Alexis Shapiro

February 6, 2019
Annotated Source List

"Baltimore police officer arrested on drug trafficking charges." ​The Baltimore Sun​, uploaded by
Jessica Anderson, 25 July 2018, www.baltimoresun.com Accessed 25 Oct. 2018.

Summary:
This ​video​ is a press conference about a police officer who was arrested for drug
trafficking. The officer was suspended when the arrest was made. The police
commissioner said that they won’t tolerate this behavior. He said that the officer had been
suspended with pay for a few months before because of a different incident, Now that the
investigation was going on for a few months, the officer was suspended without pay. The
officer has been a police officer for 14 years before the incident.

Application to Research
I can use this video to help me with my research because it is only focusing on one
particular case and it might help me to figure out what happens to an officer immediately
after an arrest. I can look into what happened to the officer after the arrest because it was
a press conference and it was only the night after the arrest.

Brandt, Joe. "Here's where cops get arrested in N.J. and some recently charged with a crime."
NJ.com,​ 26 Mar.2018,www.nj.com Accessed 19 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​article​ is about the cases of police officers in New Jersey who have been arrested
for crimes they have committed. 350 officers have been arrested between 2005 and 2013
in New Jersey. The research has found that a large group of the arrested officers were
within three years of retirement, disproving the myth that most officers who commit
crimes are younger. The most common charge was assault followed by driving under the
influence, and also more than 1,000 official misconduct cases across the US. The article
also has specific cases of officers who were arrested and what happened during their
trials. ​Philip Seidle is currently serving 30 years for fatally shooting his wife. The police
had responded 21 times over 21 years about domestic violence at their house, but police
say they could not prevent Seidle from killing his wife. Robert Marzi is serving a three
year sentence for receiving sex from two girls to reduce their sentencing.

Application to Research
I can use this article to help me research by having specific cases to look at when I’m
trying to compare the results of police cases and criminal cases. I can look at the author
and see if he has any other articles about this topic. I can look at the statistics on the
number of officers arrested and use that for my research.
"Cop Arrests Cop & That's When Her Trouble Began... [RARE VIDEO]." ​YouTube​, uploaded by
The Young Turks, 11 Feb. 2014, www.youtube.com. Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​video ​is a news show with a clip of an officer who gets in a high speed chase with
another officer. The officer was a Miami police officer and he was pulled over by another
officer, a trooper, for speeding. He did not pull over for four and a half minutes and was
going over 120 miles per hour. The Miami officer said he was speeding because he was
late for his other job. The arresting officer thought that other officers were looking up her
drivers license information through the police databases. When she went to find out she
learned that “88 law enforcement officers from 25 different agencies accessed Watts’
drivers license information more than 200 times.”

Application To Research
I can use this video as an example of cases where police commit crimes and others think
that he should not have been punished. The arresting officer was harrassed and put onto
another job for doing her job and yet she was the one punished. I can look into what
happens to the arresting officers and see if there's a pattern in what happens to them.

Corsianos, Marilyn. "Police Corruption." ​Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social

Issues​, edited by Michael Shally-Jensen, vol. 2: Criminal Justice, ABC-CLIO, 2011, pp.
592-599. ​Gale Virtual Reference Library​, http://link.galegroup.com. Accessed 3 Jan.
2019.

Summary:
This ​book ​is about the definition of police corruption and key events when police
corruption occurred. One of the Knapp Commissioners in 1972 released the results of an
investigation that had been going on for over two years on allegations of corruption. The
investigation found corruption such as bribery among narcotics officers. As a result,
many officers were prosecuted and many more lost their jobs. There was a case in 1999
where Amadou Diallo, an African immigrant was killed by the police. Four New York
City police officers fired 41 shots, claiming that Diallo looked suspicious, ignored them,
and reached for a gun. Diallo was unarmed and was reaching for his wallet when he was
shot and killed.

Application to Research:
I can use this book to help me with my research because it has types of police corruption
and its effects on the police office and community. I can look at the different crimes they
have committed and find some that are more common than others.

Cossins, Dan. "Brain Activity Predicts Re-arrest." ​The Scientist​, 27 Mar. 2013,
www.the-scientist.com. Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.

