Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

11th Armoured Division Traveling through Inclement Weather during Operation Epsom - Page

61.​ New York Public Library. This is an image that shows the conditions that the Allied

soldiers had to endure in order to push past the German defense. This image will be used

in a slideshow on our website to give visual aid to the viewers on the living conditions of

the soldiers.

29th Armoured Brigade Engage German Positions near Cheux - Page 63​. New York Public

Library. This image shows the Allied Soldiers slowly moving toward the German

position in Cheux during Operation Epsom. This image will be used in a slide show on

our website for visual aids of the users.

2nd Company of SS-sPzAbt 101 Making Tts Way to the Front. - Page 32​. New York Public

Library. This is a photograph of 3 German tanks heading to the front after being called by

the Michael Wittman after the Germans first attempt to take Villers-Bocage was

unsuccessful. This will be used in our website to provide visual aids so that the user will

be able to better imagine what the process of the battle looked like.

Ambrose, Stephen E. ​D-day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II​. New York,

Simon & Schuster, 1995. This book by Ambrose, Stephen is about the individual who

took part in the war. In the book he includes accounts of the confusion, bravery and

leadership that took part in the war. For example he included a life of a boy who is a

medic. However he is 15 years old and he gets killed. This book contains many first hand
 accounts of the war and these story can be used in our website to the tragedy of the lives

lost.

Antitank Barrier on Normandy Coast​. ​ABC-CLIO eBook Collection​, 2013,

worldatwar.abc-clio.com/assets/mediaserver/USatWar/1056/1056770w.jpg. This

photograph is a primary source was taken on the coast of Normandy to show viewer one

of the obstacles that the Germans set up to thwart the invasion. The obstacles depicted in

the photograph is a concept wall.Also the walls included massive casemates housing

heavy-caliber guns to shoot at the invaders. The image is useful to emphasize the

conditions Eisenhower had to guide his men through.

"Archival Footage of D-Day." ​smithsonian.com,​

www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/history/archival-footage-of-d-day/. Accessed

12 Jan. 2019. This video gives a visual image of the invasion of Normandy. It includes

video during the war throughout the many stages of D-day. This video will be a helpful

visual aid to demonstrate the storming of the beaches.

Bennett, Henry Gordon. "INVASION OF NORMANDY ONLY A STARTER" ["INVASION

OF NORMANDY ONLY A STARTER"]. ​Townsville Daily Bulletin​, 9 June 1944.

Trove,​ trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61926243. Accessed 28 June 2018. This image

is a primary source written written by Lieutenant General Henry Gordon Bennett. His

mostly speaks of reports that have been made of events happening in the future and

actions they and allies will have to do in order to defeat Germans. For example, he talks

about British and American Troops working with the Soviet Union in order to defeat the

Germans. He also writes about current events that are happening in the battlefield. For
 example, the bombings on the rails and bridges from the Allies are making it difficult to

make notable general Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt mobility of troops to the French

coast or Normandy. This newspaper will give us insight on the Allies gaining momentum

and what is the public’s view on the war.

Bradner, Liesl. "Paul Golz: A German View of D-Day." ​Historynet.com,​ 25 Oct. 2017,

www.historynet.com/paul-golz-german-view-d-day.htm. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is

a primary source that contains an interview with Paul Golz, a German soldier. In this

interview, he is asked his opinions about the Invasion of Normandy and how he felt the

day of the invasion. Furthermore, this source gives us a point of view of the German side

which will be helpful in forming a more well-rounded website.

"British Troops Land near Algiers during Operation Torch." American History, ABC-CLIO,

2018, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2145363. Accessed 21 June 2018.

This image is a primary source that depicts soldiers from Britain landing near one of the

points at Operation Torch, preparing for battle. This landing occurred in November of

1942 and its purpose was to start a new front against the Axis powers in North Africa.

The photo depicts one of many landing craft dropping off soldiers, each one carrying a

rifle and gear. This landing site was one of three which were code-named Algiers located

in Algeria. The operation was a joint effort between Britain and the United States.

Although no American troops can be seen in this picture, the troops were commanded by

United States generals. In addition to this, American troops at the other two landing sites

showing the United States's involvement in the operation. This source will be useful
 when depicting landing sights, battle preparation, and methods of transport that soldiers

took.

"Chapter VI Taking Safi." ​HyperWar​,

www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-NWA/USA-MTO-NWA-6.html. Accessed

15 Feb. 2019. This source contains serval primary images and statistics of Operation

Blackstone. This can be used on our website to show how the coastline looks like, how

many people were involved and to show how they invaded Safi.

C N Trueman "Operation Overlord" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 21 Apr

2015. 9 Jul 2018. This article includes a picture from the D-day meetings. It shows the

command team for the planning of Operation Overlord. The commanders of the operation

included General Dwight Eisenhower, Air Marshall Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshall Tedder,

Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery and Admiral Bertram Ramsey. They were to land

18 divisions with the help of 2 airborne units at 5 beaches in Normandy. By the 10th day,

they had landed 47 divisions, and it turned the tide of the war. The planning and

execution of Operation Overlord was almost unparalleled in history, and it was a huge

success.

Crew of 4th Armoured Brigade Daimler Dingo Camouflage Their Scout Car - Page 63​. New

York Public Library. This image shows the British soldiers camouflaging their scout car

in order to keep their position secret from the Germans. This image will be used in a

slide show on our website to provide visual aids to the users on all the precautions that

needed to be taken in order for the Allied Powers to succeed in defeating the Germans.
"D-Day at Pointe Du Hoc." ​World War II Foundation​, www.wwiifoundation.org/films/15128-2/.

Accessed 7 Nov. 2018. This is a primary source that speaks about Point Du Hoc and its

significance to D-Day. It contains interviews from a member of the 2nd Ranger

Battalion’s D Company named Tom Ruggiero​ ​as well as a sergeant who led a platoon of

US army Rangers named Leonard “Bud” Lomell. Mr. Ruggiero speaks about his

experience on the first mission to take Point Du Hoc. He vividly describes the German

bomb shells exploding underneath their boat and the regiment losing 11 of the rangers.

On the second attempt to take Point Du Hoc, Mr. Ruggiero explains how he single

handedly climbed up the 100ft cliff of Point Du Hoc and let down a rope to allow the rest

of the regiment to climb onto the cliff. They then carried on their mission and

successfully took out the Nazi outposts that were guarding Point Du Hoc. More than a

week later, Mr. Ruggiero was awarded a Bronze Star for his actions. Mr.

Lomell's platoon's objective and 200 other men of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, was a cluster

of five or six clifftop German 155mm artillery guns which threatened the entire allied

D-Day landing force on the nearby Omaha and Utah beaches. If those weapons were not

destroyed, they could decimate the allied landing force and turn the D-Day landing into a

disaster. However, due to the success of Mr. Lomell's crucial mission, it allowed for the

success of D-Day. On the contrary, Mr. Lomell's mission suffered many causalties.

By the time the Mr. Lomell had reached those guns, he had lost 12 of his 22-man platoon,

dead or wounded. Furthermore, of the 225 men of the three companies Dog, Easy and

Fox – of the 2nd Ranger Battalion who scaled Pointe du Hoc, only 90 were left standing

at the end of D-Day.

