1.

Name three substances that must be present for the formation of stable emulsion and what
are their respective functions in this regard
Substance Function
a. Water dispersed phase
b. Oil continous phase
c. Emulsifiers prevents droplets from coalescing and breaking

2. Liquid vaporization occurs when

a. Liquid TVP ≥ Vapour space pressure
b. Liquid TVP > Surrounding Temperature Magnitude
c. Liquid TVP ≥ Surrounding Pressure
d. Liquid TVP > Surrounding Pressure

3. Mention six (6) heat transfer equipment and categorize them into two (2) categories of Heat
Reduction and Heat Addition equipment.

No. Heat Transfer Equipment Heat Reduction Heat Addition

1. chiller *
2. vaporizer *
3. condenser *
4. cooler *
5. heater *
6. reboiler *

4. Name two benefits of oil and gas treatment to man.

a.To safeguard and protect personnel against hazards posed by poisonous contaminants
b. To ensure merchantable quality of oil and gas.

5. Name three(3) parameters of a reservoir fluid that determines the type of processing it
requires
a. Density
b. Viscosity
c. GOR

6. Define inhibitors and describe how they discourage hydrates formation

Materials Added to Water to Depress its Freezing and Hydrate Forming Temperature.

7. Natural gas flowing at 12 mm scf/day and 1000 psia contains 50 lb free water per mm scf of
gas needs a 60 0F temperature depression for its journey. How many gallons of glycol with
1.3 S.G and 128 lb/lb-mol will be required for inhibition for this journey to prevent hydrate
formation.
D = 60 0F, M = 128 lb/lb-mol, Ki = 4000

∴ W = D. M 100 = 60 x 128 x 100 = 65.75%

Ki + D . M 4000 + 60 x 128
Weight 0f Glycol needed = .65.75 x 50 x 12 = 394.5 lb-glycol

Gallons of glycol = 394.5 = 36.43 gallon-glycol/day

1.3x8.33

SIM Page 1
8. Explain and describe the formation of the hydrate clathrate.
In HC transportation or processing system, where there is presence of free water, at
high pressure HC molecules “guest” find their way into the water “host” .At a
temperature considerably higher than water freezing point, a crystalline “ice like”
compound is formed called Hydrate.
In the hydrate crystal, the water or “host” molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds
into a cage-like structure called Clathrate

9. The purpose and functions of the fins attached to the tubes in a typical heat exchanger
include the following except
d. Providing agitation of fluid that increases heat transfer
e. Provision of Larger surface area for heat transfer
f. Separation of tube side fluid from sheet side fluid
g. Conduction of heat

10. Define draft of the aerial cooler and describe the different types of drafts
Aerial coolers are a type of heat exchangers where the tubes are exposed to air and actually
cool the product going through it by exchanging heat with air.
Draft can be defined as the movement of air across the tubes.
Force draft : Air is forced or pushed across the tubes
Induced draft: Air is pulled or sucked across the tubes.

11. What makes a heat exchanger to be referred to as Cryogenic?

a. The quantity of heat transferred.
b. The application of mostly plates and fins arrangement for Heat exchanger.
c. Application of mostly Aluminium coils having increasing tensile strength with
temperature decrease.
d. The very low level at which process fluid temperature can be reduced

12. State three (3) ways heat transfer processes provide process efficiency
a. Cooling or heating of fluids to normal, atmospheric or processing conditions
b. Maintaining required temperature for fluid storage
c. Bringing up fluid temperature to processing equipment condition.

13. Determine the Aromaticity of the crude having 240 API with mean boiling point of 105 0F
IC = 473.7γ - 465.8 + 87552/TB
3 T + 460
B
K =
γ

14. What is your own classification of the crude from the above a
Using both equations above, crude is highly aromatic

15. How does the composition of the gas and liquid that are in solution affect the crude solution
GOR?
Solution GOR increases as composition of the gas and oil approach one another

SIM Page 2
16. At constant temperature, increase in pressure is associated with increase in crude solution
GOR
a. Yes
b No
17. Chemical Analysis
a. Produces percentages of paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes in a crude
b. Produces percentages of paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes in the reservoir fluid.
c. Produces percentages of each component element in a crude
d. Produces evaluation curves of the crude or reservoir fluid.

