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2 December 2014
1
We like it!
• Nice shape.
µ + 2σ
µ−σ
µ+σ
µ
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2/3 (68%)
95% (95.5%)
2
Why it is right.
Is it right?
1. Empirical Distributions
2. Laws of Nature
4. Regression
6. Conclusions
1. Empirical Distributions 4
1. Empirical Distributions
Measurements:
size, weight, concentration, intensity, duration, price, activity
All > 0 −→ “amounts” (John Tukey)
Example: HydroxyMethylFurfurol (HMF) in honey (Renner 1970)
450
350
frequency
250
150
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
concentration
1. Empirical Distributions 5
Measurements:
size, weight, concentration, intensity, duration, price, activity
All > 0 −→ “amounts”
>0
Distribution is skewed: left steep, right flat, skewness
unless coefficient of variation cv(X) = sd(X)/E(X) is small.
Our examples: Position in space and time, angles, directions. That’s it!
For some, 0 is a probable value: rain, expenditure for certain goods, ...
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
concentration
2. Laws of Nature 7
2. Laws of Nature
(a) Physics E = m · c2
s = ·v 2/(2 · a) ; Velocity v = F · t/m
Stopping distance
Gravitation F = G · m1 · m2/r 2
(b) Chemistry
(c) Biology
300
400
250
200
300
frequency
150
200
100
50 100
50
0
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 −1.6 −1.2 −0.8 −0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
concentration log(concentration)
3. Logarithmic Transformation, Log-Normal Distribution 10
Densities
1.2
2
1.5
2.0
4.0
8.0
density
1 0
Ranges
Probability normal log-normal
µ* ⋅ σ*2
µ* ÷ σ*
µ* ⋅ σ*
µ*
x
0 1 2 3
2/3 (68%)
95% (95.5%)
3. Logarithmic Transformation, Log-Normal Distribution 14
Properties
Qunicunx
100 100
50 150 67 150
1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
3. Logarithmic Transformation, Log-Normal Distribution 17
3. Logarithmic Transformation, Log-Normal Distribution 18
Back to Properties
Note: For “many small” effects, the geometric mean will have
a small σ ∗ −→ approx. normal AND log-normal!
4. Regression
Formula
Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + ... + E log(Ye ) = Y = β0 +β1X1 +β2X2...+E
e β1 · X
Ye = βe0 · X e β2 · ... · E
e
1 2
Figure 1. The probability of releasing glutamates increases during sequential presynaptic spikes...
4. Regression 24
300
n0
5
10
50
250
250
effort, n n0 (%), for power 90%
200
200
150
150
100
100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
s*
5. Advantages of using the log-normal distribution 29
ad.0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ad.30
leth.0
leth.20
*^
leth.30
*
latency
5
0
−1 1 3 5 7 9 11
time
5. Advantages of using the log-normal distribution 30
ad.0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ad.30
** +
*^
20
leth.0
leth.20 *
10
*
latency
2 5
5
1
0
−1 1 3 5 7 9 11 −1 1 3 5 7 9 11
time time
More signi-
ficance
6. Conclusions 31
6. Conclusions
Genesis
Applications