Abstract:

Due to their importance in industry , thus in design processes material

properties such as toxicity and recyclability , the designer should be fully
aware of these aspects , the moral side is important here also , since these
products affect human life directly .

This report presents some of the known toxic and non toxic materials, then
the new trends of recycling process.
Table of contents:

Page number subject

1 Abstract
2 Table of contents
3-7 Toxic Materials
8 Things That Can't Be Recycled
9 General guide on what cant be
recycled
10 References
Toxic Materials
Toxic materials are substances that may cause harm to an
individual if it enters the body. Toxic materials may enter the
body in different ways. These ways are called the route of
exposure. The most common route of exposure is through
inhalation (breathing it into the lungs). Another common route of
entry is through skin contact. Some materials can easily pass
through unprotected skin and enter the body. Ingestion is
another, less common, route of exposure in the workplace.
Ingestion often occurs accidentally through poor hygiene
practices (e.g. eating food or smoking a cigarette using
contaminated hands).

Toxic materials are often used in the workplace. The table below
lists some common workplace materials that meet one or more of
the criteria to be considered "toxic" as well as some of potential
heath effects associated with that chemical. Keep in mind that
toxic materials can also be found in consumer products that come
into the home - always read the warning labels and safe use
instructions before using any products.

Potential Health Effects/Symptoms

Chemical Name Associated with Toxicity
(Note: not a complete listing of symptoms)

Methylene • Mild central nervous system depressant. May cause headache, nausea,
chloride dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion, unconsciousness and
death.

• Causes skin and eye irritation.

Isopropyl alcohol • Mild central nervous system depressant. High vapour concentrations
(2-propanol) may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, and
confusion. Very high exposures may result in unconsciousness and death.
• May be irritating to the respiratory tract.
 • Causes eye irritation.

• Swallowing or vomiting of the liquid may cause aspiration (breathing)

into the lungs.

Acetone • Mild central nervous system depressant.

• Very high concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness,
drowsiness, incoordination and confusion.
• Causes eye irritation.

• Swallowing or vomiting of the liquid may result in aspiration into the

lungs.

l-Limonene • Causes moderate skin irritation.

• May cause allergic skin reaction.

Acetaldehyde • The vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause lung injury.
These effects may be delayed.

• Causes severe eye irritation.

Hydrogen • May be fatal if swallowed.

peroxide (>35%)

Whenever possible, it is always best to avoid using a toxic

material either by eliminating its use (by changing the method or
process for example) or by substituting the toxic material with a
less hazardous material. Unfortunately, it is not always possible
to find a non-toxic substitute that still does the job effectively and
safely.

When considering substitution, the first step is to obtain the

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for all possible substitute
materials. Find out about all of the hazards (health, fire, chemical
reactivity) of these materials before making any changes. Caution
must be exercised so as to avoid introducing a potentially more
hazardous situation. Choose the least hazardous materials that
can do the job effectively and safely. Learn how to work safely
with them, too.
Additional list that includes toxic materials:

Alumina - Dust is a nuisance to lungs

Asbestos - Causes particularly nasty, incurable fibrosis if inhaled.

Barium Carbonate - is a dangerous form of barium, as it forms a soluble

chloride in the stomach and accumulates. It affects muscles, in particular
the heart, increasing its excitability, leading to high blood pressure and
internal bleeding. Will penetrate the skin. Not recommended for food ware,
as it may leach.

Borax - chronic exposure can cause asthma, diarrhea and skin conditions

Cadmium - Used as a pigment in glazes.Can cause respiratory diseases,

osteoporosis, cancer and other problems.

Carbon Dioxide - If the oxygen level falls, hearing will decrease, pulse and
blood pressure rise.
Carbon dioxide forms during combustion firing processes.

Carbon Monoxide - combines in the body with the hemoglobin in the blood
and reduces the availability of oxygen to the body. Symptoms such as
headache, dizziness and fatigue appear in healthy people when 10% of
their hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide. Can lead very quickly to
drowsiness, then death.Forms during heavy reduction firings.

Chromates and Chromic Acid - may be cancerous. Will also enter the
body through the skin.

Cobalt Oxide, Carbonate - can cause liver damage and dermatitis.Will

enter the body through the skin.

Copper - salts are irritants to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Inhalation of copper dust and fume results in irritation of the respiratory
tract.
Dusts - in all forms in the studio should be avoided. They accumulate over
the years and cause emphysema -- not a nice disease to have. Take
special care with silica.

Ferrous Sulphite - can be fatal and should be avoided.

Fiber Blanket - especially in the fired state can shed invisible floating fibers
that have similar effects to asbestos.

Gases - from salt kilns and reducing kilns, can cause respiration trouble or
even acid corrosion of lung tissue.

Gum Arabic - may cause asthma and eye inflammations.

Iron Chromate - may lead to acute pneumonia and cause lung cancer.

Iron Oxide Dust - is poisonous for children and can cause "iron
pigmentation" of the lungs, supposedly benign but contentious.