18. To determine the size and capacity of a sweetening plant for the processing of natural gas
from a newly discovered field, a sample from the well head was taken for analysis. What
type of analysis will you recommend to determine the Sulfur contaminant content?
Ultimate Analysis
NB
a. Chemical analysis gives percentages of paraffin’s, aromatics and naphthenes in a crude
b.Evaluation analysis entails fractional distillation of the crude oil followed by physical
property tests to determine API gravity, viscosity, pour point. This method makes it
possible for the yield of the crude oil and its properties at the refinery to be predicted, since
the refinery itself uses fractionation process.

19. The results of United States Bureau of Measurement Hampel Distillation on the Utorogun
field crude shows that its Key Fraction –1 is strictly paraffinic while the Key Fraction-2
which has a cloud point of 2 0F is Naphthenic. What is your classification of the Utorogun
crude?
Paraffin wax free crude
20. Name three major crude properties that are determined from a Crude Assay
a. API
b. Sulfur content
c. RVP

21. At what point does inter-molecular distance enhances molecular repulsion instead of
attraction
Inter-molecular distance enhances molecular repulsion instead of attraction when the
distance between the molecules is so short that the molecules electronic fields overlap.

22. During the continuous iso-baric expansion of a pure liquid in a confined cell, NO further
temperature increase is reflected during the boiling of the liquid to gas because
a. Energy increase during liquid boiling is adiabatic
b. Equivalent pressure increase always accompanies iso-baric expansion
c. The energy input is used to change state
d. Temperature measuring instruments during liquid boiling are difficult to come by.

23. Figure B-7 illustrates the phase diagram of the Ologbo field stream. If the well head flow
conditions are:
Pressure: 1500 psi
Temperature: 120 0F
Stream Flow rate: 2500 bbl/day

SIM Page 3
 Mole Figures: 10.5 stream moles/stream bbl

How many moles of liquid will be produced per week by a standard separator supplied by
CISCO Equipment Inc. that is operating at 700 psi and 120 0F?

Obigbo Field Stream Phase Diagram

Fig. B-7 1400

1200

Va ur
ur
% po
po
20 Va
1000

ur
0%

po

ur
Va

po
800

Va

po ur
40

o
ap
50
600

ur
V
%

ur
Va
60

po
400

Va
80

0%
200

10
50 100 150 250 300 350 400

At separator condition, HC system is 30% vapour, ie 70% liquid

∴Moles of liquid produced per week = 0.7 x 2500 x 10 x 7 = 122,500 moles/week

24. Name three parameters that determine the liquid capacity of the separator.
a. Retention time
b. Settling volume
c. Gas-oil interface

Use figure I below to answer questions 25 & 26

25. Estimate the critical pressure and critical temperature of a mixture of 10% ethane and 90%
n-heptane
a. ________________________ b.
____________________________

26. What is the dew point temperature of 30% ethane and 70% methane mixture at 400
Figure I

SIM Page 4
28. Calculate the oil and gas capacities of a 15 ft by 30 inches high pressure horizontal
separator operating at 768. The oil and gas gravities 48 0API oil and 0.75 respectively. Optimum
operating temperature has been analysed to be 100 0F with the expectation that finer liquid
droplets will be stripped out of the outgoing gas with a wire-mesh mist eliminator. Liquid level
will be maintained at 1/2 full.

Sketch the separator indicating and recommending appropriate

i. Gas in-let valve size
ii. Gas out-let valve size
iii. Standard oil out-let valve
iv. Shipping weight

i. Calc oil density at separator conditions

SG at 600= 141.5/(131.5+48) = 0.7883
*No thermal expansion coefficient was given
Assuming SG at 600 (standard conditions)= SG at 1000
D at 1000 =0.7883 * 62.4 = 49.19 lb/ft3

ii. Calc gas density at separator conditions

*No compressibility factor was given, thus assuming ideal conditions

Dg = (0.0764*0.75*768*560)/(1*14.7*520)
=3.22 lb/ft3

iii. Allowable Gas velocity

A horizontal separator with mist, this implies K=0.382 from charts

0.382(49.19 – 3.22)/3.22 = 14.9 ft/sec

iv. Gas capacity

(67824 * 0.382 *(2.5)2* 768*520)((49.19 -3.22)/3.22)0.5/(14.7*560)

= 29.682 mmscf/day

Using the above calc value in mmscf/day

Qg = 0.3273*1*29.682*560)/768 = 7.08 ft3/sec

v. Oil Capacity
Retention time = 1 min for oil gas separation
QL = 50.24 *2.52*15/1 = 4710bbl/day