Summary:
 The author in the ​article ​begins by stating that criminals whose brains are being
monitored can show whether or not they will commit another crime and become
reincarcerated. A fMRI scan was taken on prisoners and the results can predict what will
happen to the criminal. The ACC in the brain was monitored and if the criminal had low
activity they were twice as likely to to be reincarnated than criminals with high ACC
activity. The author states that, “​The results raise the possibility that activity in brain
regions like the ACC in response to experimental tasks could be used in addition to
existing behavioral risk factors to predict the likelihood a prisoner will re-offend.” The
author warned that if the results were to be used, there needs to be a more robust
experiment done, and even then it might not be wise to use the results to determine a
criminals fate.

Application to Research:
The website cites the study so I can look at the raw data if I needed to incase the website
is biased. I could use this website and its information to find some more data that might
be more useful to the topic that I’m going to research. I liked how they added pictures so
I could visualize what they were talking about.

"Domestic Violence Law: Case Law/Administrative Action." ​Pace Law School Library
Research Guides,​ 6 Dec. 2018, libraryguides.law.pace.edu. Accessed 13 Dec. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is about several different cases of domestic violence and their outcomes. One
of the cases it gives it it Robertson v United States and “In March 1999, Wykenna
Watson was assaulted by her then-boyfriend, John Robertson. App. 40. Watson sought
and secured a civil protective order against Robertson, prohibiting him from approaching
within 100 feet of her and from assaulting, threatening, harassing, physically abusing, or
contacting her.” At this time the
Attorney's Office was also investigating Robertson for criminals charges caused by this
assault. Robertson took a plea deal and the charges were dismissed. He later violated his
restraining order against Wykenna Watson and plead guilty during the trial and was
found guilty on three counts of criminal contempt and sentenced to three consecutive
180-day terms of imprisonment.

Application to Research:
I can use this article to help me in my research because it has examples of real cases
about domestic violence, a common crime among corrupt police officers. I can compare
these sentencings to the sentencing that police get.

Edwards, Ezekiel, and Brandon Buskey. "Police Abuse of Power, Plain and Simple in Etowah
County, Alabama." ​ACLU,​ 12 Sept. 2013, www.aclu.org/blog. Accessed 31 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​article ​is about a case in Etowah County, Alabama where their sheriff's department
searches one family’s home unannounced and without a warrant. They claim that they do
 this because one of the children in the family was found guilty of a sexual offense and
some think the case was controversial. The offender has completed all of the state
requirements for RNCA including checking in with the sheriff's office four times a year.
The sheriff station has said that they will continue to do these searches for everyone on
the RNCA list even though they don’t have a warrant and it breaks the 4th amendment.

Application to Research
I can use this article as an example of how police, especially the ones in power, can do
things that break the law and the constitution without immediate consequences. The
officers also broke the law when they went to the houses because the names on the
RNCA were supposed to be confidential.

Gurman, Sadie. "Across US, police officers abuse confidential databases." ​Washington State
Journal​, 3 Oct. 2016, madison.com. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​article ​is about how police officers can misuse confidential law enforcement
equipment for their own personal use. There is no way to tell how many police officers
are actually misusing the equipment but 325 officers were misusing databases in
2013-2015 and were fired for it. Some officers run the registrations of people that they
are attracted to and some go as far as stalking them with the information they get from
their registrations. When they run your registration they can see your Social Security
number, your address, all of your personal information, and the officers have been caught
selling that information that they obtained. Most police stations don’t keep records of
what happens or won’t release the information, so the problem can’t be fixed without all
of the facts.

Application to Research
I can use this article to help me with my research because it gives me valuable
information about how police officers can easily manipulate the system and break the
law. I can use this information to branch out and see if there are any newer articles or
articles with more information. I can use this as an example of how police officers can
easily break the law and not be caught and get away with it.

Gutierrez-Garcia, J.Octavio, and Luis-Felipe Rodríguez. “Social Determinants of Police

Corruption: Toward Public Policies for the Prevention of Police Corruption.” ​Policy
Studies,​ vol. 37, no. 3, May 2016, pp. 216–235. ​EBSCOhost,​
doi:10.1080/01442872.2016.1144735.

