajEdleRbIsMrab;vIPaKKImI
chemical analyses of solids and liquids;
the specimen is irradiated by an intense
énvtßúrwg nigvtßúrav. FatuKMrURtUv)anbBa©aMgeday)ac;kaMrsµIGuicxøaMg nigbnÞat;
x-ray beam and the lines in the spectrum kñúgs,úicéncMNaMgBnøWkaMrsµIGiucTTYl)anRtUv)ancaMgpøatedaymMuepSg²
of the resulting x-ray fluorescence are
diffracted at various angles by a crystal edayRkamEdlsÁal;cenøaHRbTas FatukñúgFatuKMrURtUv)ankMNt;eday
with known lattice spading; the elements
in the specimen are identified by the CMhanrlkénExSs,úicrbs;va nigkMhab;rbs;;vaRtUv)ankMNt;eday
wavelengths of their spectral lines, and
their concentrations are determined by
GaMgtg;suIeténExSenaH. eKGacehApgEdrfa PøúyGrmaRtrsµIGiuc.
the intensities of these lines. Also known
as X-ray fluorometry.
x-ray spectrum : A display or graph of
the intensity of x-rays, produced when
s,iúcrsµI -X ³ karbgðaj b¤Rkabrbs;GaMgtg;sIuetkaMrsµI-X ekIteLIg
electrons strike a solid object, as a
function of wavelengths or some related
eBleGLicRtugTgÁicvt§úrwg EdlCaGnuKmn_CMhanrlk b¤):ar:aEm:RtEdl
parameter. Tak;TgmYycMnYn.
X-rays : Electromagnetic radiation of
shorter wavelength than ultraviolet
kaMrsµI-X ³ kaMrsµIeGLicRtUma:ej:TicCMhanrlkxøICagkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRta
radiation produced by the impact of
high-energy particles on atoms. When an
EdlekIteLIgeday\TViBlénPaKl¥itrbs;famBlx<s;GatUm. eBlEdl
inner orbital electron is knocked out of eGLicRtugGrb‘Ítal;xagkñúgRtUv)anxÞatecjBIGatUm eGLicRtugxageRkA
an atom, an outer electron will then fall
into the inner shell and emit an X-ray nwgeTAbMeBjRsTab;xagkñúg nigbeBa©jpUtugkaMrsµIGiuc. RbEvgrlkKWsßit
photon. Wavelengths range from 10-11m
to 10-9m. kñúgcenøaH BI 10 meTA 10 m.
-11 -9
Y
yeast : Unicellular fungi (ascomycetes)
in the family saccharomycetes. Found
emnMb½ug ³ pSitÉkekasika (ascomycetes ) enAkñúgGMbUr saccharo-
naturally in soil and on the skin of sweet mycetes. kñúgFmµCati pSitenHmanenAkñúgdI nigenAelIsMbkEpøeQIman
fruits e.g. grapes. They are used to make
bread and beer. See alcoholic CatiEp¥m. ]TahrN_ TMBaMg)ayCUr. eKeRbIvasMrab;eFVInMbu½g nigRsa-
fermentation.
ebo. emIl alcoholic fermentation.
yield : Amount produced (from
reaction).
Tinñpl ³ brimaNplit(BIRbtikmµ).
yolk : The food store in the eggs of most
animals made up of fat and protein
s‘utelOg ³ Gaharsþúkkñúgs‘utrbs;stVPaKeRcInEdlbgáeLIgeday
granules that nourish the developing
embryo.
xøaj; nigRKab;RbUetGuInsMrab;ciBa©wmGMRb‘Íy:ugEdlkMBugEtlUtlas;.
Z
ZAA spectrometry : See Zeeman-effect
atomic absorption spectrometry.
viFIs,úicRtUEm:Rt ZAA ³ emIl Zeeman-effect atomic absorption
spectrometry.

289
Zeeman displacement : The separation,

in wave numbers, of adjacent spectral
bMlas;TI Zeeman ³ karEjkcMnYnrlkénExSbnÞat;s,úicenACab;Kña
lines in the normal Zeeman effect in a
unit magnetic field.
kñúgpl ZeemanFmµta kñúgmYyxñatEdnm:aejTic.
Zeeman effect : A splitting of spectral
lines in the radiation emitted by atoms or
pl Zeeman ³ karbMEbkExSbnÞat;s,úickñúgkaMrsµIPayedayGatUm
molecules when in a magnetic field. b¤mUe: lKulkalNasßitkñúgEdnm:aejTic.
Zeeman-effect atomic absorption
spectrometry : A type of atomic
viFIs,úicRtUEm:Rt plZeeman sMrUbGatUm ³
absorption spectrometry in which either
the light source or the sample is placed
RbePTs,úicmaRtsMrUbGatUm
in a magnetic field, splitting the spectral EdlkñúgenaHTaMgRbPBBnøWnigPaKsMNakRtUv)andak;kñúgEdnm:aejTic
lines under observation into polarized
components. A rotating polarizer is then EdlbMEbkExSbnÞat;s,úiceRkamkarsegáteTACaFatubgábUE: lkmµ nig
placed between the source and the
sample, enabling the absorption caused ]bkrN_rgVilb:UElRtUv)andak;cenøaHRbPBnigPaKsMNakEdleFVIeGay
by the element under analysis to be
separated from background absorption.
mansMrUbbNþalmkBIFatuEdlkMBugviPaKRtUv)anEjkecjBIsMrUbedIm.
Abbreviated ZAA spectrometry. sresrkat;Cas,úicmaRt ZAA.
zeolite : Hydrated aluminum and
calcium (or sodium) silicates made with
esGUlIt ³ GaluymIjÚm: GIuRdaet nigkal;süÚm¬b¤sUdüÚm¦suIlIkat
an open crystal structure which can
absorb molecules of a suitable size; used
EdlekIteLIgCamYyTMrg;RkamcMhEdlGacRsUbm:UelKulmanTMhMsm
for selective absorption or can be loaded Rsb vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sMrUbeRCIs b¤GacsßitenACamYykatalIkrcMeBaH
with catalyst for other chemical
reactions. RbtikmµKImImYycMnYn.
zeotrope : A liquid mixture in which the
components may be separated by
esGURtUb ³ l,ayravEdlFatubgáGacRtUv)anEjkedaybMNit.
distillation. Compare azoetrope. eRbobeFobCamYy azoetrope.
Zerewitinoff reagent : A light-colored
methyl-magnesium iodide-n-butyl ether
FatubnÞal; Zerewitinoff ³ sUluysüúgBN’PøWemTIlm:aejsüÚm
solution that reacts rapidly with moisture
and oxygen; used to determine water,
GIuyUd: Y-n-b‘uyTIleGETEdlRbtikmµy:agrh½sCamYysMeNImnigGuksuI-
alcohols, and amines in inert solvents. Esn EdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;rkTwk Gal;kul nigGamInkñúgFaturMlay
nicl.
zerogel : A gel which has dried until
apparently solid; sometimes it will swell
esr:UECl ³ eylEdleLIgs¶ÜtrhUtdl;;emIleTAdUcrwgCYnkalvaehIm
or redisperse to form a sol when treated
with a suitable solvent.
eLIg b¤ray):ayeLIgvijedIm,IbegáItCasuleBleFVIRbRBwtþkmµCamYyFatu
rMlaysmRsb.
zero-order reaction : A reaction for
which reaction rate is independent of the
RbtikmµlMdab;sUnü ³ RbtikmµEdlel,ÓnRbtikmµminGaRs½ynwg
concentrations of the reactants. e.g., a
photochemical reaction in which the rate
kMhab;rbs;RbtikreT. ]TahrN_RbtikmµpUtUKImIEdlel,ÓnRtUv)ankM-
is determined by the intensity of light. Nt;edayGaMgtg;suIeténBnøW.
zero-point energy : The energy
remaining in a substance at the absolute
famBlcMNucsUnü ³ famBlEdlenAEtsßitenAkñúgsarFatuenA
zero of temperature (0 K) sItuNðPaBsUnüdac;xat ¬0 K¦.
zeroth law of thermodynamics : If two
bodies are each in equilibrium with a
c,ab;lMdab;sUnüETm:UDINamic ³ RbsinebIGgÁFatuBIrmanlMnwg
third body, then all three bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
erogxøÜnCamYyGgÁFatuTI3 enaHGgÁFatuTaMgbIsßitenAsßanPaBlMnwgkMedA
eTAvijeTAmk.

290
Ziesel reaction : A method of

determining the number of methoxy (-
Rbtikmµ Ziesel ³ viFIkMNt;brimaNRkumemtuksuI (-OCH ) kñúgsmas-
3
OCH3) groups in an organic compound

by heating with excess hydiodic acid,
FatusrIragÁtamkardutkMedACamYyGasuItGuIDIGUDicelIsedaykarkekIt
forming an alcohol and iodomethane: Gal;kul nigGuIy:UdYemtan : R-OCH + HI → ROH + CH I.
3 3
R-OCH3 + HI → ROH + CH3I
The amount of iodomethane is used to brimaNemTIlGIuy:UdYRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;brimaNRkumemtuksIu.
determine the number of methoxy
groups.
zone : See band.
tMbn; ³ emIl band.
Zsigmondy gold number : The number
of milligrams of protective colloid
brimaNmas Zsigmondy ³ brimaNKitCamIlIRkaménkULÚGuIt
necessary to prevent 10 milliliters of
gold sol from coagulating when 0.5
karBarEdlcaM)ac;kñúgkarTb;sáat; 10mIlIlIténsUlmas BIkMNkenAeBl
milliliter of 10% sodium chloride Edl 0,5mIlIlIténsUluysüúgsUdüÚmkørY10%RtUv)anbEnßm.
solution is added.
zwitterion : Dipolar ionic form of an
amino acid that is formed by donation of
GIuy:ugDIb:Ul b¤sVItWrüúg ³ TMrg;GIuyu:gDIbUl: énGasIutGamIen EdlekIt
an H+ from the carboxyl group to the eLIgedaykarpþl; H BIRkumkabuksIuleTAeGayRkumGamInTItaMg
+
α-amino group. Because both charges

are present, the net charge is neutral. Gal;hVa. edaysarvtþmanbnÞúkTaMgBIreFIVeGaybnÞúkBitmanPaBNWt.
zymogen : Inactive form of an enzyme
that is activated by cleavage of one or
sIum:UEsn ³ TMrg;GskmµénGg;sIumEdlRtUv)aneFVIeGayskmµeday
more peptide bonds. karkat;pþac;sm<n½§biubTItmYyb¤eRcIn.

291
Exµr-Gg;eKøs

292
ក ងកង intrinsic factor ប$ន6>, black

ក Cabannes Cabannes’ factor ប$ន6>, carbon black
ក waste ប$ន6>,6 យក6@ thermal black
ចង cation ប$ន6>, ទB animal black
ចង ភ cationtrophy ប$នCក$D<Eង dicovalent carbon
ចង allyl cation ប$នCD< Eង divalent carbon
ក ក labelling ប$ន;កប tertiary carbon
!ប# $% cannabinoid ប$ន;កប tertiary carbon
caustic ប$ន;កបFន quaternary carbon
corrode ប$ន;កព& secondary carbon

ប$ catabolism ប$ន;កមFយ primary carbon
ក& catalyst ប$នប9 ព G decolorizing carbon

ក&' $ ចជ)* biomimetic catalyst ប$ន B animal charcoal
ក&ថ,ព. /ន1ន* fuel-cell catalyst ប$ន .H&Iព fixed carbon

ក&ន2ង anchored catalyst ប$ន $ :ម anomeric carbon
ក&មខ5&ព& bifunctional catalyst ប$% carbohydrate

dual-function complex
ក&មខ5&ព& ប$% កផ.ច
catalyst carbohydrates
ក& ភន alfin catalyst បF carbide
catalysis :បន carbene

& , radiation catalysis ម. gammil
heterogeneous &ក6ក7
ម.ន6 7, ច formation
catalysis
&$ប6 7 adsorption catalysis & corrosion
6 7, ច homogeneous &ក determination

catalysis
&ក Dyson Dyson notation
-9 acid-base catalysis
&ក យ
$ cathode radiocarbon dating
ប$ន) .ទN កម,
: នកម, catenation
&ក យគម chemical dating
;&:<$ ម< katharometer
&គ P%CQព.6 ធ semi-empirical
9ញ<ង carbanion computation
ប$ ចង carbocation &គ P abinitio abinitio computation
ប$! carbonate &ចង មUVនB bonding
ប$! កម, carbonation &ច. WX2ម nutrition
ប$នកម, carbonization &ច ងក$ E$'Nង collodion replication

293
&:ច:& < ore dressing &6ធm76 % កម, deactivation
&6 ចY rusting &បក: ប កម translation

&6ឆYង smoldering &ប5^& prevention
&6ឆY[ក[ង spontaneous ignition &ប6ង^7 កក& precipitation

&:ឆ\ ទ2ក water saturation &ប6ង^7 កក& ម
fractional
&] បទ2 ក deliquescence បIគ precipitation
&ជនF substitution &ប6ង^7 &$បមន formulation
&ជនF នយ6ក%$ភ nucleophilic &ប6ង^7 6E7ង) .ញ regeneration

substitution
&ជនF 6%E.ច ភ
electrophilic &ប ងkមប $ & exchange narrowing
substitution
&បងe &6 oY leaching
&ជ ក V ង^ galvanizing
&បងeF vaporization
& _ប permeation
&ប5\កជ6& 7 selective inhibition
&:ញក resolution
&ប5\ក6 & .ច steric hindrance
&:ញក ប`ញ6ចញ
density gradient
centrifugation &ប6WXញប<$ pង positron emission
មជa 'ង 6
&ប6WXញពនq photoluminescence
&:ញក មន
Hofmann amine
separation &ប6WXញពនq scintillation
Hofmann
&ប6WXញពនq _ក luminescence
&:ញក% $ $ប isotope separation
&ប $r ទ ង Fries Fries rearrangement
&'ក'6ងe7ម respiration
Wittig ether
& ក%P1ក trapping &ប $r ទ ង Wittig
rearrangement
& %! 6ភ7ង flame propagation &ប $r ទ ង
Beckmann
Beckmann rearrangement
&' ) .Iគ ashing
&6@ក:នង localization &ប $r ទ ង

Favorskii
intermediate Favorskii rearrangement
& ច6PY
coupling
&ប $r ទ ង Fischer-
& &ងទ. fផ1 surface orientation Fischer-Hepp
Hepp rearrangement
& 6 7ង Rowland Rowland mounting
&ប $r ទ ង de Brun- de Brun-van
& Eបថយ6 យ retrogradation Eckstein
van Eckstein rearrangement
& k ព.ន. N $ប<$គម topochemical control
freezing point
&បនHយច ចកក
& k ព.ន. N .H . statistical control depression
lowering of vapour
&ទងl.ច bumping &បនHយ •ធច€យ
pressure
&ទងl.ច knocking &បន1នទ2 ក water softening
&ទប repression &បន1 Ostwald Ostwald ripening
&6ធm76 យnនខN aeration &ប6•Xញ emission
&6ធm76 យ កម, activation &9 បងកងប . distillation loss

294
&ប.ទ)ង ring closure &ព 5) liquefaction
&ប$កនយ6ក%$ភ nucleophilic addition &ព ងក'$បផ& V Doppler broadening

&ប$ក6%E.ច ភ electrophilic addition &ព ងកប $ & exchange broadening
&ប9 &9ង demasking &ព. 6 ធន‡ experiment

&ប:បក dissociation &ពY effervescence
&ប:បក decomposition &ពˆ9 6 យ‰ ថ chemotherapy

&ប:បកf m យ<$ nuclear fission &Iយ6ចញ radiation
&ប:បក6ទm double &IŠប $ nitrogen fixation

decomposition
&ប:បក6ទm ‚$& flow birefringence &&ក‹n< conservation of mass
&ប:បក:ប &&ង sedimentation

beta decay (positron
( &ប6WXញប<$ pង) emission) && extinction
&ប:បកមន predissociation &&†យ dissolution
&ប:បក) .ទN កម, radioactive decay &&†យ liquation
&ប:បក6 7,Iគ homolytic cleavage &&†យច$ Œ

nuclear fusion
&ប:បក €m alpha decay fនf m យ<$
&ប:បក6%ម Nង emulsion breaking && ច$ implosion
&ប:បក6%: &1 esterolysis &&ក6E7ង expansion
&ប:បក. &&†យ decay && 2ង set
&ប:បក(បន1Y) fission &&†យ fusion
&បព ជ6 ម7 selective poisoning &&†យ €& digestion
&បfភIព6'7ម denaturation &†ងជ&* washing
& បម$ ផ%គl. ន electrofocusing &6† 6•Y Balmer Balmer jump

duplicate
&9< ន , ន Born- &D ច ង6ទm
Born-Oppenheimer measurement
Oppenheimer approximation &) .Iគ analysis
&ប<Yទងl.ច encounter &) .Iគក6@C6ផ& <ង derivative
differential thermal
&ផ. ព G development : N 6'&6) analysis
&ផ1Y explosion &) .Iគ )n gravimetric analysis
&ផ1Y detonation &) .Iគគ Iព qualitative analysis
&6ផ1&បន1ក charge transfer &) .Iគឆ$ stripping analysis
&ព 5យ q pង &) .Iគទ ទ6ម ទ.ច titrimetric analysis

inelastic neutron
'‡ 2ង& 2ង scattering &) .Iគប& .n quantitative analysis
&ព 5យ Raman Raman scattering &) .Iគម ក បប%យ<ង ion-microprobe
analysis
&ព 5) dilution &) .IគD %ង ព enthalpimetric
analysis

295
&) .Iគ) .n dimensional analysis & . ក‹ •.ច9 បង

electron energy loss
&) .Iគ !យ diffusivity analysis ;មព 6%E.ច pង spectroscopy
&) .Iគ 6Žគ & . ក‹ •.ច9 បង

retrosynthetic characteristic loss
Eប analysis ក” * spectroscopy (CLS)
&) .Iគ• Vន
, gas analysis & . ក‹ •.ចប: ង
Fourier transforms
&) .Iគ6% យ Nង Fourier spectroscopy
gradient elution
ជn analysis & . ក‹ •.ច
radio-frequency
& 6ង^ observation 6 បកង) .ទN spectroscopy
& កព G bleed & . ក‹ •.ចផ$ ង

Doppler-free two-
ព&Œ,ន '$បផ& V photon spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ច &9
high-resolution
បង;មព 6%E.ច pង electron energy loss & . ក‹ •.ចផ$ $
photoacoustic
spectroscopy spectroscopy (PAS)
ច‘ ង 6 ង
& . ក‹ •.ច ក‚ម & . ក‹ •.ចផ$ $ 6%E. angle-resolved

infrared (IR) photoelectron
ង 9 (IR) spectroscopy ច pង'6!Y] យម spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ចច!ងព & . ក‹ •.ចn<
atomic fluorescence field-desorption mass
នq $ម spectroscopy :'ន' ក &$ប spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ចច!ង & . ក‹ •.ចn<

flash spectroscopy electrohydrodynamic
:ភ %យ<ងកម,6%E.ច ionization mass
spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ចច6‚Y&នB
Hole-burning % 'C!ម.ច
spectroscopy
microwave
& . ក‹ •.ច:ឆ\
saturation & . ក‹ •.ចម ក6) <)
spectroscopy spectroscopy
roentgen
& . ក‹ •.ច a & . ក‹ •.ច6&ន: ន
astronomical spectrometry
“ spectroscopy & . ក‹ •.ច6& $ ង
resonance ionization
%យ<ងកម, spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ច ,l ន
Doppler-free
'$បផV& spectroscopy & . ក‹ •.ច &$ប absorption
spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ចប6WXញ & . ក‹ •.ច
flame emission ultraviolet
%! 6ភ7 ង spectroscopy spectroscopy
m យ%#
& . ក‹ •.ចបន‹យ & . ក‹ •.ច mយ
positron emission vacuum ultraviolet
ប<$ pង spectroscopy spectroscopy
%# W
& . ក‹ •.ចបន‹យ ultraviolet & . ក‹ •.ច•: # laser spectroscopy
photoemission
ពនq m យ%# spectroscopy & . ក‹ •.ច•: #&
time-resolved laser
& . ក‹ •.ចបន‹យ យ*6ព ខ spectroscopy
atomic emission
$ម spectroscopy
& . ក‹ •.ច•: #
laser heterodyne
6‚6 &C <$ ន spectroscopy