"D-Day (Battle of Normandy)." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/299931. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is a

primary source that shows a video that is giving a quick overview of who General

Dwight D. Eisenhower was and how the Invasion of Normandy was originally to

commence on June 5th, 1944 but because of weather it was postponed to June 6th, 1944.

Furthermore, it shows the air raids that temporarily crippled the Germans so that the land

troops were not immediately attacked when they landed on the beach. This video will be

helpful in building our website because it shows significant moments of the Invasion of

Normandy.

"D-Day landings: Operation Overlord in numbers." ​Telegraph UK,​ 6 June 2016,

www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/06/d-day-landings-operation-overlord-in-numbers2/

over-425000-allied-and-german-troops-were-killed-wounded-or-were/. Accessed 11 Feb.

2019. This is a primary source that speaks about the number of Allied and Axis soldiers

that were used throughout the course of Operation Overlord. This is very helpful because

it will allow us to make our website more accurate and show more of the tragic side to

the Invasion of Normandy.

"D-Day Landings: Powerful Photos of Allied Troops Storming Normandy Beaches in June

1944." ​International Business Times​,

www.ibtimes.co.uk/d-day-landings-powerful-photos-allied-troops-storming-beaches-nor

mandy-june-1944-1624796. Accessed 5 Feb. 2019. This is a primary source that has

images that represent both the triumph and tragedy of the Invasion of Normandy. We
 will be able to use these images in slideshows in our website to provide visual aid to the

users.

"D-Day Quotes: From Eisenhower to Hitler." ​History on Net​,

www.historyonthenet.com/d-day-quotes. Accessed 15 Feb. 2019. This source contains

many quotes from significant figures in the Normandy Invasion. This will be useful to

our website because this can be used for an introduction of imporant figues in the

invasion of Nomandy.

D-Day Statement to Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force.​ ​National

Archive​, 6 June 1944, catalog.archives.gov/id/186473. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. This

image is a primary source that shows a statement from General Dwight D. Eisenhower

issued to the soldiers, sailors, and airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force. The

document was sent on June 1944 and was meant to encourage the soldiers before they

arrive at Normandy. In the document from Eisenhower, the first part describes why they

are invading Normandy as a "Crusade" to save the oppressed people of Europe from Nazi

Germany. The document is useful because when creating our website the document will

show what events were happening before the invasion.

Evans, Rhonda. "Alles Land in France Wipe out Big a Base." ​NYPL,​ 1 June 2018,

www.nypl.org/blog/2018/06/06/front-page-look-back-d-day. Accessed 1 Feb. 2019. This

website contains many primary newspaper that reported when the Allies invaded

Normandy. These newspapers can be used in our website to show what information the

people were receiving and to show different perspectives on the invasion. For example

Washington Post emphasized the air invasion of Normandy while the NYT focused on
 the infantry invasion. This source can be used in our website to show the different

perspectives of the invasion.

Forty, Simon. ​Normandy 1944: The Battle for Caen : Photographs from Wartime Archives​.

Barnsley, Pen & Sword Military, an imprint of Pen & Sword Books, 2017. This book is a

primary source that contains several images that depict the way the soldiers lived, the

types of weapons that were used, maps and plans of the different operations, and the

devastation that this war caused. This is extremely useful because we can then use the

map pictures to better explain each operation.

---. ​Normandy 1944 : the Battle for Caen : photographs from wartime archives.​ 2017, New York

Public Library, JFF 18-1326. This image is a primary source that depicts two soldiers

writing to there family. The soldiers are part of the Squadron C and 13th/18 Royal

Hussars. They are the only regiments equipped with DD Shermans which can go both on

land and water. The primary goal of Squadron C is to support the 3rd Division, and then

they were sent to Squadron A to help the advance to Paras. This source will be useful

when depicting the lives of the soldiers, the type of technology they used and what each

division main operation.

---. ​Normandy 1944 : the Battle for Caen : photographs from wartime archives.​ 2017, New York

Public Library, JFF 18-1326. This image is a primary source that depicts soldiers from

Britain and America next to an American self-propelled artillery. The British called them

M7 Priest. The tank and infantry main goal is to go inland through the town of Reviers.

The operation was a joint effort between Britain and the United States. Also, the regiment

participated in 1st Infantry Division's assault of Omaha Beach. This source will be useful
 when depicting the type of weapons the Allie soldiers used and the movement of troops

through Normandy.

"Franklin D. Roosevelt with Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill." ​American History​,

ABC-CLIO, 2018, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/296414. Accessed 15

June 2018. This is an image of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston

Churchill at the Tehran Conference. This is going to help when building our website

because it shows an image of a significant moment during World War II.

"From D-Day to Berlin Gallery." ​BBC,​

www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dday_berlin_gallery.shtml. Accessed 23 Dec.

2018. This source provides many images during World War II. Under every image, there

is a small section that contextualizes the picture and its significance. One image in

particular that will be of great use is the ruins of Caen. A direct assault on the town was

known as Operation Charnwood. In the image, the city was reduced to rubble as a result

of bombing raids. This is helpful to us because it provides an image of the destruction

following D-Day.

Harrison, Gordon A. ​Cross-Channel Attack​. Center of Military History, 1993. ​National Archive

Catalogue,​ www.archives.gov/research/catalog. This book gives major insight on

Operation Overlord and the days leading up to it. The book was originally published in

1951 and is one of the first books of its kind giving information about Operation Torch.

Statistics like numbers of soldiers and amount of supplies shipped prove to be very

helpful in our research. In one instance, goods traveling to the United Kingdom actually

was more than the amount of soldiers traveling. A whopping 240,000 tons of supplies
 traveled in September while in February, this number dropped to only 20,000 tons. The

timeline from January to July of 1943 in the book is essential to our research topic in

mind.

Hickman, Kennedy. "World War II: Operation Cobra and Breakout from Normandy."

ThoughtCo.,​ 2 Nov. 2018,

www.thoughtco.com/operation-cobra-breakout-from-normandy-2361476. Accessed 23

Dec. 2018. After the Allied Powers landed on Normandy on June 6, 1944, and begin

mobile warfare, Allied leaders began planning for a breakout from the Normandy

beachhead. On July 10, following the capture of the northern part of Caen, the

commander of the 21st Army Group, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, met

with General Omar Bradley, commander of the US First Army, and Lieutenant General

Sir Miles Dempsey, commander of the British Second Army, to discuss their options.

Bradley put forward a breakout plan dubbed Operation Cobra which he hoped to launch

on July 18. After the plan was approved by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, the plan

was set into action. To create the breakthrough, Bradley wanted to focus the advance on

a 7,000 yard stretch of the front south of the Saint-Lô–Periers Road. Prior to the attack,

an area measuring 6,000 × 2,200 yards would be heavily bombed (Operation

Goodwood). After the aerial attack, the 9th and 30th Infantry Divisions from Major

General J. Lawton Collins' VII Corps would move forward opening a breach in the

German lines. These forces would then hold the flanks while the 1st Infantry and 2nd

Armored Divisions drove through the gap. To support Operation Cobra, Dempsey

commenced Operations Goodwood and Atlantic on July 18. Though these took
 substantial casualties, they succeeded in capturing the remainder of Caen and forced the

Germans to retain seven of the nine panzer divisions in Normandy opposite the British.

