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Model 1. Fine-Grid Solution. All participants were able to
compute the fine-grid solution, and the solutions from the
different simulators used were very close, as shown in Fig. 4. The
U. of New South Wales’ fine-grid solution departs slightly from
the other fine-grid solutions; it was not possible to locate the
source of this discrepancy in the short time between receiving this
solution and the paper submission deadline. Fig. 2—Relative permeabilities for Model 1.
Upscaled Solutions. Participants were asked to generate solu-
tions on a 5¥5 grid and on a grid of their choice with a maximum conjunction with a streamline approach to generate local grid
of 100 cells. The reason for the choice of the 5¥5 grid was that, refinements (with a total of 96 cells) that captured the details of
with that grid size, the coarse-grid boundaries fall on high- flow in the early-, mid-, and late-time regions. Coats showed that
permeability streaks, which is generally a problem for upscaling good results also could be obtained with homogeneous absolute
methods that don’t compute the fine-grid solution. permeability and no alteration of relative permeability, and
The solutions submitted for the 5¥5 grid used single-phase Phillips showed that good results could be obtained from a 6¥2
upscaling only (Roxar) or single-phase upscaling plus regression- grid. The U. of New South Wales’ solution was based on a global
based pseudoization of relative permeabilities (Coats, Phillips, and upscaling and upgridding approach that attempts to minimize the
18
Landmark). The solutions with pseudorelative permeabilities are very variance of permeability within a cell. Their solution is close to
close to the fine-grid solution, and Roxar’s solution using only single- their fine-grid solution, although the difference between their fine-
phase upscaling shows a significant discrepancy (Fig. 5). grid solution and the other fine-grid solutions tends to make their
A second set of solutions was presented by some participants
(shown in Fig. 6). Here, Roxar used single-phase upscaling in
45,000
Cumulative Oil Produced, STB
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000 Roxar Landmark
15,000
Coats UNSW
10,000
5,000 Phillips
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Time, days
50,000
50,000
Cumulative Oil Produced, STB
45,000
45,000
40,000 40,000
35,000 35,000
30,000 Roxar (5 x 5, K only)
30,000
25,000 25,000 Roxar (5 x 5 + lgr)
Coats (5 x 5)
20,000 20,000 Coats (homog. 5 x 5)
15,000 Phillips (6 x 5) 15,000
10,000 Phillips (6 x 2)
10,000
5,000 Landmark 5,000 UNSW (8 x 12)
0 0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 5—Comparison of 5¥5 results, Model 1. Fig. 6—Comparison of alternative models for Model 1.
e,STB/
OilRate,STB
OilRat
D
/D
4,000
Geoquest 600 Geoquest
1,000 200
0 100
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
0
Time, days
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Fig. 7—Comparison of fine-grid field oil rate, Model 2. Time, days
0.8
6,500
0.7
Landmark
ps
6,000
i
0.6
A
P
e
a
g
e
e
v
s
s
r
,
Wat
erC
ut
Geoquest
0.5
5,500 Chevron
0.4 Landmark Streamsim
0.3 Chevron 5,000
Field
0.2 Geoquest
4,500
0.1 Streamsim
0 4,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 9—Comparison of fine-grid Producer 1 water cut, Model 2. Fig. 10—Comparison of fine-grid field average pressure, Model 2.
6,000
TotalFinaElf Streamsim
5,000
Landmark Roxar
Oil Rate, STB/D
4,000
Geoquest Coats
3,000
Phillips Chevron
2,000
1,000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days
Fig. 12—TotalFinaElf coarse-grid water saturation for Model 2
at 800 days using 3DSL. Fig. 13—Comparison of all field oil-rate curves for Model 2.
STB/
GeoQuest 1. Arithmetic-harmonic 15×55×17 600 Fine Grid
D
2. Harmonic-arithmetic (14,025 cells)
3. Power-law 500 Landmark
Rat
4. Flow-based—no side flow
e,
pressure 400 Phillips
5. Flow-based—linear
300 Coats 10 x 20 x 10
Oil
6. Flow-based—half cell
Landmark Flow-based, regression-based 5×11×17 200
for relative permeabilities (935 cells)
100
Roxar Diagonal tensor 15×55×22
(39,990 total 0
cells—global 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,2001,400 1,6001,800 2,000
cells plus local
Time, days
refinements)
Streamsim Geometric averaging 12×44×17 Fig. 14—Comparison of pseudo-based upscaled Producer 1 oil-
(8,976 cells) rate curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2.