Summary:
This ​book ​is about the data on police corruption and its social factors and strategies on
how to prevent and control it. Some of the strategies include training practices that teach
what is right and wrong, developing pride to be in charge of law enforcement, or making
supervisors responsible for the corruption of their subordinates. So far there has not been
a single strategy that has sufficiently controlled police corruption. The data portion of this
 book has multiple charts showing all of the different social factors they included in their
data. “The number and type of social indicators were selected because they represent the
minimum list of social indicators for monitoring and following up social development of
countries proposed by the United Nations Working Group on International Statistical
Programmes and Coordination.”

Application to Research:
I can use this book to help me with my research because it has more information on the
causes of police corruption. There are also other section in this book that go more in
depth with the research done here that will help me with my research.

Hoeffel, Janet C. "Violence Against Women." ​Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United
States,​ edited by David S. Tanenhaus, vol. 5, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp.
147-151. ​Gale Virtual Reference Library​, http://link.galegroup.com/apps. Accessed 3
Jan. 2019.

Summary:
This ​book ​is about domestic violences cases and trials in the United States and how they
affect the justice system for future cases. The first case is Planned Parenthood v. Casey
(1992). This case revealed that there was a problem with domestic violence and the
abortion law which stated that a woman must notify her spouse when she was going to
have an abortion. This caused a woman to be in danger of possible bodily injury from her
spouse. Another case in the book was Town of Castle Rock, Colorado v. Gonzales where
it was discovered that there was no constitutional enforcement of a restraining order.
Gonzales begged the police to enforce the restraining order, they didn’t and her husband
killed her three children.

Application to Research:
This book can help me with my research because I can use the cases as a comparison
with the crimes that police have been recorded committing. Domestic violence is one of
the more common crimes that police commit, so the book will be helpful because there is
more cases to compare the crimes to.

"Hundreds of cases of police misconduct handled in secret." ​YouTube,​

www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwkxgBM_v7s. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This video is about Toronto police and a law that allows police officers to handle their on
misconduct cases when it is considered not major. There have been over 600 misconduct
cases for police officers in Toronto that have just been taken care of by other officers and
the records are never made public.

Application to Research
I can use this video to help me with my research because it shows that police corruption
is not just an American thing. It shows that it happens all over the world.
Ingraham, Christopher. "The feds have resumed a controversial program that lets cops take stuff
and keep it." ​The Washington Post,​ www.washingtonpost.com. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​article ​is about how the Justice Department announced that it is “​ resuming a
controversial practice that allows local police departments to funnel a large portion of
assets seized from citizens into their own coffers under federal law.” The program is
partly funded by cash and property seized from the program.

Application to Research
I can use this article to help me because it shows that not only are police corrupt, the
Justice Department know it and is helping the police continue to be corrupt.

Jackman, Tom. "Study finds police officers arrested 1,100 times per year, or 3 per day,
nationwide." ​The Washington Post​, 22 June 2016, www.washingtonpost. Accessed 11
Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​article ​is about statistics on how many officers are arrested per year and how many
of those officers get convicted. Out of 100,000 police officers 1.7 of them will get
arrested per year. Of the 3,884 arrests with known results, 2,846 of those officers are
convicted. Most of the crimes that are committed by police and reported are violence
crimes, of those 3,328 cases only 873 were known to be convicted. Women make up 61.2
percent of victims of police crimes. Of all of the officers arrested, only 54 percent lost
their jobs, and out of the officers that were arrested for domestic violence, only 37.5 have
lost their jobs. Since only 54 percent are fired it means that the officers could resign and
keep their law enforcement certification. They could just transfer to another county and
start over again with no punishment.

Application to Research
This article seems unbiased because it mostly gives facts and statistics. The information
that it gives relates to the topic that I’m interested in researching and could really help me
set us my research and has plenty of facts for me to use.

