CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS CONTROL
Dendrites – are several projections which extends
NERVOUS SYSTEM
“The Nervous system is the one responsible for
coordinating the functions of the other body systems.”
The nervous system gathers information, processes the
information and elicits a corresponding response or
reaction to the stimulus.
Two main Divisions:
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain
and spinal cord.
The brain is the control center while the spinal cord
connects the brain to other nerves of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of
nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord
to specific body parts and divided further into somatic
and autonomic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary body
movements while the autonomic control involuntary
actions.
The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous
system is the neuron.
A neuron transmits electrical signals called action
potential or an impulse across the system and lets a
body part respond accordingly.
An impulse is the sudden change in the electrical
potential of the cell membrane.
Four Basic Parts of Neuron:
Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Axon terminal
outward from the cell body to receive chemical signals
from the axon terminals of another neuron.
Soma – or the cell body contains the nucleus and most
organelles.
Axon – single projection from the soma which carries
the impulse to the axon terminal. Maybe envolope by
myelin sheath for faster conduction of impulse.
Myelin Sheath - Myelin is a fatty white substance that
surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an
electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper
functioning of the nervous system.
Electrical disturbances in the dendrites
or axon will cause a new wave of
impulse down the axon
Neurons connect with one another
through a junction called synapse.
The moment an action potential
reaches the axon’s terminal, a series of
events will be created leading to the
stimulation of the next neuron.
Chemicals called neurotransmitters are
released which facilitate the
transmission of an impulse across a synapse.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine Gland System
Chemical coordination of body functions is
mediated by the endocrine system, composed of
ductless glands that release hormones.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by
a gland and affect the specific target tissue or organ.
The Endocrine and nervous system coordinate with
each other through a series of feedback mechanism.
Feedback mechanism
A mechanism or a signal that tends to initiate (or
accelerate) or to inhibit (or slow down) a process.
 • Stimulates release of FSH and LH from pituitary
gland

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Promotes reabsorption of 𝐻2 O by kidneys

Oxytocin

• Induces labor and milk release from the

mammary glands in females

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• Hypothalamus

• Anterior Pituitary gland

• Parathyroid gland

• Thyroid gland

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Kidneys

• Ovaries
PITUITARY GLAND
• Testes

HYPOTHALAMUS

Section of the brain responsible for the production of

many of the body’s essential hormones, chemical
substances that help control different cells and organs.

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

• The hormones from the hypothalamus govern

physiologic functions such as temperature
regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex
drive, and the release of other hormones within
the body.

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone

• Stimulates release of GH from the pituitary

gland

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Growth Hormone (GH)

• Stimulates release of ACTH from pituitary gland • Stimulates growth

Thyroid-releasing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

• Stimulates release of TSH from thyroid gland • The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the
steroid hormone cortisol, which released from
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) the adrenal gland.
 • Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete
glucocorticoids such as cortisol

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing

Hormone (LH)

• Involved in production of sex hormone;

regulates menstrual cycle in females

Prolactin (PRL) PANCREAS

• Stimulates mammary gland growth and milk
production in females

PARATHYROID GLAND

• Islets of Langerhans

Insulin

Parathyroid Hormone • Decreases blood glucose

• Increases blood 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ Glucagon

THYROID GLAND • Increases blood glucose

KIDNEYS

Erythropoietin (EPO)

• Increases synthesis of red blood cells

Vitamin D

• Decreases blood 𝐶𝑎2+

OVARIES

Estradiol
Thyroxine
• Regulates development and maintenance of
• Increases metabolic rate and heart rate;
secondary sex characteristics in females; other
promotes growth
effects
ADRENAL GLAND
Progesterone
Epinephrine
• Prepares uterus for pregnancy
• Produces many effects related to short-term
TESTES
stress response
Testosterone
Cortisol
• Regulates development and maintenance of
• Produces many effects related to short-term
secondary sex characteristics in males; other
and long-term responses
effects
Aldosterone

• Increases reabsorption of 𝑁𝑎+ by kidneys

Simple coordination between nervous and endocrine
system
PLANT HORMONES
• also known as phytohormones
• Chemical messengers
• are signaling molecules that are produced in
small amounts and sent to other parts the plant
body
5 TYPES OF PLANT HORMONE
• Auxin
• Cytokinins
• Gibberellins
• Abscisic Acid
• Ethylene
AUXIN
• Also known as indole-3-acetic acid or IAA
• is involved in cell growth and cell expansion
• Promote apical dominance
CYTOKININS
• Promote cell division (cytokinesis) and ensure
roots and shoots grow at equal rates
• Promotes secondary growth (thickening) and
help to control the rate of branching by a plant
• Cytokinins are also involved in stimulating the
growth of fruit
GIBBERELINS
• Triggers germination in dormant seeds (initiates
plant growth)
• Gibberellin also causes stem elongation by
promoting cell elongation and cell division
ABSCISIC ACID
• Principally functions to inhibit plant growth and
development
• It promotes the death of leaves (abscission) and
is responsible for seed dormancy
• It generally initiates stress responses in plants
(like winter dormancy in deciduous plants)
• Controls the closing of stomata and hence
regulates water loss in plants
ETHYLENE
• A gas which acts as a plant hormone and
stimulates maturation and ageing (senescence)
• It is responsible for the ripening of certain fruit
(auxins and gibberellins promote fruit growth
but inhibit ripening)
• It also contributes to the loss of leaves
(abscission) and the death of flowers
TROPISM
PLANT RESPONSE
• All living things respond to environmental
stimuli primarily to survive.
• Plants, which are sessile (stationary) exhibit
responses to stimuli such as light, water, touch
and wind.
• Responses are important to get a needed
nutrient, survive a certain condition (such as
extreme weather changes) or defend itself from
predators and to reproduce.
• The sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, locally
called “makahiya”, closes its leaflets once
touched.
• The sunflower moves toward the direction of
the sun.
• The stomata close in response to rapid loss of
water.
• The seeds of some plants need to be burned to
trigger seed germination.
• Recent studies also show that some plants can
release chemicals that act as defense
mechanisms against pathogen and predators
and warn nearby plants to prepare for an
impending attack.
TROPISM - Sound

is a biological mechanism that enables plant to move - Equilibrium

toward (positive tropism) or against (negative tropism)
the source of a stimulus.
- CELLULAR RESPONSE
The roots grow underground because they usually move
toward the source of water and the center of gravity. - SYSTEMATIC RESPONSE
Leaves usually grow above ground where they absorb
sunlight.

• Hormones are chemical messengers in plants.

• They regulate various biochemical and

physiological responses that include seed
germination, flowering, photosynthesis, fruit
ripening and shoot and root development.

STIMULUS AND RESPONSE

STIMULUS- anything in the environment (light, water,

heat, pressure, wind, touch, etc) that triggers a
physiological change in an organism

RESPONSE- the corresponding reaction to an

environmental stimulus. In the long run, a series of
responses will enable an organism to adapt and survive.

Types

INTERNAL

- Homeostatic imbalances

- Blood pressure

EXTERNAL

- Touch and Pain

- Vision

- Smell

- Taste