Lecture 8 - Theory of Structure 2

THREE MOMENT EQUATION
STRUCTURAL THEORY 2
CE 421
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 Also known as Three Moment Theorem or Clapeyron’s Theorem

 Developed by a French Engineer Clapeyron in 1857
 It establish relation between the moments at three supports in a continuous
member.
 Applicable to any three supports on beams as long as there is no discontinuities such
as hinges in beam.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 Continuous Beam
 Beam that is supported at three or more points and thus having two or more spans.

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 Take a continuous beam ABC loaded as shown

 Consider span AB. Let 𝑀𝑥 be free bending

moment and 𝑀′𝑥 be fixed bending moment
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼1 2 = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Multiply both sides by x
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼1 𝑥 2 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Integrating both sides
𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼1 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 0
𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼1 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝑑𝑥 0 0

 Integrating both sides

𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼1 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 0 0
 At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
 At 𝑥 = 𝑙1 , 𝑦 = 0, = 𝜃𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑙1 𝑙1
𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 ∗ 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑙1
0
𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 – moment of free bending moment on AB about A
𝑙1
0
𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 – moment of fixed bending moment on AB about A
 Let
𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑀𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 𝑀′𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎′1 𝑥 ′1
0 0

1
𝑎′1 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑙1
2
Distance of the centroid of the fixed bending moment from A
𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1
𝑥 ′1 = ∗
𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 3
1 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 1
𝑎′1 𝑥 ′1 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 ∗ ∗ 𝑎′1 𝑥 ′1 = 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 2
2 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 3 6
𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 ∗ 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎′1 𝑥 ′1

1
𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 ∗ 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 2
6
6𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 ∗ 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 6𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 2
6
6𝐸𝐼1 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 1
𝑙1

Similarly, considering span BC of the continuous beam

6
6𝐸𝐼2 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑀𝐶 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙2 2
𝑙2
Using compatibility relationship
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = −𝜃𝐵𝐶
𝜃𝐵𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 0 3
Substitute equations 1 and 2 in equation 3

1 1 1 1
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑀𝐶 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙2 = 0
𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 6𝐸𝐼1 𝐸𝐼2 𝑙2 6𝐸𝐼2
1 1 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 𝑀𝐶 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙2
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 = − +
𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 𝐸𝐼2 𝑙2 6𝐸𝐼1 6𝐸𝐼2
6 6 𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 𝑀𝐶 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙2
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 = − +
𝐼1 𝑙1 𝐼2 𝑙2 𝐼1 𝐼2

Rearranging equation
𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
+ 2𝑀𝐵 + + =− +
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼1 𝑙1 𝐼2 𝑙2
If span AB and span BC have the same moment of inertia

6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 = − +
𝑙1 𝑙2
The resulting bending moment is the combination of free and fixed bending moment
where:
𝑙1 , 𝑙2 - span of AB and BC respectively

𝐼1 , 𝐼2 - moment of inertia of AB and BC respectively
𝑎1 - area of free bending moment at span AB
𝑎2 - area of free bending moment at span BC
𝑥1 - distance of centroid of the free bending moment about A
𝑥2 - distance of centroid of the free bending moment about C

 THREE MOMENT EQUATION – SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

where:
𝑙1 , 𝑙2 - span of AB and BC respectively
𝐼1 , 𝐼2 - moment of inertia of AB and BC respectively
𝑎1 - area of free bending moment at span AB
𝑎2 - area of free bending moment at span BC
𝑥1 - distance of centroid of the free BM about A
𝑥2 - distance of centroid of the free BM about C
ℎ𝐴 - relative position of support A with respect to
support B after settlement
ℎ𝐶 - relative position of support C with respect to
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
support B after settlement ASCOT
 THREE MOMENT EQUATION – SUPPORT SETTLEMENT
𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2 6𝐸ℎ𝐴 6𝐸ℎ𝐵

+ 2𝑀𝐵 + + =− + + +
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼1 𝑙1 𝐼2 𝑙2 𝐼1 𝐼2
where:
𝛿𝐴 - support settlement at A
ℎ𝐴 = 𝛿𝐵 − 𝛿𝐴
𝛿𝐵 - support settlement at B
ℎ𝐶 = 𝛿𝐵 − 𝛿𝐶 𝛿𝐶 - support settlement at C
Example:
Analyze the continuous beam ABC loaded as shown using three moment equation
and draw the bending moment diagram. Assume EI as constant.