296
& . ក‹ •.ច $ម atomic spectroscopy E$&:ម< 'ˆ9ទ. ច adiabatic calorimeter
& . ក‹ •.ច%ប $ កង'ងកម,

optoacoustic Claisen-Schmidt
ក$ .ច
1 spectroscopy Claisen-Schmidt condensation
& . ក‹ •.ច កង'ងកម, condensation

electron spectroscopy
6%E.ច pង កង'ងកម, Claisen Claisen condensation
& . ក‹ •.ច កង'ងកម, Eប retrograde
Auger electron condensation
6%E.ច pង auger spectroscopy fractional
កង'ងកម, បIគ
condensation
& . ក‹ •.ច saturated
interference កង'ងកម, ' aldol condensation
ង:ទ6ផ& <ង :ឆ\ spectroscopy
កង'ងកម, E$%ន acyloin condensation
& . ក‹ •.ច IR IR spectroscopy equivalent
កងCច ង មម$
conductance
& . ក‹ •.ច Raman Raman spectroscopy
Geiger-Müller
កងទ& V Geiger-M¬ller
& . ក‹ •.ច Lamb- counter
Lamb-dip
spectroscopy កងផn< Nង conformation
dip
កងផn< Nង6'7ម native conformation
& . ក‹ •.ច
Mössbauer
spectroscopy កងភ Fa< Nង configuration
Mössbauer
កង ង ង constantan
& ងF drying
ក$គ6ន cochineal
& 6Žគ synthesis
ក$'ង codon
& 6Žគ
rational synthesis ក$ប<$ :ម copolymer
ម6‚ ផ
ក$ប<$ :មfច'នN random copolymer
& Y
1 occlusion
ក$ប<$ :មœ alternating
&6] ប6%E.ច electroplating copolymer
&‚$& _ប lixiviation ក$ប<$ :ម' block copolymer
&% ធន6†‚* metal fatigue ក$ប<$ :មផ‹ graft copolymer
ក$ប<$ :ម គ•ម acrylamide

E$&បF ន'q6 ក four-degree calorie copolymer
)ព G n acrylonitrile
gold ‘size’ ក$ប<$ :ម គE$ន ទ
copolymer
)6%: 1 ester gum ក$6 6 &< cholesterol
) Nង cavitation ក$D< Kovar
. ក‹ •.ច spectroscopy ក$€mកទV& cofactor
E$& calorie (cal) ក$E$'Nង collodion
E$& calorie (Cal) ក$E$&:ម< colorimeter
E$&:ម %គl. ន electrical calorimeter ក$E$% colloid
E$&:ម< calorimeter ក$E$% &•& protective colloid
E$&:ម< ; disk colorimeter ក$E$% ) .ទN កម, radiocolloid

297
ក$%ង ម coenzyme ក6@ ប .កម, heat of reaction
ក$ : #D< coacervate ក6@ព 5) heat of dilution

6កa< ទន keratin ក6@ព 5) &ប total heat of dilution
6ក&:<$ ន kerosine ក6@&†យ heat of fusion

6ក• chelate ក6@ កម, heat of activation
:ក)6 oY filter flask ក6@ មUVនB heat of linkage

:ក)ប . distilling flask ក6@ $ យ Nង heat of solution
:ក) $ -:ជ sol-gel glass ក6@ $ យ Nង &ប total heat of solution

:ក)6 a< ម. ច Gooch Gooch crucible ក6@ $មកម, heat of atomisation
:ក)%បទ.ច optical glass ក6@% កម, heat of hydration

:ក):%ក:Eន Erlenmeyer flask ក6@%យ<ងកម, heat of ionization
:ក) Claisen Claisen flask ក formation

6 . cell ក ក coagulation
6• #$ rubber ក ក ម crystallization
6• #$ន ទ fractional
nitrile rubber ក ក ម ម បIគ
crystallization
6• #$ គ .ច acrylic rubber ក កគម chemical deposition
6••ង kaolin ក ក6ទច sedimentation
កផ.ច complex ក គក$: ន glycogenesis
កផ.ច ចង cationic complexes ក គយក$ gluconeogenesis
កផ.ចប6ន1&បន1ក charge-transfer
ក 6ផY F dry ashing
complexes
កផ.ច កម, activated complex ក! segment
(transition state)
boiling-point
កផ.ច &$ប6 7 adsorption complex ក6 7 នច ច&ពY
elevation
កផ.ច ញ<ង anionic complexes ក: : បa< 6 ម.ច racemic modification
កផ.ច Werner Werner complex ក: : ប Eschweiler-
Eschweiler-Clarke
ក6@ heat Clarke modification
ក6@ &បងeF heat of vaporization ក6ទចថ,&ពY boiling chips
ក6@ក heat of formation កនក ម6E7ង) .ញ recrystallization
ក6@ច6‚Y heat of combustion ក69& 6 acetate of lime
ក6@C6ផ& <ង: N កផ.ច q neutral complex

differential heat of
fនព 5) dilution ក& . degree
ក6@បនž heat of association ក& . ក ក ម degree of

crystallinity
ក6@ប:បក heat of dissociation ក& . ច $ affinity
ក6@ប:បកŸ heat of
ក& . 6ឆY flammability
decomposition

298
ក& . ;មព infrared radiation

energy level & , ក‚ម ង9
(IR)
ក& . ;មព &ង energy sublevels & បW
, Xប end radiation
degree of
ក& . ប<$ :មកម, & ), .ទN កម,ជ) .ញ
background
polymerization radiation
ក& . ពខV ¡ &ង6Pម renal threshold & ), .Iគ&‚V pulse radiolysis
ក& . &†យ solubility & %យ<
, ងកម, ionizing radiation
ក& . &†យ• Vន
, gas solubility & ,-X X-rays
upper flammable
ក& . 6 76ឆY $ម atomic radius
limit
ក& . ញV& vibrational level %យ<ង ionic radius
ក& . 6 7ម wettability Van der Waals Van der Waals

radius
ក& . 6 & degree of freedom ក‘ បង band head
ក& . &$ប absorbency index ក‘ ផ‹&%ក
oxyacetylene burner
ក& . 6%E.ច %) .ជŠnន electronegativity 6 ទ:Eន
ក& . Landau Landau levels ក F q litmus paper
ក†ង Debye force កមច ង'ប$ង primary transcript
ក†ងCប<$ -Cប<$ dipole-dipole force គ. ញ & q &ប:បក cracking
ក†ងទPញ cohesion ភ graphite
ក†ងទPញ attractive force ភ កម, graphitization
ក†ង ប`ញ6ចញ centrifugal force ម gram
ក†ង&9< យ dispersion force ម crystal
ក†ង មUVនB bond strength មក$ 6 6 & .ច Cholesteric crystals
ក†ង%គl. នច ក& electromotive force
មក$D<Eង covalent crystal
(emf)
ក†ង%គl. នច ក& ម6នn< ទ.ច nematic crystal
electrochemical emf
6%E.ច គម macromolecular
មn< កម<$6 គ
crystal
ក†ង%ន&ម<$ 6 គ intermolecular forces មa) liquid crystal
ក†ង%យ<ង ionic strength មa):ទម<$ ព.ច
thermotropic liquid
crystal
Van der Waal’s
ក†ង Van der Waals ម6†‚* metallic crystal
forces
ក€ប concentration ម) .ទˆ & %.
, ច X-ray
crystallography
ក€បច‘ apparent
concentration ម ទB ideal crystal
ក$D<Eង covalent radius ម%យ<ង ionic crystals
& , radiation កpម group
& , $ cathode ray កpម បក carboxyl group
& , n< (γ) gamma (γ) radiation កpម ប$ន carbonyl group

299
កpមច$ bonded-phase
entering group កn< $ ភ• - មUVនB
chromatography
កpមជF substituent កn< $ ភ:ផក
partition
chromatography
កpម6@ទ. directing groups កn< $ ភ:ផក%ងlŸ
gas-liquid partition
កpមC $ diazo group chromatography
a)-• Vន
,
កpម!បទ naphthyl group affinity
កn< $ ភIXប
chromatography
កpមទប blocking group radio-
កn< $ ភ) .ទN កម,
កpមPទ chromatography
functional group
two-dimensional
កn< $ ភ) .n ព&
កpមPទ ¥បងlPទ functional group chromatography
កn< $ ភ ន1នយ6 7
កpមន nitro group supercritical fluid
o9ច chromatography
កpម9 basic group
adsorption
កn< $ ភ &$ប6 7
កpម ប:ប<ន Propenyl group chromatography
កpម ប6 ទ.ច កn< $ ភ‚m

prosthetic group film development
ផ. ព G chromatography
កpម6ម ក methoxy group
កn< $ ភ6E7ង ascending
កpម)ន vinyl group chromatography
high-performance
កpម ម $ amino group កn< $ ភ%ងlŸ a)
liquid
កpម គ alkyl group ក& . ខU chromatography
(HPLC)
កpម% 'pក hydroxyl group កn< $ ភm ‚$&6&§បច
flow-programmed
chromatography
កpម%ម'$ imido group កn< $ ភm%ងlŸ
gas-liquid
កpម%ម $ imino group a)-• Vន
, chromatography
ក $ %:ពn chronoamperometry កn< $ ភm%ងlŸ
gas-solid
កn< $ ភ chromatography & 2ង-• Vន
, chromatography
កn< $ ភ radial
chromatography កn< $ ភm• Vន
, gas chromatography
កn< $ ភក radial paper
កn< $ ម chromatogram
chromatography
កn< $ ភចY
descending កម<$ផ& chromophore
chromatography
gel permeation កម<$ $ម chromosomes
កn< $ ភ _ប:ជ
chromatography
horizontal 6 ក! Nង crenation
កn< $ ភ6'ក
chromatography
ក&កម, chlorination
កn< $ ភបន1*6 7ង thin-layer
chromatography ក&6 & available chlorine
កn< $ ភ:បង:ចក reversed-phase
partition ក&ភ
<$ chlorophyll
• ប¦ X chromatography
ក&ភ <$ យ%& <$ ប$ន CFC
displacement
កn< $ ភប† ទ chlorofluorocabons
chromatography ក&ភ <$ យ%& <$ ប$ន
(CFCs)
កn< $ ភ• មUVនm reverse bonded-
phase ក&F chloride
o chromatography
ក&F acid chloride

300
clathrate :ខž ព:'ន boundary line
គ• clathrochelate គនង orbit

ក.ន odor គ $ន quinone
m quart គទន chitin

ខន.ជ mineral គE$ kilo-
ងកង inner គE$ ម kilogram (kg)

ប concentrated គE$:ម< kilometer (km)
& rancid គម chemistry

ខFបŸ គម chemical periodicity គមកងទ.ច quantum chemistry
6ខ§)ឆY indigo គមកផ.ចកម,ធF, - host-guest

complexation
6ខ§)%# n< &ន ultramarine blue Ÿ ក ] Vយ chemistry
ខ1Y%ប. salt pan គមជ)* biochemistry
n< $ម.ច
atomic mass unit គមន. . កម forensic chemistry
(amu)
%2ម. .:% m.k.s. units គម6 បង petrochemistry
Imperial Imperial units គមfផ1 surface chemistry
:ខង Q Q branch គមពនq chemiluminescence
:ខង R R-branch គមមជ©2ម មVយ alchemy
ខN air គម&$ប physical chemistry
ញ fats គម) .ទN កម, radiochemistry
ខ‹ច6 បង oil sand គម) .Iគ analytical chemistry
:ខž chain គម &aងl organic chemistry
គម e Iពខ”U high-temperature
:ខž6 ង;មព chemistry
electronic energy
6%E.ច pង curve គម% &aងl inorganic chemistry
:ខž6 ងប . distillation curve គម%$ $, chemiosmosis

:ខž6 ង ក” *&†យ solubility curve គ: ‚lF& kieselguhr
:ខž6 ង $ C solidus curve គE$ E$& kilocalorie (kcal)
:ខž6 ង Michaelis- គ ប6Žជន‡កម, beneficiation

Michaelis-Menten
Menten curve គយ:ព• Nង cupellation
:ខž ង(:ខង) side chain គយ& Curie (Ci)
:ខž'2កP6%E.ច pង electron-transport គ$E coulomb

chain
:ខžបP1 F F-line គ$En coulometry
:ខž6ប7ក open chain គ$ -9 acid-base pair
:ខž ប .កម, reaction line គ$%យ<ង ion pair

301
គ$%យ<ង មUVនIព tight ion pair 6 គ®ង ប បប .

Gillespie equilibrium
គ$6%E.ច pង electron pair ន2ង Gillespie still
6Œ & ‡ œ 6យ
le Chatelier’s 6 គ®ងផ1Y explosives
principle
6Œ & ‡ បនžnC
combining-volumes 6 គ®ងផž ingredient
principle
Ritz’s combination 6គ gray
6Œ & ‡ បនž Ritz
principle
6 ŒY;ក hazardous
6Œ & ‡ 6%E.ច
electroneutrality
principle 6 ŒY;ក risk
q 6
គក glycol
6Œ & ‡ Aufbau Aufbau principle
គក$ glycolysis
6Œ & ‡ Franck-
Franck-Condon
principle គក$ glycoside
Condon
គក$: ន glycogen
6Œ & ‡ Thomson-
Thomson-Berthelot
principle គក$- glyco
Berthelot
គ6 &< (គ6 &ន) glycerol (glycerine)
6Œ & - Berthelot-
Berthelot-Thomsen
principle គយ កង glucagon
thomsen
គយក$ glucose
គន$ ង;មព energy profile
គយក$ 6 $ន acetone glucose
គន$ ង&$បមន perspective formula
គយ carbohydrate
គន$ ង%&ប# orbital notation
ball and stick 5យច V labile
គ&$'បងន.ង9
structure
5យ6ឆY flammable
គ&$បនžŒ induced-fit model
ច6ង^¯ង Hefner Hefner lamp
គ&$6ម6 ន.ងក$ន6 lock-and-key model
ច ប<$ :ម quarter polymer
គ&$6Žង ក. calibration reference
ច មខ(ម) tetrahedral (angle)
គ&$ ងខˆ:ផ ពន plum pudding model
ច ម,ខ tetrahedron
គ&$ $ម Bohr Bohr’s planetary
electron model ច6PY blank
គ&$ 6& <ញ Arrhenius’s model
for an acid ច6PY&ពY boiling range
គ&$% ង Ising model ច6PY) .Iគ analytical blank
Œ,នខN anaerobic ច6PY% 6 ន tolerance interval
Œ,ន&6ប§ប haphazard ច6PY%ន&Iព transition interval
Œប ម seed ច&ន•a< C. ច faradaic current
Œប $ច granule ច&ន•a< C. ច faradic current
anti-bumping
Œប បœង &ទងl.ច ច&ន !យ diffusion current
granules
គប ង cryptand ច ន & mechanism
គយ<$ទ žន‡ cryoscopy ច ន & ប .កម, reaction mechanism

302
pentose phosphate ច ច%
ច ន &ប<ង $ផ$ m exhaustion point
pathway
ច ន & Lotka- ច ច% $6%E.ច ទ.ច isoelectric point (pl)
Lotka-Volterra
Volterra mechanism ច ច%q6 កទ.ច eutectic point
ច ន & Lindemann- Lindemann- ច Yក6@ heat capacity

Hinshelwood molar heat capacity
Hinshelwood mechanism ច Yក6@ម<$ : (Cm)
(Cm)
ច P Brown Brownian motion ច Yក6@យ; ប6ភទ specific heat capacity
ច Iព mobility ច Y 6 7ម ន2ង
equilibrium moisture
content
o6'% jadeite ច $ :'Nន dienophile
ចងIŠប cohesive end ច $ ទ2ក hydrophilic
:ចក;ក classify ច $ 6%E.ច pង electron affinity
ច5យ មUVនB bond distance ច6! Fischer Fischer projection
ច ចកក freezing point attenuated total
ច!ង EបថយចY
reflectance
ច ចកកព. true freezing point frustrated internal
ច!ង Eបប5\ក
vacuum condensing reflectance
ច ចកក W hand sugar
point ច!ង:ប&ច V
refractometer
ច ចក 6ញ7 dew point
ច!ងពនq fluorescence
ច ចច គ quadruple point
ច!ងពនqគម6ក7 ព
electrogenerated
ច ចច!ង:ភ flash point
6%E.ច pង chemiluminescence
ច ចច6‚Y ignition point
ច!ងពនq 6%E.ច pង electroluminescence
ច ច6ឆY fire point
ច!ងពនq 6%E.ច គម electrochemi-
ច ច:ជ gel point luminescence
vibrational quantum
ចនFនកង $ម ញV&
ច ច' ក dropping point number
ចនFនកងទ.ច quantum numbers
ច ចទ2កកក ice point
ចនFនកងទ.ច&ងm. rotational quantum
ច ចបWXប end point number
ចនFនកងទ.ច ន principal quantum
ច ចផ floc point number
ច ចពពY orbital quantum
bubble point ចនFនកងទ.ច%&ប#
number
ច ច&†យ melting point ចនFនក$%&C! Nង coordination number
ច ច&ពY boiling point ចនFន'2កជW$Š ន transport number
ច ច&ពY ច absolute boiling point ចនFន q pង neutron number
ច ច ន2ង critical point ចនFននយ6ក%ង nucleon number
(mass number)
ច ច ន2ង !° ន triple point ចនFន បម bromine number
ច ច មម$ equivalence point ចនFនn gold number
ច ច F dry point nucleon number
ចនFនn<
(mass number)
ច ច• lambda point
ចនFនn< (A) mass number (A)

303
ចនFន& ក wave number ច‘បœ Charles’ law
ចនFនD< Eង valence number ច‘បជនF ក:នង

spectroscopic
ចនFន 6ម ទ symmetry number •.ចទ žន‡ displacement law
ចនFន U នធ& V sulfur number ច‘ប9E$) Barlow’s rule
ចនFន acid number ច‘បផ ប$ក ញV& vibrational sum rule
ចនFន 6 $ន acetone number ច‘ប• Gibbs Gibbs phase rule
ចនFន 6 ទ Ostwald’s dilution

acetyl number ច‘បព 5) Ostwald
law
ចនFន% $ $ប ច‘បព‚Iពœ alternation of
isotopic number
multiplicities law
( &6 7 q pង) (neutron excess)
ច‘បnC Gay-Lussac Gay-Lussac’s law of
volumes
ចនFន%ក កម, oxidation number law of conservation
ច‘ប&ក‹;មព
ចនFន Hehner of energy
Hehner number
law of conservation
Reichert-Meissl ច‘ប&ក‹n<
ចនFន Reichert-Meissl of mass
number
ច‘ប&ក‹n< ន.ង
ចពYប#ន .ន bunsen burner conservation law
;មព
ចa inversion
law of conservation
ច‘ប&ក‹&$បŸ
ច6aY filtration of matter
ច‘ប&9យ distribution law
ច6aY erosion
ច‘ប ប $នN
ច6aY:ជ gel filtration zeroth law of
:ទម<$C!ម.ច thermodynamics
ច6‚Y combustion
law of chemical
ច‘ប ន2ងគម
ច6‚Y burning equilibrium
Einstein
ច€យ vapor (vapour) ច‘ប មម$ ផ$ $គម photochemical
equivalence law
ច€យ9 bottom steam
ច‘ប nn ក law of definite
ច6‚Y9& cigarette burning proportions
incomplete ច‘ប nn
ច6‚Yម.ន ពm definite-proportions
combustion _ក†ក law
ច6‚Y&ងl incandescence
ច‘ប nn ព‚
law of multiple
ច6‚Ya deflagration proportions
គ
ច6‚Y ពm incineration law of equivalent
ច‘ប nn មម$
spontaneous proportions
ច6‚Y[ក[ង
combustion law of definite
ច‘ប n Iពក
ចនFន%ក ន composition
octane number
ច‘ប n Iព
ច‘ប definite-composition
laws
_ក†ក law
law of constant heat
ច‘បក6@ &ប6ថ&
summation ច‘ប n Iព6ថ& law of constant
ច‘បក& . ប:នHម composition
Wiedemann’s
ច‘ប #$ Joule’s law
Wiedemann additivity law
ច‘បខFប periodic law

304
ច‘ប%គl. ន) .Iគ ច‘ប Woodward-

Faraday’s laws of Woodward-
•a< 6' electrolysis Hoffmann Hoffmann rule
ច‘ប ) <$ ' Avogadro’s law ច‘ប Cailletet and