Kiely, Maggie. "Brown Found Guilty of Aggravated Assault." ​The Eagle,​ 9 Oct. 2012,
www.theeagle.com/news. Accessed 20 Dec. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is about ​Kevin Dewayne Brown who was charged with aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon, He committed the second degree felony of stomping on his
neighbors head in the morning of December 26th, 2011. He had been drinking for
several hours before he went to see his neighbors. He verbally insulted a woman there
and was asked to leave the neighbors house. Brown said that his words were taken out of
context and were actually part of a freestyle rap and weren’t meant to insult her. He and
 his ex-girlfriend’s father got into an argument that got physical and​ Brown confessed to
hitting him, but he said it wasn’t nearly as hard or as many times as the other witnesses
had said. He was previously convicted of t​wo felony drug convictions from 1996 and
1998. He was sentenced to one year for the first conviction and had to serve the sentence
day-for-day when he was charged with the second count. He faced 2-20 years in prison,
but he was sentenced to 7 years in prison.

Application to Research:
I can use this article to help me because it a real case and his sentencing time for a man
convicted of second degree assault. I can compare this to the statistics that I have of
police officers who committed similar crimes.

Lakhani, Nina. "Innocent women tortured in Mexico to boost arrest figures, report says." ​The
Guardian,​ www.theguardian.com. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​article ​is about Mexico and how the police officers there allow ​women to be
illegally arrested and raped to justify war on drugs. Only a handful of perpetrators in law
enforcement have been prosecuted so far. Tailyn Wang was two months pregnant and
illegally beaten and arrested then taken into custody without being given medical
attention.

Application to Research
The article can help me because it proves that police corruption happens everywhere and
it is just as bad, if not worse, as it is here in America.

Lobnikar, Branko, and Gorazd Meško. “Perception of Police Corruption and the Level of
Integrity among Slovenian Police Officers.” ​Police Practice & Research,​ vol. 16, no. 4,
Aug. 2015, pp. 341–353. ​EBSCOhost​.

Summary:
This ​journal ​is about police corruption and a group of police officers took a survey. The
survey was about the officers opinions on different situations and how serious they think
each one is. They were asked to rank each situation on a scale of one to five, and then
they were asked to rank how they think the majority of the other police offices would feel
about the seriousness the situation. Some of the situations they gave were theft of a knife
from a crime scene and the officers said their own seriousness would be 4.87 and other
officers would be 4.64. Cover up of a police DUI accident is a 2.87 and they thought
other officers would think that its 2.51. Accepting a bribe from a speeding motorist is a
4.85 and they thought other officers would be 4.64. Not reacting to graffiti is 4.13 and for
other officers it is 3.8. The survey was done anonymously and voluntarily on their own in
a sealed envelope.

Application to Research:
 I can use this journal to help me with my research because it can help me understand how
police feel about corruption and how they severe they think the consequences should be. I
can look at how they conducted the survey and use it to help me conduct one.

Mallett, X. (2017, October 30). Women can be psychopaths too, in ways more subtle but just as
dangerous. ​The Conversation.​ Retrieved from https://theconversation.com
Summary
This ​article ​is about how women can be psychopaths like men, but they have different
characteristics. Most people think that there are more male psychopaths than females.
This can’t be proved yet, because there hasn’t been a study done, but people think this
because they think of violent and aggressive tendencies when they think of psychopaths.
It was found in a study that 11-17% of female prisons are made up of female
psychopaths. They have different characteristics than men like they are more verbally
and relationally aggressive. This actually makes them less likely to commit a murder than
non-psychopathic females. They aren’t as easily identified because they express it
covertly and manipulatively.

Application to Research
This applies to my research because I can use it as statistics and facts to prove my
research ad make it better. It is organized well so I can go back and click on other links to
look at definitions and explanations of words and I can look at the raw data from the
studies.