• Considering span AB and BC as simply supported beam structures

6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 = − +
𝑙1 𝑙2
• Since the beam is supported by hinge at points A and C
𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑀𝐶 = 0
6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 =− +
𝑙1 𝑙2

𝑙1 = 6.0 𝑙2 = 8.0 𝑥1 = 3.0 𝑥2 = 4.0
2 2
𝑎1 = ∗ 6 ∗ 180 = 720 𝑎1 = ∗ 8 ∗ 320 = 1706.67
3 3
6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 =− +
𝑙1 𝑙2
6 ∗ 720 ∗ 3 6 ∗ 1706.67 ∗ 4
2𝑀𝐵 6 + 8 = − +
6 8
𝑀𝐵 = −260.00 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
• Using the equation of equilibrium at each segment

• Segment AB 260 + 40 ∗ 6 ∗ 3
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 0
𝑤
𝑀𝐴 𝐴 𝐵 𝑀𝐵 6
−260 + 40 ∗ 6 ∗ 3
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 = 163.33 𝐾𝑁 𝑉𝐴 =
𝑙1 6
𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 0 𝑉𝐴 = 76.67 𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐵 = 260.0 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
• Using the equation of equilibrium at each segment

• Segment BC −260 + 40 ∗ 8 ∗ 4
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 0
𝑤
𝑀𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝑀𝐶 8
260 + 40 ∗ 8 ∗ 4
𝑉𝐵′ 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐶 = 127.5 𝐾𝑁 𝑉𝐵′ =
𝑙2 8
𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 0 𝑉𝐵′ = 192.5 𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐵 = 260.0 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
• Transferring member end shear forces to joint reactions
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ 𝑉𝐶
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵 ′ 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶
𝑅𝐴 = 76.67 𝐾𝑁 𝑅𝐵 = 355.83 𝐾𝑁 𝑅𝐶 = 127.5 𝐾𝑁
• Analyze the continuous beam using three moment equation. Assume a constant EI

• Analyze the continuous beam using three moment equation. Assume a constant EI
2.0 𝑚 80 𝐾𝑁 60 𝐾𝑁
20 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3.0 𝑚
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
6.0 𝑚 5.0 𝑚 5.0 𝑚

Lecture 8 - Theory of Structure 2

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Lecture 8 - Theory of Structure 2

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THREE MOMENT EQUATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 Also known as Three Moment Theorem or Clapeyron’s Theorem

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 Consider span AB. Let 𝑀𝑥 be free bending

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 Integrating both sides

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 Integrating both sides

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

𝐸𝐼1 𝑙1 ∗ 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎′1 𝑥 ′1

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

Similarly, considering span BC of the continuous beam

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

Substitute equations 1 and 2 in equation 3

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

If span AB and span BC have the same moment of inertia

 DERIVATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

𝑙1 , 𝑙2 - span of AB and BC respectively

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 THREE MOMENT EQUATION – SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

 THREE MOMENT EQUATION – SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2 6𝐸ℎ𝐴 6𝐸ℎ𝐵

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• Considering span AB and BC as simply supported beam structures

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• Since the beam is supported by hinge at points A and C

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

𝑙1 = 6.0 𝑙2 = 8.0 𝑥1 = 3.0 𝑥2 = 4.0

• Using the equation of equilibrium at each segment

• Using the equation of equilibrium at each segment

𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 0 𝑉𝐵′ = 192.5 𝐾𝑁

• Transferring member end shear forces to joint reactions

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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