Cailletet and Mathias
ច‘ប• Vន
, gas laws Mathias law
ច‘ប• Vន
, បនž combined gas law ច‘ប Bouguer-Lambert-
Bouguer-Lambert-
ច‘ប• Vន
, ប& . ទB Beer Beer law
ideal gas law
ច‘ប%6ព7 n< law of mass action ច‘ប Beer-Lambert-

Beer-Lambert-
Bouguer Bouguer law
ច‘ប Beer Beer’s law
ច‘ប Babo Babo’s law ជWŠង balance
ច‘ប Hess Hess’s law ជWŠងក recording balance
ជWŠងក ក6ទច sedimentation

ច‘ប Boyle Boyle’s law
balance
ច‘ប Henry Henry’s law ជWŠង:ទម<$ thermobalance
ច‘ប Planck Planck’s law ជWŠង:ទម<$ W vacuum
thermobalance
ច‘ប Raoult Raoult’s law ជWŠង‚l$%# យ Gouy balance
ច‘ប Traube Traube’s rule ជWŠង6%E.ច ន.ច electrobalance
ច‘ប Walden Walden’s rule ជ nប9ន & effective permeability
ច‘ប Badger Badger’s rule concentration
ជn ក€ប
gradient
ច‘ប Graham Graham’s law
ជV& resin
ច‘ប Stokes Stokes’ law
ជV&ប$ក addition resin
ច‘ប Trouton Trouton’s rule
ជV&)ន 6%:ទ vinyl ether resin
ច‘ប Blagden Blagden’s law
ជV&)ន :'ន vinylidene resin
ច‘ប Moseley Moseley’s law
ជV& &%
<$ acaroid resin
ច‘ប Guldberg ន.ង
Guldberg and Waage ជV& គ .ច acrylic resin
Waage law
ជV& គ• acrylate resin
ច‘ប Grassmann Grassmann’s laws
ជV& គE$ន ទ acrylonitrile
ច‘ប Mendeleev Mendeleev’s law butadiene styrene
ប#យ :'Nន q1:& <ន resin
ច‘ប Kohlrausch Kohlrausch’s law
ជV& ន ន
aniline-formaldehyde
ច‘ប Mitscherlich Mitscherlich’s law resin
ផ&n< 6'%
ច‘ប Teller-Redich Teller-Redlich rule
ជV& ម $ amino resin
ច‘ប Stark-Einstein Stark-Einstein law
ជV& គ alkyd resin
Bouguer-Lambert
ច‘ប Bouguer-Lambert ជV&
law allyl resin
ច‘ប Bunsen-Kirchhoff Bunsen-Kirchhoff
law ជV-& 6 acetal resins
_ .ព G ក‚ម ochre

305
_ .ព G ទ2ក watercolor pigment 'ក& rare earths
_ . &6 7ប fluorescent pigment 'C $ម kieselguhr

ជ fertiliser ' chalk
ជ);មព bioenergetics 'q6 &F deuteride

ជ)ប:បក biodegradable 'q6 &N<$ម deuterium
ជ)ពនq bioluminescence 'q6 &N<$មកម, deuteration

ជ)6& កទV & Bioreactor 6' បក កម, decarboxylation
ជ)•) funnel 6' បក កម,

oxidative
ជ n compound fertilizer 6 យ%ក កម, decarboxylation
ជ$& sour 6' ប$នកម, decarbonise
6ជ កម, gelation 6' N$មកម, decalcification
:ជ gel 6' % decahydrate
ជPប:ខmង cross-linking 6'ក&កម, dechlorination
ជនFយ%ងគ6ម& .ច anchimeric assistance 6'ន កម, denitration
ជ€ន& ក wavelength 6'បង កម, debenzylation
ជ€ន& ក ង wavelength 6'ប '$ន depsidone

standards
6 ជ7 បន regioselective 6'ប depside
³ន6 •®ន •.ច - 6' ប6 %នកម, deproteinise

accelerator mass
:ម< n< spectrometer 6'ប<$ ក& depolariser
6³,Y6'7ម stem name 6'ប<$ ក& គយ battery depolariser
6³,Y6'7ម trivial name 6'ប<$ :មកម, depolymerization
6³,YPទa< C
radicofunctional 6'ភយ%&កម, defluorination
name
6'6មទ កម, demethylation
ញ$ ន newton
6' V ង^ កម, dezincification
6ញ7 sweat
6' កម, dehydration
:ញក extract
6' ក& dehydrator
'ង 6 ច absolute density
relative density 6' ': នកម, dehydrogenation
'ង 6 6ធ§ប
(specific gravity)
6' ' E$: នកម, dehydrohalogenation
'ង 6 6ធ§ប specific gravity
6' &n< decinormal
'ង 6 (n< nC) density
6' desyl
'បក Fច flask
6' decyl
ក6 បង oiling
6' :Eន decylene
ក6 បង¥ ញ lubricate
6' # ផ$នកម, desulfonation
'.ច“ នកម,
1 dextrinise

306
6' ម'កម, deamidation '!ក C C stage
6' មនកម, deamination ' 2 កP កម, active transport

6' មនកម,6 យ '6 7& & $មq6E Sommelet process
oxidative
%ក កម, deamination '6 7 &C $ diazo process
6' កម, dealkalization '6 7 & ប .កម, reaction path
6' គ • dealkylate ': ជ) “ biologic artifact
6' យមញ<$មកម, dealuminization 'ˆ ម ន2ង equilibrium diagram
6' ង deashing 'ˆ ម Orgel Orgel diagram
6' កម, deacidification 'ˆ ម Hartmann Hartmann diagram
6' កម, deacylation 'ˆ ម Jablonski Jablonski diagram
6' $ កម, denitrification 'ˆn< 6ញទ.ច diamagnetism
6' 6 ទ កម, deacetylation 'ˆ dialysis
6'%យ<ងកម, deionization 'ˆ ន2ង equilibrium dialysis
6'%យ<ងកម,ចa reverse deionization 'ˆ dialyzate
6'%ក កម, deoxidation 'ˆ6 6&%$ :ម diastereomers
6'%ក ក& deoxidiser 'ˆ6 6&%$ % $:ម diastereoisomer
6'%ក : នកម, deoxygenation :'Nន diene
:'ក:ថប C. acid
steel $, កម, disproportionation
:'កពមU cast iron C Di
:'កn< 6ញទ.ច ferromagnetic C ចង dication
:'នក ក& . 6ឆY flammability limits C ប$ ˆនន dicarbocyanine
:'នក Balmer Balmer limit C កម.ច dichromic
:' ភ6' $ Eង delphidenolon Cកa< មន dichloramine
' floc Cក&F dichloride
'កក flocculent Cគ6 &< diglycerol
' ម&F ខN air-sensitive crystal CCមµ<$ម didymium
' ក extraction C!ម.ចគម chemical dynamics
' ក &$ប desorption C!ម ម<$¶<ក ammonia dynamite
'!ក &a propagation step C!ម<$ dynamo
'!ក &A A stage C N$ 9n< dithiocarbamate
'!ក &B B stage C N$! dithionate
'!កក 6 •®ន rate-determining step C:ទ:ប<ន diterpene
'!កបW©ប termination step Cន dinitrate

307
Cន ទ dinitrite C $ម.ច diatomic
C6ន& .ច dineric C មCន diamidine

C9 dibasic C ម $ diamino
C 9ក Nង & %.
, ច X-ray diffraction C ម diamide
C 9ក Nង q pង neutron diffraction C មន diamine
C 9ក NងបW$Š នក† C & មន diarylamine

transmission
ង diffraction C គ dialkyl
C 9ក Nង6%E.ច pង C គ មន dialkyl amine
low-energy electron
;មព `ប diffraction C 6'% dialdehyde
C បទ.ច diprotic C binary acid
C បព dipropyl C diacid
C បម<$ dibromo- C ន diazine
C បមF dibromide C $ញ$ <ម diazonium
Cប<$ dipole C $ dinitrogen
Cប<$ ម<$6 គ molecular dipole C $ កម, diazotization
Cប#យទ dibutyl C $6ម ន diazomethane
Cផ$ m diphosphate C $ diazole
C6ផ diphenol C $ # ផ$! diazosulfonate
C6ម ន dimetan C $ diazoate
C6មទ dimethyl C $ មន diazoamine
C:មកម, dimerization C $ ន diazoalkane
C)ន divinyl C $ %ក diazo oxide
C ប N$ម dysprosium C 6 diacetate
C & disaccharide C 6 ទ diacetyl
C disilicate C 6 ន.ច diarsine
C disilicide C E$: នF dihalide
C •ន disilane Si2H6 C% dihydrate
C # • disulfate C% $ន dihydrazone
C # ផ$ ! disulfonate C% 'pក dihydroxy
C # ផF disulfide C% ' dihydro-
C: U $% dispersoid C% 'ក&F dihydrochloride
C $, កម, disproportionation C%យ<$CF diodide
C ˆនF dicyanide C%កទ dioctyl

308
C%ក dioxide 6 :% tetrahedron
C%ក ន dioxin 6 ក6@ acid heat test

C%ក : ន dioxygen 6 ច ច spot test
C%$ន -dione 6 ជ)* bioassay

C%$6 ភន diolefin 6 ' floc test
C6% $ភ dienophile 6 ក bead test

C6%ទ diethyl 6 Iព ន2ង6ធ§ប relative stability test
C6%:ទ diether 6 &ប2ង hardness test

C6%: 1 diester 6 )ងព G 6 brown-ring test
C6%E.ច ផ6& dielectrophoresis 6 $'N$មប# # ភ sodium bisulfite test

C:%ន diene 6 ក6E%ន acrolein test
&n< 6 normality 6 6'% Tollen Tollen’s aldehyde

test
! $ nano- 6 €m-
alpha-naphthol test
!9< napalm !ប
q pង neutron 6 USP USP acid test
$ !% nonahydrate 6 %យ<$'$ផម iodoform test
f m យ<$ nucleus 6 Ames Ames test
f m យ<$ក$ន(¥% $ $ ប) daughter nucleus (or
6 Lucas Lucas test
isotope)
f m យ<$6ម(% $ $ ប) parent nucleus (or 6 Marsh Marsh’s test
isotope)
f m យ<$ &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic nucleus 6 Tauber Tauber test
ង Nងភ film tension 6 Schiff Schiff test
aងខFប periodic table 6 Barfoed Barfoed’s test
. D< Telvar 6 Molisch Molisch’s test
N & balance 6 Gutzeit Gutzeit test
$ក$6ផ& <$ tocopherol 6 Reinsch Reinsch test
$ $6ម& tautomerism 6 Riegler Riegler’s test
$ យ:%ន 6 Hartmann Hartmann test

toluene (methyl
6មទ បង: ន benzene) 6 Boettger Boettger’s test
F q litmus 6 Seliwanoff Seliwanoff’s test
F q ក‚ម red litmus 6 %

r $ ˆនF Isocyanide test
6 :ទ:ប<ន tetraterpene 6 r Foulger Foulger’s test
6 ព& <$ tetrapyrrole 6 r Hinsberg Hinsberg test
6 :ម tetramer : F&:<$ ម ប ន telluromercaptan

309
: F&6<$ $ន telluroketone ;មព កង endoergic
6 ន tonne ;មព ងកង internal energy

បន zone ;មព ច ច $នN zero-point energy
បនច ង transpassive region ;មព ប!r ញ lattice energy

បនយ; ប6ភទ regiospecific ;មព ប:បក dissociation energy
បន •.ច spectral region ;មព ប:បក មUVនB bond dissociation

energy
ប<ង buffer ;មព ប:បក មUVនB
average bond
ប<ងផ$ m phosphate buffer មធNម dissociation energy
ប<ង•r• phthalate buffer ;មព ប:បក មUVនBម.ន

heterolytic bond
&ង³ន6 •®ន accelofilter 6 7,Iគ dissociation energy
&$) &ក6@ endotherm ;មព ប<$ ង: N potential energy

&$) E$6 & .ច allosteric regulation ;មព ផl binding energy
f ក6@ heat value ;មព ផlf m យ<$
nuclear binding
energy
f C:%ន diene value ;មព • ទ translational energy
f ;មព energy value ;មព &ងm. rotational energy
f ‘យ% $ $ប value of isotope
mixture ;មព ញV& vibrational
f $ នN ច absolute zero ;មព កម, activation energy
f acid value ;មព មUVនB bond energy
f %យ<$ iodine value ;មព 6នទ.ច kinetic energy
f RF RF value ;មព 6 &G free energy G
‚យគ Iព degradation ;មព %យ<ងកម, ionization energy
‚យគ Iព6 យ ;មព %យ<ងកម,'ប$ ង
first ionization
thermal degradation energy
ក6@
6ថ&ក†ង force constant
‚យគ Iព
Hofmann 6ថ&ប:បក dissociation constant
Hofmann degradation
6ថ&ផ គ &†យ solubility product
constant
N thiol
6ថ&•a< 6' faraday constant
N$ ˆ! thiocyanate
6ថ&ព. cell constant
N$ ˆនF thiocyanide
6ថ&&ងm. rotational constant
N$ 6'% thioaldehyde ebullioscopic
6ថ&&ពY
N$6%: 1 constant
thioester
6ថ& ន2ង equilibrium constant
N$- thio-
proton stability
6ថ& ន2ង ប ង
ង- trans- constant
acid equilibrium
6ថ& ន2ង (Ka)
;មព energy constant (Ka)

310
6ថ&6 •®ន rate constant ថ,ព. Eqកង6 Leclanché cell
6ថ& &$ប absorption constant ថ,ព. /ន1ន* fuel cell

6ថ&6 H&Iព( ន2ង) stability constant ថ,ព. NIFE NIFE cell
6ថ& Vយ
m ប $ autoprotolysis ថ,យក jade
constant
6ថ& ) <$ ' Avogadro constant ថ2ង ម & balance
6ថ& ( pka ) pka 6ថ7មថ, jasper
6ថ&%យ<ងកម,ទ2ក (kw)
water ionization ទV& torr
constant (kw)
ទ.ននVយ data
6ថ&•បក& ‡
grating constant ទ.នផ yield
C 9ក Nង
ទ.នផ កងទ$ម quantum yield
6ថ&• Vន
, gas constant
universal gas ទ.នផ ម ទ2 theoretical yield
6ថ&• Vន
, ប& . ទB
constant
ទ.នផ Iគ&យ percent yield
6ថ& Rydberg Rydberg constant
ទ ! titanate
6ថ& loschmidt loschmidt’s constant
ទ ង n< gamma position
; ក‚ម aប_ងទង jeweller’s rouge
ទ ង €m alpha position
;ព poison
ទបWXប termination
; aប&ក”_ . herbicide
ទព.6 ធ laboratory
; †បផž. fungicide
ទព.6 ធគម) .ទN កម,¹ radiochemical
; †ប mក6ក& rodenticide laboratory
ទ2កកក ice
; †ប mចf ង pesticides
ទ2កកក F dry ice
; †ប m .\ insecticide
ទ2ក ប$ ! carbonated water
ថ, rock
ទ2កក69& limewater
ថ,ក69& limestone
ទ2ក6 Yកក curd
ថ,6 បង oil shale
ទ2ក6 Y; whey
ថ,ព. D< ន.ច galvanic cell
ទ2កC:ម dimeric water
ថ,ព. :ញ< Daniell cell
ទ2កទន soft water
ថ,ព. 'ប$ង primary cell
ទ2កធន heavy water
ថ,ព. ទព&(មធNម) secondary cell
ទ2កនក 6 ម water of hydration
ថ,ព. ន:ក - មµ<$ម nickel-cadmium cell
ទ2កfន% កម, water of
ថ,ព. 9& mercury cell crystallization
ថ,ព. ព. 6%E.ច electrolytic cell ទ2ក9& baryta water
ថ,ព. 6&'កម, ទ2កប. distilled water

electrochemical
6%E.ច គម reduction cell ទ2ក បម bromine water
ថ,ព. ¥ គយ battery ទ2ក&:ង lymph

311
ទ2ក& 2ង hard water ទ&ងធ,F host structure
ទ2ក6& aqua regia ទ&ងបង 6 trigonal planer

ទ2ក n Iគ bound water ទ&ងម<$6 គ atomic weight
ទ2ក6 & free water ទ&ង6& $ ង resonance structure

ទ2ក ម<$¶<ក ammonia water ទ&ង6 $ keto form
ទ2ក%ប. brine ទ&ង6%E.ច pងច ច electron–dot formula

(Lewis structure)
ទក6 យង aging electron dot
ទ&ង6%E.ច pងច ច structure (Lewis
ទ$ក boat structure)
ទ$ &$ប fume hood ទ&ង6%E.ច pងEq) Lewis structure
ទF q 6ខ§) blue litmus ទ&ង Dewar Dewar structure
:ទប<$ :ម terpolymer ទ&ង Kekule Kekule structure
:ទ:ប<ន terpene ទង `យ conformation
:ទ:ប<ន $ % terpenoid ទង `យ6•% chair conformation
ទង `យ_ន eclipsed
:ទ:ប<ន ក terpene alcohol conformation
:ទម<$គម staggered
thermochemistry ទង `យបង”.
conformation
:ទម<$C!ម.ច thermodynamics ទង `យ•^យ asterism
nonequilibrium
:ទម<$C!ម.ចŒ,ន ន2ង ទគ6 & triglycerides
thermodynamics
:ទម<$:ម< thermometer ទច$មជនF tritiated
:ទម<$:ម< Einchluss ទ:ទ:ប<ន triterpene

thermometer
:ទម<$ !យ thermodiffusion ទ:ម trimer
:ទ- tert- ទ # ភF trisulfide
ទងនម<$6 គ molecular weight ទ $ម.ច triatomic
ទងន(n< ) weight ទ គ6 &< triacylglycerols
ទPកទនង term ទ $ triazole
ទPញ Van der Waals Van der Waals ទ2 theories

attraction
ទ2 កងទ. ចម.ន
ទ6P&oក6ចញ escaping tendency nonrelativistic
•កពនmVŒ quantum theory
ទ&ង $ ន canonical form
quantum theory of
ទ2 កងទ. ចD< Eង
ទ&ង6•% chair form valence
ទ&ងទប tertiary structure ទ2 ក$D<Eង Heitler-
Heitler-London
London covalence theory
ទ&ងទបFន quaternary structure
ទ&ងទព& ទ2 គម%$ $, chemiosmotic theory

secondary structure
ទ&ងទមFយ ទ2 ច ង knot theory

primary structure
ទ&ងធ& n geometric structure

312
valence-shell Ÿ ក‚Y
ទ2 ចaនគ$6%E.ច pង desiccant
electron-pair
កង] `បD< Eង repulsion (VSEPR) Ÿ កpម6ម main group elements
theory
Ÿ គម chemical
ទ2 :'ន ម crystal field theory
Ÿ គម element
ទ2 :'ន កង ligand-field theory
Ÿ គមបP1 reagent chemicals
ទ2 ទងl.ច collision theory
molecular collision Ÿ គម6 បង petrochemicals
ទ2 ទងl.ចម<$6 គ
theory
hard-sphere collision Ÿ ចង\ ព G indicator
ទ2 ទងl.ច: &m 2ង
theory Ÿ ចង\ ព G គម chemical indicator
ទ2 ទPញ Baeyer Baeyer strain theory
Ÿ ចង\ ព G &$ប6 7 adsorption indicator
ទ2 បទក6@ Nernst Nernst heat theorem
Ÿ ចង\ ព G
ទ2 បន1Y plate theory acid-base indicator
-9
Brønsted-lowry
ទ2 6 9#ន6 1 -E$&
theory Ÿ o9ច .ច Fច trace element
kinetic molecular
ទ2 ម<$ 6 គ 6នទ. ច
theory Ÿ ឆង transition elements
ទ2 6 •®ន Van transplutonium
Van Deemter rate Ÿ ឆងពយ $ញ$ <ម
theory element
Deemter transuranium
Ÿ ឆង%# យa< ញ<$ម
elements
ទ2 មUVនBD<Eង valence-bond theory
Ÿ ឆង%# យa< ញ<$ម transuranic elements
ទ2 6នទ.ច kinetic theory
Ÿ ជនFយ Vខ dyeing assistant
ទ2 Eq) Lewis theory
Ÿ ជ&Y:ក\ detergent
ទ2 $ម atomic theory
Ÿ ជ&Y:ក\ ចង cationic detergent
ទ2 $ម Dalton Dalton’s atomic
theory Ÿ ជ&Y:ក\ & 2ង hard detergent
ទ2 Witt Witt theory
Ÿ :ញក extractant
ទ2 Gurney-Mott Gurney-Mott theory
Ÿ 'ក& rare-earth element
ទ2 Debye-Huckel Debye-Huckel theory
Ÿ ម ន tracer
Lowry-Brønsted
ទ2 Lowry-Bronsted
Theory Ÿ ទទF acceptor
McMillan-Mayer
ទ2 McMillan-Mayer Ÿ ទទF acid acceptor
theory
ទ2 Berg's diver Berg’s diver method Ÿ ទប suppressor
ទpង cage Ÿ ធន ង superheavy element
6ទm 6 & lone pair Ÿ 6ធm7% កម, titrand
6ទmទ មខ icosahedron Ÿ P ក& catalyst carrier
6ទm !° ន dimorphism Ÿ P• Vន
, carrier gas
Ÿ element Ÿ បង^ក coagulant
Ÿ កពពY frother Ÿ បង^ក' flocculating agent
Ÿ 6 . organelle Ÿ បង^ក' flocculant