Nee, C. (2015, May 29). Inside the Mind of a Criminal. ​The New York Times​. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com. Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is about a study done on criminals to try and figure out why they commit
crimes, and what they’re thinking when they do it. Ex-convicts were chosen from a
rehabilitation center and were picked based on whether or not this simulation would
make them commit crimes again. For the actual simulation, they used a vacant house and
placed items of different values in it. They also recruited a group of students about the
same age as the ex-convicts and had them participate in the survey as a comparison. The
participants would wear cameras and go inside the house and touch the items that they
were “stealing.” They also made a simulated version of the house and the participants
would burgle that one too. The results of the study were that the ex-burglars went through
the side of the house and spent more time in the areas with more valuable items, taking
fewer items than the students. The students went through the front door and took as many
items as they could. They burgled the real and simulated houses almost identically.

Application to Research
This will help me with my research because I can use the statistics of the study. I can also
look at the person who did the study and see if they have any other similar studies or if
they have any extra information that wasn’t written in the article about the experiment.
Nibishaka, Rosine. "Do Police Abuse Their Power?" ​The Leopard,​ 2 Nov. 2017,
eastonialeopards.com/2262/opinion/do-police-abuse-their-power/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​article ​states that police have been known to abuse their power when on the job.
Black people account for 40% of unarmed men shot to death by police, even though they
only make up 6% of the population. There was also a case where a 16 year old was
dragged out of a classroom by a police officer for resisting arrest. The article states that
these actions are not justifiable and the police officers should not have done it and gotten
away with it. Reddit Hudson is a former cop and explained that there was a website
where officers could talk to each other and the administrator had to temporarily shut
down the website because the officers talk had become too racist. He then realized just
how racist and violent police officers could be. The author explains how Black Lives
Matter is a movement about how not only black lives matter, but the lives of black people
are being taken away unfairly.

Application to Research
I can use this article for my research because it has some good facts in it and it linked the
other articles with the original facts in it. I can use the links in the article to find more
information about police brutality and how they have less punishments for crimes than
they should be getting, This article isn’t the most reliable, however, because it is an
opinion article and the author only gives facts from one side of the argument to support
her opinion.

Park, Madison. "Police Shootings: Trials, convictions are rare for officers." ​CNN,​ 3 Oct. 2018,
www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/police-involved-shooting-cases/index.html. Accessed 12
Oct. 2018.

Summary
The ​article ​gave statistics and examples of cases where police officers have committed
crimes and have not been convicted or even faced a trial. It gives an example of Philando
Castile a man who was fatally shot by police on a traffic stop. His girlfriend said that he
was reaching for his identification when he was killed. The police officer was found not
guilty of second degree manslaughter. Another case was Terence Crutcher, a 40 year old
man who was shot and killed. His SUV stalled in the middle of the street and the officer
said she shot because she feared for her life, however videos show that Crutcher was
walking on the road with his hands in the air. The officer was found not guilty of felony
manslaughter. Some of the police officers were convicted, like the case of Eric Courtney
Harris who was shot by an officer who meant to use his taser instead. The officer was
convicted and sentenced to four years in prison in 2016, but was released in 2017 with
credit for time served.

Application to Research
 I can use this article to help my research because it has a lot of cases that I can use to
formulate my research. The article is biased in that it mainly shows cases where the
police officer was not convicted or was only in jail for a short amount of time. It has links
to studies I can use to get more information that I need.

Perez, Antonio. "Jury convicts Chicago officer of 2nd-degree murder." ​CNBC​, 5 Oct. 2018,
www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/jury-convicts-chicago-officer-of-2nd-degree-murder.html.
Accessed 20 Dec. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is about ​Officer Jason Van Dyke in Chicago who committed first
degree-murder in October 2014. The judge said that second-degree murder charge was
available. However it was unlikely that they would find that Van Dyke feared for his life.
This incident had been the first time in half a century that a Chicago police officer has
been convicted of murder for an on-duty death. Van Dyke fired 16 shots into a 17 year
old black boy who was walking away from police, holding a knife. ANother officer was
waiting for backup with a stun gun when Van Dyke survived and began to open fire.
McDonald spins, then crumples to the ground. Van Dyke continues to shoot when the
17-year-old is lying in the street. At times, smoke can be coming from his body, and one
officer who was there that night testified that the smoke was actually gunfire hitting the
teen.

Application to Research:
I can use this article to help me because it puts into perspective what happens to the
police officer who commit large scale crimes. The officer has impacted the law
enforcement even before he was put on trial, he got the city's police superintendent and
the county's top prosecutor fired.