30×110×17
30×110×85 ences before that time are almost certainly caused by different
60×220×17 timestep strategies. The two streamline solutions are also very close
60×220×85 after 150 days; therefore, we selected a single solution as a reference.
Fig. 14 shows the pseudo-based solutions for oil rate for
Phillips Single-phase to intermediate 11×19×11
Producer 1, along with the reference fine-grid solution. All solu-
grid, regression on relative (2,299 cells)
permeabilities to final grid tions show some discrepancies at early times, then generally agree
very well. The Landmark solution is the closest to the fine grid
TotalFinaElf Upgridding and flow-based 10×37×13
after 200 days, although it has the largest discrepancy in initial oil
upscaling with no-side flow bcs (4,810 cells)
rate. Fig. 15 investigates the impact that pseudoization to an inter-
Coats Flow-based, regression-based 30×55×85 mediate grid is likely to have had on the Coats and Phillips results.
pseudorelative permeabilities 10×20×10 Fig. 15 shows the Landmark fine-grid solution, along with the
(2,000 cells) three solutions submitted by Coats: the 30¥55¥85 intermediate
3×5×5 grid, and the 10¥20¥10 and 3¥5¥5 coarse grids. The intermediate
Chevron Upgridding, flow-based 22×76×42 grid solution is close to the true fine-grid solution and provides a
upscaling (70,224 cells) good starting point for a pseudo-based approach. Both Coats
upscaled solutions using pseudorelative permeabilities provide
good predictions of the fine-grid results.
The grid sizes used varied enormously. Table 1 includes infor- Fig. 16 shows an equivalent plot for the upscaling-based methods,
mation on grid sizes for each entry. For the pseudo-based where the relative permeabilities are left unchanged. Here, there is
approaches, grid sizes ranged from 75 cells (Coats) to 2,299 cells a significantly larger degree of scatter, reflecting the fact that
(Phillips). For the nonpseudo approaches, grid sizes varied from knowledge of the fine-grid solution allows the relative permeabilities
4,810 cells (TotalFinaElf) to 70,224 cells (Chevron). For partici- to be adjusted to give good agreement with the fine-grid solution.
pants who submitted more than one entry, the entry plotted in the We plotted the no-flow boundary condition entry from GeoQuest
majority of curves is shown in bold in Table 1. in this plot and in all other comparative plots of upscaling entries.
Generally, Producers 1 and 2 show the greatest variation Fig. 17 shows the results presented by GeoQuest to examine the
between participants, with Producers 3 and 4 showing a higher variation in rate that can be predicted on a fixed grid (15¥55¥17)
level of agreement. We have chosen to show the Producer 1 by changing the upscaling method. The worst method here is the
results as well as the field totals to indicate the level of variability use of linear pressure-gradient boundary conditions, which signif-
in the results. icantly overestimates the flow rate. This is in contrast to previously
22
We plotted the Landmark fine-grid solution as a reference fine- reported studies. Both no-flow boundary conditions and arithmetic-
grid solution. Both Landmark and Chevron’s fine-grid solutions are harmonic averaging give good predictions.
almost identical after the first 100 days of production, and differ-
1,000
Fine Grid Streamsim
800
800 TotalFinaElf Roxar
700 Landmark Fine Grid
OilRate,
Rate,STB/
STB/D
Coats 30 x 55 x 85 600
500
Coats 10 x 20 x 10
400 400
Coats 3 x 5 x 5
300
Oil
200 200
100
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,2001,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 15—Comparison of Coats’ intermediate-grid solution with fine- Fig. 16—Comparison of nonpseudo upscaled Producer 1 oil-
grid and two coarse-grid solutions for oil rate for Producer 1. rate curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2.
Water Cut
0.5
500
No-Flow 0.4 Fine Grid
400
0.3 Landmark
300
200 0.2 Phillips
100 0.1
Coats 10 x 20 x 10
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 17—Variation of Producer 1 oil rate with upscaling method Fig. 18—Comparison of pseudo-based upscaled Producer 1 water-
for fixed coarse grid for Model 2. cut curves with Landmark fine-grid water cut for Model 2.
0.9 1.0
0.8 0.9
0.7 0.8
0.7
0.6
Water Cut
Water Cut
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4 Fine Grid Arith-Harm
Fine Grid Streamsim 0.4
0.3
0.3 Linear BC Harm-Arith
0.2 TotalFinaElf Roxar
0.2 Power Half Cell
0.1 Geoquest Chevron 0.1 No-Flow
0 0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 19—Comparison of nonpseudo upscaled Producer 1 Fig. 20—Variation of Producer 1 water cut with upscaling
water-cut curves with fine-grid result for Model 2. method for fixed coarse grid for Model 2.
