The Geel Public Psychiatric

Hospital (OPZ)
Geel研究（その７）
コロニー見学と北米の精神医療

橋本 明
愛知県立大学

“Registre des permis

de visiter l’établissement”
Geel visitors from foreign countries
(1892-1935)
Africa &
Asia (4%) Oceania (1%)
6 (persons)
Central & South 18
America (6%) 31

North America (11%)

54

Europe (78%)
403 (persons)

In “Europe (78%)” , 19 visitors

from Russia are included.
Geel visitors from foreign countries
(1892-1935)
number of visitors
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

1892-1895

1896-1900

1901-1905

1906-1910

1911-1915

1916-1920

1921-1925

1926-1930

1931-1935

year
Geel visitors from Germany and USA
number of visitors
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1892-1895

1896-1900

1901-1905

1906-1910

1911-1915

1916-1920

1921-1925

1926-1930

1931-1935

year
Germany USA
 The earliest visitor

“No American has described

• Pliny Earle it, and probably, previous to
Geel, 1849 1849, no one had visited it.”

the interests of the patients

now at Gheel would be
advanced if they could be
placed in public Asylums

(Earle, 1851)
 State Board of Charity
(Massachusetts)
• Samuel G. Howe
Geel, 1867
chairman of the State
Board of Charity

• Franklin B. Sanborn
Geel, 1890 and 1893
secretary of the State
Board of Charity
 A law establishing a family care
system in MA
• First recommendation to the Legislature
regarding family care (1867)

• An Act Providing for the Care of Certain

Insane Persons (1885)

→ ”in suitable families, insane persons of

the chronic, quite class shall be paid from
the appropriation of the Board”
（Section 1.)
 Family care in New York
• Stephen Smith
Geel, 1893

state commissioner of lunacy

→positive attitude
toward family care

• Charles W. Pilgrim
Geel, 1885

physician, State Asylum Utica

→negative impression of Geel
Antwerp Congress in 1902 and after
• Ca.250 participants
• Owen Copp (MA) and Stephen Smith (NY)

• NY State Commission in Lunacy met a

number of serious objections to the
system

→”the issue of family care was shelved

more than a quarter of a century”
(Pollock, 1945)
 Some “famous” visitors

Adolf Meyer William A. White

Elmer E. Southard Geel, 1926 Geel, 1906
Geel, 1911

Gregory Zilboorg
William Healy Geel, 1928
Geel, 1929
The First International Congress on
Mental Hygiene, Washington in 1930
• Fritz Sano
Director of Geel Colony

→”psychiatrists in this country [USA] were led to

view family care in a more favorable light”
(Pollock, 1945)
 Adoption of family care in USA
from 1930 onwards
• Edgar A. Doll A colony at Walworth:
Geel, 1933 “An American Geel”

Home for patients

at Walworth, NY

• Legislation or introduction of family care

New York (1933), Pennsylvania & Utah (1935),
California (1939), Rhode Island (1940),
Illinois (1941)
Adoption of family care in Canada

James T. Steeves
Geel, 1892
Medical superintendent
Provincial Lunatic Asylum
St. Jones, New Brunswick

Toronto (Ontario Province)

• M. Robb and John W.S. McCullough
Geel, 1931
• Legislation of family care (1933)
• Archibald J. Kilgour
Geel, 1935
The context of Geel visit from USA
and Canada
• Early interests in Geel
• Legislation of family care in
Massachusetts (1885)
• Objection in New York (ca. 1903)
• Establishment of family care in the whole
of the United States (and Ontario,
Canada) after 1930
→Geel visitors