PLOS ONE.​ 16 June 2016, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0157223.

Accessed 31 Oct. 2018.

Summary
The topic of this ​journal ​is a study on whether a certain tactic, Operation Impact, based
on investigative stops actually reduce the crime rate in New York. The study designated
certain cities/areas in New York that had a high crime rate and made them impact zones.
What Operation Impact did was put more officers in high crime impact zones and have
more investigative stops. The study was from 2004-2012 and it found that total arrests in
the area increased and investigative stops increased causing the crime rate to go down.
However, they found that the investigative stops weren’t actually decreasing crime rate,
but the increase number of police officers in the area is what caused the crime rate to go
down.

Application To Research
I can use this journal to help me with my research because it can help me understand
which areas have high crime rates and how police officers use different tactics to try and
 stop criminals from committing crimes. It will help me when I put everything together I
can look at the journal and see the numbers and data that they have.

"The Police Are Still Out of Control I should know." ​Politico Magazine​,
www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/the-police-are-still-out-of-control-112160.
Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​article​ is about Frank Serpico who was shot a Narcotics officer who was arresting a
suspect and got shot in the face and survived. He was shot in 1971 in a corrupt police
drug deal involving his back up officers. After he was shot his back up left him there to
die but instead an older man came to call an ambulance. He never found out exactly what
happened because no investigation was held and no charges were filed.

Application to Research
I can use the article to help me because it has valuable information about the past police
precincts and officers that are similar to today's officers. The officers were corrupt back
then and everyone in the precinct knew it, they were just too scared to do anything.

"Police misconduct, not mental health at issue." ​The Baltimore Sun,​

www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/readersrespond/bs-ed-rr-police-death-letter-20190
125-story.html. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​video ​is about a young black male who had bipolar disorder who was tased and then
killed by police. Anton Black was dragging a boy down the street and police asked him to
stop and he did so, Then he ran to his house and police chased him there where they tased
him. He showed signs that he needed medical attention so police took him to the hospital
where he died in police custody.

Application to Research
I can use this video as an example of another case where police used violence when it
could’ve been avoided and they killed another person which could’ve been prevented.

Reinhart, Christopher. "crimes with mandatory minimum prison sentences-updated and revised."
OLR RESEARCH REPORT,​ 13 Nov. 2008, www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0619.htm.
Accessed 20 Oct. 2018.

Summary
This ​journal ​is mainly statistics on what crimes have minimum and maximum sentences.
A capital felony is punishable by execution or imprisonment for life without the
possibility of parole. Murder and felony murder have a minimum of 25 years in prison
and a maximum of 60 years. 1st degree kidnapping and kidnapping with a firearm have a
minimum of one year in prison and a maximum of 25 years. Employing a minor in an
obscene performance and home invasion have the same sentencing of a minimum of 10
 years and a maximum of 25 years. 2nd degree assault with a firearm has a minimum of
one year and a maximum of five years. Selling drugs to a minor has a minimum of two
years in jail. Carrying a handgun without a permit has a minimum of one year and a
maximum of five years.

Application to Research
I can use this article in my research to compare the minimums and maximums to what the
police officers were sentenced and I can see what the relationship between them is. There
are statistics on a lot of crimes so it will help me choose which ones to use. The article
might be slightly inaccurate because the data was last updated in 2008 and the minimum
and maximum sentencings could have changed in 10 years.

Sherman, Lawrence W. ​Police corruption; A sociological perspective.

Summary:
This ​book ​is about how society affects police and how they can become corrupt. The
book is a group of essay by different authors about police corruption that have been put
together. One of the essays talks about how when gambling changed to become more
reckless it negatively affected. Another officer talks about what is required to reduce
police corruption, if it’s possible. The next article is about a man who was trying to find
similarities and differences between public morality and enforcement policy is what he
calls the “Blue Law.” He noticed the difference in characteristics between Britain and the
United States, for example, political dynamics when police policy is created. Another
study in the book is about focus on organizations on which the police operate. He shows
how police performance is affected by what other organizations provide to the police
officers. There are also difficulties to this because the police are all individual people so
it's hard to quantify them without taking anything else in mind.