313
Ÿ ប5^&ក ក antifreeze Ÿ បក d d-block element
Ÿ ប6ងe7&ព G bleaching agent Ÿ បក p p-block elements

Ÿ ប5\ក chemical inhibitor Ÿ បក s s-block element
Ÿ ប5\ក inhibitor Ÿ ផ. ព G developer

Ÿ ប5\ក Eប reversible inhibitor Ÿ ផ$ Nង flotation agent
Ÿ ប5\ក6»ម.នមក irreversible inhibitor Ÿ ផž ingredient

Ÿ ប5\ក ប:ជង competitive inhibitor Ÿ ព 5) diluent
Ÿ ប5\កព 5យ9ន dispersible inhibitor Ÿ ព ងក extender

noncompetitive Ÿ ព ង2ង
Ÿ ប5\កម.ន ប:ជង hardener
inhibitor
Ÿ បP1 reagent Ÿ ព6ន®ន6• #$ rubber accelerator
Ÿ បP1 ចង cationic reagent Ÿ IŠបព G mordant
Ÿ បP1 គ¶< Grignard reagent Ÿ ម.នព. false body
Ÿ បP1 '$បប#ន Dobbin’s reagent Ÿ &†យ solute
Ÿ បP1 Ÿ &†យ solvent

electrophilic reagent
6%E.ច ភ Ÿ &†យប<$ : polar solvent
Ÿ បP1 Gerard Gerard reagent Ÿ &†យម.នប<$ : nonpolar solvent
Ÿ បP1 Griess Griess reagent Ÿ &†យ បទ.ច aprotic solvent
Ÿ បP1 Millon Millon’s reagent Ÿ 6 7:ផ1 surfactant
Ÿ បP1 Carnot Carnot’s reagent Ÿ ន2ង UV UV stabiliser
Ÿ បP1 Wagner Wagner’s reagent Ÿ 6 •7ង• ‹‚កម, industrial fermenter
Ÿ បP1 Nessler Nessler’s reagent Ÿ ) .Iគ analyte
Ÿ បP1 Fehling Fehling’s reagent Ÿ ) .Iគ'! Œ concomitant
Ÿ បP1 Günzberg Günzberg reagent Ÿ ). )ង ring whizzer
Ÿ បP1 Twitchell Twitchell reagent Ÿ យ&ភ

<$ siderophile element
Ÿ បP1 Schweitzer Schweitzer’s reagent Ÿ ងF drying agent
Ÿ បP1 Zerewitinoff Zerewitinoff reagent Ÿ &$ប6 7 adsorbate
Ÿ បP1 Ÿ ] †យ derivative
Sonnenschein’s
Sonnenschein reagent ធ $ ព thixotropy
Ÿ បនž brightener ធ%#យa< ម thiuram
Ÿ បនž%បទ.ច optical brightener ធN$ង charcoal
Ÿ បfភIព6'7ម denaturant ធN$ងក$ក coke
Ÿ ប$&6%E.ច pង electron exchanger ធN$ងថ, coal
Ÿ បœងក ក deflocculant 6ធm76'%ក កម, deoxidise

314
6ធm76 assay នយ6ក%$ nucleoside
6ធm76 យកក freeze នយ6ក%$ 6Žគ nucleosynthesis

6ធm76 យកក' flocculate នយគ nuclide
ន 6 C! ន 6ន¦‚m nephrite
noradrenaline
(ន6%ព6ន¦‚mន) (norepinephrine) 6ន%$: បន neoprene
ន6%ព6ន¦‚mន norepinephrine បង band
ន.ច inert បង&ងm. ញV& Œ
harmonic vibration-
rotation band
ន.ម. symbol បង benzyl
ន.ម. គម chemical symbol បង $ benzoate
ន.&នIព Balmer Balmer continuum បង: ន benzene
ន. jet បង: ន $% benzenoid
ន. !° ន amorphous បង: ន # ផ$! benzenesulfonate
នក$ទ!ម 6'នន Nicotinamide បង^កងmក pollute
adenine dinucleotide
Cនយ6ក%$ ទ (NAD+/NADH) បងlគ$ j-j j-j coupling
នក$ទ!ម 6'នន Nicotinamide បងlPទ functionality
adenine dinucleotide
Cនយ6ក%$ ទ ផ$ m phosphate (NADPH) បងl acidic group
ន:ក -:'ក nickel-iron
accumulator បងm. 6 ¿ន spin
ន កម Nichrome បង V V band
ន nitrate បង Werner Werner band
ន កម, nitration បង Fulcher Fulcher bands
ន គ6 &ន nitroglycerine ប6ចXក6ទ 'ង 6
equidensity
ន មន nitrosamines ម&$ប technique
នទ nitrite ប6ចXក6ទ '2ង ម បន

sensing zone
technique
ន ទ កម, nitrification ប6ចXក6ទ បP1
base-line technique
នទ nitriles ម$ °ន
នទ ញ fatty nitrile ប6ចXក6ទ mull mull technique
ន ទk nitrides ប6ចXក) .ទˆ! $ nanotechnology
ន ទkកម, nitriding ប6WXញក6@ exothermic
នន Cន ninhydrin ប6WXញខN exhale
នEង nylon ប Š ប attachment
នយ6ក%ង nucleon ប e %ងl6 ច7ន many-body problem
នយ6ក%$ទ nucleotide ប!ចម.ន6 7,Iគ heterolytic cleavage
នយ6ក%$ភ nucleophile ប!ច6%6 & <$ ទ.ច heterolytic cleavage

315
ប!ញ Hercules enhanced spectral

Hercules trap បP1 •.ចប6ង^7
line
ប $ទ ង .ច allylic rearrangement បP1 •.ច&ក
broadening of
spectral lines
ប $& ចង cation exchange បP1 €មÁ •ក
ប semiforbidden line
$ &&$ប physical change ក!
ប $& ញ<Àង anion exchange បP1 6¦€mន‚$‚Vm& Fraunhofer lines
ប $& acyl exchange បP1 %ងទ] ក anti-Stokes lines
ប $ &%យ<ង ion exchange បP1 D D line
ប association បP1 Balmer Balmer lines
ប Iព aggregation បP1 Rayleigh Rayleigh line
ប &$ម aggregate បP1&បង •.ច spectral bandwidth
ប!r ញ lattice បន1ក_ក†ក formal charge
ប!r ញ] `ប layer lattice បន1កf m យ<$ nuclear charge
Claisen
ប $r ទ ង Claisen បន1ក%គl. ន electric charge
rearrangement
Hofmann
ប $r ទ ង Hofmann បន1Y explosion
rearrangement
ប Demjanov បន1Y
$r ទ ង Demjanov
rearrangement
backflash
បP1 6ក7 enhanced line បន1Yគម fissiochemistry
បP1 ខN air line ប6ន1&ក6@ heat transfer
បP1 : F& .ច telluric line ប6ន1& មនកម, transamination
បP1 ប6WXញពនq emission lines ប6ន1&6%: ក

1 ម, transesterification
បP1 បនžថ,fន) .ទN radio recombination បន1Y &$ប adsorbent

line
បន‹យ & %.
, ច
បP1 9< a< ប$ Fortrat parabola proton-induced x-ray
6Iµច ប ង emission
បP1 ផX. ម<$ 6 គ
effective molecular
diameter បន‹យ5យ facilitated diffusion
9ន &
បន‹យ6Iµច induced emission
បP1 ពនq%$&a
$ < auroral line
បនž adduct
បP1 IŠប tie line
ប& បF boron carbide
បP1 6Iµច exciting line
ប& .n n
បP1 6& $ ង resonance line Zsigmondy gold
Zsigmondy number
បP1 ) .Iគ analysis line
ប& .n &Ÿ amount of substance
បP1 &$ប absorption line
ប& .Ž 6&'កម, reducing atmosphere
បP1 •.ច spectrum line
bacterium(pl.bacteri
9ក6 &
បP1 •.ច spectral line a)
បP1 •.ច:ខង 9ចពនqម<$6 គ molecular beam
Rowland ghost uncoupling
Rowland 9 ភ$ ម.នផlFប
phenomena

316
9 ភ$ 6%E.ច បពង & , canal ray

electrokinetic
6នទ.ច phenomena បពងœ,& capillary
9&:<$ ម< barometer បពងœ,&ទ&6] ប
support coated
capillary column
9 base បពងœ,&6] បfផ1
wall-coated capillary
column
9 basic
បពង! $
nanotube
9 ង strong base (buckytubes)
(បពង9កឃ)
9 6ខ‹យ weak base spinning-band
បពងបង) .
column
9 œ conjugate base
បពងប. distillation column
9 ជV & tar base
បពងបq pipette
9 ប6ពញ complementary bases
បពងបq D nC volumetric pipette
9 6 9ន6 base (Brønsted)
បពងប . បIគ fractionating column
9 6 9#ន6 1 Brønsted base
បពង&†យ fusion tube
9 & 2ង hard base
បពង F &q & spiral wire column
9 Eq) base(Lewis) water absorption
បពង] បទ2ក
9 Eq) tube
Lewis base
បfភ denature
9 ម<$ ញ$ <ម;កបFន quaternary
ammonium base ប:&ប&F គម chemical change
9 6& <ញ$ base (Arrhenius)
ប:&ប&F %ង ព enthalpy change
9 $ nitrogenous base
ប† ទ migration
9 .ច
1 allyl plastic
ប† ទ displacement
6ប $ berthollide
ប† ទ មUVន bond migration
6ប& beryllide Zeeman
ប† ទ Zeeman
6ប: # displacement
beaker
ប: ង conversion
ប . distillation
ប: ង:ក) devitrification
ប . ម បIគ fractional distillation
ប: ង ងកង internal conversion
destructive
ប . ប•ញ
distillation ប: ង_6ផY6 7ម wet ashing
ប . ម<$6 គ molecular distillation
ប: ង&$បŸ transmutation
ប . ) .Iគ analytical distillation Wallach
ប: ង Wallach
ប . transformation
F dry distillation
បពង &$ប absorption tube
ប9 Â V ,ន getter
បជទងន ច absolute gravity
ប9 Â V ,ន degasser
ប បD %យ<ងកម, ionization gauge
ប:បក decompose
ប ប6%E.ច
ប:បកម.ន6 7,Iគ heterolytic fission electrodialysis
'ˆ
ប:បក6%6 & <$ ទ.ច heterolytic fission

317
ប .កម, បនHយ abstraction reaction ប .កម,ភq light reactions
ប .កម, ន & <$ Cannizzaro reaction ប .កម,6មទ កម, Hofmamm

exhaustive
ប .កម,កង'ងកម,
condensation Hofmann methylation reaction
reaction
ប .កម,6ក6 ព.ច cheletropic reaction ប .កម,6Ž oscillating reaction
ប .កម,:ខž chain reaction ប .កម,a<C 6 & free-radical reaction
ប .កម,គម chemical reaction ប .កម,6&'ក redox reaction
ប .កម,គមម.ន6 7, ច
heterogeneous ប .កម, បទប third-order reaction
chemical reaction
ប .កម, បទព& second-order
fast chemical
ប .កម,គម6 ¿ន reaction
reaction
homogeneous ប .កម, បទÄ first-order reaction
ប .កម,គម6 7, ច
chemical reaction
ប .កម, ប $ នN zero-order reaction
ប .កម,ងង2 dark reaction
ប .កម, ពm complete reaction
ប .កម,5យ elementary reaction
ប .កម, គ Acree’s reaction
ប .កម,_ជ€ន stepwise reaction
ប .កម, •ង-
single-replacement alkali-aggregate
ប .កម,ជនF
reaction I&*ផž reaction
ប .កម,ជនF មUVនB
double-replacement ប .កម, acid reaction
ព&_ន reaction
ប .កម, E$ផម haloform reaction
stereoselective
ប .កម,ជ6& 7 6 6& <%$ oxidation-reduction
reaction ប .កម,%ក '$ -6&'កម,
reaction
ប .កម,6 ជ7 6& 7
enantioselective ប .កម,6%E.ច គ. ច electrocyclic reaction
6% ង N$:ម reaction
ប .កម,6%:ECន elaidin reaction
ប .កម,6»មក reversible reaction
unimolecular
ប .កម,[កម<$ 6 គ
ប .កម,ប!ច elimination reaction reaction
ប .កម, Elbs Elbs reaction
ប .កម,ប $ & exchange reaction
ប .កម, Etard Etard reaction
ប .កម,បP1បបនž side reaction
electron transfer ប .កម, Wurtz Wurtz reaction
ប .កម,ប6ន1&6%E.ច pង
reaction ប .កម, Ziese Ziesel reaction
ប .កម,បន‹ប neutralization
reaction ប .កម, Stobbe Stobbe reaction
ប .កម,ប$ក addition reaction
ប .កម, Darzen Darzen’s reaction
rearrangement
ប .កម,ប$r&ទ ង
reaction ប .កម, Ritter Ritter reaction
ប .កម,ប<$ :មកម,)ន vinyl polymerization ប .កម, Swarts Swarts reaction
ប .កម,ប#ម<$ 6 គ bimolecular reaction ប .កម, Thorpe Thorpe reaction
ប .កម,ផ$ $ កម photochromic
reaction ប .កម, Chugaev Chugaev reaction
ប .កម,ផFlប coupled reaction ប .កម, Claisen Claisen reaction
ប .កម,fផ1 surface reaction ប .កម, Mendius Mendius reaction
ប .កម,Iព reactivity ប .កម, Ullmann Ullmann reaction

318
ប .កម, Feulgen systematic

Feulgen reaction បពVនBPម)
nomenclature
ប .កម, Gomberg Gomberg reaction បពVនBព 5យ disperse system
ប .កម, Guerbet Guerbet reaction បពVនB:ម< metric system
ប .កម, Bucherer Bucherer reaction បពVនB6&'ក redox system
ប .កម, Delepine Delepine reaction បពVនB)ង U& <$ spiro ring system
ប .កម, Gatterman Gatterman reaction បពVនB6 &H Iព6ទm Bistable system
Sandmeyer’s
ប .កម, Sandmeyer បពVនB Geneva Geneva system
reaction
ប .កម, Rosenmund nonrenewable energy
Rosenmund reaction បភព;មព ម.ន6ក7 ថ,
sources
ប .កម, Tischenko Tischenko reaction បIគ fraction
ប .កម, Diels-Alder Diels-Alder reaction បIគកម, fractionation
Reformatsky
ប .កម, Reformatsky ប6ភទ species
reaction
Hopkins-Cole ប6ភទ :ប $%
ប .កម, Hopkins-Cole carbenoid species
reaction
ប .កម, Graebe- ប6ភទគមŒ,នបន1ក uncharged species
Graebe-Ullman
Ullman reaction ប6ភទnនបន1ក charged species
បn 'ˆ9ទ.ច adiabatic
ប .កម, Wurtz-Fitting Wurtz-Fittig reaction approximation
ប .កម, Reimer- ប6†Y interstitial
Reimer-Tiemann
Tiemann reaction ប:)ង មUVនB bond length
Friedel-Crafts ប .ទBIព
ប .កម,Friedel-Crafts efficiency
reaction
ប .កម, Schotten- ប .ទBIពក $
Schotten-Baumann anode-corrosion
reaction $ efficiency
Baumann
ប .កម, Gomberg- Gomberg- ប .ទBIព6%E.ច electrode efficiency

Bachmann-Hey
Bachmann-Hey reaction ប6€ង%$ $ន ozone hole
ប .កម, Hell-volhard- ប%ប F dry box

Hell-volhard-
Zelinsky Zelinsky reaction 9កn argentometry
ប .កម Hill Hill reaction ប &យ<$ prokaryote
ប . ក& reactant បគa< 6 prochirality
ប` ច!ងពនqផ concave grating ប ង proton
ប` Rowland Rowland grating ប ងកម, protonate
បពVនB ម crystal system ប $ ព prototropy
បពVនB %ន&_ . (SI)

System International ប $ព.ច protropic
d’Unites
បពVនBគ&$ model system ប $ភ .ច protophilic
បពVនB Ÿ ternary system ប $: នន.ច protogenic
បពVនB;កបFន quaternary system ប6 proteases

319
ប6 % $ :ម< proteinometer ប<ង D< Eង pentavalent
ប6 %ន Œប globular proteins 9< a< n< 6ញទ.ច paramagnetic

ប6 %ន5យ simple protein 9< a< - (P-) para- (p-)
ប6 %នœ conjugated protein 9< ^ pascal

acyl carrier protein ប.បទ
ប6 %ន'2 កP peptide
(ACP)
ប6 %ន &f fibrous proteins ប.បទ peptidases
ប9< $ន acetone (propanone) ប<$ ង N$n 6&'ក redox potentiometry
ប9< $ន propanone ប<$ ង: N '$!ន Donnan potential
ប#$មកម, bromination ប<$ ង: N 6'ប<$ Nង deposition potential
បn< cheese ប<$ ង: N ថ,ព. cell potential

decomposition
បម<$ទV& promoter ប<$ ង: N ប:បក
potential
បម<$ទV&ពពY froth promoter ប<$ ង: N •ក
half-cell potential
បម<$ទម< 6ខ§) bromthymol blue ក! ព.
បម<$ ន bromoalkane ប<$ ង: N 6&'ក redox potential
បម<$ - bromo- ប<$ ង: N 6&'កម, reduction potential
បមF bromide ប<$ ង: N 6 7 overpotential
ប កងCន prostaglandins ប<$ ង: N ន2ង equilibrium potential
6 បកង frequency ប<$ ង: N !យ diffusion potential
6 បកងមធNម medium frequency ប<$ ង: N !យ

thermoelectric
6 បង ក6@%គl. ន diffusion potential
oils
6 បង oleaginous ប<$ ង: N &$ប6 7 adsorption potential
6 បង 6Å petroleum ប<$ ង: N ង standard potential
6 បង ក%$ប essential oil ប<$ ង: N %យ<ងកម, ionization potential
6 បង Œបfធ linseed oil ប<$ ង: N 6%E.ច

electrochemical
គម potential
6 បង6ចក banana oil
6 បង6ជ7ង foot’s oil ប<$ ង: N 6%E.ច electrode potential
6 បង' ក6@ heating oil ប<$ ង: N 6%E.ច

standard electrode
ង potentials Eø
6 បង&%. lubricant
6 បង) ទយ<$ oil of vitriol ប<$ ង: N 6%E.ច

electropositive
6 ប: Nង Larmor Larmor precession ) .ជŠnន potential
បង 6& square planer ប<$ ង: N Morse Morse potential
9 <, plasmid ប<$ potash
ប<ង 9 pentabasic ប<$ N$មកa< potassium chlorate

320
ប<$ពយ• Nងបន1ក high-density

charge population ប<$ 6%ទ:Eន'ង 6 ធ
polyethylene
ប<$ កម, polarization ប<$ :%នœ conjugated polyene
ប<$ កម, $ anodic polarization ប<$•&:ម< polarimeter
ប<$ កម, $ម(ប<$ កម,) atomic polarization ប<$•& <$ ភ polarography
ប<$ poly- ប<$•& <$ ភ6'&6)
derivative
polarography
ប<$ កង'ងកម, condensation
polymerization ប<$•& <$ ភ
differential
ប<$ 9 polybasic C6ផ& <ង: N polarography
ប<$ ប.បទ polypeptide ប#V& butter