600,000 700,000
600,000
Cumulative Oil Produced, STB
Cumulative Oil Produced, STB
500,000
500,000
400,000
400,000
300,000
Fine Grid
300,000
200,000 Landmark
200,000 Fine Grid Streamsim
Phillips
100,000 TotalFinaElf Roxar
Coats (10 x 20 x 10) 100,000
Geoquest Chevron
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 21—Variation in cumulative oil production for Producer 1 Fig. 22—Variation in cumulative oil production for Producer 1
for pseudo approaches. for nonpseudo approaches.
700,000 1,000,000
900,000
600,000
Cumulative Oil Produced, STB
800,000
Oil Produced, STB
500,000 700,000
400,000 600,000
500,000
300,000 Fine Grid Arith-Harm
400,000
200,000 Linear BC Harm-Arith
300,000 5 x 11 x 6 30 x 55 x 17
Power Half Cell 200,000
100,000 10 x 22 x 10 Fine Grid
No-Flow 100,000
20 x 44 x 17
0
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 23—Variation of cumulative oil produced for Producer 1 Fig. 24—Variation in cumulative oil production for Producer 1
with upscaling method for fixed coarse grid for Model 2. with upscaled grid size.
500 500
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 25—Comparison of pseudo-based upscaled Producer 3 Fig. 26—Comparison of nonpseudo upscaled Producer 3 oil-
oil-rate curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2. rate curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2.
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Fine Grid
Water Cut
Cut0.6 0.6
0.5 Landmark 0.5 Fine Grid Streamsim
Water
0.4
0.4 Phillips TotalFinaElf Roxar
0.3 0.3
0.2 Coats (10 x 20 x 10) 0.2
Geoquest Chevron
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days
Time, days
Fig. 27—Comparison of pseudo-based upscaled Producer 3 Fig. 28—Comparison of nonpseudo upscaled Producer 3
water-cut curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2. water-cut curves with Landmark fine-grid oil rate for Model 2.
6,500
6,500
Fine Grid
Landmark Fine Grid
Field Average Pressure, psi
Field Average Pressure, psi
6,000
6,000 Landmark
Coats 30 x 55 x 85
Phillips 5,500 Coats 10 x 20 x10
5,500
Coats 10 x 20 x 10
5,000 5,000
4,500 4,500
4,000 4,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,200 1,4001,600 1,8002,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 29—Comparison of pseudo-based upscaled field average Fig. 30—Comparison of Coats’ field average pressure curves
pressure curves with fine-grid field average pressure for Model 2. for intermediate and coarse grids with fine grid for Model 2.
6,500
6,500
Fine Grid Streamsim Fine Grid Arith-Harm
Field Average Pressure, psi
4,500 4,500
4,000 4,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Time, days Time, days
Fig. 31—Comparison of nonpseudo upscaled field average Fig. 32—Variation of field average pressure with upscaling
pressure curves with fine-grid result for Model 2. method for fixed coarse grid for Model 2.
18. Qi, D., Wong, P.M., and Liu, K.: “An Improved Global Upscaling 1− S − S
Ë wc or ¯
Approach for Reservoir Simulation,” Pet. Sci. & Tech. (2001) 19, No.
7–8. k
Ê 1− S − Sor ˆ2,
ro =Á ˜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-2)
19. Peaceman, D.W.: “Effective Transmissibilities of a Gridblock by
Upscaling—Why Use Renormalization?” paper SPE 36722 presented
1− S − S
Ë wc or ¯
at the 1996 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, and S wc = S wi = Sor = 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-3)
Denver, Colorado, 6–9 October.
20. Johnson, J.B. et al.: “The Kuparuk River Field: A Regression All wells were vertical and completed throughout the formation.
Approach to Pseudorelative Permeabilities,” paper SPE 10531 The central injector has an injection rate of 5,000 B/D (reservoir
presented at the 1982 SPE Symposium on Reservoir Simulation, New conditions) and a maximum injection bottomhole pressure of 10,000
Orleans, 31 January–3 February. psi. There are four producers in the four corners of the model; each
21. Durlofsky, L.J. et al.: “Scaleup of Heterogeneous 3D Reservoir produces at 4,000 psi bottomhole pressure.
Descriptions,” paper SPE 30709 presented at the 1995 SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, 22–25 October.
22. King, M.J. and Mansfield, M.: “Flow Simulation of Geologic Models,”
paper SPE 38877 presented at the 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference TABLE B-1—DEAD-OIL PVT DATA
and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 5–8 October. p (psi) Bo µo