PRIMARY

CITATION NOTES
AUTHORITY
{ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME} CONST. {pinpoint
citation}.
Incumbent Must always be cited in full, even in subsequent citations – do
1 PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § I.
Constitutions not use Supra or Id.
PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § II, para. 2 & art. IX, § 2, para 3.
U.S. CONST. art. II, § 2.
MYAN. CONST. ¶ 404 (a).
{Year of adoption} {ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME}
CONST. {pinpoint citation} (superseded {year}).
Repealed Must always be cited in full, even in subsequent citations – do
2
Constitutions not use Supra or Id.
1935 PHIL. CONST. art. I, § 1 (superseded 1973).
1973 PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 1 (superseded 1987).
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

Volume number must be in Arabic numerals.

{Volume number, if any} {OFFICIAL TITLE OF THE RECORD OR
JOURNAL}, {SESSION NUMBER, IF ANY}, {pinpoint citation} ({year})
No need to indicate country name if it is: (a) Philippine
(Abbreviated State or Country Name).
constitutional proceeding or (b) evident from its official title
Records of
3 Constitutional 3 JOURNAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, NO. 91, at 1033
Subsequent citations:
Proceedings (1934).
{Volume number} {ABBREVIATED TITLE}, {PERTINENT
CONSTITUTION}, {SESSION NUMBER}, {pinpoint citation}.
OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE DEBATES OF THE AUSTRALASIAN FEDERAL
CONVENTION, 2D SESS., at 9 (1890).
3 JOURNAL, 1935 CONST., NO. 91, at 1075.
RECORD, AUSTL. CONST., 2D SESS., at 5.
Id.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

{Full Title} [{Short Title}], {Statute Number}, {pinpoint citation} No need to indicate country name if Philippine Code
({publisher, if not published by State officials} ({year}) ({Abbreviated
State or Country name}). Follow short title used in the Code itself, unless Code has a well-
known short title in Annex. If no short title, don’t indicate.
An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws [REVISED
PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, art. 2 (1932). If the short title includes the phrase “of the Philippines” it should
4 Codes be omitted.
An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Philippines [CIVIL
CODE], Republic Act No. 386 (1950). Subsequent Citations:
{SHORT TITLE}, {pinpoint citation}.
Code Pénal [C. PÉN.], art. 111-1 (Fr.).
REVISED PENAL CODE, arts. 171-173.
Penal Code of California [CAL. PENAL CODE], § 25 (West 2011) (U.S.). Id. Art. 180, para. 2.
CAL. PENAL CODE, § 95 (a).
C. PÉN., arts. 111 & 112.
{Full Title} [{Short Title, if any}], {statute number}, {pinpoint
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
citation} ({year}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}).
Short title in Roman font, not small caps.
An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children,
Providing for Protective Measures for Victims, Prescribing Penalties
Follow short title used in statute, if none, do not indicate any
Therefore, and for Other Purposes [Anti-Violence Against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004], Republic Act No. 9262, § 8 (2004).
Even if a statute has no official short title, parenthetical
explanations may be used to indicate the name for which a statue
An Act Reducing the Retirement Age of Surface Mine Workers from
is better known. This explanation may be included in subsequent
Sixty (60) to Fifty (50) Years, Amending for the Purpose Article 302 of
citations for clarity
5 Statutes Presidential Decree No. 442, as Amended, Otherwise Known as the
“Labor Code of the Philippines”, Republic Act No. 10757, § 2 (2015).
No need to indicate country name if it is a Philippine law.
An Act Strengthening the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Subsequent Citations:
(CARP), Extending the Acquisition and Distribution of all Agricultural
{Short Title or Statute Number}, {pinpoint citation}.
Lands, Instituting Necessary Reforms, Amending for the Purpose
Certain Provisions of Republic Act No. 6657, Otherwise, Known as the
Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004,
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, as Amended, and
§ 15.
Appropriating Funds Therefor, Republic Act No. 9700, § 3 (2009) (also
Republic Act No. 10757, § 4.
known as the CARPER Act).
Republic Act No. 9700, § 2 (also known as the CARPER Act).

A Decree Instituting A Labor Code Thereby Revising and

Amendment, Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection to Labor, If code has undergone express amendments, parenthetically
Repeal, and Promote Employment and Human Resources Development and Insure indicate this fact – BUT parenthetical indications may be omitted
6
Invalidation of Industrial Peace Based on Social Justice [LABOR CODE], Presidential in subsequent citations, if not necessary to the text.
Statutes Decree No. 442, § 4 (1974) (as amended).

Id.

LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 1
 An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws [REVISED
PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, § 202 (1930) (repealed 2011).
Id.
An Act Providing For A National Policy on Responsible Parenthood
and Reproductive Health [The Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012], Republic Act No. 10354, § 23 (a) (1)
(2012) (invalidated by Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., 721 SCRA 146 (2014)).
Republic Act No. 7659 (repealed).
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, § 23
(a) (3) (invalidated).
{Case Title}, {volume number} {abbreviated name of reporter} {first
page of report, {pinpoint citation} ({court abbreviation} {year})
({Abbreviated State or Country Name}).
People of the Philippines v. Alex Uliba, 109 O.G. 415, 422 (CA 2013).
DeBoer v. Snyder, 772 F.3d 388, 395 (6th Cir. 2014) (U.S.).
Jones v. Hallahan, 501 S.W.2d 588 (Ky. Ct. App. 1973) (U.S.).
Reported National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct.
7
Cases 2566, 2577 (2012) (U.S.).
Kain v. Hutton, 3 N.Z.L.R. 589 (2008) (N.Z.).
Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 109 (2000).
Marcos, Jr. v. Republic, 719 SCRA 1, (2014).
People v. Echegaray, 257 SCRA 561, 567 (1996).
People v. Jumawan, 772 SCRA 108 (2014).
{Case Title}, {case or docket number}, {date}, {pinpoint citation},
available at {internet address} (last accessed {date}) ({abbreviated state
or country name}).
Cases
Canadian Pacific Railway Co. v. Canada, 36223, Jan. 15, 2016, ¶ 3,
Available
available at http://website.do (last accessed May 1, 2016) (Can.).
Online
8 Under
Leung Hon Wai v. Director of Environmental Protection, FACV
Official
2/2015, Dec. 18, 2015, available at http://website.gov.hk (last accessed
Domain
Feb. 14, 2016) (H.K.).
Names
Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections,
G.R. No. 221697, Mar. 8, 2016, at 21, available at
http://sc.juduciary.gov.ph.pdf (last accessed Apr. 18, 2016).
{Case name}, {case or docket number}, {database identifier}, {pinpoint
citation} ({court abbreviation} {year}) ({database name}, {abbreviated
Cases state or country name}).
Available
on Albrecht v. Stranczek, No. 87-C9535, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at
9
Commercial *1 (NN.D. Ill. 1991).
Electronic
Databases McNamara v. Astrue, No. 09-1124, 2010 WL 10392 (8th Cir. 2010)
(Westlaw, U.S.).
LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES]
When citing a statute no longer in force, parenthetically indicate
the year when it has been repealed or invalidated in
jurisprudences.
ALWAYS INCLUDE the parenthetical note of repeal or
invalidation in in subsequent citations, except the year and
pertinent case.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
No need to indicate the deciding court if the case was decided or
resolved by the highest court of a state or country.
No need to indicate the country if: (a) it is a Philippine case or
(b) it is apparent from the name of the reporter.
Preferably cite from the official reporters of a State. A
commercial reporter may be cited only when it is certain that it is
a faithful reproduction of court decisions/resolutions.
 In the Philippines, the official reporter is the
Philippine Reports (Phil.) while the commercial
reporter is the Supreme Court Reports Annotated
(SCRA) – not an official reporter.
When citing a case, omit the names of all the parties other than
those first listed from the both sides. If the case being cited is a
consolidation of 2 or more actions, cite only the first listed case.
Abbreviate case titles in a way that would not cause ambiguity or
confusion with other cited cases.
Subsequent citations:
{Abbreviated case title}, {volume number} {abbreviated name
of reporter}, {pinpoint citation}
Marcos, Jr., 719 SCRA at 3.
Bush, 531 U.S. at 139.
Id.
Echegaray, 257 SCRA at 567.
Jumawan, 772 SCRA at 134.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
Applies ONLY to cases available IN OFFICIAL DOMAIN
NAMES OF STATES. In the Philippines, the official domain
name for the judiciary is www.judiciary.gov.ph. Under this
domain are the official websites of the SC, SC, CTA, and SB.
Do not cite case texts found in other domains or websites
 Exception: Rule 9 of ALJ Citation Guide
No need to indicate country name if it is a Philippine case.
Subsequent Citations:
{Abbreviated case title}, {case or docket number}, {pinpoint
citation}
Leung Hon Wei, FACV 2/2015.
Poe-Llamanzares, G.R. No. 221697, at 28.
Id.
Applies ONLY TO COMMECIAL ELECTRONIC
DATABASES (e.g., Westlaw) which are faithful reproductions
of officially published cases, and which assign unique database
identifiers to these cases
 Exception: If not a faithful reproduction, use Rule 10
of ALJ Citation Guide
If the name of the electronic database is apparent from its
identifier, it need not be parenthetically indicated.
The database identifier is usually found at the top of the page of
the case when viewed in the electronic database.
2
 Electronic page numbers, when used for pinpoint citation under
THIS RULE ONLY are ACCOMPANIED BY AN ASTERISK

No need to indicate the deciding court if the case was decided or

resolved by the highest court of the State or country.

No need to indicate the country if: (a) it is a Philippine case or

(b) it is apparent from the database name or identifier.

Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper

Subsequent citations:
{Abbreviated case title}, {database identifier}, {pinpoint
citation}.

Albrecht, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at *7.

Id.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper

When using Id, do not indicate that the case is unreported.

{Case Title}, {case or docket number} ({deciding court or agency}
{year}) (unreported).
Covers all judgments, final orders, or resolutions of any court or
quasi-judicial agency, which are not available in any reporter or
Pronstroller v. Studio 5 Designs, Inc., Civil Case No. 109600 (RTC
Cases online, e.g. decisions of lower courts, labor arbiters, and the
2015) (unreported).
Unreported central board of assessment appeals.
10 and
CE Casecnan Water and Energy Compay, Inc. v. Local Board of
Unavailable No need to indicate the deciding court or agency if it is apparent
Assessment Appeals of the Province of Nueva Ecija, CBAA Case No.
Online from the case or docket number.
L-68 (2013) (unreported).
Subsequent citations
Rosemarie G. Olaer v. Panciteria Lido West, NLRC Case No. NCR-09-
{Abbreviated Case Title}, {case or docket number} (unreported).
14693-12 (2013) (unreported).
Pronstroller, Civil Case No. 109600 (unreported).
Id.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper

When using Id, do not indicate that the case is pending.