Although this Operation was necessary in order for the Allied Powers to procee with their

attack and win the war, there were heavy casualties.

"Joseph Stalin." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/305758. Accessed 29 September 2018. This

source is an image of one of the most influential people during WWII. Joseph Stalin was

the leader of the Soviet Union during the formative years of his country and World War

II. Among his praise, he was also a dictator guilty of imprisoning and leading several

purges against his opposition. This source gives us an image that can be used in our

website with the small biography that we plan to write within our website when speaking

about the important figures of World War II.

June 7, 1944 NBC 5:30 PM News radio broadcast describing USS Corry sinking.​ Hosted by W.

W. Caplin. ​Archive.org​, . Accessed 7 June 1944. This radio broadcast from NBC's W. W.

Chaplin in London was broadcasted June 7, 1944. Caplin describing the loss of the US

Corry in the initial phase of the invasion. The Corry was the only American destroyer

during the initial phase of the invasion containing around 150 manned the ship. Later the

battleship NEVADA entered and attacked the Germans. This source is useful because it

can be used in our website to show how the starting of the progressed and what the

people at the homefront knew about the war.

Launey, Marcel. "A Polish Battle, Normandy 1944." Translated by Jim Dillon. ​BBC​, 22 Mar.

2004, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/46/a2450846.shtml. Accessed 23

 Dec. 2018. This source is a translated version of the accounts of a French soldier's

experience in the closing of the Falaise Pocket. The original narrator, Marcel Launay,

recounts

"Letters from D-day." ​The Guardian​, 27 May 2004,

www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/28/secondworldwar.features111. Accessed 10

Feb. 2019. This is a primary source that contains the letters of both Allied and Axis

soldiers that were written to their families, friends, and loved ones. This shows the

tragedy of the war and how, although most soldiers voluntarily entered the war, they still

felt saddened due to the separation from their family and the possibility that they would

never see them again.

Liberation of France.​ ​National Archives​,

3.bp.blogspot.com/-IQF4zAUoZec/Tlw9B1tFb5I/AAAAAAAAGEA/ObqYdEZtwgg/s1

600/10ParisPC.jpg. Accessed 1 Feb. 2019. This website contains a primary image taken

in France August 25 1944. In the image it shows two American soldiers and two French

soldiers. This picture represents when the Allies freed France. This picture will be useful

in our website because it shows how fast the Allies were moving through France and

what came after the success of the Invasion. In our website this can be used to show the

significant of the invasion because if the Allies failed the Normandy Invasion then France

could not be liberated.

Map of the Advancement of the 22nd Armoured Brigade Group to Villers-Bocage - Page 29​.

2017, New York Public Library. This image shows the map of the Advancement of the

22nd Armoured Brigade Group to Villers-Bocage. The 22nd Armoured Brigade was a
 German regiment that contained several tanks and was trying to take Villers-Bocage from

the Allied Powers. However, even with the strongest tank force of the Germans, the

British anti-tank regiment was able to keep the Germans at bay until the morning where

the Allied Powers had an air strike to beat the Germans Back. This image will be used in

our website for a more user-friendly interface with visual aids to better understand the

specific battle and the war overall.

"Medal of Honor." ​Army.Mil,​ www.army.mil/d-day/history.html#honor. Accessed 15 Feb. 2019.

This source contains many soldiers that were awarded the medal of honor,

different divisions of the army and several primary images of the invasion. This source

will be useful to our website because of the soldiers can be used to decide the

tragedy each soldiers had to go through, how each division played a rile during the

invasion and the images can be used to decpite and represent what event happned.

Mine Clearing in Tilly-sur-Seuelles - Page 38.​ New York Public Library. This is a photograph

that shows soldiers cleaning up the roads after landmines were blown during battle. In

addition, this image also shows the devastation of the war and how it destroyed buildings

and damaged the environment. This image will be used for visual aids to better depict

the tragedy of the war.

"The National D-day Memorial." ​dday.org​, National D-Day Memorial Foundation,

www.dday.org/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2018. This source is from the National D-Day

Memorial Foundation, the organization that runs the D-Day memorial making it a reliable

source. This source presents powerful and beautiful images of the national memorial in

Bedford Virginia. The location was chosen there because Bedford was one of the
 communities that suffered the greatest losses from soldiers alone in proportion to the total

number of people in the community. This source also presents helpful statistics about the

costs of the war. A total of 4,413 allied soldiers were confirmed dead after with a total of

150,000 servicemen from 12 different countries allowing this operation to go down in

history the way it does today. The statistic of confirmed dead is an underestimation due

to the crude methods of the time but allows us the reflect on the confirmed soldiers with

names that were died.

Normandy Invasion, June 1944​. June 1944. ​Naval History and Heritage Command​,

www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/wars-and-events

/world-war-ii/d-day/26-G-2349/_jcr_content/mediaitem/image.img.jpg/1424050289645.j

pg. Accessed 28 June 2018. This image is a primary source that depicts soldiers Troops

and crewmen aboard a Coast Guard’s ship as it approaches a Normandy beach on D-Day.

The picture was taken on June 1944 and the purpose of the ship is to transport troops to

the French coast in order to replace the intitall troops in Normandy in Operation

OVERLORD. The photo depicts several troops manning a LCVP whos ship name is

26-G-2349. This picture will be useful because when creating our website as it shows us

a picture in an important operation in the invasion of Normandy.

"Operation Bodyguard - the D-Day Deception." ​YouTube,​ 22 Jan. 2010,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVvJZleRrM8&ab_channel=Docmate. Accessed 24 June

2018. This YouTube video is about Operation Bodyguard and how the Allied Forces

were successful in deceiving the Germans into thinking the invasion was going to occur

at Pas de Calais instead of the actual location of Normandy. The times 0:45 - 1:30 will
 be used in the part of our website that explains the operations prior to Operation

Overlord.

Photograph of General Dwight D. Eisenhower Giving the Order of the Day.​ ​National Archives

Catalog​, 5 June 1944,

catalog.archives.gov/OpaAPI/media/531217/content/arcmedia/exhibits/whats-cooking/53

1217_War_and_Conflict_1040.jpg. Accessed 16 Sept. 2018. This image is a primary

source that depicts General Dwight D. Eisenhower giving the order of the Day. "Full

victory-nothing else" to the paratroopers, just before they board their planes to participate

in the first assault in the invasion of the continent of Europe. This event occurred on June

5 of 1944 in England. The picture depicts of soldiers wearing their uniforms and listening

to General Eisenhower’s order. This will be helpful when building our website because it

will depict what preparation for the invasion.