Application to Research:
I can use this book to help me with my research because it has more than one author's
perspective because it is compiled of multiple different essays by people interested in
police officers.

Simpson, Antony. ​A Guide to Bibliography and Theory.​

Summary:
This ​book ​is about how police are affected by society and what role that plays on police
corruption. It explains that police have a strong solidarity because they have similar
personality types because they were all attracted to law enforcement. The book also states
that there are associations between corruption in law enforcement and recruitment of
inferior employees, poor recruit training, poor leadership, loe pay/status, low moral
standard in society and more. People today believe that police corruption started with
gambling and later moved onto narcotics. It is believed that they switched one illegal
addiction to another once gambling was legal.
 Application to Research:
I can use this book for my research because it might help explain why some officers
commit crimes and get away with them. The police have a strong bond together and they
don’t want to get each other in trouble so they don’t say anything. I can also use this book
to show the history of police corruption.

Simpson, Antony. ​The Literature of Police Corruption.​ Vol. 2.

Summary:
This ​book ​is about the causes of police corruption and how we can relate them to police
corruption now. This section of the book gives multiple examples of trials based on the
police misusing their power to put somebody in jail. One of the examples of This part of
the book is a collection of different articles and journals about the same topic.One of the
examples sin the book is about how the British police are different than the American
police. The British police are different from the American police and that can have a lot
to do with politics. The American policing force has a lot of control in the 19th century
and that may play a major part in why they do what they do today.

Application to Research:
I can use this book to help me with my research because it has a lot of information on, the
causes of police corruption and that can help me speed up my research. If I know more
about my topic I can find the information quicker and piece it together better. I like how
this book has theories about why police do corrupt things and it has a lot of sources cited.

Stinson, Philip Matthew. “Police Crime: The Criminal Behavior of Sworn Law Enforcement
Officers.” ​Sociology Compass,​ vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 1–13. ​EBSCOhost​,
doi:10.1111/soc4.12234.

Summary:
This ​journal ​is about the causes of different types of police crimes. One of the police
crimes focused on in this journal is violence related police crime. In a study that was
done, it was found that 40% of police officers surveyed had behaved violently towards
their spouses in the last 6 months, and 20% of the spouses admitted that they or their
children had been abused by their spouse in the past 6 months. It was found that, “41
percent of responding male officers admitted that at least one incident of physical
aggression occurred in their marital relationship during the previous year, and 8 percent
of those reported the occurrence of “severe” physical aggression including choking,
strangling, and/or the use or threatened use of a knife or gun.” Many of the victims don’t
report the crime because they know that the officer is trained to use a deadly weapon and
officers know how to shift the blame to the victims.

Application to Research:
 I can use this journal to help me with my research because it has a lot of information on
why police commit different types of crimes. I can look at the statistics it gives and
compare them to other types of crimes.

Taylor, Lawrence. "Top 20 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions." ​The Drunk Driving Law Center​,
caselaw.duicenter.com/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is a summary of 20 different cases of DUI arrests in the United States. The
first one is ​Bell v Burson and for this case a drivers licence was considered a privilege,
not a right. After this case, the court decided that a licence “continued possession may
become essential in the pursuit of a livelihood" and they cannot be taken away without
due process of the law. Another case it gives is Berkemer v. McCarty. In this case the
court is told to give Miranda Rights to a DUI case. Miranda rights for DUI cases were
unclear because police must give them their rights when they are “in custody.” Since the
suspects don’t have all of their freedoms they should be given their Miranda rights, but
they technically weren’t in custody and there were no clear guidelines for what to do in a
DUI case, which just caused more confusion. The last case is about Blanton v. North Las
Vegas. This determined that a DUI case doesn’t need a judge for a trial if the sentencing
is under 6 months because it’s considered a “petty offence.”

Application to Research
This case can help me with my research by giving me examples and turning points in
DUI history. These are all examples of the most influential cases. I would’ve liked if
there were more cases of normal DUI’s instead of the influential ones.