Applies to cases yet to be fully disposed of by the court hearing it

{Case title}, {case or docket number} ({court abbreviation}, {date of
filing or other significant date}) (pending). Use this rule when citing case pending before the appellate court

Pending Tsunami Management Corporation v. Divine Corporation, Comm. Case
11
Cases No. 13-195 (RTC, filed Aug. 27, 2013) (pending).
People of the Philippines v. Assisting RTC Judge Salise, CA-G.R. No.
57231 (CA, filed Dec. 11, 2012) (pending).
Use Rules 8, 9, 10 of this Guide, whenever applicable when
citing the final judgment or order of the lower court appealed
from, or when the appellate court had fully disposed of the appeal
Subsequent citations:
{Abbreviated case title}, {docket number} (pending).

Tsunami Management Corporation, Comm. Case No. 12-195

(pending).
Id.
Use citation formats in this section on cases, but parenthetically
indicate that such other opinion is being cited.
Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., 721 SCRA 146, 392 (2014) (C.J. Sereno,
GR: No need to indicate whether a decision/resolution is the
Opinions concurring and dissenting opinion).
opinion of the majority or if it is promulgated per curiam.
Other
12 than the Id. at 403.
If other opinions of the same case have already been rederred to
Majority
in the work, parenthetically indicate the fact that what is being
Opinion Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577, 589 (1991) (J. Scalia, dissenting
cited is the majority or main opinion, like below:
opinion).
Imbong, 721 SCRA at 496 (J. Brion, concurring opinion).
Id. at 292 (majority opinion).
{Document title}, {date, if any}, {pinpoint citation} ({physical
repository}), in {pertinent case citation}. MAY USE SUPRA OR ID when proper.
Pleadings,
Motion for Reconsideration by the Accused, Nov. 16, 2015, at 3 (on file Note: “in” is italicized.
TSN,
with Sandiganbayan, Third Division), in People of the Philippines v.
Interlocutory
Avelino Ceriola, SB-14-CRM-0420 (Sandiganbayan 2016) Follow rules under this Section on Cases (C) in citing the case
13 Orders,
(unreported). pertinent to the court document being cited.
and Other
Court
Order of Commitment (Mittimus), Mar. 25, 2013 (on file with Author), Intended for court documents other than a final judgment, order,
Documents
in People of the Philippines v. Nestor Rivamonte, Crim Case No. 95- or resolution of a court (in latter cases, use Rules 8-10, whichever
141680 (RTC 2013) (unreported). is applicable)

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 T.S.N., at 22 (on file with Cagayan de Oro City RTC, Branch 40), in
Alfredo Fernandez v. Ronaldo Chua, Civil Case No. 1429 (RTC, filed
Apr. 21, 2008) (pending).
GR: Important to indicate where the court document may be
physically accessed
 Exception: Physical repository and pertinent case
citation may be dispensed with if the citation is to be
used for a pleading, motion, or paper to be filed with
the court where the case is pending (exception only
applies as long as such court has the records of the
cases.
 Memorandum for the Plaintiff, June 13, 2015, ¶ 7.

Subsequent Citations: (May use supra or id)

T.S.N., supra note 74, at 6.

Id.
{Title, if needed}, {H.B. or S.B. No.}, {pinpoint citation, if any},
{legislature}, {session} ({year}). Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

H.B. No. 23, § 7, 16th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2013). Subsequent Citations:
Legislative
14
Bills An Act Providing a System of Extending No-Collateral, Low-Interest H.B. No. 23, § 3.
Loans to Graduates of any Courses Offered by the Technical Education
and Skills Authority or Duly Accredited Learning Institutions with Id.
Approved Overseas Job Contract, S.B. No. 3593, 14th Cong., 3D Reg.
Sess. (2010).
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{Title, if needed}, {H. or S. Res. No.} {pinpoint citation, if any},
{legislature}, {session} ({year}).
Subsequent Citations:
Congressional
15 {H. or S. Res. No.}, {pinpoint citation, if any}.
Resolutions S. Res. No. 1722, 16th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2016).
S. Res. No. 1722.
H. Res. No. 1942, 16th Cong., 1st Sess. (2015).
Id.
{Title of Relevant Bill, if needed}, {Committee}, {H. or S. Rep. No.},
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{legislature}, {session} ({year}).
Subsequent Citations:
Committee H.B. No. 3617, Committee on Higher and Technical Education, H. Rep.
16 {H. or S. Res. No.} {report number}, {pinpoint citation}.
Reports No. 21, 1st Reg. Sess. (2013).
H. Rep. No. 21
S.B. No. 3402, Committee on Public Order and Dangerous Drugs, S.
Id.
Rep. No. 753, 15th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2013).
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{CONG. REC.}, {volume and record number}, {pinpoint citation},
CONG. REC. is in SMALL CAPS.
{legislature}, {session} ({date}).
Congressional
17
Records Volume and Record numbers are in ARABIC NUMERALS.
CONG. REC., Vol. 1-11, at 2, 16th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (Aug. 18, 2015).
Subsequent Citations:
{CONG. REC.}, {volume and number}, pinpoint citation.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

JOURNAL is in SMALL CAPS.

{Volume, if any} {H. OR S. JOURNAL} {JOURNAL OR SESSION
NUMBER}, {pinpoint citation}, {legislature}, {session} ({date}). Volume and Session numbers are in ARABIC NUMERALS.