ប<$ ម.ន:ឆ\ polyunsaturated ប#a< borate
ប<$ :ម polymer ប#a<ន borane
ប<$ :មកម, polymerization ប#a< $ន borazon
cationic
ប<$ :មកម, ចង ប#& boride
polymerization
ប<$ :មកម, ញ<ង anionic ប# ប$! bicarbonate
polymerization
ប<$ :មកម,6%ម Nង emulsion ប# bitartrate
polymerization
liquid-crystal ប# N$ bithionol
ប<$ :ម មa)
polymer
ប#ពa< ម 6 trigonal bipyramid
ប<$ :ម កទ.ច tactic polymer
ប#ភយ%&F bifluoride
ប<$ :មទន6 យក6@ thermoplastic
polymers ប#ម<$6 គ bimolecular
ប<$ :ម6ទ§ង` regular polymer
ប#a< C biradical
ប<$ :មធ high polymer
ប#D< Eង bivalent
ប<$ :មប& boron polymer
ប# # • bisulfate
ប<$ :មប$ក addition polymer
ប# bias
ប<$ :ម& 2ង6 យក6@ Thermosetting
polymers ប#%:ពn biamperometry
ប<$ :ម6&'ក redox polymer
ប#- bis-
ប<$ :ម6
stereospecific ប#កមន: 1ភEq:& <ន buckminsterfullerene
6& <%$ យ; ប6ភទ polymer
ប#ន & <$ ក ន bungarotoxin
ប<$ :ម ង'N$ កទ.ច syndiotactic polymer
ប#យ:& < buret
stereoregular
ប<$ :ម6 6& <%$6ទ§ង`
polymer ផn< formate
ប<$ :ម 6'% aldehyde polymer ផn< 6 formality
ប<$ :ម% $ កទ.ច isotactic polymer ផម formyl
ប<$ D< Eង polyvalent ផ កង ង Compton effect
ប<$ & polysaccharides ផ ក$ ង Cotton effect
ប<$ ម.ន:ឆ\ polyunsaturated acid ផ :ក ) .ន Kelvin effect

321
solubility product ផ . ផ
ផ គ ក& 2 &†យ product
(Ks)
ផ គ %យ<ង ionic product ផ Kerr Kerr effect
ផ គ$ន.ច inert-pair effect ផ Bohr Bohr effect
ផ ចa Compton
inverse Compton ផ Wien Wien effect
effect
ផ Stark Stark effect
ផ 6 oY filtrate
ផ Zeeman Zeeman effect
ផ 'ន Dorn effect
anomalous Zeeman
ផ :'ន%គl. ន electric field effect ផ Zeeman ម.នធម,
effect
ផ ទប6 •®ន braking effects ផ Burstein Burstein effect
ផ ទpង cage effect ផ Shpol’skii Shpol’skii effect
ផ 6ធ§ប radius ratio ផ Jahn-Teller Jahn-Teller effect
ផ 6ធ§បក6@យ ផ Christiansen Christiansen effect

ratio of specific heats
; ប6ភទ ផ Paschen-Back Paschen-Back effect
ផ 6ធ§បខN -/នBន* air-fuel ratio ផ Joule-Thomson Joule-Thomson effect
ផ 6ធ§ប&9យ distribution ratio • phase
ផ 6ធ§ប&‚F ន2ង equilibrium • ក$ 6 6 & .ច cholesteric phase

vaporization ratio
• ក ក condensed phase
ផ 6ធ§ប ន2ង equilibrium ratio
• 6• external phase
ផ នយ6ក:%#
nuclear Overhauser
Overhauser effect (NOE) • ច discontinuous phase
ផ ប . • ន2ង stationary phase

distillate
dissociation-voltage • ព 5យ disperse phase
ផ ប<$ ង: N ប:បក
effect
atomic photoelectric • .ច
, ទ.ច smectic phase
ផ ផ$ $%គl. ន $ម.ច
effect
ផ$ ង photon
ផ •1 direct effect
ផ$ $ កម photochromism
ផ 6នទ.ច kinetic effect
ផ$ $គម photochemistry
ផ 6 & .ច steric effect
ផ$ $ច&ន photocurrent
ផ % 6ម ទ asymmetry effect
ផ$ $ ‚យគ Iព photodegradation
ផ $ anode effect
ផ$ $n &ង
ផ %យ<ង&Fម common-ion effect filter photometry
(ក ង
1 ពនq)
ផ % $ $ប 6នទ.ច kinetic isotope effect
ផ$ $n ប6WXញ
emission flame
ផ 6%E.ច គម electrochemical effect
%! 6ភ7 ង photometry
ផ 6%E.ច ផ6&ទ.ច electrophoretic effect
ផ$ $n %! 6ភ7ង flame photometry
electrohydraulic
ផ 6%E.ច %' .ច
effect ផ$ $:ម< %! 6ភ7ង flame photometer
ផ ងCច Nង inductive effect
ផ$ $ ច!ង:ភ flash photolysis

322
ផ$ &m កម,6 យ •កក! ព.

oxidative
calomel half-cell
%ក កម, phosphorylation E$:ម<
phosphoacy1glycerol ព.ចម$ °ន
ផ$ m គ6 &< base peak
s
ផ$ m ប_ន triple phosphate ព.ច &$ប absorption peak
ផ$ m acid phosphate ព. ក€ប concentration cell
ផFa< $ furanose ព. ច6PY intercalation cell
6ផ phenol ព. &ង- ង^ filter-press cell
6ផ carbolic acid ព. 6ទm ន1ន.យ two-fluid cell

(phenol)
ព. បជទងន gravity cell
6ផន phenyl
ព. nនខN aeration cell
6ផ&ម<$ <$ន pheromone
ព. nនខN
6ផY ash differential aeration
C6ផ& <ង: N cell
6ផYឆ\2ង bone ash
ព. 6&'កម, reduction cell
:ផ9ន malleable
ព. )< voltaic cell
ផ16 7) Ha) meniscus
ព. acid cell
ផNទB purify
ព. 6%E.ច គម electrochemical cell
:ផžង fumes
ព. 6%E.ច គម electrochemical cell
ព 5) dilute
ព. Haring Haring cell
ព G ក‚ម6Å\%ង6គ English vermilion
controlled
ព G ក‚ម_ ព.6 ធន‡ k ព.ន. N
crimson experiment
ព G Œបn< ក 9ងខX lilac ពa< $ pyranose
ព G ទ2ក water white ព& <$ pyro-
ព G ផž lake ព& <$ 6 $ន acetone pyrolysis
ព G6 ¿ង Hansa yellow ព& <$ pyrolysate
ព G ច.ន Chinese white ព& <$ pyrolysis
ពន2ផ$ &m phosphorescence ព&:<$ យE$ pyrocellulose
ពពY lather ព $ គម piezochemistry
ពពY foam ព toxic
ព‚ & multiplet 6ព ជ diamond

Debye relaxation
ព‚មខ polyhedron 6ព aក
time
•កក! ជ) . half-life :ព per-
•កក! ប .កម, half-reaction :ពD< ប<$a< Nង pervaporation
•កក! ព. half-cell :ព%ក peroxide
ព នក$ Nicol prism

323
ព ន2ង equilibrium prism Iព) .ទN កម,ធម,_ . natural radioactivity
ព:'ន ប .កម, reaction boundary Iព ទB purity

Iគ&យ percentage Iព &$ប absorptivity
Iគ&យ $ម atomic percent Iព ង standard state

Iគ .\ បÇម( $ច) elementary particle Iព] ប absorbency
Iគ .\ :ប (γ) beta (β) particles Iព6‚7&6ធ§ប relative volatility

Iគ .\ €m alpha (α) particles Iព%នB. 6 n< ទ. ច kinematic viscosity
Iគ !កច ង6ទm duplicate sample Iព acidity

Iគ !ក6 ច7ន gross sample Iយ6ចញ effusion
Iគ !ក' bulk sampling I)& ប&ជព heterotrophic

organism
Iគ !ក k ព.ន. N ភងគV& ពន fingerprint
control sample
( ង ) ភយ 6 fugacity
Iគ !ក%' 2ង blind sample ភយ 6 6ធ§ប relative fugacity
Iគ !ក%' 2 ង6ទm double-blind sample ភយមកង fumigant
Iពគa< chirality ភ Eq:& <ន fullerene
Iព គ2Y ground state Iក5&6ក• chelating agent
Iពច ង conductivity Iក5&6ក•
bifunctional
Iពច ងច&ន%គl ន electrical chelating agent
មខ5&ព&
conductivity
Iពច ងម<$: molar conductivity Iក5&:ញក extracting agent
Iពជ6 ម7 selectivity Iក5&ប!ច sequestering agent
Iព_ក†ក precision Iក5&ប$ក (ប:នHម) addition agent
IពជPប $ម atomic connectivity Iក5& បœងន2ងពពY antifoaming agent
Iពជ6& 7 ក& catalyst selectivity Iក5& បមកម, brominating agent
Iព6»ម.នមក irreversibility Iក5&6&'កម, reducing agent

Iព 9ក' accuracy Iក5& ងF ទ2ក dehydrating agent
Iពម.នច‘ † indeterminacy Iក5& 6 ទ កម, acetylating agent
Iពម.ន _ប repellency I membranes

Iពម.នព. 9ក' uncertainty I 6 . cell membrane
Iពម.ន ទB permeable
impurity I _បទ2ក
membrane
Iព6Iµច excited state I : យE$ cell wall
Iព6ម Ç. 6ថ& metastable state ភ6& flores
Iព6ម ម.ច metamict state ភq luminous
Iព& 2ង%Pច. :¦នយ‡ temporary hardness ភចគម chemical flux

324
ភយ%&កម, fluorination n ° ន: ž# Celsius scale
ភយ%&n fluorometry n ° នE$ & logarithmic scale

ភយ%& 6 fluoroacetate n ° ន Quevenne Quevenne scale
ភយ%& <$ ប$ន fluorocarbon n< ទ. matrix

ភយ%&$គម fluorochemical nនខN aerobic
ភយ%&ប <$ a< fluoroborate n< mass

ភយ%& <$ ន fluoroalkane n< 9 បង mass defect
ភយ%&% <$ ' ប$ន fluorohydrocarbon n< ម<$ 6 គ relative molecular

mass
ភយ%&F fluoride n< ម<$ 6 គ ម gram molecular mass
6ភ7ង fire n< ម<$ 6 គ ម
gram-molecular
weight
មជ© ° ន&9< យ dispersion medium average molecular
n< ម<$ 6 គ មធNម
weight
ម ¡ គa< chiral center
n< ម<$ : molar mass
ម ¡ កម, active site
n< &$បមន formula weight
ម ¡ កម, active center
n< &$បមន ម gram formula mass
ម ¡ 6 6& <&$6 ន.ច stereogenic center
n< មម$ equivalent weight
ម<ភន morphine
n< $ម ម gram-atomic weight
n< កទ žន‡ macroscopic
n< $ម ម gram atomic mass
n< កម<$ 6 គ macromolecule relative atomic mass
n< $ម6ធNប (Ar)
dendritic (Ar)
n< កម<$ 6 គ 'ង Cទ.ច
macromolecule n< $ម.ច atomic mass
n< ¶< CF Magnadur
n< នប:បក ruling engine
n< ¶< N$ម Magnalium
n< : # maser
n< 6ញ ង magneton
n< : #%បទ.ច optical maser
n< 6ញ $គម magnetochemistry
ម.ន ) &ខN anaerobic
n< 6ញទ.ច) .ទˆ magnetism
ម.ន:មន6%E.ច non-electrolytes
nC volume
ម.ន&†យច$ Œ9ន immiscible
nC6Œ designated volume
ម.ន6 7, ច heterogeneous
nCម<$ molar volume
មក micro-
gram-molecular
nCម<$6 គ ម
volume ម កជWŠង microbalance
nC $ម atomic volume ម ក) .Iគ & %.
, ច 1ង
electron probe x-ray
n< $ :ម< manometer microanalysis
6%E.ច pង
n °ន scale ម ក) .Iគ•កក! semi -microanalysis
n ° ន:ក ) .ន Kelvin scale មក ទ žនG microscopic
n ° ន•& .នf‚ Fahrenheit scale ម ក%ង microwaves

325
ម $ កង C mitochondrion ម<$6 គ ប<$ : polar molecule
មយ<$ក$ប#ន myoglobin ម<$6 គ ពa< ម pyramidal molecule

ម :ម< millimeter(mm) ម<$6 គ 6ភµ¯) guest molecule
ម :ម< 9& mmHg ម<$6 គ ម< $ $ម monatomic molecule

ម (ml) milliliter (ml) ម<$6 គ ម.នប<$ : nonpolar molecule
ម - milli ម<$6 គ មខ5&ព& difunctional molecule

ម $មVក %$ ព.ច lyotropic mesomorph ម<$6 គ 6ន:%# linear molecule
ម: micelle ម<$6 គ 6ម ទ6 ច7ន symmetric top

molecule
មខ5& acidity function ម<$6 គ 6 & free molecule
មខŸ &†យ solvent front ម<$6 គ •&6 molecularity
មខ &$ប absorption edge ម<$6 គ %$ម<$f m យ<$
homonuclear
molecule
មខ6%6 & <$ $ព.ច heterotopic faces heteronuclear
ម<$6 គ 6%6 &f<$ m យ<$
molecule
មយ & <$ Nង mutarotation
ម<$6 គ %ផ$ :ទ amphoteric molecule
មយ : ន mutagens amphipathic
ម<$6 គ %ភ9< ទ.ច
មយ Nង molecule
mutation
ម<$6 គ Van der
មយ Nងប$&6 Œង Van der Waals
frameshift mutation
Waals molecule
មយ6ម Mumetal
ម<$•&6 molarity
ម<$6'a< ទV& moderator
ម<$• 6 molality
ម<$ $ គន.ច monoclinic
6ម ន.ចកងទ.ច quantum mechanics
ម<$ $ :ម monomer
6ម ន.ចn< ទ matrix mechanics
ម<$ $ D< Eង monovalent
nonequilibrium
6ម ន.ច .H . Œ,ន ន2 ង
ម<$ $ & monosaccharides statistical mechanics
6ម - mega
ម<$ $% monohydrate
6មគ ប:បក (K) partition coefficient
ម<$ mode (K)
ម<$ម<ងCប<$ 6មគ ប: ង conversion factor

dipole moment
ម<$ម<ងn< 6ញទ.ច 6មគ 6 បកង frequency factor

magnetic moment
ម<$ម<ង មUVនB 6មគ IŠប sticking coefficient
bond moment
distribution
ម<$ mole (mol) 6មគ &9យ
coefficient
6មគ &9យ'$!ន Donnan distribution
ម<$6 គ molecule
coefficient
ម<$6 គ គa< achiral molecules 6មគ & extinction coefficient
ម<$6 គ ច: ក tagged molecule 6មគ កម,Iព activity coefficient
ម<$6 គ C $ម diatomic molecules 6មគ % 6ម ទ dissymmetry
coefficient
ម<$6 គ ប<$ $ម polyatomic molecule 6ម meta- (m-)-

326
6ម ប$ metabolism &9យ Maxwell-

Maxwell-Boltzmann
6មទ កម, methylation Boltzmann distribution
6មនបVង yeast &9< យ dispersion
6ម $មVព mesomorph &9< យ&ងm. %បទ.ច

optical rotary
6ម $6ម& (ORD) dispersion (ORD)
mesomerism
6ម $ $ព.
^ ច mesoscopic &យ*6ព 6& ង Nង retention time
6ម $ -% $:ម meso-isomer &យ*6ព 6 &មធNម mean free time
:ម< meter, metre &យ*6ព %ន&Iព transition time
មD< Eង valence angle & កច6‚Y combustion wave
ម មUVនB bond angle &†យ melt
ម មUVនB&មF torsional angle &†យ9ន soluble
nង .† plaster of paris & , 6Žគ photosynthesis
: មង6ភ7ង electromagnetic
soot & ,6%E.ច n< 6ញទ.ច
radiation
: មង6ភ7ង lamp black a< C radical
6មÈ powder a< C ទទ trityl radical
យ; ប6ភទIព specificity a< C
triphenylmethyl
6Žបក extraction ទ6ផន 6មទ radical
6ŽបកŸ &†យ solvent extraction a< C 6 & free radical

6Žបក) .Iគ analytical extraction a< 6 n< racemate
& <ងប . distillation range a< 6 ម.ចកម racemization
qualitative & :ប# &
&5m គ Iព Rydberg
measurement
&5m ប& .n
quantitative &ប$ $ម ribosome
measurement
&5m Iព; & <មប#ច rhombic
turbidity
&5m &5m & <$ ក ន rotaxane
measurement
restricted internal &$បŸ matter
&ងm. ងកងក& .
rotation
&$បŸ ក$ 6 6 & .ច cholesteric material
&ងm. %បទ. ច optical rotation
&$បŸ ច ង•ក
&6ងm fច'នN random coil semiconductor
គ!
&ងmY ចកច$ entrance slit
&$បIព:កង ghost image
&ងmY6ទmIគ bilateral slit
&$បមន formula
&បប €& diet
&$បមន ភ.ច graphical formula
&9យភយនគ$: funicular distribution
&$បមនគម chemical formula
&9យ6 7,Iគ equipartition
&$បមន6 Œង structural formula

327
&$បមន5យ empirical formula 6& ន resin
&$បមនទ$6» general formula 6& នC:%ន diene resin

&$បមនទ&ង structural formula 6& នប $ & ចង cation exchange resin
&$បមនបP1 មUVនB bond-line formula 6& នភយ%& <$ ប$ន fluorocarbon resin
&$បមនប បkញ condensed formula 6& នn< ទ resin matrix
&$បមនម<$6 គ molecular formula 6& ន 6Žគ synthetic resin

&$បមន n Ÿ compound formula 6& ន€ប&‚$ * durable-press resin
&$បមន6 7&1 † line formula 6& ន E$ ប$ន halocarbon resin

&$បមនEង'ង London formula 6& $ ង resonance
&$បមន Balmer Balmer formula 6& $ ង6ទmនយ6ក:%# electron nuclear

double resonance
&$បមន Bamberger Bamberger’s formula 6%E.ច pង (ENDOR)
&$បមន Van’t Hoff Van’t Hoff formula 6& $ ងប ង proton resonance
&$បaង shape 6& $ ងn< 6ញទ.ច

nuclear magnetic
&$ប !° ន នយ6ក:%#& resonance (NMR)
configuration
&$ប !° ន ច
absolute 6& $ ងFermi Fermi resonance
configuration
&$ប !° នទ$ក boat conformation 6& < កទប reagent
molecular 6&%$ 6ប<ច rheopexy

&$ប !° នម<$ 6 គ
configuration
electron :& < ore
&$ប !° ន6%E.ច pង
configuration
:& ret
&$ប !° ន6%E.ច pងÇ.
stable electron
&ក. shift
6ថ& configuration
&ក. គម chemical shift
&)<$ Eង Rowland
&ក. 9 $ កn< ទ.ច bathochromatic shift
&FបŸ 6Œ reference material
&ក. មUVនBព&_ន double-bond shift
&F sensitive
&ក. .ចn< ព.ច sigmatropic shift
6&'កកម, Bechamp Bechamp reduction
&ក. Lamb lamb shift
6&'កម, reduction
&6¶ច•^6ភ7ង spark excitation
Wolf-Kishner
6&'កម, Wolf-Kishner
reduction &6¶ច%! 6ភ7ង flame excitation
6&'ក& reducer
&ពY boiling
6& E$ន rethrolone
&ពYទ žន‡ ebullioscopy
endoplasmic
6&ទគយE$ម%ង'$9
reticulum &ពYn ebulliometry
6&ន: ន roentgen
&ពY:ម< ebulliometer
6& $ ភ resinography differential
&ពY:ម< C6ផ& <ង: N
ebuliometer
6& $% resinoid
&†យ dissolve
6& resite

328
&†យ molten Vខ 6 acetate dye
&†យច$ Œ9ន miscible ទBIពបW$Š ន transmittance

&‚F evaporation កង ligand
&‚F Eប retrograde កង6ឆ,ញបFន quadridentate ligand

evaporation
&6‚7& sublimation កង6ឆ,ញព& bidentate ligand
ក” *ក$ ទ) colligative properties កង6ឆ,ញមF យ unidentate ligand
ក” *គម chemical property កង6ឆ,ញមF យ monodentate ligand
ក” *&†យ #ប:ព supersolubility កង'ˆ6 6&%$ $ព.ច diastereotopic ligand

polydentate ligand
ក” *&$ប physical property កង6ធ,ញ6 ច7ន
(multidenate ligand )
ក” * alkalinity កង6ធ,ញប tridentate ligand
ក” *%. ច ង ) extensive property កង6ធ,ញបFន tetradentate ligand
ក” * ង ង ) intensive properties កង6ធ,ញ 9មF យ hexadentate ligand
Vខ dye កងមខ Uន face-bridging ligand