Reilly, Katie. "5 Essential D-Day Stories." ​Time​, 5 June 2016,

time.com/4354086/d-day-normandy-invasion-stories/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is a

primary source that tells stories by the American reaction to the Invasion of Normandy

and the “greatest military undertaking in history”. Furthermore, it provides a video of a

curator at the International Center for Photography that speaks about the pictures taken

by Robert Capa and how they had an effect on the thought about the war. We will be

able to use a clip of what the curator is speaking of in our website.

The ruins of Caen, 1944.​ ​National Army Museum​, 1944,

collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1975-03-63-18-184. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. This

is a primary source that contains an image of the City of Caen after the Battle of Caen. It

shows the severity of the battle and the destruction it caused due to the bombings of the

Allied Forces trying to take a vital road junction that greatly aided the German

defenders. Furthermore, although the Allied Forces planned to take the city of Caen the

same day as D-Day, it actually ended up taking 2 weeks longer and caused more

casualties on both sides.

"Sextant Conference." ​Eisenhower Archives​, Dec. 1943,

www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/d_day/Sextant_and_Eureka_C

onferences.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb. 2019. This primary document sextant is code name for

the Cairo conference. This meeting was between the Allied leaders to discuss their

combined strategies in WWII specifically the invasion of Normandy or OVERLORD. In

the conference its assigns role to who should take part in the war and how much

resources should be used in the invasion. For example Eisenhower is responsible for the

land invasion and they agreed to use a certain amount of ships to transport the troops and

supplies. This source will be useful because the conference will give us an estimate on

how big the invasion was.

Sim, David. "D-Day landings: Powerful photos of Allied troops storming Normandy beaches in

June 1944." ​International Business Times,​ 6 June 2017,

www.ibtimes.co.uk/d-day-landings-powerful-photos-allied-troops-storming-beaches-nor

mandy-june-1944-1624796. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is a primary source that

 provides large amounts of images that show the triumph of the war and the tragedy of the

war. Some images show soldiers relaxing and having fun or being thanked by the

inhabitants of the country that had been liberated by the Allied Powers. However, there

are also images of fallen soldiers being left behind on the beach and hundreds of body

bags of fallen soldiers waiting to be buried in Normandy. These images will help support

both the triumph side of the war and the tragedy side of the war.

Soldiers of the IRB Searching Gear of Captured German Soldiers - Page 39.​ New York Public

Library. This is a photograph of Allied soldiers searching the gear of a captured German

soldier. This image will be used in a slideshow to help the viewers of our website have

more visual representations of the war.

Speidel, Lt.-Gen Hans. ​Invasion 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign.​ Pickle Partners

Publishing, 2016. This book by lieutenant general Hans Speidel is about the internally

conflict that happen before the invasion. In the book Speidel talks about the conflict

between Erwin Rommel and Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt. They argued where to

place the tanks in anticipation of the invasion. Later they comprised to split the troop.

This significantly weakened the defense which made easier to invade Normandy. This

book will be useful to our website because it can give us a first hand account of what the

Germans were doing before the war.

SS-sPzAbt 101 Lost a Number of Tanks in This Period - Page 50.​ New York Public Lubrary.

This is a primary source that shows an image of a German tank that was used during

World War I and how it was damaged by the Allied Powers Anti-Tank projectiles. This
 image will be used in the slideshow on our website to give visual representation of

specific aspects of the battle.

Tramz, Mia. "Robert Capa's Iconic D-Day Photo of a Soldier in the Surf." ​Time​, 29 May 2014,

time.com/120751/robert-capa-dday-photos/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is a primary

source that tells the story of a famous photographer Robert Capa who followed the front

lines to document the war. He was most famous for the image of the soldier in the water

at the beach of Normandy. This will be helpful in the formation of our website because

all of his images showed both the triumph and tragedy of World War II.

"Troops Land at Normandy." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/448394. Accessed 22 June 2018. This image is

of U.S troops preparing for the invasion of Normandy. This image is a primary source

and shows how the invaded the Axis controlled beach. The image captures the time while

American troops remained on their landing crafts.

"Yalta Conference." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1536216. Accessed 16 June 2018. This is a

video speaking about the Yalta Conference which was held between February 4th, 1945

to February 11th, 1945 between Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph

Stalin. The main focus of this conference was to shape postwar peace and re-establish

the nations of war-torn Europe. This will be helpful when building our website because

it is part of the postwar portion of our website.

"YALTA CONFERENCE AGREEMENT, DECLARATION OF A LIBERATED EUROPE."

Wilson Center Digital Archive,​ digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116176.

 Accessed 15 Feb. 2019. This source contains the documentation of the agreements

reached the Yalta Conference between President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and

Stalin. This source can be used on our website to show the partition of Germany after the

invasion and to show what came after the invasion.

"Yalta Conference (1945)." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/309315. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. This

document gives information about the future as projected by the three different leaders

present at the Yalta Conference. This is a primary source because it was created during

the meeting and edited in a way to be easily consumed by all parties to understand the

actions taken. The main legacy of D-day that this article touches upon is the formation of

the United Nations. Though not perfect at first, the idea of a world organization

represented by countries is the foundation of the United Nations today. This document

condenses the pivotal events from the final day of the meeting. The Final excerpts discuss

Russia's newfound pact with China to defeat the Japanese in China. This source will be

used to discuss the legacy of D-day and how it carried after WWII ended.

Secondary Sources

"75TH ANNIVERSARY OF D-DAY AND THE BATTLE OF NORMANDY." ​Normandy​,

en.normandie-tourisme.fr/calendar-of-events/anniversary-of-d-day-847-2.html. Accessed

10 Feb. 2019. This is a secondary source that speaks about the legacy of the Invasion of

Normandy. This year, 2019, on June 6th, it will be the 75th anniversary of D-Day. The

anniversary will be commemorated with military parades, firework displays, airdrops,

 giant picnics, concerts, and military camp re-enactments. This provides lots of

information about the legacy of the Invasion of Normandy and supports the troumph side.

"75th Anniversary Of Victory In The Battle Of Stalingrad." ​Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty​, 2

Feb. 2017, www.rferl.org/a/stalingrad-photo-gallery/24691866.html. Accessed 13 Feb.

2019. This source will help my project by providing information on the battle of

Stalingrad. In the battle of Stalingrad Germany took a massive loss in soldiers for a

multitude of reasons. The harsh winter and lack of resources hurt the heavily invested

German military campaign. The battle lasted nearly a year and is known as one of the

more important battles in the whole war. This source contains many images that will also

be useful to contextualize the last major battle of the second world war that occurred on

the eastern front. Images from this source suggest the scale of damage that the Russian

city went through over the course of the battle.

Carter, Ian. "The German Response to D-Day." ​Imperial War Museum​, 11 Jan. 2018,

www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-german-response-to-d-day. Accessed 7 Jan. 2019. This is a

valuable secondary source on the topic of Germany's response to D-Day- one of the

pivotal invasion leading to their defeat. Months before the invasion happened, Hitler

knew the large consequences of the upcoming invasion. Führer Directive No. 51 was

issued on the third of November of 1943 adding additional reinforcements. This source

also contains many photographs of German soldiers and tanks. This source is important

because of its focus on the German side of the invasion which is often overlooked by the

Allied hardships that lead up to that day in history.