Congressional S. JOURNAL NO. 83, at 1331, 15th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (May 16, 2011). Months are spelled in full.
18
Journals
H. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 16, 16th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (July 23, 2013). Subsequent Citation:
{Volume, if any}{H. OR S. JOURNAL} {JOURNAL OR SESSION
NUMBER}, {pinpoint citation}.

S. JOURNAL NO. 83, at 1340-41.

Id.
{Issuing Agency}, {Title, if any}, {Issuance or Series Number, if any}
[{Short/Abbreviated Title, if any}], {volume and reporter, if any}
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{pinpoint citation{ ({date}).
Always cite from an official reporter (e.g. Official Gazette
Office of the President, Establishing a System to Ensure Smooth Flow
[O.G.]) if published therein.
of Transactions in Government and Prompt Response to Public
Requests, Memorandum Circular No. 60 [Memo Circ. 60], 89 O.G.
Executive Subsequent citations:
19 4747 (Jul. 8, 1993).
Issuances {Short title, if any, otherwise use the issuance or series number},
{pinpoint citation}.
Bureau of Internal Revenue, Revenue Regulation No. 2-2014 [BIR RR
No. 2-2014], § 4 (Jan. 24, 2014).
SEC Memo. Circ. No. 3, s. 2016, whereas cl. Para 1.
Securities and Exchange Commission, Enforcement of Republic Act
Id.
No. 950 Over Financing Companies, Memorandum Circular No. 3,
Series of 2016 [SEC Memo. Circ. No. 3, s. 2016] (Apr. 5, 2016).

LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 4
 {Issuing Agency}, {Title, if any}, {Issuance or Series Number, if any}, Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{pinpoint citation} ({date}).
Subsequent Citation:
Advisory Department of Justice, Advisory on Plagiarism, Advisory Opinion No. {Abbreviated Name of Issuing Agency}, {Issuance or Series
20
Opinions 02, Series of 2012, at 1 (Sep. 18, 2012). Number, if any}, {pinpoint citation}.

Department of Justice, Advisory for Motorists Regarding Road Safety, DOJ, Advisory Opinion No. 02, s. 2012, at 6.
Advisory Opinion No. 03, Series of 2011, at 2 (May 30, 2011). Id.
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

Short title may be used if the full title of the statute is not needed
{Issuing Agency, if needed}, Rules and Regulations Implementing
for authority.
{Title of Statute}, {statute number}, {pinpoint citation} ({year}).
Implementing
Subsequent Citations:
Rules Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Drunk and Drugged
21 Rules and Regulations Implementing{Short Title, if any,
and Driving Act of 2013, Republic Act No. 10586, rule III, § 1 (2014).
otherwise use the statute number}, {pinpoint citation}.
Regulations
Department of Education, Rules and Regulations Implementing Anti-
Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Drunk and
Bullying Act of 2013, rule IV (2013).
Drugged Driving Act of 2013, rule II, § 1.

Id.
Supreme Court, {Title, if any}, {Issuance or Series Number, if any}
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
[{Short/Abbreviated Title, if applicable}], {pinpoint citation} ({date}).
Supreme
Subsequent Citations:
Court Supreme Court, Re: Rules and Guidelines in the Filing and Prosecution
{Short Title, if any, otherwise use the issuance or series numner},
Circulars of Criminal Cases under Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, Circular No. 57-97
22 {pinpoint citation}.
and [SC. Circ. No. 57-97], ¶ 1 (Sep. 16, 1997).
Administrative
SC Circ. No. 57-97, ¶ 2.
Orders Supreme Court, Re: Designation of Judges as Observers and Alternates
in the IBP Local Elections on 28 February 2015, SC Administrative
SC A.O. No. 28-2015, at 1.
Order No. 28-2015 [SC A.O. No. 28-2015], at 2 (Feb. 27, 2015).*
Philippine Bar Matters may be in form of a case or a SC issuance
Supreme Court, Adopting the Rules for the Special Shari’ah Bar
23 Bar Matters For cases, follow Rules on Cases – Section (C)
Examinations, Bar Matter No. 2716 [B.M. No. 2716] (Aug. 11, 2015).
For issuances, follows Rule 22 of SC Circulars and AOs.
Office of the Court Administrator, {Title, if any}, {Issuance or Series
Number, if any} [{Short Title, if applicable}], {pinpoint citation}
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
({date}).
Subsequent Citations:
Issuances from Office of the Court Administrator, Reminder on the Rule Regarding
{Short Title, if any, otherwise use the issuance or series number},
Office Gambling and Casinos, OCA Circular No. 231-2015, para. 2 (Oct. 12,
24 {pinpoint citation}.
of the Court 2015).
Administrator
OCA Circular No. 231-2015, para. 2.
Office of the Court Administrator, Guidelines on the On-The-Job
Training And Legal Apprenticeship Program for College and Law
Id.
Students in the Lower Courts, OCA Circular No. 75-2016, at 1 (Mar.
22, 2016).
{Ordinance No.}, Sangguiniang {Bayan, Panlungsod, or Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
Panlalawigan} of Municipality, City, or Province}, {Title of
Municipal,
Ordinance} [{Short Title, if any}], {pinpoint citation} ({date}). Subsequent Citation:
City, and
25 {Short Title}, {pinpoint citation}.
Provincial
Ordinance No. 2015-120, Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province
Ordinances
of Iloilo, Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo [Sanitation Code of Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo, § 10.
the Province of Iloilo], § 18 (Apr. 21, 2015). Id.
{Legislative body} {Title} [{Short Title, if any}], {pinpoint citation},
{legislature} ({date}). Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