Valves selection to be done using charts!! Shall check it up

SIM Page 5
29. Which of the gases listed below does not constitute a contaminant in natural gas
a. Nitrogen
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Hydrogen Sulfide
d. None

30. Which of the gases listed below solidifies more readily going through cryogenic
processes
a. Nitrogen
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Hydrogen Sulfide
d. None

31… True liquid vapour pressure is got from

a. Katz vapour pressure chart
b. Clausius-Clapeyron vapour pressure plot
c. Cox vapour pressure chart
d. Reid vapour pressure chart

32. A reservoir fluid undergoing test separation has gas capacity of 75 mm scf/day and
2500 bbl/day. Use Silver's chart to design the appropriate 3-phase vertical separator to
separate the reservoir fluid during regular operations. Separator pressure is 800 psig
*out of scope

33. A natural gas is to be compressed to flow 150 mm scf/day at 95.24 bars from Lagos to
Syracuse in Italy in the new Nigeria-European transcontinental line. Yearly average
temperature of Lagos is 30 0C while Syracuse lowest temperature in Winter is – 5 0C.
Frictional losses on this journey have been estimated at about 7.14% by the Crypto Inc. the
pipeline designers. In Lagos, Tolu Laboratories Ltd using equilibrium calculation method
estimated this gas hydrate formation temperature to be 46.4 0F at 1300 psi. Glycol Molecular
Weight and Specific Gravity are 201 lb/lb.mole and 1.11

Questions:
1. Does this gas journey require any hydrate formation prevention intervention?
At Lagos, Pipeline press = 1400.03 psi. Temp = 9/5x30 + 32 = 86 0F
Water content = 33 lb-water/million scf gas
Now; Press Losses = 0.0714 x 1400.03 = 99.96 ≅ 100 psi
∴ Press at Syracuse = 1400 – 100 = 1300 psi; temp = -5 0C =- 5x9/5 + 32 = 23 0F
Water content = 4 lb-water/million scf gas. ∴33 – 4 = 29 lb-free water/mmm scf gas will form.
Now, if HFT at 1300 psi is 46.4 0F, then hydrate will form because gas will be below HFT with
free water and journey requires hydrate formation prevention.

2.If so, how many gallons of glycol would you recommend to prevent hydrate formation?
At Syracuse, temp = 23 0F
∴ Required Temperature depression D =46.4 – 23 = 23.4
and W = D. M 100 = 23.4 x 201 x 100 = 54.04%

SIM Page 6
 Ki + D . M 4000 + 23.4 x 201
Weight of Glycol needed = 0.5404 x 150 x 29 = 2350.74 lb-glycol

Gallons of glycol = 2350.74 = 256.55 gallon-glycol/day

1.1x8.33

34. Sketch and briefly describe the Methane-Ethylene-Propane Cascade refrigeration process
*check slides

35. Give four(4) reasons why TEG is the most popular choice glycol absorption dehydration.
a. Results in lower operating cost
b. operational reliability
c. superior due point depression.
d. Can be used to dehydrate both sweet and sour gas
NB
Major liquid dessicants used are:-
1. Ethylene Glycol - EG.
2. Diethylene Glycol - DEG
3. Triethylene Glycol - TEG
4. Tetraethylene Glycol - TEG4

*TEG plant dehydration is for saturated vapour in gas and not for free water.

37. Absorbable Molecular Diameter of a Molecular sieve is dependant on the forming cation
a. False
b. True

38. Describe typical GTL and CTL processes

Pls check slides

39. Mention and describe the various uses of propane in a typical Mixed-Refrigerant
refrigeration system such as that employed at the NLNG

40. The mixture of the LP and HP gas from the Obigbo flowstation to the Obigbo AGG plant
has the following composition
Component MW Mole %
C5+ 86 0.89
i-C4 58 1.85
n-C4 58 1.95
C3 44 4.42
C2 30 6.81
C1 16 84.08

During the treatment of this natural gas at the Obigbo AGG plant it will be compressed to an
average pressure of 75 bars, what is the lowest temperature you will suggest that this gas
leaves the compression station for fear of hydrate formation?.

SIM Page 7
 Component MW Mole % Z.MW
C5+ 86 0.89 0.7654
i-C4 58 1.85 1.073
n-C4 58 1.95 1.131
C3 44 4.42 1.9448
C2 30 6.81 2.043
C1 16 84.08 13.4528
=20.41

SG = 20.41/28.9625 =0.7047

P = 75*14.7 = 1102.5psi

From Katz chart below;

Min Temperature is approximately 670F

SIM Page 8