Citano, Robert. "Führer Directive No. 51." ​The National WWII Museum,​

www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/fuhrer-directive-no-51. This source is a

secondary source that focuses on Führer Directive No. 51 of November 1943 which was

Hitler's order to reorient German war effort towards the west in order to adequately

prepare for the allied landing. This directive was one of many directives produced by

Hitler that told his wartime strategy. In this one specifically, Hitler stresses the hardships

and the potential offensive to occur on the western front in addition to their existing

struggles on the eastern front against Russia. Coastal reinforcements were built along the

coastline including an astounding 15,000 concrete bunkers spanning 2,000 miles. Their

struggle against the Russians even increased at the turn of the next year, 1944, as many

new Russian offensives began. This source will help our project by providing information

on Germany's wartime preparation of D-Day.

Citino, Robert M. "D-Day through a German Lens." ​HistoryNet.com,​

www.historynet.com/d-day-german-lens.htm. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is a

secondary source that speaks about the overview of the entire Invasion of Normandy

through the German eyes. It shows the planning of the Germans in defense of the

invasion and what happened to the Axis leaders after they surrendered. This source will

be helpful in providing more information on the German side of the war to form a more

well-rounded website.

Clark, Lloyd. "Operation Overlord: D-Day to Paris." ​BBC,​ 7 Feb. 2011,

www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/overlord_d_day_paris_01.shtml. Accessed 23

Dec. 2018. This source is a secondary source with a long timeline of the events in
 Operation Overlord. Information about Operation Cobra was provided. Operation Cobra

was the codename for the offensive carried by the United States and was launched on

July 25 of 1944. In this operation, the Americans drove from St. Lô to Avranches of

Northwestern France. After a hard start, the allies succeeded in this operation taking

Coutances and Avranches. This source will be useful to our project because it provides

information on Operation Cobra and provides hard-hitting images and quotes.

Clausen, Henry. ​Pearl Harbor: Final Judgement​. Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 1992; Levite,

Ariel. ​Intelligence and Strategic Surprise​. New York: Colombia University Press, 1987;

Mintz, Frank. ​Revisionism and the Origins of Pearl Harbor​. Lanham, MD: Rowman &

Littlefield, 1985; Prange, Gordon. ​At Dawn We Slept.​ New York: Penguin Books, 1981;

Slackman, Michael. ​Target—Pearl Harbor.​ Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press,

1990. This is a secondary source that speaks about the reason for the United States full

involvement in World War II. Japan had a large two-part plan for the attack on Pearl

Harbor. First, Japanese diplomats entered into negotiations regarding Japan's desire for

expansion in Asia. Meanwhile, the Japanese Navy was directed to develop plans for an

attack on the Americans if the negotiations failed. Under the direction of Adm. Isoroku

Yamamoto, the Japanese planned an attack on Pearl Harbor. The goal was to disable the

U.S. fleet while Japanese forces simultaneously invaded Southeast Asia and the Pacific

islands. On December 7, due to the failure of the negotiations, the Japanese task force

sent a wave of 143 bomber planes to Pearl Harbor. However, even though they were

detected by the U.S. radars, the technology was new and the people monitoring thought

they were American planes. This allowed the Japanese to successfully take down several
 battleships and aircrafts. This surprise attack left Pearl Harbor in ruins as there were over

2,000 casualties, dozens of destroyed aircrafts and destroyed 16 ships. On December 8,

President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared before Congress, called December 7 "a date

which will live in infamy" and asked for a declaration of war against Japan. Congress

complied and in response, Japan's allies (Germany and Italy) declared war on the United

States of America on December 11. This source is helpful to the creation of our website

because it gives us lots of information of why the United States declared war on Japan

and ultimately joined World War II.

C N Trueman "Operation Overlord" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 21 Apr

2015. 9 Jul 2018. This article talked about Operation Overlord, an Allied invasion of

France scheduled for June 1944 and led by American general Dwight Eisenhower. The

goal was to land a huge amount of men and supplies by the end of D-day. The Allied

high command decided that the landing would occur in Normandy, and a diversionary

attack at Pays de Calais, the original, safer landing spot would confuse the Germans.

Normandy was chosen because the beach could hold a lot of equipment. The original

COSSAC plan was to land at 3 beaches, with combined forces, with 2 airborne brigades

to protect the flanks of the troops. However, Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery

thought that landing at 5 beaches, with the airborne divisions only covering the

amphibious landings would be better. He didn't want there to be a mixture of British and

American troops. This plan was accepted by Eisenhower, but instead of just 5 divisions

landed at 5 beaches, there were to be 18 divisions by 10 days after D-day. The invasion

was hidden with extreme caution, and needed 6000 ships, 5000 fighter planes, and landed
 3 million men, with casualties at Juno and Omaha beach. It was a huge success, and it

was well planned out.

Davis, Paul K. "D-Day Invasion." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/598021. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is a

secondary source that gives specific information for what happened before, during, and

after the Invasion of Normandy. This source states that the Allied Forces began thinking

about an idea that soon turned into the Invasion of Normandy only when Germany

declared war on them in December 11, 1941. However, Operation Overlord aka Invasion

of Normandy was not the initial plan. There were several minor operations such as

Operation Roundup, Operation Sledgehammer, and Operation Torch. However, only

Operation Torch was put into action. The Invasion of Normandy was no easy attack.

The beach was surrounded by hedges which made it easy for the Germans to defend.

However, through extensive planning, the Allied Forces used air raids to cripple the

Germans' first line of defense and push through. The Allied Forces victory at this battle

was the beginning of the end. Through Europe, the Allied Forces could now push into

Germany and take down the source of all the issues. This source also has images of

soldiers preparing for battle and it will be helpful when building our website.

Davis, Paul K. "D-Day." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/309647. Accessed 3 July 2018. This

secondary source reviewed D-day, the landing of Allied forces along beaches of France's

Normandy coast during World War 2. This operation was one of the largest amphibious

military operations in history. This operation started the Battle of Normandy, which led
to the liberation of France, which later contributed to the end of World War 2. It was a

combined effort of all the Allied forces, and the US played a major role in the planning

and execution of the Operation. The planning began when Germany declared war on the

United States, and Eisenhower developed 2 Operations to take Western Europe,

Operation Roundup and Operation Sledgehammer. Aspects of these plans became part of

Operation Overlord (D-day), but neither of the plans were carried out. The invasion was

delayed because British leaders wanted Americans to focus on Operation Torch, and

operations in Italy. In November of 1943, when US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union

began to push offensively, the leaders met at the Tehran conference. Stalin wanted the

US and Britain to strike harder at Germany because he thought his country got the worst

of Nazi aggression. When the powers agreed that a major invasion should take place,

Operation Overlord came up. The plan was created by Lieutenant Frederick Morgan from

Britain. There were several changes to the plan, and a few weeks before it was carried

out, a deception operation was carried out to confuse Germans into thinking

Pas-de-Calais. On June 6th, British and American airborne forces landed in the dark to

seize bridges and roadway junctions to stop German reinforcement. The invasion was a

mixed success, with German reinforcements not moving until it was too late because

Hitler had ordered them to stay at Calais. The Battle of Normandy was slower, and it

wasn't until a massive airborne bombing of German troops got the Allied forces through.

