A H M 531 Turbulent pipe flow By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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A H M 531 Turbulent pipe flow By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Objective :
1. To determine the head loss and friction factor for turbulent
flow in a smooth pipe over a range of Reynolds number .
2. To investigate velocity profiles in fully develop flow using total
head tube.

Apparatus :
The apparatus consist of a smooth walled pipe 75 mm in diameter
connected by a diffuser to the suction eye of a centrifugal fan. Air ,
which is the working fluid , enters the pipe by by way of a nozzle
.Beyond the nozzle there is a suitable length of pipe to assure fully
developed turbulent flow .
Tapping are provided at intervals along the pipe for the
determination of the pressure gradient .
Near downstream end of pipe there is a short Perspex on which is
mounted a micro-meter carrying a total head tube ,this may be
traveled around the pipe to obtain velocity profiles.
Measurements :
1. The fan is to run at a series of constant speede not exceeding
3000 rpm.
2. measured the pressure head at various tapping points with the
aid of the multi-tube manometer.
3. For each run keep N constant and alter the throttle valve from
fully open to partly shut thus changing Q and P .
4. Perform the velocity traverse using the total head tube .

Theory :
The standard equation connecting head loss dhl over a length dx of a
straight pipe takes the form :
dhl = f * ( dx / d ) * ( Vx2 / 2g )
for Vx = constant
dhl = f * ( dx / d ) * ( V2 / 2g )
integration gives :
dhl = f * ( L / d ) * ( V2 / 2g )
where :
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe
d = diameter of pipe ( m )
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A H M 531 Turbulent pipe flow By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

V = mean velocity .
With the aid of the nozzle meter , the flow rate Q ( m3/sec. ) may be
obtained using the relation :
Q = 1.006 * (( h * T )/ (Pa))(1 / 2 )
Where:
T in Ko
Pa in N/m2
H in cm H2O = drop in head at nozzle .

Velocity profile in fully developed flow :

With the aid the velocity tranverse it is possible to study the variation
of the velocity across the diameter of the pipe .By integration it is also
possible to determine the volumetric flow rate from the velocity
traverse .the velocity at any point on the diameter is calculated using
the equation :
V = 237.3 * ( h * T /Pa ) ( 1 / 2 )
According to the logarithmic velocity distribution :
( V/ V* ) = ( ln (Y / Yo ))/(H)
where :
V* : shear velocity = ( τ0 / ρ )( 1 / 2 )
τ0 : boundary shear = ρ * g *( d / 4 )*( hL / L )
H : turbulent constant
Yo : wall displacement .

Calculation :

L ( 10 – 18 ) = 4.014 m d = 0.019 m
h10 = 106 mm μ oil = 9.5 * 10 -3 Pa.s
ρoil = 825 Kg /m3 Qty = 30 Kg
3
ρHg = 13550 Kg/m Time =18.30 sec.
hL Hg = hL m = h18 - h10
hL oil = hL Hg * ((ρHg / ρoil ) – 1 ) = hL Hg * ( 15.424 )

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A H M 531 Turbulent pipe flow By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Micrometer
h10 h18 h20 hm hL τo V* Vexp. Vtheo.
Reading
(cm) (cm) (cm) (m) (m) (N/m2) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s)
(mm)
1.00 103.00 14.50 23.50 0.090 1.365 130.70 0.3980 5.2188 11.1484
1.50 103.00 14.50 23.50 0.090 1.365 130.70 0.3980 5.2188 11.0882
2.00 103.00 14.40 23.50 0.091 1.366 130.84 0.3982 5.2477 11.0277
2.50 103.00 14.40 23.40 0.090 1.366 130.84 0.3982 5.2188 10.9591
3.00 103.00 14.30 23.30 0.090 1.368 130.99 0.3985 5.2188 10.8890
3.50 103.00 14.20 23.30 0.091 1.369 131.14 0.3987 5.2477 10.8129
4.00 103.00 14.20 23.10 0.089 1.369 131.14 0.3987 5.1897 10.7263
4.50 103.00 14.10 22.90 0.088 1.371 131.29 0.3989 5.1605 10.6348
5.00 103.00 14.00 22.80 0.088 1.372 131.44 0.3991 5.1605 10.5333
5.50 103.00 14.00 22.80 0.088 1.372 131.44 0.3991 5.1605 10.4159
6.00 103.00 13.90 22.70 0.088 1.374 131.58 0.3994 5.1605 10.2860
6.50 103.00 13.80 22.60 0.088 1.375 131.73 0.3996 5.1605 10.1354
7.00 103.00 13.70 22.60 0.089 1.377 131.88 0.3998 5.1897 9.9566
7.50 103.00 13.70 22.50 0.088 1.377 131.88 0.3998 5.1605 9.7338
8.00 103.00 13.60 22.50 0.089 1.379 132.03 0.4000 5.1897 9.4493
8.50 103.00 13.60 22.40 0.088 1.379 132.03 0.4000 5.1605 9.0443
9.00 103.00 13.50 22.40 0.089 1.38 132.17 0.4003 5.1897 8.3540
9.50 103.00 13.50 22.30 0.088 1.38 132.17 0.4003 5.1605 ----

sample of calculation :

τ0=ρoil*g*(d /4)*(hLoil /L)=825*9.81*0.019*(13.65* 15.424)/(4 * 4.014 )

= 130.70
V* = ( τ0 / ρoil )( 1 / 2 ) = 0.3980
Q = ( mass / ( ρoil * time )) = ( 30 / ( 825 * 18.30 )) = 1.99 X 10-3
m3/sec.
Vmean = ( Q / A ) = (1.99 X 10-3 / π(0.019/2)2 ) = 7.0187 m / sec.
Vtheoretical = 5.75 * V* * log[(ρoil * V* * (0.5D – ro ) / (μ oil ) ] + 5.5
= 11.1484 m/sec.
Vmeasure = ( 2g*hoil ) 0.5 = 5.2188 m/sec.

Discussion & conclusion:

There are personal errors in this experiment from reading the data
( this error discover when we draw the graph ).

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A H M 531 Turbulent pipe flow By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Graph :
Micrometer reading V.S Measurement & Theoretical

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