Vខœប កព G fugitive dye កង Uន bridging ligand
Vខជ& VធN$ងថ, coal-tar dye កង U ន:គម edge-bridging ligand

VខC កn< dichromatic dye កង6% ង N$ $ព.ច enantiotopic ligand
V ខC $ diazo dye កង6%6 & <$ $ព.ច heterotopic ligands

Vខ ˆ #$ thiazole dye ligase
Vខ ទ6ផន 6ម ន triphenylmethane ញ lignite

dye
Vខផ. ព G developed dye ញន lignin
VខពG 6ខ§) Turnbull Turnbull’s blue (l) litre or liter (l)
V ខព G Giemsa Giemsa stain 9< lipases
Vខពa< $E$ន pyrazolone dye ប<$ ប6 %ន lipoproteins
Vខ&6 7ប fluorescent dye ប<$ lipolysis
Vខ # ភ sulfide dye ប<$ $ម liposome
Vខ គCន acridine dye ព lipid
Vខ : កទ) adjective dye ព 6ទm] `ប lipid bilayer
Vខ &ន alizarin dye ព ម.ន&ង ប#$កម, nonsaponiflable lipid
Vខ acidic dye ម កងទ$ម quantum limit
Vខ acid dye ម &&ក6ឃ7ញ

absolute detection
ច limit
Vខ ន azine dyes
Vខ $ azo dyes ម fន &&ក6ឃ7ញ detection limit
Vខ $%.ច azoic dye ម ប:បក dissociation limit

329
%$ផ$ប#ច lyophobic ន2ងC!ម.ច dynamic equilibrium
%$ភ .ច lyophilic ន2ង• ;កបFន quaternary phase

equilibrium
ចž lux ន2ង ក” *&†យ equilibrium solubility
យ:មន lumen ន2ង -9
acid-base
equilibrium
6 ខ6 ម6ក•¯ Gibbs-Donnan
significant figures ន2ង Gibbs-Donnan
equilibrium
o9ច
P procedure
6 ខ ប atomic number (Z)
P &ប<Y contact process
6 ខ ន1 žន‡ subscript number
P6»ម. នមក irreversible process
6 ខ $ម atomic number (Z)
PបÇម elementary process
6 )$ E$ laevulose
Pបន1ប lead-chamber
6†‚* metals process
P6ម ប$ metabolic pathway
6†‚*ឆង ងកង inner transition
metals P 6) Solvay process
outer transition
6†‚*ឆង ង6 •
metals P6 &មធNម mean free path
6†‚*CD< Eង divalent metal
P€:ប# Haber process
6†‚*ធនធនក6@ refractory hard
metals PEច‚ open-hearth process
6†‚*9 base metal P 'ˆ9ទ.ច adiabatic process
6†‚*ម misch metal P% ង ព.ច isentropic process
6†‚) .ទˆ metallurgy P% $:ទn< isothermal process
6†‚ . ក‹ metallography P%ក $ oxo process
6†‚* $ P L-D L-D process
alkali earth metals
:ទ& q P Mond Mond process
6†‚* •ង alkali metal P Kroll kroll process
6†‚*%ផ$ :ទ semimetal P Pregl Pregl procedure
6†‚*%ផ$ :ទ metalloids P Natta Natta process
6†‚* Monel Monel metal P Darzen Darzen’s procedure
6†‚* Muntz Muntz metal P Leblanc Leblanc process
ញV& vibration P Markoffian Markoffian process
ញV&ប!r ញ lattice vibrations Linz-Donawitz
P Linz-Donawitz
process
ប order
‚6 & freeboard
ន2ង equilibrium
‚$&ចY downflow
ន2ងក ក6ទច sedimentation
equilibrium ‚$&ម<$6 គ molecular flow
ន2ងគម chemical equilibrium ‚$&6E7ង6 7 upflow
ន2ង'$ !ន Donnan equilibrium ‚$& Knudsen Knudsen flow

330
‘យ mixture )'ក$& cori cycle
‘យកក freezing mixture )' ទ បក-

tricarboxylic acid
‘យC6 ទ
r .ច dystetic mixture .ច (TCA) (TCA) cycle
‘យ6ថ&&ពY constant-boiling )' $ nitrogen cycle

mixture
‘យម.ន6 7, ច
heterogeneous )'%#យ6& urea cycle
mixture
) Ha) liquid
‘យa< 6 ម.ច racemic mixture
) Ha)កព• Vន
, gas-condensate liquid
‘យ ប$ & rich mixture
homogeneous ) H&ង កម, active solid
‘យ6 7, ច
mixture
) H& 2ង solid
‘យ 6 %$ ព.ច azeotropic mixture
) H& 2ងបន1Y lamellar solids
‘យ%q 6 កទ.ច eutectic mixture
) H& 2ង &ប total solids
‘យ Eschka Eschka mixture
) H& 2ង .ច
, $6 ន.ច smectogenic solid
6 •7ង fermentation
) H& 2ង%: ). ) suspended solids
6 •7ង ក brewing
D< Eង valence
6 •7ង ក alcoholic
fermentation ) .ច vic-
6 •®ន speed
) .ជQn ទងl.ច collision diameter
6 •®នច6‚Y burning velocity
) .ទN កម, radioactivity
6 •®នប $& exchange velocity
) .Ÿនកង ង compton rule
reaction rate
6 •®ន ប .កម,
(velocity) ) .ŸនD< Eង 6%E.ច
electrostatic valence
6 •®ន ប .កម, ច absolute reaction
ទ.ច rule
rate
6 •®ន ប .កម, ) .Ÿន%'° octet rule
differential reaction
C6ផ& <ង: N rate
) .Ÿន Hund Hund’s rule
6 •®ន ប .កម,,À,À, rate of reaction ) .Ÿន Abegg Abegg’s rule
sedimentation
6 •®ន&ង ) .Ÿន Blanc Blanc rule
velocity
6 •®ន& ក wave velocity ) .Ÿន Fries Fries’ rule
6 •®នa propagation rate ) .Ÿន Gibbs Gibbs rule
6 •®ន%! 6ភ7ង flame speed ) .Ÿន Dühring Dühring’s rule
6 \¯ងfច'នN random error ) .Ÿន Markovnikov Markovnikov’s rule
6 \¯ង បពV នB systematic error ) .Ÿន Hardy-Schulz Hardy-Schulz rule
)ង ring ) .ធ ច absolute method
)ងកម, cyclisation ) .ធ:'នក†ង force field method
)ងបង: ន benzene ring ) .ធ'6Êច ច
electron-dot method
)ង &n<$ < ទ. ច&†យ fused aromatic ring 6%E.ច pង

331
) .ធŸ .ច diver method ) .ធ Hittorf Hittorf method
) .ធបន1Y•^6ភ7ង spark explosion ) .ធ Kjeldahl Kjeldahl’s method

method
) .ធម<$ mole method ) .ធ de la Tour de la Tour method
) .ធ) .ទˆ “ scientific method ) .ធ Frankland Frankland’s method

Bouvealt-Blanc
) .ធ មUVនBD<Eង valence-bond method ) .ធ Bouvealt-Blanc
method
gravimetric Roese-Gottlieb
) .ធ &$ប ) .n ) .ធ Roese-Gottlieb
absorption method method
) .ធ &F ទ Iគ rounding ) .ធ Born-Oppenheimer Born-Oppenheimer
method
) .ធ ក stock method ) .Iគចង6 យ ultimate analysis
) .ធ •.ច ផ$ $n ) .Iគច!ងពនq fluorescence analysis
reflectance
ច!ង• spectrophotometry
) .Iគច!ងពនq
x-ray fluorescence
) .ធ •.ច ផ$ $n & %.
, ច analysis
differential
C6ផ& <ង: N spectrophotometry
) .Iគ6 យក6@ thermal analysis
) .ធ •.ច ផ$ $n ultraviolet
) .Iគ ម &$បn
absorptiometric
absorption analysis
&$ប m យ%# spectrophotometry thermogravimetric
) .Iគ:ទម<$ ) .6ម ទ.ច
analysis
) .ធ •.ច ផ$ $n
ultraviolet thermometric
) .Iគ:ទម<$:ម< ទ.ច
m យ %# spectrophotometry analysis
thermokinetic
) .Iគ:ទម<$ 6នទ.ច
) .ធ •.ច ផ$ $n analysis
flame
%! 6ភ7 ង spectrophotometry ) .Iគប& .n .ច Fច trace analysis
) .ធ •.ច n ) .Iគ ប .កម, ម

ultrasensitive mass blowpipe reaction
spectrometry បពងផ analysis
n< %# &6¶ច
) .IគIពកក& ក
\ turbidimetric
) .ធ •.ច :ម< ផ Zeeman-effect atomic analysis
absorption
Zeeman &$ប $ម spectrometry ) .Iគភយ%&6ម ទ.ច fluorometric analysis
) .ធ •.ច :ម< ព 5យ Rutherford back ) .IគnC volumetric analysis

scattering
Eប Rutherford spectrometry ) .Iគ• , ) .) ន‡
Vន evolved gas analysis
) .ធ •.ច :ម< %! ) .Iគ%$ $ន ozonolysis

flame spectrometry
6ភ7ង ) .Iគ6%E.ច
electrodeposition
) .ធ •.ច :ម< ZAA 6'ប<$ Nង analysis
ZAA spectrometry
) .ធ $មកងម<$6 គ atoms-in-molecules ). ម&$ប allotrope

method
) .ធ Rast Rast method ). ម&$បC!ម.ច dynamic allotropy
) .ធ Dumas Dumas method ). ម&$បC!ម.ច dynamic allotropy
) .ធ Kolbe Kolbe’s method ). ក

m ម,6 6នទ.ច genetic engineering
) .ធ Carius Carius method )នE$ក vinylog
) .ធ Freund Freund method ) ! vicinal

332
decomposition intercalation
)< ប:បក n Ÿ ច6PY
voltage compound
:)កក$ & spatula n Ÿ C $ diazo compound
កម,ក& activator n Ÿ Ÿ ternary compound
កម,Iព activity n Ÿ ទpង cage
កម,Iព%បទ.ច optical activity n Ÿ 6ទmŸ binary compound
ងទ:ម< centimeter (cm) n Ÿ ន:ក nickelous compounds

cubic centimeter n Ÿ ន
ង1:ម< គ$ប nitro compounds
(cm3 or cc)
) .ទˆ “ scientific notation n Ÿ ប6†Y interstitial compound
!° ន ម & equation of state n Ÿ ប# គ.ច bicyclic compound
ន1ន.យញ$ ន Newtonian fluid n Ÿ ភច fluxional compound

unsaturated
ន1ន.យ6 7&1 :ឆ\ undersaturated fluid n Ÿ ម.ន:ឆ\
compound
ន1នយ:'ក ferrofluid n Ÿ ម.ន
nonstoichiometric
ន1នយម. ន:មនញ$ ន non-Newtonian fluids q1 N$6ម ទ compound
ន1នយ6 7 ពខV ¡ supercritical fluid n Ÿ 6ម $ meso compound
ន1នយ កម,%គl. ន electrically active n Ÿ &ង subcompound

fluid
intermetallic
ន1នយ6%E.ច n Ÿ %ន&6†‚*
electrorheological compound
6& <%$ E$ ច fluid n Ÿ ក6 $ arseno compound
ultraviolet n Ÿ &
ន1n m យ%# aryl compound
densitometry
ន1 žន‡6¶ច excitation index n Ÿ &
aryl diazo compound
ន1 žន‡%យ<$ iodine number C $
#ប Nង sorption n Ÿ & %ក aryloxy compound
Iព គទ.ច critical state n Ÿ គ.ច acyclic compound
ម HIព ប<ង buffer capacity n Ÿ ក azoxy compound
មម$ 6&ន: នមន ž n Ÿ $ azo compound

Roentgen equivalent
(Rem) man (Rem) n Ÿ %យ<ង ionic compound
មម$ %គl. ន electrical equivalent n Ÿ % $ប<$ isopoly compound

electrochemical n Ÿ 6%6 &ប<$ <$ heteropoly
មម$ 6%E.ច គម compound
equivalent
n Ÿ 6%6 & <$ គ.ច heterocyclic
nn ព‚គ multiple proportions compound
n Ÿ compound n Ÿ 6%ទ .ច ethylic compound
n Ÿ ប$ន carbonyl compounds n Iគ component
n Ÿ n Iព composition
coordination
ក$%&C! Nង compound percentage
n IពIគ&យ
composition
n Ÿ កផ.ច complex compound

333
ម & equation ម & Gibbs-

Gibbs-Helmholtz
ម &គម chemical equation Helmholtz equation
ម &គម NIព
balanced chemical ម & Brunauer-
equation Brunauer-Emmett-
Emmett-Teller Teller equation
ម &9 Bart reaction
ម &Iព%នB. ម Born Born equation
Einstein viscosity
Einstein equation មUVនB bond
ម && ក មUVនBក$D<Eង covalent bond

Schrödinger wave
Schr§dinger equation មUVនBក$D<Eង
coordinate covalent
Gibbs adsorption ក$%&C! Nង bond
ម & &$ប6 7 Gibbs
equation
មUVនBក$D<Eងប<$: polar covalent bond
ម & 6& <ញ Arrhenius equation
មUVនBក$D<Eងព&_ន double covalent bond
ម &%យ<ង &F net ionic equation
មUVនBគម chemical bond
ម & BET BET equation
មUVនBគ$6%E.ច pង electron pair bond
ម & Duhem Duhem’s equation
មUVនBគក$ glycosidic bond
ម & Flood Flood’s equation
មUVនBច6PY intermediate bond
ម & Eyring Eyring equation
មUVនB ទ. ) dative bond
ម & Nernst Nernst equation
មUVនB delocalised bond
ម & Watson Watson equation
មUVនB6@ក:នង localised bond
ម & Ilkovic Ilkovic equation
មUVនBC # ផF disulfide bond
ម & Langevin Langevin equation
មUVនB;មព ខU high-energy bond
ម & Benedict
Benedict equation of
មUVនB6` (ក$D<Eង) single bond
fន Iព state
(covalent)
មUVនB6ទm%ង'$ គ.ច endocyclic double
ម & Helmholtz Helmholtz equation bond
ម & Van’t Hoff Van’t Hoff equation មUVនB6ទm6%E.ច pង doublet
ម & Berthelot Berthelot equation មUVនBប_ន triple bond
Van der Waals មUVនB ប . កម,
ម & Van der Waals reactive bond
equation
ម & Gibbs-Duhem
Gibbs-Duhem មUVនBប.បទ peptide bond
equation
Henderson equation មUVនBប<$: polar bond
ម & pH Henderson
for pH
Haggenmacher មUVនBព‚គ multiple bond
ម & Haggenmacher
equation មUVនBព‚មជ©ម ¡ multicentre bond
ម & Lorentz-Lorenz Lorentz-Lorenz
equation មUVនBព&_ន double bond
Nernst-Einstein
ម & Nernst Einstein
equation មUVនBព&_ន
exocyclic double
ម & Gibbs- %.ច $ គ. ច bond
Gibbs-Poynting
Poynting equation
មUVនB6†‚* metallic bond

334
មUVនBD<Eង valence bond &Ÿ ក 6E7ង) .ញ regenerant
មUVនB ចn< (γ) sigma (σ) bond &Ÿ ក. calibrant

មUVនB% ': ន hydrogen bond &Ÿ ច. WX2ម nutrients
មUVនB%យ<ង ionic bond &Ÿ ជ&*:ក\

ampholytic detergent
មUVនB%$ម<ប<$ : homopolar bond %ផ$ ទ.ច
មUVនB6%6 &ប<$ <$: heteropolar bond &Ÿ ជ&Y detergent
មUVនB6%E.ច D< Eង electrovalent bond &Ÿ ធ,F host substance
មUVនB6%E.ច ទ.ច electrostatic bond &Ÿ 6ភµ¯) guest substance
មUVនB π pi bond (π-bond) &Ÿ ទB pure substance
nUធប& .Ž atmosphere (atm) &•ងl យ Vmយជព autotrophic organism
nÍ& material ¦€mនន safranine
ម, .កម, hypothesis . ងគ singlet
ម, .កម, hypotheses .†6ម bed rock
ម, .កម, Franck- caustic

Franck-Rabinowitch
Rabinowitch hypothesis ក$ ន cycloalkane
មនខN air-slaked ក& ង Liebig Liebig condenser

&9 sorbate e Iព temperature
&ប# sorbide e Iព គទ.ច critical temperature

&f fiber e Iពចa reversal temperature
&f ប& boron fiber e Iពន.ង •ធ N. T .P Normal

Temperature and
&f ប&ន ទk boron nitride fiber ធម, Pressure
&f ភយ%& <$ ប$ន fluorocarbon fiber e Iពន.ង •ធ standard
temperature and
‚ក កកក& coprecipitation ង pressure (STP)
‚nC Van der consolute
Van der Waals co- e Iព&Fម
temperature
Waals volume
e Iព%! 6ភ7ង
adiabatic flame
ចជ$& alum 'ˆ9ទ. ច temperature
ប<$នន saponin e Iព%ន&Iព

transition
temperature
ប#$ soap e Iព Neel Neel temperature
ប#$កម, saponification !e ពច6‚Y kindling temperature
ប#$ ម<$ ញ$ <ម ammonium soap $ cytosol
ប#$ យមញ<$ម aluminum soap 6នទ.ច kinetics
&Ÿ substance 6នទ.ចគម chemical kinetics
&Ÿ :ក\ detergent 6នទ.ចបនB$& relaxation kinetics

335
6នទ.ច ប .កម, reaction kinetics $ យ Nង solution
6ន6& syneresis $ យ Nងក$ E$%

extrinsic sol
ម chyme 6•
ម<ង cement $ យ Nង:ឆ\ saturated solution
ក& supersaturated
condenser $ យ Nង:ឆ\ ‚F
solution
ម<$: ន zymogen $ យ Nង q neutral solution
ម- sym- $ យ Nងទ2ក aqueous solution
cis- $ យ Nង9 basic solution
•ង ក. graduated cylinder $ យ Nង បម Rice
Rice’s bromine
solution
# កគម sucrochemistry $ យ Nងផž) Ha) conjugate solutions
# កគម sucrochemical $ យ Nងa) dilute solution
# 6 ¿ង yolk $ យ Nង ទB ideal solution
ទB pure $ យ Nង ង standard solution
ទB.កម, purification $ យ Nង ង standard solution
#ប:ព ង #យa< ន.ច supertransuranics $ យ Nង alkaline solution
#ប:ព superacid $ យ Nង acid solution
#ប n< $ ភ sublimatography $ យ Nង acidic solution
#ប n< ទV & sublimator $ យ Nង%ប<$ $ន.ច hypotonic solution
#ប n< ទV & Hortvet Hortvet sublimator $ យ Nង%:ព $ន.ច hypertonic solution
#ប“ substrate $ យ Nង%យ<$ ម<$ $ Wijs’ iodine
#ប“ ភយ%&:<$ ន monochloride
fluorogenic substrate ក&F Wijs solution
sol $ យ Nង Wijs
Wijs’ special solution
# • កម, sulfation ព.6
# ផ$នកម, sulfonation $ យ Nង Folin Folin solution
# ផ$ន sulfonyl $ យ Nង Hanus Hanus solution
# ផ$ - sulfo- $ យ Nង Ringer Ringer’s solution
# ភFកម, sulfidation $ យ Nង Wagner Wagner’s solution
D< Nង solvation $ យ Nង Benedict Benedict’s solution
) solvus $ យ Nង Hartmann Hartmann’s solution
) <$ solvolysis #$ (J) Joule (J)
$ $ sonocatalysis $ $E$% sosoloid
$ $ គម sonochemistry $• Nង solation
$ យ ប solutrope 6 7ម wetted

336
6 7មទ2ក9ន water-wettable 6 %$ ប zeotrope
6 §គm6 • external circuit 6 %$ zeolite

6 ketals : $ បN$ទ.ច xenobiotic
6 $ន ketone : ន gene
6 $ន &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic ketone : ម! geminal
6 $ ketose : យE$ cellulose