The allies pushed them back past the Seine River, where the Germans were removed

from France and the Battle ended. This success allowed France to be liberated and turned

the tide of the war.

"D-DAY'S PARACHUTING DUMMIES AND INFLATABLE TANKS." ​Imperial War

Museum,​ 12 Jan. 2018,

www.iwm.org.uk/history/d-days-parachuting-dummies-and-inflatable-tanks. Accessed 1

Feb. 2019. This source gives valuable information on previous operations that were

imperative to D-day's success and the Allied victory in Europe. The main goal of

Operations Fortitude and Bodyguard was to deceive the German army as to where the

long awaited main invasion would take place. Important images and specifics are

provided helping us for our section on before D-day.

"DEFENDING 'FORTRESS EUROPE': THE ATLANTIC WALL." ​National D-Day Memorial​,

29 June 2018, www.dday.org/2016/06/29/defending-fortress-europe-the-atlantic-wall/.

Accessed 3 Feb. 2019. This is a secondary source that is written by a history student

interning at the National D-Day Memorial that speaks about the Atlantic Wall that was

put up by Erwin Rommel. This gives us large amounts of information that can be used

on the website to increase the amount of German information we have on our website.

Downing, Taylor. "Hour by hour: the triumphs and tragedies of the longest day." ​The Guardian​,

5 June 2004, www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/06/secondworldwar.focus. Accessed

1 Feb. 2019. This is a secondary source that speaks very specifically about the time of the

war. It goes hour by hour and tells small anecdotes of soldiers and their triumphs and

tragedies. We will be able to incorporate these stories into our website to emphasize the

human life of the war.

Eno, Russell A. "Defeat and Triumph: The Story of a Controversial Allied Invasion and French

Rebirth." Infantry Magazine, Apr.-Aug. 2012, p. 51+. Military and Intelligence Database
 Collection Accessed 19 June 2018. This article is the summary and review of the book

and Operation Anvil that was written from a soldier that served on the landing ship, tank

1012. The original Operation Anvil, an attack of Southern France, was supposed to

complement Operation Sledgehammer, an invasion of Normandy. They were later

redesigned and renamed Operation Dragoon and Operation Overlord, respectively. They

were renamed to cause confusion in enemies with a different operation in Kenya against

the Mau Mau rebellion and several nuclear tests done by the US. The British had opposed

Operation Anvil because it would divert resources from Normandy but the French needed

it to damage German forces that occupied France and they needed a boost of morale. This

invasion was highly successful following the invasion at Normandy, Operation Overlord.

The army sent around 77 LSTs (Landing ship, tank) to 3 locations and took the area near

the Mediteranean.

Fogarty, Richard. "World War Ii." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2019,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/310047. Accessed 1 Feb. 2019. This is a

secondary source that gives a large overview of the entire World War II. It shows what

events occurred coming up to the Invasion of Normandy, events that occurred during the

Invasion of Normandy, and the events that occurred after the war. This will be helpful

when forming our website because it will allow us to make sure we have touched on all

the important aspects around the Invasion of Normandy.

Fredriksen, John C. "Jean Darlan." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/317014. Accessed 23 June 2018. This

biography gives information on Jean Darlan who commanded the French Navy in World
 War II. The French commander accepted the surrender by France and assisted in the Nazi

effort helping establish the Vichy Government, the Nazi Puppet government. Although

he and his troops helped the Nazi side, he also worked to secretly defeat them too but

never gaining the loyalty of the Allied powers. The motivations of his action throughout

the war appeared to be indifferent of the Allied or Nazi victory. Rather, he focused on

maintaining his control over the French Navy. During the planning stages of operation

torch, Darlan told soldiers to guard against a U.S attack in

"George C. Marshall." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/315243. Accessed 22 June 2018. This

biography gives information on George Catlett Marshall, the army chief of staff during

world war two. While holding the position, Marshall trained a 200,000 man standing

army into an army the size of several millions. He was the main military strategist for

allied operations taking place in Europe and the Pacific Ocean. When asked who should

command the allied forces for the cross-channel invasion he humbly appointed General

Dwight D. Eisenhower, a respected protégé. At the end of the war, Marshall was

recognized as "the true organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill. Overall, general

information on his service before and after the second world war were given.

Gorlitz, Walter. "Erwin Rommel." ​Encyclopedia Britannica​, 27 Dec. 2018,

www.britannica.com/biography/Erwin-Rommel. Accessed 10 Feb. 2019. This is a

secondary source that speaks about Erwin Rommel, a German soldier. We have put

Erwin Rommel as an important figure for the Axis Powers on our website and this
 provides lots of information that we can use to give a short summary of Erwin Rommel.

This also allows us to form a more well-rounded website.

Hickman, Kennedy. "World War II: Battle of Caen." ​Thought Co.,​ 6 Mar. 2017,

www.thoughtco.com/battle-of-caen-2360449. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. This is a

secondary source that speaks about the city of Caen and why is was a main objective of

D-Day. This source states that Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Caen a main objective

because it was positioned in key position along the Orne River and the Caen Canal. The

capture of the City of Caen would greatly inhibit the Germans ability to respond quickly

once the Allied Forces made landfall. Furthermore, the relatively open terrain around the

city would provide an easier line of advance inland as opposed to the more difficult

wooded terrain to the west of the country. The capture of the City of Caen began during

the night of June 6 when the airborne forces captured key bridges and artillery positions

to the east of Caen along the Orne River. These strategically placed positions prevented

the enemy from initiating a counterattack from the east.

Following the arrival of supporting armor, the Allied Forces were able to secure the exits

from the beach and begin pushing inland. However, their advancement was halted by the

Germans who were blocking the road to Caen. As a result, the Allied ground

commander, General Bernard Montgomery, held a meeting with the commanders of the

US First Army and British Second Army, Lieutenant Generals Omar Bradley and Miles

Dempsey, to develop a new plan for taking the city. The capture of the City of Caen took

seven weeks but by the end, large portions of the city were destroyed and had to be

rebuilt at the end of the war. This source is helpful in the development of our website
 because it gives lots of information on the background of the Battle of Caen and gives us

new topics to look into such as Operation Perch, Epsom, Charnwood, and Goodwood.

---. "World War II: Operation Dragoon." ​ThoughtCo,​ 12 Mar. 2018,

www.thoughtco.com/world-war-ii-operation-dragoon-2361477. Accessed 12 Feb. 2019.

This is a secondary source that speaks about Operation Dragoon. Furthermore, it

contains an image of Allied soldiers assaulting the beaches which will be useful in our

website on the page about Operation Dragoon.

"High seas spy arrest helped safeguard operation torch." World War II, July 2009, p. 9+. World

History Collection Accessed 21 June 2018. This article talked about a German spy that

almost got away with the details of Operation Torch. Operation Torch, the invasion of

North Africa by the US, was the US Army's first time they fought against the Germans,

and was able to push the German General Africakorps all the way back to Sicily.