"Top 10 Abuses of Power in the Criminal Justice System." ​Criminal Justice Degree Hub,​
www.criminaljusticedegreehub.com. Accessed 31 Oct. 2018

Summary
This ​article ​is about different times people in power in the criminal justice system abused
the power that they had. One of the examples shown is about Frank Jude, a black man
who ran into four off duty police officers who said that he stole their wallets with their
badges in then. They then attacked Jude and his friend, stabbing them. Only three of the
officers were convicted in a federal court. Another example is Rodney King, a black man
who was chased for 8 miles by police. When they caught up to him they beat and tased
him. It took a while before the federal court convicted the two officers of brutality.

Application to Research
I can use this article to help me with my research because it has many examples of people
in power who have abused their power or broken the law. This article has some bias
because it only has cases about people in power who have been treated better than others,
it doesn’t offer any counter to its points.
US Police Brutality. ​Daily Infographic,​
www.dailyinfographic.com/us-police-brutality-infographic. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​image​ shows statistics on police misconduct, The National Police Misconduct
Statistics and Reporting Project has collected data on police misconduct through the
media to generate this information. In 2010 there had been 2,541 reports of misconduct,
23.3% of those had been excessive force, and 10.6% were secual miscinduct reports. 33%
of officers charged in 2009 went through to conviction, 64% of the officers convicted got
prison sentences, and the average time spent in prison was 14 months.

Application to Research
I can use this image to help me with my research because it is a good visual to have for
my final project. Images, in my opinion, are easier to read than facts written down so this
can help people understand the information.

Williams, Ian, et al. ​Landmark Cases in Criminal Law.​ E-book.

Summary
This ​book ​is about the most important criminal cases in the United States. All of the
cases in the book have changed how criminal law works in some way. The first case that
is talked about is the Carriers Case which occurred in 1473 and was about the first
criminal case about the limitations of larceny, or theft. The case was difficult because the
definition of larceny in 1473 was a person had to go onto your property and take your
things for it to be considered larceny. The second case they talk about is R v Saunders
and Archer in 1573. There was a man who wanted to marry another woman so he tried to
poison her. The wife took a bite and gave the rest to her daughter and the daughter died.
The man was convicted because his intent was murder.

Application to Research
I can use this book to help me with my research because it has many cases of criminals
and it has the outcomes of all of the trials. I can compare the results of these cases to the
results of other police cases that are similar.

Williams, Timothy. "In Baltimore, Brazen Officers Took Every Chance to Rob and Cheat." ​The
New York Times​, 6 Feb. 2018, www.nytimes.com. Accessed 7 Dec. 2018.

Summary:
This ​article ​is about a police squad that committed many crimes over many years. Two
of the officers on trial were part of a seven member group called the Gun Trace Track
Force were plainclothes officers whose goal was to arrest illegal gun owners and
confiscate their guns. The officers also face charges of extortion, use of a firearm to
commit a violent crime, and submitting phony overtime claims. Officers believed that
their victims would not speak up because they were also criminals. One officer admitted
that he had stolen $100,000 from people during his career and he also admitted to giving
 his firearm to his cousin. They body cameras of one of the officers revealed that he had
staged the drugs near an arrest scene. Plain clothes anti-crime units had been banned, but
the new commissioner wanted to bring them back. One officer that testified was so scared
of being caught that he scattered $20,000 cash in his backyard.

Application to Research:
I can use this article to help me with my research because it is a case of a big group of
officers who all have committed crimes and got away with it for a long time. It’s another
reason how officers can commit crimes under the radar.

Williams, Timothy. "Cast-Out Police Officers Are Often Hired in Other Cities."​The New York
Times,​ www.nytimes.com. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019.

Summary
This ​article​ is about how police officers can break the law but still be hired in another
precinct. One police officer was caught kissing a 10 year old girl and his sentence barred
him from taking another job as a police officer, but later he was hired as a police chief,
until he committed another crime and ended up in jail.

Application to Research
This article can help me with my research because it proves that even in a police officer
is caught for police corruption, their life can continue without punishment, as if nothing
had happened.