Rayner: Intermediate GCSE Mathematics Revision and Practice Circle theorems

Circle theorems
There are four theorems on angles in circles that you should know. First you need to A
learn some words.
l The straight line AB is a chord. D
l The curved line AB (in bold) is an arc.
l The chord AB divides the circle into two segments ± B
the major segment (shaded) and the minor segment (unshaded).
l b is the angle subtended by AB at C.
ACB
l ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
C
Theorem 1 Theorem 2
The angle subtended at the centre of a Angles subtended by an arc in the same
circle is twice the angle subtended at the segment of a circle are equal.
circumference.

C Y

x Z
X
O

2x
A
B A
b ˆ 2  ACB
AOB b B b ˆ AYB
AXB b ˆ AZB
b

The proof of this theorem is given in the section on proof.

b
b ˆ 508, ®nd BCA:
(a) Given ABO b ˆ 628 and DCA
(b) Given BDC b
b ˆ 448 ®nd BAC
b
and ABD:
D
B
62°
50° 44° C
C
O

A
A

B
Triangle OBA is isosceles (OA ˆ OB†:
b (both subtended by arc BC)
b ˆ BAC
BDC
b ˆ 50
; OAB b
; BAC ˆ 62
b ˆ 80 (angle sum of a triangle)
; BOA b ˆ ABD
DCA b (both subtended by arc DA)
b ˆ 40 (angle at the centre)
; BCA b ˆ 44
; ABD

Exercise 1
Find the angles marked with letters. A line passes through the centre only when point
O is shown.

1. 2. 3. 4.
27° f
a 20° d 30° g
58° d
85°
41°
45°
b c
c 40° h
30° e

1
Rayner: Intermediate GCSE Mathematics Revision and Practice Circle theorems

5. 6. 7. 8. B

25° c 96° c t 46°

32° c
a O
40° a
80° 50° 94°
b y
A C

9. 10. 11. 12. C

A A B B 38°
c
e A
O O h
84° O b d 88° g
B O
C 98°
f
C A C
B

13. 14. 15. C 16.

C
B
D x
y
58° a
42°
O O 108° O
O
A A x ⫹ 22° B x
x B
A C

Theorem 3
The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up Find a and x.
to 1808 (the angles are supplementary). a ˆ 180 81 C
B
D (opposite angles of a 2x
81°
cyclic quadrilateral) D a

; a ˆ 99
x ‡ 2x ˆ 180
C (opposite angles of a x
A cyclic quadrilateral)
A
b ‡C
A b ˆ 1808 3x ˆ 180
b b
B ‡ D ˆ 1808 ; x ˆ 60
B

Theorem 4
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle. Find b given that AOB is a diameter.
A
A

O 37°
O

b
B
C B C

In the diagram, b ˆ 90 (angle in a semicircle)

ACB
AB is a diameter. ; b ˆ 180 …90 ‡ 37†
b ˆ 908.
ACB ˆ 53

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Rayner: Intermediate GCSE Mathematics Revision and Practice Circle theorems

Exercise 2
Find the angles marked with a letter.
1. 2. 3. 4.

101° x d 2c
b 96° 116°
3d
86°
c
c y
105° a d

92°

5. 6. E 7. 8.
C B
E A
B 106° e 140° C
D
O B
m
A f C
31° B
h 4e y
A C A D
D E D

9. 10. A 11. C 12. A

A x
2a B
33°
x O O
a O O
72° B A
m 3x
C
B
B

13. 14. D 15. 16. D

C
A B 50° C x
32° c
w n c B C
b a
18° a 4a
O t A B
O O O
A A 35°
C
D B

17. D 18. 19. C 20.

B
g A C
40°
82° z B
C 95° y O
e
A O O
f C x
32° 120° z 50°
D x B
B A

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Rayner: Intermediate GCSE Mathematics Revision and Practice Moving averages

Moving averages
Here is a list of the number of children absent from a school over a 15-day period.

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number absent 10 7 4 12 6 3 5 8 9 11 13 8 10 7 5

At the end of each day the mean number absent over the last ®ve days is calculated.
10 ‡ 7 ‡ 4 ‡ 12 ‡ 6
So at the end of day 5, the mean over the last ®ve days is ˆ 7
8
5
7 ‡ 4 ‡ 12 ‡ 6 ‡ 3
At the end of day 6, the mean over the last ®ve days is ˆ 6
4
5
4 ‡ 12 ‡ 6 ‡ 3 ‡ 5
At the end of day 7, the mean over the last ®ve days is ˆ6
5

This is an example of a moving average.

Exercise 3
1. Traders on the stock market use moving averages as a guide to the performance
of a company's share price. Here are the share prices, in pence, of a company
over 30 days.

21 24 27 22 25 26 27 23 24 24
28 27 28 26 25 23 25 26 23 25
22 21 19 19 20 19 21 23 24 23

(a) What was the mean price over the ®rst 10 days?
(b) What was the mean price over the 10 day period from day 2 to day 11?
(c) What was the mean price over the 10-day period from day 11 to day 20?

2. Here are the prices, in pence, of shares in `Tiger

Telecom' over a period of 20 days.

8 7 11 10 9 7 9 11 14 15 Moving average
15 14 16 15 13 16 14 10 12 13 price (p)
9
At the end of each day the mean price over the last 5 days is calculated.
8 ‡ 7 ‡ 11 ‡ 10 ‡ 9
So the mean price at the end of day 5 is ˆ 9p 8
5
7 ‡ 11 ‡ 10 ‡ 9 ‡ 7 7
The mean price on day 6 ˆ ˆ 8
8p
5
Work out the moving average price of the shares in this way
up to day 20 and plot the results on a graph. 5 6 7 8 Day

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Rayner: Intermediate GCSE Mathematics Revision and Practice Answers

Answers
Exercise 1
1. a ˆ 278, b ˆ 308 2. c ˆ 208, d ˆ 458 3. c ˆ 588, d ˆ 418, e ˆ 308
4. f ˆ 408, g ˆ 558, h ˆ 558 5. a ˆ 328, b ˆ 808, c ˆ 438 6. c ˆ 348, y ˆ 348
7. 438 8. 928 9. 428
10. c ˆ 468, d ˆ 448 11. e ˆ 498, f ˆ 418 12. g ˆ 768, h ˆ 528
13. 488 14. 328 15. 228
16. a ˆ 368, x ˆ 368

Exercise 2
1. a ˆ 948, b ˆ 758 2. c ˆ 1018, d ˆ 848 3. x ˆ 928, y ˆ 1168
4. c ˆ 608, d ˆ 458 5. 378 6. 1188
7. e ˆ 368, f ˆ 728 8. 358 9. 188
10. 908 11. 308 12. 22 12 8
13. n ˆ 588, t ˆ 648, w ˆ 458 14. a ˆ 328, b ˆ 408, c ˆ 408 15. a ˆ 188, c ˆ 728
16. 558 17. e ˆ 418, f ˆ 418, g ˆ 418 18. 88
19. x ˆ 308, y ˆ 1158 20. x ˆ 808, z ˆ 108

Exercise 3
1. (a) 24
3p (b) 25p (c) 25
6p
2. averages: 9, 8
8, 9
2, 9
2, 10, 11
2, 12
8, 13
8, 14
8, 15, 14
6, 14
8, 14
8, 13
6, 13, 13