However, British Intelligence mentioned that this Operation had almost been

compromised by a German spy. The spy had operated on a Portuguese fishing boat. He

had almost discovered the Allied fleets at the landing sites of Operation Torch, but was

caught by Allied forces and sent to a British prison camp. British Intelligence had noticed

that this spy, Gastao de Freitas Ferraz, was sending out coded messages from his fishing

boat. With further inspection and decoding of the messages, they found out that he was

sending out Allied ship movements. They tried to capture him at a port, but he had

already got away and was traveling back to Portugal. However, that

History.com Staff. "D-Day." ​History​, A+E Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is both a

 secondary source that gives lots of insight on what happened before, during, and after the

invasion of Normandy. The video explains how General Dwight Eisenhower brought

hope of freedom to all of the terrorized Europeans and gives real images and videos from

the battle which will be helpful when building the website. In addition, the article gives

an abundance of information such as significant dates, important figures, and the amount

of manpower that was used during the Invasion of Normandy. Furthermore, the article

speaks about the strategies and battle tactics that the Allied Army used to confuse the

Germans and have a higher chance at attaining final victory.

---. "Joseph Stalin." ​History.com,​ A+E Network, 2009, www.history.com/topics/joseph-stalin.

Accessed 19 June 2018. This article speaks about Joseph Stalin and his involvement in

World War II. It states that before World War II began, the Soviets and Germans made

a nonaggression pact. However, in 1941, the Germans broke Nazi-Soviet pact and

invaded the USSR and made significant inroads. This lead to the scorch earthed

defensive policy which is where Stalin told his troops to destroy any supplies that would

benefit the Germans. Soon, Joseph Stalin joined the Allied Forces and his iron will and

deft political skills enabled him to play the loyal ally while never abandoning his vision

of an expanded postwar Soviet empire.

---. "Yalta Conference." ​History.com,​ A+E Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/yalta-conference. Accessed 16 June 2018. This is a

secondary source that speaks about the second wartime meeting between British Prime

Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D.

Roosevelt. During this meeting, these leaders spoke about postwar plans as well as
 agreeing that they wanted Germany's unconditional surrender. Furthermore, Joseph

Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war

against Japan. In return, he wanted the lands lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War of

1904-1905. However, this conference became controversial as the Stalin broke his

promise of free elections in Eastern Europe and installed governments dominated by the

Soviet Union. This will be helpful in building our website because it shows what

happened after the war which will be put into our postwar section.

"Joseph Stalin." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/318221. Accessed 29 September 2018. This

biography gives us insight on one of the several influential person involved in World War

II Joseph Stalin. He was born on December 21, 1897 and was born into poverty but by

the 1900s, Stalin was deeply involved in the Marxist revolutionary movement in Georgia.

However, due to several conflicts with authorities, he was exiled to Siberia. Once he

escaped, Stalin grew involved with the Bolshevik Party and became a member in 1905.

In 1912, he was nominated by Vladimir Lenin to the party's highest governing body, the

Central Committee. Stalin had small responsibilities and limited power in his first

position in the Central Committee but n April 3, 1922, Stalin was granted the position

that would puch him to the position of leader of the Soviet Union: General Secretary of

the Central Committee of the CPSU. Vladimir Lenin felt that Stalin was unfit to be the

leader of the Soviet Union but because of Stalin's power of being General Secretary, he

prevent the comments from being used against him and by 1928, Joseph Stalin was the

leader of the Soviet Union. When Stalin rose to power, he initially made a peace plan
 with Hitler, but when Hitler turned on him and attacked the Soviet Union, Stalin joined

the Allied Forces. At the end of the war, Stalin claimed all territory in Eastern Europe

that was occupied by the Red Army which was used as a boundary between the Soviet

Union and the West. Overall, this source gives us insight on Stalin's life before, during,

and after World War II. This source will help us with the creation of our website by

giving us a large quantity of information on the background of Joseph Stalin and how he

rose to power.

Keegan, John. "Normandy Invasion." ​Encyclopedia Britannica​, 31 May 2018,

www.britannica.com/event/Normandy-Invasion. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is both a

secondary source that gives lots of information on the entire process that was used to plan

out the Invasion of Normandy. For example, the article speaks about Operation Roundup

and Sledgehammer which were proposed by General Dwight D. Eisenhower to the

British in London. However, although Operation Roundup was planned to be put into

action, the resources were instead used for Operation Torch which was the code name for

the invasion of North Africa. In addition, this source gives lots of media on what

happened leading up to the Invasion of Normandy and what happened after the Invasion

of Normandy. For example, there is an image of all the commanders of the Allied Army,

a map of the sea routes the Allied Forces took to make it to Western Europe from several

directions, and there is a short documentary on how the Germans were initially able to

invade France and gain total control. These images will be helpful when building our

website as it shows lots of important figures in many of the images.

Lee, Deborah. "World War Ii, 1939–1945." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/17. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. The secondary

source gave a general overview of the main years of World War II (1939-1945). It

speaks about the Policy of Neutrality, the Attack on Peal Harbor, Japanese internment,

and the End/Legacy of the war. The Policy of Neutrality is what the United States of

America declared when Great Britain and France initially declared war on Nazi

Germany. They chose this because they were going to follow the Monroe Doctrine and

keep away from European continent. However, President Roosevelt indirectly helped

Britain with their battle by selling them weapons and supplies aka the "Cash and Carry"

policy. However, during the 1940s when Japan conducted a series of invasions

throughout various regions of Asia, the United States restricted the export of oil and steel

to Japan. This heightened the tension between both countries which lead to the surprise

attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, Pearl Harbor. The attack on Pearl Harbor caused

the Japanese Americans to become a target by the American people. This lead to the

creation of internment camps due the fear that some Japanese Americans were spies.

However, even through the hatred that faced them, many Japanese Americans continued

to contribute to the war effort. The Japanese Americans formed the 442nd Regimental

Combat Team which became one of the most decorated military units in U.S. history.

After Germany and Japan surrendered, the United Nations were established and the

United States were founded as the leader in global relations. This source will help with

the creation of our website because it give a broader view on the main section of World

War II and gives us topics to look into that happened before and after the war.
Newman, Jason. "Tehran Conference." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/642662. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is a

secondary source that speaks about the Tehran Conference which is the first meeting of

the major Allied leaders. The meeting took place between November 28, 1943 to

December 1, 1943. The main focus of this conference was the planning of postwar Earth

in addition to figuring out what to do with the hold Germany had on several countries.

Furthermore, they spoke about Operation Overlord aka Invasion of Normandy and

Operation Anvil aka the Battle of Côte d'Azur. This source also states that a main issue

was what to do with the postwar boundaries and territorial claims of neighboring nations.

This will be helpful in building our website because it gives us insight on what the three

of the most significant figures in this time period had in mind for the future.