6 $ keto acids : យE$ C6%ទ
diethylaminoethyl
keto-enol ម $ 6%ទ cellulose
6 $ -6% $ $ 6ម&
tautomerism
6 a< ម.ច ceramic : យE$ €m alpha cellulose
6 #& series plumbum
6 #& D< ន.ច galvanic series residue (residual)
6 #&ក sharp series f m យ<$ nuclear waste
6 #& គ2Y fundamental series !ក assay
6 #&ឆង ងកង
inner transition !ក) .ទN កម, radioassay
series
!យ diffusion
6 #& . បទយញ<$ម neptunium series
!យក6@ thermal diffusion
6 #&បង: ន benzene series
2ក erosion
6 #&ប6ពញ6%E.ច pង electron-filling series
•ធច€យ vapor pressure
6 #&ប† ទ displacement series
•ធច€យ vapour pressure
6 #& កម,Iព activity series
•ធ ម:ផក partial pressure
6 #& យ diffuse series
•ធប:បក dissociation pressure
6 #& •.ច spectral series
•ធ $ យ Nង solution pressure
6 #& •ទ.ច aliphatic series
•ធ%$ $, osmotic pressure
6 #& 6 ទ:Eន acetylene series
•ធ (P) pressure (P)
6 #&%$ម<$E$ក homologous series
electrochemical 6ŽគកងIជន‡មFយ one-pot synthesis
6 #&6%E.ច គម
series
6Žគ គ¶< Grignard synthesis
6 #& Lyman Lyman series
6Žគប<$ ប.បទ
6 #& Pfund Pfund series Fischer polypeptide
Fischer
6 #& Balmer Balmer series
6Žគ&ប Gabriel Gabriel’s synthesis
6 #& Paschen Paschen series
6Žគ ព lipogenesis
6 #& Brackett Brackett series
6Žគ6 6& <%$យ
6 #& Hofmeister stereospecific
Hofmeister series
; ប6ភទ synthesis
6 &6<$ យ xerogel
6Žគ% 6ម ទ asymmetric synthesis
6 &6<$ យ zerogel

337
Erlenmeyer 6 6& <%$គម

6Žគ:%# E.នប:យ stereochemistry
Synthesis
6 6& <%$គម ច absolute
6Žគ ង'$
Fischer indole stereochemistry
Fischer synthesis 6 6& <%$% $:ម stereoisomers
6Žគ Grove Grove’s synthesis 6 H&Iព stability
6Žគ Fittig Fittig’s synthesis :&
1 <ន9 .ច
1 styrene plastic
6Žគ Skraup Skraup synthesis q1 N$6ម ទ stoichiometry
6Žគ Hantzsch Hantzsch synthesis ប%យ<ង ion pump
6Žគ Williamson Williamson synthesis ម'. ព G channeling
6Žគ Friedlander Friedlander synthesis ម ក ម crystal grating
6Žគ Houben- •.ច spectrum
Houben-Hoesch
Hoesch synthesis •.ចច!ងពនq fluorescence spectra
6Žគ Arndt-Eistert Arndt-Eistert •.ចចa reversal spectrum

synthesis
6Žគ Gatterman- •.ច_ប continuous spectrum
Gatterman-Koch
Koch synthesis •.ច6WXញពនq emission spectrum
& .ទB bronze •.ច ច discrete spectrum
&$ប absorption •.ចC 9ក Nង diffraction spectrum
&$ប & , absorbance •.ច $ ប ធង grating spectrograph
&$ប6 7 adsorption •.ច $ ប Fery Fery spectrograph
&$ប6 7• Vន
, •.ច ប a “ astronomical
gas adsorption
spectrograph
&$ប6 7 Van der •.ច ប6 ¯ wedge spectrograph
Van der Waals
Waals adsorption Dobson
•.ច ផ$ $ :ម< '$ប ន
spectrophotometer
6†‚* alloy difference
•.ច ផ$ $ :ម< C6ផ& <ង
spectrophotometer
&^ ម.ន6ធm76&'កម, nonreducing sugar filter
•.ច ផ$ $ :ម< &ង
spectrophotometer
&^ 6&'កម, reducing sugar
•.ច ផ$ $ :ម<
double-beam
&^ 6 $ន acetone sugar
9ចពនq6ទm spectrophotometer
^ ) <ង: # scavenger absorption
•.ច ផ$ $ :ម< &$ប
spectrophotometer
^ ) <ង: #a<C radical scavenger
•.ច ផ$ន spectrophone
ង កម, standardization
•.ច ភយ%&:<$ ម< spectrofluorometer
•កទ stalactites
•.ច n ច ប<$ quadrupole
•កម stalagmites spectrometer
•.ច :ម< spectrometer
6 a< 'Nង steradian
beta-ray
•.ច :ម< & 6ប
,
6 &%
<$ steroids spectrometer
6 6& <%$ 6• #$ stereorubber

338
•.ច :ម< ក‚ម •.ច $ម atomic spectrum

infrared (IR)
ង 9 (IR) spectrometer •.ច6%E.ច pង electron spectrum
•.ច :ម< ធង grating spectroscope •.ច6%E.ច pង electronic spectrum
•.ច :ម< ប6WXញពនq emission •.ច Raman Raman spectrum

spectrometer
•.ច :ម< n< ) .Iគ •.ច Rydberg Rydberg spectrum
time-of-flight mass
%យ<ង spectrometer •.ច M§ssbauer Mössbauer spectrum
•.ច :ម< •.ច Fraunhofer Fraunhofer spectrum

grid spectrometer
!ញ F Uន bridge
•.ច :ម< Uន brass

ultraviolet
m យ%# spectrometer U នC # ផF disulfide bridge
•.ច :ម< 6% N<$ម helium spectrometer U នធ& Vកម, sulfuration
•.ច $ ^ប spectroscope U ន%ប. salt bridge
•.ច $^បគ6‚7ញ ន&

U q&ងm. 6 ¿ន
direct-vision spin (intrinsic
•1 spectroscope (ម<$ម<ង $មម ងកង) angular momentum)
•.ចធ$ arc spectrum នក$

Í ព sphingolipids
•.ចបង band spectrum .ច

, ទ.ច-A smectic-A
•.ចប6WXញ6 យ .ច
, ទ.ច-B smectic-B
electronic emission
6%E.ច pង spectrum .ច
, ទ.ច-C smectic-C
•.ចបP1 line spectrum 6 7, ច homogeneous
•.ចបP1 6>, dark-line spectrum ˆនF cyanides
•.ចបP1 ភq bright-Line spectrum ˆនF6 & free cyanide
•.ចបន1Y6%E.ច pង
electronic band ] `ប6ទm bilayer
spectrum
•.ច6Ž ម.ន Œ anharmonic ] `ប6ទm double layer
oscillator spectrum
] `បŸ oង schiller layer
•.ច&ងm. rotational spectrum
] `បn stern layer
•.ច& , -X x-ray spectrum
] `ប] 6 7œង
•.ច6& $ ង resonance spectrum boiler scale
ទ2ក
•.ច ញV& vibrational spectrum
] `ប%គl. ន6ទm electric double layer
•.ច បទÄ first-order spectrum
] `ប%$ $ន ozone layer
•.ច យ diffuse spectrum
] `ប Langmuir-
•.ច .ក‹n< mass spectrometry Langmuir-Blodgett
Blodgett film
•.ច &$ប absorption spectrum
electronic absorption ] spirit
•.ច &$ប6%E.ច pង
spectrum
] ប absorb
•.ច%! 6ភ7ង flame spectrum

339
] បក6@ endothermic • $ ន lanolin
] បច$ ម ចមY inhale • $ន lactones

] ប 6 7ម hygroscopic •) funnel
ប •' deflagrating spoon •):ញក separatory funnel

Vយ
m autocatalysis •: # laser
Vយ
m ក6 7 ន6 •®ន autoacceleration E.ចទន lectin
Vយ
m ចa self-reversal Eqក$ ទ:%#ន leukotrienes
Vយ
m 6 7ង6ទm ម&6ប§ 6E)&<$ <$ $& laevorotatory
semiconservative
ប&ក‹ទក•កក! replication %គl. ន) .Iគ electrolysis
Vយ
m 6E7ង6ទm replication %គl. ន) .Iគ%ប.
fused-salt electrolysis
Vយ
m បនHយ self-reduction &†យ
Vយ
m បព auto-poisoning %ង'$- endo-
Vយ
m ប $ autoprotolysis %ង ព heat of reaction
Vយ
m ពន self-poisoning %ង ព enthalpy
Vយ
m a< 6 ម.ចកម, enthalpy of
autoracemization %ង ពក
formation
Vយ
m &$ប self-absorption %ង ពច6‚Y enthalpy of
combustion
Vយ
m % ក& automatic titrator enthalpy of
%ង ព q កម,
neutralization
m យ%# ultraviolet
%ង ព ប .កម, enthalpy of reaction
m q&Nង zwitterion
%ង ព&†យ enthalpy of fusion
‚$ _ F 9ន ductile enthalpy of
%ង ព&‚F
6‚7& evaporation
volatile
%ង ព%ន&Iព enthalpy of transition
‚l$%#យ gouy
%ង ព $មកម, enthalpy of
‚m ន2ង equilibrium film atomization
%ង ព%យ<ងកម, enthalpy of ionisation
‚m $ anode film
%ង antacid
6¦€mន‚$‚V&m Fraunhofer
%ង anthracite
Eងង2 furnace black
%ង ព entropy
Eង ន lanthanides
%ង ព ‘យ entropy of mixing
Eបន1Y ង blast furnace
%ង ព កម,កម, entropy of activation
E&ងmង Weisz Weisz ring oven
%ង ព%ន&Iព entropy of transition
•ក lactate
%ងទក& antibodies
•ក ម lactam
%ងទ ក& anticatalyst
•ក $ lactose
%ងទក$'ង anticodon
•កទម lactim
%ងទ:ផ&n<$ < 6ញទ antiferromagntism

340
%ងទnន conductometric
antimonous % កម,Ÿ ច ងn
titration
%ងទម<$ន.ច antimonic % កម,6 បងកងខU
high-frequency
titration
%ងទម<$ន antiomonide potentiometric
% កម,ប<$ ង N$6ម ទច
titration
%ងទ: ន antigens
% កម,6&'ក redox titration
%ងទ%ក ក& antioxidant
% កម,%ង ព enthalpy titration
%ង ម enzyme
% កម, Winkler Winkler titration
%ងlŸ ច ង conductor
% ក& titrant
%ងlŸ ផ1Y cordite
% n E$&6ម ទច calorimetric titration
%ងlŸ % $Eង insulator radiation absorbed
% ] ប& , (Rad)
%ងl6 $ន dose (Rad)
ketone body
%ន &IពD< Eង valence transition
%ង‹ degree
%ន.&នIព Balmer Balmer discontinuity
%ង‹%ង6គ English degree
%នគមន- function
%'° octet
radial distribution
%នគមន‡ប: ង:ចក
%'° Ç. 6ថ& stable octet function
%នគមន‡
%'°ប<$ octupole Hammett acidity
Hammett function
%'°មខ octahedron
%ន&កម, interaction
%! 6ភ7 ង flame
%ន&កម,Cប<$ -Cប<$ dipole-dipole
%! 6ភ7 ង6&'កម, reducing flame interaction
%! 6ភ7 ង !យ %ន&កម,Cប<$ -
diffusion flame dipole-induced dipole
Cប<$ %ន1ង interactions
% titer
% កម, %ន&Iព transition
titration
turbidimetric %ន&Iព transition state
% កម,កក&n
titration
%ន&Iព n< gamma transition
% កម, ក$E$&6ម ទ.ច colorimetric titration
complexometric %ន&Iព_ . :ក) glass transition
% កម,កផ.ច $6ម ទ. ច
titration
%ន&Iព&ងm. rotational transition
% កម,ក6@ thermal titration
%ន&Iព ញV& vibrational transition
% កម,គ$E 6ម ទ.ច coulometric titration
%& $ - organo
% កម, Eប back titration
%& $& <មប#ច orthorhombic
% កម,:ទម<$ 6ម ទ.ច derivative
thermometric %& $ - (O-) ortho- (o-)
6'&6) titration
%&នទន (Orm) ornithine (Orn)
% កម,:ទម<$ 6ម ទ.ច differential
thermometric %&ប# orbital
C6ផ& <ង: N titration
%&ប# ក& core orbital
thermometric
% កម,:ទម<$ :ម< ទ.ច
titration %&ប# ប'. មUVនB antibonding orbital
% កម,ទងន weight titration

341
%&ប# ព:'ន frontier orbitals 6' $ នម<$ $

cyclic AMP
%&ប# ម<$ 6 គ molecular orbital ផ$ m )ង
%&ប# ម<$ 6 គ ម.នប lowest unoccupied !ប$ anabolism

molecular orbital
6ពញ`បបផ (LUMO) !ផ6& anaphoresis
%&ប# មUVនB bonding orbital !E$ក analog
%&ពម<ង orpiment $ anode
%&ម<$ន hormone $ ប$ _ sacrificial anode
%6†‚* nonmetals $ :ម anomer
% 6ម ទ asymmetry $ anolyte
កទ $ គម actinochemistry ម<$: m atmosphere

កទន actinides (actinoids) កទ.ច atactic
កទន actinism $ម atom

ក6 ន arsenide $មកម, atomization
ក6 នន arsenin $ម ប$ ន% 6ម ទ asymmetric carbon

atom
កq aqua $ម)ង annular atoms
កqកម, aquation $ម U& <$ spiro atom
កqn aquametry $ម6%6 & <$ ចង cationic hetero atom
កq aquasol $ម 6 atomicity
6ក aggregate កម, -9 acid-base titration
គ & កម,%:ពn
amperometric
alkylaryl sulfonates titration
# ផ$ !
ក&9
គ• alkylate basic titrant
(9 ង )
គយ accumulator ក&
lead-acid acidic titrant
គយ ( ង )
accumulator
គCន6 ¿ងទ acridine orange ប% $:ម atropisomer
ច6ក7 ម€&ក carcinogenic នC anhydride
ញ<ង anion នC acid anhydride
ញ<ង បក • carboxylate anion ន anhydrous (adj)
ញ<ង6% $• enolate anion ន ន6>, aniline black
ញ<$ $ ព anionotropy ន $ ព.ច anisotropic
$ម adatom នយ:Eន annulene
6' $ ន ទផ$ m adenosine
9 ន abalyn
triphosphate (ATP)
ប<$កម, apodization

342
ប<$ - apo & E$: នF aryl halide
ម កpង amicron & arylide

ម'ង starch &•មន arylamine
ម'$ amido &:Eន arylene

មCន amidine &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic
ម $ 6ផ aminophenol &n<$ < ទ.ចម.ន:មន

nonbenzenoid
ម $ ក amino alcohol បង: ន $% aromatics
ម $ ¥ &%
<$ aroyl
amino acids
ម6ន &%
<$ កម, aroylation
ម $ $ amino nitrogen :& <ន arene

ម $ -, មន- amino-, amin :'Nន alkadiene
ម amide $ •មន alkanolamine

ម កម, amidation ន alkane
ម acid amide មន alkamine

មន amine alkali
មនកម, amination molecules alkali

មន ញ fatty amine 6ខ§) alkali blue
មនទប tertiary amine $ :ទ& q alkaline earth

មនទព& secondary amine $ :ទ& q
alkaline earth oxide
មន &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic amine %ក
ម amyl n alkalimetry
ម ង amyl xanthate :ម< alkalimeter
ម ក amyl alcohol (9 ) alkaline
ម• amylases - ក$ • alkali-alcoholate
ម<$¶<កកម, ammoniation F alkalide
ម<$¶<កកម, ammonification 6 ង alkalescence
ម<$¶<ក #ប:ពផ$ m
ammoniated E$n alkalometry
superphosphate
ម<$ញ$ <មកម, ammonation E$ alkalosis
ម<$ញ$ <ម E$: នF ammonium halide E$% alkaloids
ម<$ $ ammonolysis កក alkoxy
a< គ aralkyl កក alkoxide
&ន aryne ក alcohols
& aryl ក ញ fatty alcohol

343
ក ;កប tertiary alcohol គ.ច alicyclic
ក ;កព& secondary alcohol យមញ<$ម E$: នF aluminum halide

ក បfភ denatured alcohol 6 ទន allethrin
ក alcoholysis 6 EFគម allelochemistry

ក ទB absolute alcohol ) <$ ' Avogadro
ក &^ sugar alcohol -ase

ក ន anhydrous alcohol ងទ.ច(fន 9ក) argentic
ក &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic alcohol •ក $ន azlactone

ក acid alcohol '$ acidolysis
ក$ 6ជ alcogel '$ acidosis

ក$ alcosol acidic
ក$• alcoholate acid

គម alchemy កម, acidification
គ កម, alkylation បក .ច carboxylic acid

គ បង: ន ប$ន.ច carbonic acid
alkylbenzene
# ផ$ ! sulfonates carbolic acid
ប$ .ច
(phenol)
គ E$: នF alkyl halides ញ fatty acid
គ•មន alkylamine ញ:ឆ\ saturated fatty acid
គ:Eន alkylene ញម.ន:ឆ\ unsaturated fatty
acids Fatty
' aldol
ង strong acid
'$ aldose
6ខ‹យ weak acid
'$%.ច $ aldohexose
œ conjugate acid
6'% aldehyde
6'%ក &ប$
deoxyribonucleic
6'% &n<$ < ទ.ច aromatic aldhehyde acid (DNA)
នយ6ក%.ច
ន alkyne C បក .ច dicarboxylic acid
: ន alkene (olefine) C9 dibasic acid
: នnន កpម
C បទ.ច diprotic acid
disubstituted alkene
ជនF ព&
C # ផ$ន.ច disulfonic acid
កង aliquant
C $%.ច diazoic acid
ក$ aliqot
ន C.ច‚យ fuming nitric acid
•ទ.ច aliphatic
ន q nitrous acid
- allyl-
ន ទ.ច nitric acid
&ន ក‚ម alizarin red
6 9#ន6 1 brønsted acid

344
6 9< ន6 1 acid(brønsted) E$%ន acyloin
n acidimetry $ $ :ម< azotometer

ម<$ $9 monobasic acid $ azole
:ម< acidimeter $- azo

ribonucleic acid 6
&ប$នយ6ក%.ច acetate
(RNA)
&ប$នយ6ក%.ច 6 6'% acetaldehyde
messenger RNA
P & (mRNA) 6 6'% acetaldehyde
&ប$នយ6ក%.ច&ប$ 6 $ន acetone (propanone)

ribosomal RNA
$ម (rRNA) 6 $6 &ន acetostearin
& 2ង hard acid 6 ទ កម, acetylation
:& < mineral acid 6 ទ F acetylide
ប<$%ច lipoic acid 6 ទ:Eន6>, acetylene black
# ផF& .ច sulfuric acid : ន acene
# ផF& .ច‚យ fuming sulfuric acid U&ន aspirin

€& food
F dry acid
Eq) acid(lewis) ‚ž azide
Eq) lewis acid ‚ž acid azide
& aryl acid E$ ប$ន halocarbon
•ទ.ច aliphatic acid E$ ព allotropism
E$: ន halogen acid E$ ទយ<$មVព allotriomorphism
E$: នF acid halide E$ន halon
%Ž< F&ន<$ .ច hyaluronic acid E$ផម haloform
%ក កម, oxidizing acid E$: ន halogen
%ក $ oxoacid E$: នកម, halogenation
6%6 &ប<$ <$ heteropoly acid E$: នម.នព. pseudohalogen
π pi-(π)-acid E$: ន &aងl organohalogen
ន azine E$: នF halide
acyl E$: នF halide
កម, acylation E$ ន haloalkane
:បន acylcarbene E$% Cន halohydrin
ក&F acid chloride E$- allo-
ន: ន acylnitrene 6%& <$ aerosol
E$: នF acyl halide %.ច -ic

345
%.ច 6ផច exciplex % ': ន $ម.ច atomic hydrogen
%.ច :ម excimer % ': ន $ម.ច ន

U
spin-polarised atomic
%.ច $:ទម. ច exothermic ប<$: hydrogen
%.ច $- exo- % ': ន .ច allylic hydrogen
%.ច“ ប<$• Nង extrapolation % ប# កម, hybridization
%.ច“ ប<$• Nង % ប# កម, មUVនB bond hybridization