Kaolin - similar to silica.

Lead - is an accumulative poison. It can be stored in the bone structure for

years before a fatal dose is accumulated. Beware of raw lead forms, such
as white or yellow lead, which are extremely toxic. Use lead frits instead.
Do not use for tableware.

Liquid Petroleum Gas - can cause headaches, numbness, chills and

vomiting, but is a greater risk as explosive than inhalation.

Magnesium Oxide - is considered noxious, but general rules for dusts still
apply.

Manganese - can lead to brain damage and eventually death. Will

penetrate skin.

Mica, Muscovite, Vermiculite, Lipidolite - may contain traces of

asbestos.

Inhalation of dust - will lead to lung irritation and coughing, possibly

cancer, pneumoconiosis, dyspnea.
Nickel Oxide - can cause cancer. Will cause skin irritation ('nickel itch').Will
penetrate skin.

Platinum - may cause asthma.

Potassium Dichromate/ Bichromate - is very poisonous. Can cause

kidney failure and is cancerous. Avoid all contact! Not recommended for
tableware!

Selenium - affects the liver.

Silica - is ever present in clay materials. Repeated inhalation will cause

potentially fatal silicosis, or 'potters' asthma', a form of emphysema. The
molecule (especially when fired) has a 'hook' which attaches itself to the
lung wall and accumulates and irritates.

Sulpher Dioxide - is a strong lung irritant and can form when firing soluble
metal salts.

Talc - similar to silica

Tin Oxide - can result in ' stenosis; supposedly a benign condition.

Titanium Dioxide - causes pulmonary irritation in chronically exposed

workers.

Uranium Compounds - cause kidney damage, not to mention the

radioactivity.

Vanadium Pentoxide - can cause anemia; it is a respiratory irritant.

Zinc Oxide - primarily a nuisance dust, but exposures to high

concentrations can result in respiratory system effects.

Zirconium - contact of the skin with zirconium or zirconium compounds

has caused skin granulomas in the form of linear streaks of small papules;
also causes pulmonary granulomas after prolonged exposure.

Copyright ©1997-2010 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety.

Things That Can't Be Recycled
Certain Plastic Water Bottles

1. Many people make a point to recycle their plastic water bottles.

However, just because all types of water bottles are dropped into
recycling bins doesn't necessarily mean they can be recycled. An easy
way to tell whether a water bottle can be recycled or not is to look at the
bottom of the bottle. There is a number present that ranges from one to
seven. Water bottles that display a three or a five cannot be recycled in
most jurisdictions throughout America. A three indicates that the water
bottle has been made from polyvinyl chloride, a five means that it's been
made of polypropylene, two materials that are not accepted by most
public recycling centers.

Polyvinyl Chloride

2. There are numerous plastic-based products that cannot break down

and cannot be recycled. Like the plastic water bottles, many are made
out of polyvinyl chloride, or PVC. PVC is a polymer that can be found in
window frames, pillows, carpet backing, mattresses, children's toys,
medical tubing and water pipes--all of which cannot be recycled if PVC
is present. There are some districts throughout Europe that currently
recycle PVC-based products, however, the United States has yet to
implement such a program. Consumers can recycle these products at
vinyl recycling plants

Plastics and Other Items

3. There are a number of other items that are made from plastics and
polymers that simply cannot be recycled. These include common
packaging items such as tissue paper and styrofoam peanuts. The
plastic packaging commonly used in super market items such as sour
cream, cottage cheese, butter, frozen meals and large petfood bags,
 also are not recyclable. Most plastic picnic accessories, including plastic
plates, utensils and cups, will never break down, nor will most planting
pots, batteries and motor oil containers. Even containers made from
more durable and long-lasting plastics, such as cups, lids, tops and
reusable containers, cannot be recycled.

General guide on what cant be recycled

* Paper and cardboard covered with wax or plastic (such as juice and milk
cartons).
* Polystyrene.
* Glass tableware, containers, mirrors, windows, Pyrex, light bulbs, crystal,
and ceramics.
* Hazardous waste - broken glass, sharp objects, batteries, paint, oil.
* Plastic shopping bags and bread bags - but you can use these to bundle-
up material for recycling.
* Plastic wrap.
* Grade 3 - 7 plastic, including ice cream, margarine and yoghurt
containers and currently PLA bottles .
* Aluminum foil, sheets and food trays.
* Disposable nappies.
References:

Toxic materials:
-http://www.ccohs.ca/resources/
- http://www.lakesidepottery.com

Material that can’t be recycled:

-Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Darla_Blackmon
By Nellie Day, eHow Contributor

-http://www.ronz.org.nz
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
APPLICATIONS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN
DR. FIRAS JARRAR

TOXIC MATERIALS
MATERIALS THAT CANT BE RECYCLED

AMR M. DARAGMEH 0076445

LAITH A. NSOUR 0078376
WALEED A. SHREIM 0076467