O'Brien, Steven G. "Dwight D. Eisenhower." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246747. Accessed 15 June 2018. This is a

secondary source that speaks about the supreme commander of the Allied Forces,

General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Before becoming a general, he was the assistant of Army

Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur. However, after he successfully commanded

his troops in huge war game maneuvers in Louisiana and defeated their opponents

through the careful coordination of infantry, tank, and airplane forces, he was promoted

to Brigadier General. In addition, as supreme commander of the Allied Forces, he

successfully led the invasions of North Africa, Italy, France, and Germany. After WWII

had ended, he retired from service and became President of Columbia University. He was

also appointed to be commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO). He

 briefly held this position until became president from 1953 to 1961. This biography will

be useful because Eisenhower was influential in both events during and after WWII.

"Operation Goodwood." ​D-Day Overlord,​ 2018,

www.dday-overlord.com/en/battle-of-normandy/allied-operations/goodwood. Accessed

23 Dec. 2018. Operation Goodwood was a British offensive in the Second World War

that took place between 18 and 20 July 1944 as part of the battle for Caen in Normandy,

France. This was a significant operation because it set up an offensive to break through

the German lines and clear their blocked bridgeheads. At the same time, the Americans

were preparing the Cobra operation south of the Cotentin Peninsula which was scheduled

for July 20, 1944. The plan was that Operation Goodwood's offensive could attract

German reinforcements in the area of Caen and leave the field relatively free to the

American forces. Ultimately, the plan was unsuccessful due to the inability to make

significant forward movement past the German defenses. Furthermore, due to its

insignificance, there is controversy over whether Operation Goodwood was used to

prevent German tanks from counterattacking after the Cobra offensive or whether it was

a matter of definitively breaking through the blockade of the Caen to put an end to the

campaign of Normandy. Nonetheless, this operation shows the tragedy of this war due to

the heavy losses and unsuccessful attacks.

The Politics of Torch​. This source is a secondary source showing the politics behind the pivotal

operation- Operation Torch. The chapter on the politics shows the other side of the

operation that occurred on the home front. This source gives us insight towards the
 actions of Churchill and Roosevelt two very important political figures of this point in

history.

Tillman, Barrett. "D-Day Casualties: Total Axis and Allied Numbers." D-Day Encyclopedia.

History on the Net, www.historyonthenet.com/ d-day-casualties/. Accessed 3 July 2018.

This excerpt from the D-day Encyclopedia included all available numbers about the

casualties in Normandy during Operation Overlord. There are contradicting numbers for

Allied losses and German losses are inexact. Historian Stephen Ambrose cites that 4,900

troops were killed, wounded, or missing, but the First US Army calculated that 1465

were killed, 1928 were missing, and 6603 were wounded. The after-action report by the

US VII corps reported 22119 casualties with 2811 killed, 5665 missing, 79 prisoners, and

13564 wounded. Canadian forces at Juno Beach reported 946 casualties, with 335 killed.

The British numbers weren't published but there was an estimated 2500 to 3000

casualties, 650 from the Sixth Airborne Division. German casualties were reported to be

from 4000 to 9000 on June 6th, but a field report reported around 250000 in total,

including 28 generals. By July, Allied forces had captured 41000 while suffering 61771

casualties, with 8975 dead. The French had reported 15000 civilians dead. The total

reported deaths during Operation Overlord from June 6th to August 30th was 425000

from both sides. This includes about 209000 Allied casualties, 125847 US forces.

Trueman, C. N. "Operation Anvil." The History Learning Site, 20 Apr. 2015,

www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/

operation-anvil/. Accessed 19 June 2018. This article is about the Operation Anvil,

originally named Operation Dragoon, during which the Allies invaded Southern France.
 The operation began in August of 1944 and lasted for a month. The plan was to carry out

the invasion at the same time as D-day, which would split the German forces into 2

groups that couldn't reinforce each other. However, Eisenhower knew they would need

all the landing vessels for the invasion of Normandy and the Supreme Commander of the

Allied forces decided that Anvil would have to wait until the Allies had been able to push

inland from the North. 5 weeks after D-day, the Allies carried out Operation Anvil,

renamed Operation Dragoon.

Trueman, C. N. "Operation Torch." The History Learning Site, 19 May 2015,

www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/war-in-north-africa/ operation-torch/.

Accessed 19 June 2018. This article went over the Operation Torch of November 1942.

Operation torch was the joint invasion of North Africa by the US and Britain. This was

an important invasion because it was the first time US and Britain worked together on an

invasion. The Allies had decided to invade North Africa after Russia had pressured them

to start a new front against the Axis forces. The plan was to invade North Africa, then

from there they would invade Italy and attack the "soft underbelly" of Europe. Successful

invasions in the region would grant Ally control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. An

amphibious landing was planned at 3 landing sites - Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers - in

Morocco and Algeria. 3 task forces were sent, one to each location, without previous air

or naval support. The Allies were relying on Vichy French troops to not resist the

landings. However, French sniper fire proved to be difficult to get past during the

landings, and the beach at Oran was too shallow for some landing craft. The invasion was

overall a success with minimal loss of life for the allies.

Vanfleteren, Stephan. "The Ghostly Remains of Nazi Germany's Atlantic Wall." ​Time,​ 15 Aug.

2014, time.com/3387172/the-ghostly-remains-of-nazi-germanys-atlantic-wall/. Accessed

3 Feb. 2019. This is a secondary source that can be used in the legacy section of our

website as it talks about the remains of the Atlantic Wall that were built by the Germans.

There are small remains of the large concrete structure that are underwater off the coast

of France.

Watts, Tim. "Operation Torch." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/642661. Accessed 19 June 2018. This

reference article discussed Operation Torch and its results in World War II. Operation

Torch was a group of landings in North Africa by the US and Britain from November 8th

to November 14th to open another front against the Axis troops. This amphibious landing

was the largest operation done at the time, with 650 ships and 107,000 men landing at 3

points in North Africa. Originally, the Vichy French holding the points were to be

convinced to cooperate with the invasion, but there was heavy resistance. The French

forces were the most resistant at Oran, but they surrendered on November 10th. At this

time, the French at Algiers had already surrendered 2 days earlier on November 8th. In

Casablanca however, warships and fighters attacked the invading fleet, but were

destroyed. It took 3 days for the Americans to surround and consolidate the area, leading

to a surrender on November 11th. The Operation was a success, but it allowed Germans

to move farther into France and fighting in North Africa did not cease until May of 1943.

"World War Ii: D-Day Casualties, June 1944." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO,

2018, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/318324. Accessed 22 June 2018. This

 source gives the figures of the Invasion of Normandy. The table includes the number of

casualties and number of wounded or missing of each country. This source will help us

because it gives the figures in the form of a table. This puts the amount of casualties of

the Allied effort during the invasion relative to the whole war.

"WWII Veteran Statistics." ​The National WWII Museum​,

www.nationalww2museum.org/war/wwii-veteran-statistics. Accessed 12 Jan. 2019. This

source has valuable information about veterans of WWII. The article puts perspective on

the time passing on after WWII and how the memories, sights, and sounds of the world

war leave the world after the passing of each individual veteran. Statistics and projections

on this topic provide motivation for us to bring light to WWII as a whole through the

scope of and focus on D-Day. This source will help us in the motivation and legacies of

our topic.