Legislative H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings [H. Rules on Subsequent Citations:

26 Rules of Impeachment], rule II, § 3, 16th Cong. (Jul. 24, 2013). {Short Title}, {pinpoint citation}.
Procedure
S. Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of Legislation [S. H. Rules on Impeachment, rule II, § 3.
Rules on Inquiries in Aid of Legislation], § 2, 10th Cong. (Aug. 21, Id.
1995).
Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
{Issuing Agency}, {Title} [{Short Title}], {pinpoint citation} ({date}).
Subsequent Citations:
{Short Title}, {pinpoint citation}.
Securities and Exchange Commission, 2006 Rules of Procedure of the
Rules of
Securities and Exchange Commission [2006 Rules of Procedure of the
Procedure of 2006 Rules of Procedure of the Securities and Exchange
27 Securities and Exchange Commission], rule II, § 2-1 (Dec. 21, 2006).
Administrative Commission, rule II, § 2.
Agencies
Department of Energy, Rules of Practice and Procedure Before the
Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Department of Energy,
Department of Energy [Rules of Practice and Procedure of the
rule 12.
Department of Energy], rule 12, § 1 (Jul. 31, 2002).
Id.

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 Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.

{Year} {TITLE OF RULES}, {rule number}, {pinpoint citation}. Rules of Court cannot be cites in the footnote text as a collective
repository of rules. It may only be mentioned in the body to refer
2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, § 4. to the Rules as a collective.
Rules of
Procedure
28 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rule 41, § 2 (a). TITLE OF RULES is in SMALL CAPS.
Within the
Rules of Court
1989 REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE, rule 128, § 1. Subsequent Citations:
{TITLE OF RULES}, {rule number}, {pinpoint citation}.
1960 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 73, § 1.
REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, § 2.
Id.
Rules of
{TITLE OF RULES}, {issuance number}, {pinpoint citation} ({date}). Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
Procedure
Issued by
JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC, § 6 (Sep. 4, 2012). Subsequent Citations:
Supreme
29 {TITLE OF RULES}, {pinpoint citation}.
Court Not
FINANCIAL REHABILITATION RULES OF PROCEDURE, A.M. No. 12-12-
Incorporated
11-SC, § 31 (Aug. 27, 2013). JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, § 8.
in the Rules of
Id.
Court
{Year} {TITLE OF RULES}, {rule number}, {pinpoint citation} Do not use Supra, but Id may be used when proper.
(superseded {year}).
Subsequent Citations:
Superseded 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 6 (a) (superseded {Year of Issuance} {TITLE OF RULES}, {rule number}, {pinpoint
30
Rules of Court 2000). citation}.

1983 RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN SPECIAL CASES, rule 112, § 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 6.
10 (superseded 1991). Id.

SECONDARY
CITATION NOTES
AUTHORITY
{AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {Pinpoint citation} ({year of publication} or Use Supra or Id when proper.
Books and
{edition number} {year of edition}).
Other Non-
AUTHOR and TITLE are in SMALL CAPS.
Periodic
31 WILLARD B. RIANO, EVIDENCE (THE BAR LECTURE SERIES) 230 (2013).
Materials with
Subsequent Citations:
a Single
JOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC RIANO, supra note 147, at 116.
Author
OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 1195 (2009 ed.). Id.
{FIRST AUTHOR} & {SECOND AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {Pinpoint citation}
({year of publication} or {edition number} {year of edition}).
Use Supra or Id when proper.
CESAR L. VILLAUNEVA & TERESA S. VILLANUEVA-TIANSAY,
Books and
PHILIPPINE CORPORATE LAW 435 (2013). Separate names of 2 authors using “&”
Other Non-
32 Periodic
JOSE C. VITUG & ERNESTO D. ACOSTA, TAX LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE Subsequent Citations:
Materials with
150 (4th ed. 2014).
Two Author
VILLANUEVA & VILLANUEVA-TIANSAY, supra note 151, at 67.
PELAGIO B. ESTOPIA & MARIA ROVI T. ESTOPIA, COMPEDIA OF Id.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (WITH LEGAL FORMS) AND EVIDENCE BOOK 2
135 (2nd ed. 2015).
{FIRST AUTHOR}, ET AL., {TITLE} {Pinpoint citation} ({year of
Books and publication} or {edition number} {year of edition}). Use Supra or Id when proper.
Other Non-
Periodic MITSUO MATSUSHITA, ET AL., THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: Subsequent Citations:
33
Materials with LAW, PRACTICE, AND POLICY 50 (2nd ed. 2015).
More Than MATSUSHITA, ET AL., supra note 156, at 75.
Two Authors PETER J. WANG, ET AL., COMPENSATION LAW IN CHINA: LAW, Id.
REGULATIONS, AND CASES 58-59 (2014).
{Volume number} {AUTHOR/S}, {TITLE}, {pinpoint citation} ({year of There is a COMMA after title and before pinpoint citation.
publication} or {edition number} {year of edition}).
Multi-Volume Use Supra or Id when proper.
34
Works 2 OSCAR B. HERRERA, REMEDIAL LAW, at 150 (2007).
2 EUFROCINA M. SACDALAN-CASASOLA, NATIONAL INTERNAL Subsequent Citations:
REVENUE CODE (ANNOTATED), at 275 (2013). 2 HERRERA, supra note 160, at 112.
{AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {pinpoint citation} ({Editor/Translator}
ed(s)./trans., {year}).
Use Supra or Id when proper.
GLOBALISATION AND THE RULE OF LAW 88 (CHALLENGES OF
GLOBALISATION) (Spencer Zifcak ed., 2004).
With Editor or Subsequent Citations:
35
Translator
NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI, THE PRINCE 45-50 (W.K. Mariott trans.,
MACHIAVELLI, supra note 165, at 47-49.
1908).
Id.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ASIA: LAW, ECONOMICS, HISTORY AND
POLITICS 88 (Paul Goldstein & Joseph Straus eds., 2009).
LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 6
 {Author}, {Title of the shorter work, if any}, in {TITLE OF THE WHOLE Use Supra or Id when proper.
COLLECTION} {pinpoint citation} ({year of publication} or {edition
number} {year of edition} OR {Editor/Translator} ed(s)./trans., Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
{year}).
Title of shorter work is in ROMAN FORT and ITALICIZED.
Works in Tarcisio Gazzini, Article 22, in THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
36
Collections JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF STATES AND THEIR PROPERTY: A “In” is ITALICIZED.
COMMENTARY 350 (Roger O’ Keefe & Christian Tams eds., 2013).
Subsequent Citations:
Lola Rodrigues de Tio, Ode to October 10, in HERENCIA: THE
ANTHOLOGY OF HISPANIC LITERATURE OF THE UNITED STATES 562 Gazzini, supra note 169, at 349.
(Nicolas Kanellos ed. & Manuel Tellechea trans., 2002). Id.
Use Supra or Id when proper.