Birge-Sponer
Birge-Sponer extrapolation % ប# 6& $ ង resonance hybrid
/ទB.ព Debye-Falkenhagen %ប<$:ទម hypothermia

effect
/ទB.ព Eប feedback %ម' imides
%.នD< Invar %មន imines
/ន1ន*ថ,ព. /ន1ន* fuel-cell fuel %មន imine
%.បទ heptyl %យ<ង ion
% hydrate %យ<ងកម, ionization
% កម, hydration %យ<ង :បនញ<$ម carbenium ion

charge delocalised
%' បF hydrocarbon %យ<ង បន1ក
ion
%' បF œ alternant %យ<ងCប<$ zwitterion
hydrocarbon
%' បF :ឆ\ saturated %យ<ងCប<$: dipolar ion
hydrocarbon
polynuclear %យ<ងទ žន.ច spectator ion
%' បFប<$ នយ6ក:%#
hydrocarbon
%យ<ងន nitrosyl ion
%' បFប<$ គ.ច
aliphatic polycyclic
hydrocarbon %យ<ងន ទ nitryl ion
•ទ.ច
unsaturated %យ<ងន2ង fixed ion
%' បFម.ន:ឆ\
hydrocarbon %យ<ង បម<$ ញ$ <ម bromonium ion
aromatic
%' បF &n<$ < ទ.ច
hydrocarbon %យ<ងប<$ $ម polyatomic ion
%' បF E$: នF halogenated
hydrocarbon %យ<ងម.ន បន1ក charge-localised ion
% 'គ $ន hydroquinone %យ<ង) .ជŠnន positive ion
%' ប hydrotrope %យ<ង n compound ion
%' hydrolysis %យ<ង #ប:ព%ក superoxide ion
%' ម amide hydrolysis %យ<ង6 & free ion
%' 6%: 1 ester hydrolysis %យ<ង ¶ complex ion
% ': នកម, hydrogenation %យ<ង Uន bridged ion
% ': នកពងក6ក7 nascent hydrogen %យ<ង ក$ aquo ion
% ': ន;កប tertiary hydrogen %យ<ង គ
alkyloxonium ion
% ': ន;កព& secondary hydrogen %ក $ញ$ <ម

346
%យ<ង% hydrated ion % $ %ង ម isoenzyme
%យ<ង% 'pក hydroxide ion % $6%E.ច ន.ច isoelectronic

%យ<ង% 'ញ<$ម hydronium ion % $- iso-
%យ<ង% 'ញ<$ម hydronium ion %2 -ous

%យ<ង%ក $ញ$ <ម oxonium ion %ក D< Eង octavalent
%យ<ង%$ញ$ <ម onium ion %ក % octahydrate

%យ<ង6%ញ<$ម enium ion %ក oxide
%យ<$ $ ផ& ionophore %ក កម, oxidation

%យ<$ iodide %ក កម,6ប beta oxidation
% $ក& Van’t Hoff Van’t Hoff Isochore %ក ក& oxidant

% $ $ន.ច isotonic %ក ក& oxidizing agent
% $ $ប isotope %ក 9 basic oxide

% $ $ប<$:ម isotopomers %ក acidic oxide
% $ ព.ច isotropic %ក ម oximes

% $:ទម &$ប6 7 adsorption isotherm %ក 6%ម<$ ក$ប#ន oxyhaemoglobin
% $:ទម &$ប Langmuir Langmuir adsorption %ក $ កម auxochrome

isotherm
% $:ទម Van’t Hoff van’t Hoff isotherm %ក $ oxoacid
% $9 isobar %ក $- oxo-
% $9 &$ប6 7 adsorption isobar • e ) .Iគ Thermoanalysis
% $:ផ isopleth •បក& ‡ instrument
% $មVភ isomorphism •បក& ‡ ជ)¶ biosensor
% $6ម ទ.ច isometric •បក& ‡ C 9ក Nង echelon grating
% $:ម isomer •បក& ‡ C 9ក Nង diffraction grating
% $:ម:ខž chain isomerism •បក& ‡ C 9ក Nង grating
% $:មទ ង positional isomer •បក& ‡ C 9ក Nង echelette grating
% $:មទ&ង structural isomer 6' .ចទV&ច€យ

dielectric vapor
geometrical C6%E.ច ទ.ច detector
% $:មធ& n
isomerism
6' .ចទV&%យ<ងកម,
% $:ម)ង ring isomerism flame ionization
%! 6ភ7 ង detector
double-bond
% $:ម មUVនBព&_ន
isomerism
•បក& ‡6 ប. ជ.
% $:ម - ង Tagliabue closed
cis-trans isomerism
Tagliabue tester
% $:ម%បទ.ច optical isomers
•បក& ‡6 :ពងប.
% $:ម L L-isomer Tag closed-cup tester
Tag
% $ ម isozyme

347
•បក& ‡6 Abel Abel tester %$6ប<& <ង operon
•បក& ‡ បនHយពនq beam attenuator %$ពˆ opiate

•បក& ‡ប . ន2ង equilibrium still %$ពN$% opioid
•បក& ‡ ប`ញ6ចញ centrifuge %$ម ohm

6' .ចទV&D %$ម<$ប<$ :ម homopolymer
scintillation detector
&ប6WXញពនq %$ម<$ម<‚m homomorphs
•បក& ‡ 6Žបក %$ម<$ homolysis
Soxhlet extractor
Soxhlet %$ម<$6 %$ ប homozeotrope
•បក& ‡D ច ច %$ម<$E$កកម, homologation
Thiele melting-point
&†យ Theile apparatus
%$ម<$E$ homology
•បក& ‡D McLeod McLeod gauge %$ម<$- homo-
•បក& ‡ &$ប absorptiometer %$6ម%$ . ន2ង
homeostasis
•បក& ‡ Kipp Kipp’s apparatus 6ថ&
•បក& ‡ Vigreaux Vigreaux column %$6&ក$ !ទV & oregonator
%#យ6) U.V. %$ ក$នយ6ក%$ទ oligonucleotide
• Vន
, gas %$ ក$ប.បទ oligopeptide
• Vន
, ក& rare gas %$ ក$ & oligosaccharides
• Vន
, ក& noble gas %$6 ភន olefine
• Vន
, 6>, gas black %$6 ភន €m alpha olefin
• Vន
, Cប<$: dipolar gas %$6 oleate
• Vន
, ធម,_ . natural gas %$ $នកម, ozonation
liquefied natural gas %$ $ន
• Vន
, ធម,_ .a) (LNG) ozonides
(LNG)
vapor-pressure
• Vន
, ន.ច inert gases %$ $:ម<
, •ធច€យ
osmometer
• Vន
, ប& . ទB ideal gas %$ $:ម<
, osmometer
• Vន
, 6 បង a) %$ $, osmosis
liquefied petroleum
(LPG) gas (LPG)
%$%.ច/ន1ន* ox fuel
• Vន
, ផ . ក& producer gas 6% ង N$ ព enantiotropy
• Vន
, ម$ ប. distilled mustard gas 6% ង N$មVព enantiomorph
• Vន
, D ភក marsh gas 6% ង N$មភ enantiomorphism
• Vន
, 6% យ%ង eluant gas 6% ង N$:ម enantiomers
• ‹‚កម, industrial 6% ន N$:ម‚F enantiomeric excess
%$ $ ភជ)* bioautography 6% enol
%$9< opal 6% -6 $ $ $ 6ម&
enol-keto
tautomerism

348
6% ! ethanal 6%ម<$ក$ប#ន haemoglobin
6% ethanol 6%ម<$ hemolysis

6% ក ethoxy 6%&:<$ ជ aerogel
6% ក ethoxide 6% helicate
6%6 & <$ heterolylsis 6% €m alpha ( a ) helix
6%6 &6<$ %$ ប heterozeotrope 6% យ Nង elution

6%6 &:<$ ន heterogeneous 6% យ%ង eluant
6%6 & <$ $ម heteroatom 6% យ eluate

6%6 &-<$ hetero- 6%: 1 ester
6%ទន កម, ethynylation 6%: ក

1 ម, esterification
6%ទ ethyl 6%: 1 ញ fatty ester
6%ទ ក ethyl alcohol 6%: &1 ជV & .\ rosin ester

6%ទ%ក ethyoxyl 6%: 1 ប$ & .ច boric acid ester
6%:ទ ether 6%: 1 •ទ.ច aliphatic acid ester

6%:ទកម, thermoplastic
etherification 6%• $ :ម:ទម<$9 .ច
1
elastomer
6%:ទម^' crown ether 6%E.ច pង electron
6%:ទ កន azacrown ether 6%E.ច pង paired electron
6%9< &ន heparin 6%E.ច pងទ2ក aqueous electron
6%ប<ក epoxy 6%E.ច pងម.ន មUVនB non-bonding
electrons
6%ប<ក epoxide 6%E.ច pងD< Eង valence electron
6%ប<ក កម, epoxidation 6%E.ច pង) < (eV) electron volt (eV)
6%ប<ក 6& ន epoxy resin 6%E.ច pង មUVនB bonding electron
6%ផ.ចទV&) .ជŠnន positive effector 6%E.ច electrocatalysis
6%ផ.ចទV&%) .ជŠnន negative effector 6%E.ច ទ.ច electrocratic
6%ផ6& ង efflorescence 6%E.ច )6ម ទ electrogravimetry
6%ព:ម epimer electro-
6%E.ច កn< $ ភ
chromatography
6%ព:មកម, epimerization
6%E.ច គម electrochemistry
6%ព- epi-
6%E.ច ច!ង Eប electroreflectance
6%ម6 hemiketal
6%E.ច 6'កង Nង electrodecantation
6%ម 6 hemiacetal
6%E.ច 'ˆ electrodialyzer
6%ម Nង emulsion
6%E.ច electrode
6%ម Nងកម, emulsification dropping-mercury
6%E.ច ក ក9&
6%ម<$ក$ប#ន electrode
hemoglobin
6%E.ច E$:ម< calomel electrode

349
6%E.ច E$:ម< beam-condensing

saturated calomel [ក បង^ពនq
unit
:ឆ\ electrode
[ក ផ1Fន repeating unit
quinhydrone
6%E.ច គន 'ន [ក 6មគ Svedberg
Svedberg coefficient
electrode unit (S)
6%E.ច 6Œ reference electrode :%#ក$ ergot
6%E.ច 6Œ :%#បN$ម E$: នF erbium halide
calomel reference
E$:ម< electrode
‰ ថ medicinal
6%E.ច ជនF យ auxiliary electrode ‰ ថ pharmaceutical
6%E.ច Eប9ន reversible electrode ‰ ថ) .ទˆ pharmacology
rotating platinum
6%E.ច 9ទន&ងm. %!ចក6@ $ម atomic heat capacity
electrode
6%E.ច ប .ប . working electrode %!ច:ញក resolving power
6%E.ច )< electrode voltage %!ច) . rotatory power
6%E.ច % ': ន hydrogen electrode %!ច &$ប absorptive power
6%E.ច ផ6& electrophoresis %ប. salt
6%E.ច ផ6& :ជ gel electrophoresis %ប. 'ក& rare-earth salts
6%E.ច 6ផ&$ ភ electropherography %ប. C $ញ$ <ម diazonium salts
6%E.ច ភ electrophile %ប. ទ2ក បn bile salts
6%E.ច n< 6ញទ.ច electromagnet %ប. 6ទm double salt
6%E.ច electrolyte %ប. 9 basic salt
6%E.ច ង strong electrolyte %ប. ម<$ ញ$ <ម ammonium salt
6%E.ច 6ខ‹យ weak electrolyte %ប. ម<$ ញ$ <ម;កបFន
quaternary
ammonium salt
6%E.ច ថ,ព. battery electrolyte %ប. acid salt
6%E.ច ថ,ព. %ប. %' salt hydrolysis
fuel-cell electrolyte
/ន1ន* %ប'ង ambident
6%E.ច acid electrolyte %ប$& family
6%E.ច electrolysis %ប$&គម chemical family
6%E.ច D< Eង electrovalence %ផ$6 & .ច amphoteric
6%E.ច ) .ជŠnន electropositive %ផ$ ampholyte
6%E.ច 6Žគ electrosynthesis %6ព7n< mass action
6%E.ច ទ.ច electrostatic %:ពn amperometry
6%E.ច %) .ជŠnន electronegative %ភ បទ.ច amphiprotic
6%E.ច %$ $, electroosmosis %ភ‚m amphiphile
6%:ECនកម, elaidinization ងCច Nង induction
[ក unit ង ង 6 residual intensity

350
ង:ទ6ផ&ន
<$ transfer RNA
interferons ARN'2កP
(tRNA)
ង #យ ន insulin
ម.ន ammine

351
The Chemical Elements

r.a.m. values with asterisk (*) denote mass number of the most stable known isotope with its half-life in
years given in parentheses.
Element Symbol a.n. r.a.m. (yrs) d. (g/cm-3) m.p. (oC) b.p. (oC)
actinium Ac 89 227*(21.7) 1050+50 3200
aluminium AI 13 26.98 2.7 660 2467
americium Am 95 243*(7.95x103) 13.67(20°C) 994+4 2607
antimony Sb 51 121.75 6.68 630.5 1750
argon Ar 18 39.948 1.78g.dm-3 -189 -185
arsenic As 33 74.92 5.7 subl. 613
astatine At 85 210*(8.3hrs) 302 337
barium Ba 56 137.34 3.51 725 1640
berkelium Bk 97 247*(1.4x103) 14
beryllium Be 4 9.012 1.85 1275 2970
bismuth Bi 83 208.98 9.78 271.3 1560
boron B 5 10.81 2.34-2.37 2300 2550
bromine Br 35 79.909 3.13g.dm-3 -7.2 58.78
cadmium Cd 48 112.41 8.65 320.9 765
caesium Cs 55 132.905 1.88 28.4 678
calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.54 839 1484
californium Cf 98 251*(~700)
carbon(diamond) C 6 12.011 3.52 diamond trans. to graphite
carbon(graphite) C 6 12.011 2.25 subl. 3652
cerium Ce 58 140.12 6.77 799 3426
chlorine CI 17 35.453 3.214g.dm-3 -100.98 -34.6
chromium Cr 24 52.00 7.19 1857 2672
cobalt Co 27 58.933 8.9 1495 2870
copper Cu 29 63.546 8.92 1083.4 2567
curium Cm 96 247*(1.64x107) 13.51 1340+40
dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 8.551 1412 2562
einsteinium Es 99 254*(270days)
erbium Er 68 167.26 9.006 1529 2863
europium Eu 63 151.96 5.254 822 1597
fermium Fm 100 257*(10days)
fluorine F 9 18.9984 1.7g.dm-3 -219.62 -188.1
francium Fr 87 223* 2.4 27+1 677+1
gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 7.901 1313 3266
gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.90 29.78 2403
germanium Ge 32 72.59 5.36 937 2830
gold Au 79 196.967 19.32 1064.43 2807+2
hafnium Hf 72 178.49 13.3 2227+20 4602
helium He 2 4.0026 0.178 -272.2 -268.93
(20atm)
holmium Ho 67 164.93 8.795 1474 2695
hydrogen H 1 1.008 0.0899g.dm-3 -259.14 -252.87
indium In 49 114.82 7.31(20°C) 156.6 2080+2
iodine I 53 126.9045 4.49 113.5 184.35
iridium Ir 77 192.20 22.42 2410 4130
iron Fe 26 55.847 7.89 1535 2750
krypton Kr 36 83.80 3.73g.m-3 -156.6 -152.3
lanthanum La 57 138.91 6.162 921 3457
lawrencium Lr 103 257*(8sec.)
lead Pb 82 207.19 11.35 327.5 1740
lithium Li 3 6.939 0.534 180.54 1347
lutetium Lu 71 174.97 9.84 1663 3402
magnesium Mg 12 24.305 1.74 648.8 1090

352
manganese Mn 25 54.94 7.2 1244 1962

mendelevium Md 101 256*(1.3hrs)
mercury Hg 80 200.59 13.55 -38.87 356.58
molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.22 2617 4612
neodymium Nd 60 144.24 7.004 1021 3068
neon Ne 10 20.179 0.9g.dm-3 -248.67 -246.05
neptunium Np 93 237*(2.2x106)
nickel Ni 28 58.70 8.9 1450 2732
niobium Nb 41 92.91 8.57 2468 4742
nitrogen N 7 14.0067 1.2506g.dm-3 -209.86 -195.8
nobelium No 102 254*(55sec.)
osmium Os 76 190.2 22.57 3045 5027
oxygen 0 8 15.9994 1.429g.dm-3 -218.4 -183
palladium Pd 46 106.4 12.02 1552 3140+1
phosphorus(white) P 15 30.9738 1.82 44.1 280
phosphorus (red) P 15 30.9738 2.34
platinum Pt 78 195.09 21.45 1772 3827+100
plutonium .Pu 94 244*(7.6x107) 19.84 641 3232
polonium Po 84 209*(103) 9.32 254 962
potassium K 19 39.098 0.86 63.7 774
praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 6.773 931 3512
promethium Pm 61 145 7.26 1080 2460
protactinium Pa 91 231*(3.43x104) 15.37 <1600
radium Ra 88 226.0254 ~5 700 1140
radon Rn 86 222* 9.73g.dm-3 -71 -61.8
rhenium Re 75 186.2 20.53 3180 5627
rhodium Rh 45 102.9 12.4 1966 3727
rubidium Rb 37 85.47 1.53 38.89 688
ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 12.3 2310 3900
samarium Sm 62 150.35 7.52 1077 1791
scandium Sc 21 44.956 α2.989β3.19 1541 2831
selenium Se 34 78.96 4.81 217 684.9
silicon Si 14 28.086 2.33 1410 2355
silver Ag 47 107.87 10.5 961.93 2212
sodium Na 11 22.9898 0.97 97.8 882-889
strontium Sr 38 87.62 2.6 769 1384
sulphur S 16 32.06 2.07(rhom) 112.8 444.674
tantalum Ta 73 180.948 16.63 2996 5427
technetium Tc 43 99*(2.6x106) 2172 4877
tellurium Te 52 127.60 6.24 449.5 989.8
terbium Tb 65 158.92 8.23 1356 3123
thallium TI 81 204.39 11.85 303.5 1457+10
thorium Th 90 232.038 11.5-11.9 1750+10 4790+10
thulium Tm 69 168.934 9.321 1545 1947
tin Sn 50 118.69 7.28 231.88 2260
titanium Ti 22 47.9 4.5 1660+10 3287
tungsten W 74 183.85 19.3 3410 5660
uranium U 92 238.03 1905 1132+1 3818
vanadium V 23 50.94 5.96 1890 3380
xenon Xe 54 131.30 5.887g.dm-3 -111.9 -107.1
ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 6.965 819 1194
yttrium Y 39 88.905 4.469 1522 3338
zinc Zn 30 65.38 7.1 419.88 907
zirconium Zr 40 9.22 6.49 1852 4377

353
Laboratory Equipment

354

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RUPP

flame below and a movable flame above.

Also known as absolute density. mmHg. eKehAmüa:geTotfa dg;sIuetdac;xat.

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

absolute method : A method of

absorb : To take up a substance in bulk.

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

absorption line : A minute range of

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acceptor : 1. A chemical whose reaction

contains the acetate ion such as ethyl RbePTTI@CasmasFatuEdlTMrg;rbs;vamanpÞúkGIuyug: GaestatdUcCa

acetone glucose : See acetone sugar.

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acetone sugar : Any reducing sugar that

acetylide : A compound formed from

achiral molecules : Molecules which are

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acid alcohol : A compound containing

or a substituted amino group (-NH2R or GamINUCMnYs (-NH R or –NHR ).

acid that is dehydrated, having the 2. Rslayrbs;GasIutsrIragÁEdlTTYlrgedsIuRdatkmµEdlmanTMrg;Ca

acid. Also known as acyl azide. b¤Gar:UGIulénGasIutGIuRdasUGiuc. eKehAmüa:geTotfa GasIulGahSúIt.

which is a combination of the water

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acid number : See acid value.

where M represents a metal atom. MH PO Edl M CaGatUmelah³.

acid reaction : A chemical reaction

acid solution : An aqueous solution

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acidic group : The radical COOH

an oxyacid with water. P O EdleGayeTACaGuksIuGasIutkñúgTwk.

acidic solution : any solution in which

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acrolein test : A test for the presence of

structure; used in paints, sizing and CH-(COOR)- EdlRtUveRbIkñúgfñaMlabKMnUrkavsMrab;Rkdas nigRkNat;

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

activation : Treatment of a substance by

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

acyl carrier protein (ACP) : Protein

acyloin condensation : The reaction of

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

adduct : 1. A chemical compound that

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

adsorption isobar : A graph showing

affinity : The extent to which a

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

air line : Lines in a spectrum due to the

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

aldol : A class of organic compounds

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

alkadiene : See diene.

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

alkalinity : The property or having

alkanolamine : One of a group of

alkoxide : See alcoholate.

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alkylaryl sulfonates : General name for

alkyloxonium ion : (ROH2)+. An

allelochemistry : The science of

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

allyl- : A prefix used in names of

CH2=CH-CH2+; attachment site is the

RUPP Chemistry Dictionary

alternant hydrocarbon : A member of a