{Author}, Annotation, {Title}, {volume number {reporter} {first page
of the annotation}, {pinpoint citation} ({year}).
37 Annotations
Jorge R. Coquia, Annotation, The Enforcement of the Hawaii District
Court Judgment Awarding $2.5 Billion to Human Rights Victims Under
the Marcos Administration, 455 SCRA 427, 428 (2005).
Annotations: discussions in selected case reports like SCRA and
Phil.
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Title is ITALICIZED and not in small caps.

There is a COMMA before pinpoint citation.

{AUTHOR OF PREFACE, ETC.}, Introduction/Preface/Foreword/Epilogue
to {AUTHOR OF BOOK}, {TITLE} {pinpoint citation of preface, Use Supra or Id when proper.
foreword, et al.} ({year of publication} or {edition number} {year of
Prefaces, edition}). Only Introduction/Preface/Forewords/Epilogue is ITALICIZED.
Forewords,
38
Introductions, Ricardo Paras, Foreword to JOSE Y. FERIA & MARIA CONCEPCION S. Subsequent Citations:
and Epilogues NOCHE, CIVIL PROCEDURE ANNOTATED iii (2011).
Paras, supra note 173, at iii.
Eduardo P. Caguioa, Foreword to MELENCIO S. STA MARIA, JR., Id.
PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS LAW (6th ed. 2015).
Dictionaries are in SMALL CAPS.
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 687 (10th ed. 2014).
Bible Books are ITALICIZED.
Special MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY 345 (2016 ed.).
39 Citation OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 447 (5th ed. 2002).
Subsequent Citations:
Forms
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 454.
1 Corinthians 3:18-20 (American Standard).
1 Corinthians 3:21-25.
Id.
{Author}, {Title}, {volume number} {ABBREVIATED NAME OF Use Supra or Id when proper.
JOURNAL} {first page of the work}, {pinpoint citation} ({year}).
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Sedfrey M. Candelaria, Testive Constitutional Waters IV: Power of the
Purse in Light of the Belgica and Araullo Rulings, 59 ATENEO L.J. 317, Consecutively paginated are those paginated works in sequence
Consecutively
327 (2014). throughout the whole volume.
40 Paginated
Journals
Richard J. Lazarus, The Non(Finality) of Supreme Court Opinions, 128 Title of Journal Article is ITALICIZED.
HARV. L. REV. 540, 610 (2014).
Subsequent Citations:
Kathryn A. Watts, Controlling Presidential Control, 114 MICH L. REV. Candelaria, supra note 183, at 344.
683, 689 (2016). Id.
Use Supra or Id when proper.
{Author}, {Title}, {ABBREVIATED NAME OF JOURNAL}, {date, month,
quarter, period, or year; or volume number, issue number}, {pinpoint
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
citation}.
Non-
Non-consecutive paginated journals are those whose issued per
Consecutively Akbar Nasir Khan, The U.S.’ Policy of Targeted Killing by Drones in
41 volume are separately paginated.
Paginated Pakistan, IPRI J., Winter 2011, at 4.
Journals
Title of Journal Article is ITALICIZED.
Megan Bears Augustyn & Hefrey T. Ward, Exploring the Sanction-
Crime Relationship Through a Lens of Procedural Justice, J. CRIM.
Subsequent Citations:
JUST., Volume No. 43, Issue No. 6, at 472.
Khan, supra note 188, at 5.
Use Supra or Id when proper.
{Author}, {Title}, {NAME OF MAGAZINE}, {date, month, quarter,
Magazine period, or year}, {pinpoint citation}.
42 Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Articles
Maria Wilczek, Overcapacity in China, ECONOMIST, Apr. 2016, at 16.
Title of Magazine Article is ITALICIZED.
{Author}, {Headline}, {ABBREVIATION OF NEWSPAPER}, {date}, Use Supra or Id when proper.
{pinpoint citation}.
Signed Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Newspaper Alison Smale & Melissa Eddy, Germany Cracks Down on For Right
43
Articles in With Arrests and a Trial, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 19, 2016, at A10. Headline is ITALICIZED.
Print
Dona Z. Pazzibugan, Ongpin et al. probed in ₱9B Meralco deal, PHIL. Subsequent Citations:
DAILY INQ., Sep. 25, 2015, at A1. Smale & Eddy, supra note 193, at A11.

LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 7
 Use Supra or Id when proper.
{Author or Organization, if any}, {Title} ({description of material, if
necessary}) {pinpoint citation, if possible}, available at {internet
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
address} (last accessed {date}).
Title is NOT ITALICIZED.
Amir Paivar, What lifting Iran sanctions means for world market,
available at www.bbc.com/news (last accessed Apr. 21, 2016).
“available at” is ITALICIZED.
Internet
Dr. Chris McGrath, Will we leave the Great Barrier Reef for our
44 Sources in Typically pertains to sources that were generated by owners or
children? (A Research Paper Published Online by the International
General managers of web pages or domains. It also includes internet
Union for Conservation of Nature) at 5, available at
sources in Portable Digital Format (PDF).
http://cmsdata.lucn.org.pdf (last accessed Feb. 27, 2015).
In case the internet address, or uniform resource locator (URL),
Philippine Statistics Authority, The 2010 Census of Population and
is too long or unwieldy, citation may be made to a shorter URL
Housing Reveals the Philippine Population at 92.34 Million, available
provided the reader is given directions as to how the cited source
at http://psa.gov.ph (last accessed Mar. 17 2015) (follow the hyperlink
may be accessed.
“Population” to access the cited page).
 Such direction is done via parenthetical explanations
{Author, if available}, {Headline}, {ABBREVIATION OF NEWSPAPER},
{date of publication or report}, available at {internet address} (last Use Supra or Id when proper.
accessed {date}).
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Patricia Lourdes Viray, China asks Philippines to drop South China Sea
News Articles
45 case, PHIL. STAR, July 14, 2015, available at http: // www.philstar.com Headline is ITALICIZED.
Online
(last accessed Aug. 27, 2015).
Applies to broadsheets available online where news articles must
PH Supreme Court lifts ban on overseas election campaigning, PHIL. be cited from their official domain names under their respective
DAILY INQ., Apr. 21, 2016, available at http://globalization.inquirer.net publications.
(last accessed Apr. 22, 2016).
Use Supra or Id when proper.
{Author}, {username, if available}, {description of content}, {title of
cited content, if any}, {date of posting}: {time of publication, if Applies to every internet medium which allows end-users, not
available}, {SOCIAL MEDIUM} available at {internet address} (last the owners or managers of web pages, to generate, participate, or
accessed {date}). share content on the internet, e.g., social networking sites, video-
sharing sites, and even comments on a general internet source or
Ateneo Law Journal, Status Update, Feb. 22, 2016: 2:23 p.m., a news article online.
FACEBOOK, available at www.facebook.com/ateneolawjournal/posts
(last accessed Mar. 3, 2016). May also be used to cite the comments on such status post, blog
post, or news article.
Daria Sartori, Article, Effective reparation for breaches of fair trial
46 Social Media
(Article 6 ECHR): The Italian experience, Feb. 23, 2015: 9:25 a.m., Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
WORDPRESS, available at aninternational.lawblog.wordpress.com (last
accessed Apr. 22, 2016). Parenthetical explanations is encouraged to clarify how the cited
internet source could be appreciated or accessed by the reader.
Official Gazette, @govph, Tweet, Apr. 18, 2016: 10:47a.m., TWITTER,
available at twitter.com/gov.ph (last accessed Apr. 22, 2016). Title of cited content is ITALICIZED.

Mark Zuckerberg Facebook Comment, Feb. 29, 2016: 4:19a.m., SOCIAL MEDIUM is in SMALL CAPS.
FACEBOOK, available at http://www.facebook.com/notes (last accessed
Mar. 3, 2016). There is a COLON after date of posting and before time of
publication.
{Author}, {Title}, {pinpoint citation} ({date}) ({type of work},
{institution which awarded the degree}) ({physical repository}).
Use Supra or Id when proper.
William M. Howard, Mandatory Arbitration of Employment
Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Discrimination Disputes: Can Justice be Served?, at 5 (May 1995)
(unpublished Ph.D. dissertation Arizona State University) (on file with
Dissertations Title is NOT ITALICIZED
47 Author).
and Theses
NO COMMA after pinpoint citation.
Anne Katherine P. Navarrete, Unsolicited Notoriety: Establishing a
Framework in the Application of the Public Figure Doctrine to Private
Subsequent Citations:
Individuals Whose Lives Intersect with Public Interest, at 10 (2015)
Howard, supra note 213, at 3.
(unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila University) (on file with the
Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de Manila University).
{Description of document} from {Author}, {title or institutional
affiliation, if any} to {addressee}, {title or institutional affiliation, if Use Supra or Id when proper.
any} ({date}) ({physical repository}).
Memoranda, Author is in ROMAN FONT not in small caps.
Letters, Memorandum from John Paul C. Vergara, Vice President for the Loyola
Electronic Schools, Ateneo de Manila University, to the Loyola Schools Prepositions indicating authors and addresses are ITALICIZED.
48 Mail, and Community (Oct. 12, 2015) (on file with Author).
Other If material is authored by or is addressed to two persons, separate
Correspon- Letter from Peter A. Pagtanan & Eisson G. Isleta to Ellen Mar C. De their names with an ampersand aka “&”.
dences Leon (Feb. 16, 2003) (on file with Author).
If material is authored by or is addressed to more than 2 persons,
E-mail from Myra Rose S. Aldeza et al. to Nikkie James D. Francisco et indicate only the first listed author or addressee.
al. (Aug. 20, 2014) (on file with the Author).

LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 8
 {Description of the document} by {Author, if any}, {title and
institutional affiliation, if any}, {title of press release, if any} ({date}) Use Supra or Id when proper.
({physical repository}).
“by” is ITALICIZED.
Press Releases
Community Statement by Concerned Members of the Ateneo de Manila
and Other
49 University, We are not blind to the darkness and oppression of the Title of Press Release is ITALICIZED.
Unpublished
Marcos Years! (Mar. 7, 2016) (on file with Author).
Papers
Subsequent Citations:
Press Release by the Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC Concernment Members of the Ateneo de Manila University,
Strengthens Money Laundering Rules (Mar. 17, 2016) (on file with supra note 224, at 88.
Author).
Use Supra or Id when proper.

Interview with {name of interviewee}, in {location of interview} / “with” “in” “through” are ITALICIZED.
through {medium of interview} ({date of interview}).
Interviews The title or institutional affiliation, if any, of the interviewee may
50 Conducted by Interview with Atty. Ignatius Michael D. Ingles, through Skype (Apr. also be indicated.
the Author 15, 2016).
Subsequent Citations:
Interview with Lakdar Brahim, in Paris, France (Feb. 21, 2013). Interview with {name of interviewee}, supra note {footnote
number of initial citation}.
Interview with Atty. Ignatius Michael D. Ingles, supra note 227.
Use Supra or Id when proper.
Interview by {name of interviewer} with {name of interviewee}, in
“by” “with” “in” “through” are ITALICIZED.
{location of interview} / through {medium of interview} ({date of
interview}).
The title or institutional affiliation, if any, of the interviewee may
Interviews
also be indicated.
51 Conducted Not Interview by Yalda Hakim with Hamid Karzai, President Afghanistan,
by the Author in Kabul, Afghanistan (Oct. 7, 2013).
Subsequent Citations:
Interview by {name of interviewer} with {name of interviewee},
Interview by Harry Rondo with Magdangal M. de Leon, Associate
supra note {footnote number of initial citation}.
Justice, Court of Appeals, through Facebook (Jan. 5, 2013).
Interview by Yalda Hakim with Hamid Karzai, supra note 231.
{Speaker}, {title and institutional affiliation, if any}, {Title of speech, if
any}, Address/Remarks at {event or place of address} ({date of Use Supra or Id when proper.
address}).
The title of the speech is ITALICIZED.
Unpublished
Barack Obama, Senator, State of Illinois, A More Perfect Union,
and
52 Address at the National Constitutional Center, Pennsylvania (Mar. 18, If the speech does not have a formal title, provide a description.
Untranscribed
2008).
Speeches
Subsequent citations: (Speaker is ITALICIZED)
Cesar L. Villanueva, Dean, Ateneo de Manila University School of Obama, supra note 234.
Law, Opening Remarks at the Ateneo Law Journal 60th Anniversary Id.
Commemorative Dinner (Sep. 10, 2011).
{Speaker}, {title and institutional affiliation, if any}, {Title of speech, if Use Supra or Id when proper.
any}, Address/Remarks at {event or place of address} ({date of
address}) (transcript on file with / available at {location of transcript / Does NOT APPLY when the speech is published as part of a
internet address} (last accessed {date})). print collection, if it does follow under that category, follow Rule
36 on Works in Collection.
Artemio V. Panganiban, Retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
Bulwark of Filipino Catholicism, Remarks at the 5th Manila Cathedral – Applies even if the speech transcript is available online – use
Transcribed
53 Basilica (MCB) Pipe Organ Concert at the Manila Cathedral-Basilica available at.
Speeches
(Nov. 12, 2010) (transcript on file with Ateneo Professional Schools
Library). The tile of the speech is ITALICIZED.

Nelson Mandela, I Am Prepared to Die, Address at the Palace of If the speech does not have a formal title, provide a description.
Justice, Pretoria Supreme Court, South Africa (Apr. 20, 1964)
(transcript available at http://db.nelsonmandela.org/speeches/pub_view Subsequent citations:
(last accessed Jan. 12, 2016)). Panganiban, supra note 234.

SHORT CITATION FORMS

ID SHORT TITLE SUPRA HEREINAFTER
Used when citing EXACTLY ALL
THE AUTHORITIES, in exactly the Use supra when citing an authority
Use short title when citing an authority Use when the authority would be too
same page, numbers or subdivisions in FULLY CITED PREVIOUSLY,
which has been burdensome to cite repeatedly – so it’s
the IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING when NO SHORT TITLE
FULLY CITED PREVIOUSLY. like you want to make a short title.
authority within the same footnote or has been specifically provided.
in the immediately preceding footnote
Use applicable short citation form if
the material has been cited 5
consecutive times as “Id.”
“at” is only placed after “Id.” if
INDICATING PAGE NUMBERS
and not subdivision numbers.

LMSM 2017 [LEGWRIT ALJ CITATION GUIDE PRIMARY & SECONDARY AUTHORITIES] 9