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Subject Name: Turbo Machines
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Question
NO
Question Statement

Q1.
How do you classify water turbines?

The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the type of energy available at
the inlet of the turbine, direction of flow through the vanes, head at the inlet of the
turbine and specific speed of the turbines. Thus the following are the important
classifications of the turbines
According to the type of energy at inlet
(a) Impulse turbine. b) Reaction turbine.
According to the direction of flow through runner
(a) Tangential flow turbine. (b) Radial flow turbine.
(c) Axial flow turbine, and (d) Mixed flow turbine.
According to the head at the inlet of turbine
(a) High head turbine, (b) Medium head turbine, and
(c) Low head turbine.
According, to the specific speed of the turbine
(a) Low specific speed turbine, (b) Medium specific speed turbine, and (c)
High specific speed turbine.

Q2
Differentiate between the Reaction and Impulse turbines?

Sr.
N Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
o.

Solution In impulse turbine all hydraulic

In reaction turbine only some amount
energy is converted into kinetic
of the available energy is converted
1 energy by a nozzle and it is is the jet
into kinetic energy before the fluid
so produced which strikes the runner
enters the runner.
blades
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The velocity of jet which changes, Both pressure and velocity changes as
2 the pressure throughout remaining fluid passes through a runner. Pressure
atmosphere. at inlet is much higher than at outlet.
Water-tight casing is not necessary.
Casing has no hydraulic function to
The runner must be enclosed within a
3 perform. It only serves to prevent
watertight casing.
splashing and guide water to the tail
race.

Water is admitted only in the form of

jets. There may be one or more jets Water is admitted over the entire
4
striking equal number of buckets circumference of the runner.
simultaneously.

Water completely fills at the passages

The turbine doesn’t run full and air between the blades and while flowing
5
has a free access to the bucket. between inlet and outlet sections does
work on the blades.

Reaction turbine are generally

The turbine is always installed above connected to the tail race through a
6 the tail race and there is no draft tube draft tube which is a gradually
used. expanding passage. It may be installed
below or above the tail race.

The flow regulation in reaction turbine

is carried out by means of a guide-vane
Flow regulation is done by means of
7 assembly. Other component parts are
a needle valve fitted into the nozzle.
scroll casing, stay ring runner and the
draft tub.

Examples of reaction turbine are

Example of impulse turbine is Pelton Francis turbine, Kaplan and Propeller
8
wheel. Turbine, Deriaz Turbine, Tubuler
Turbine, etc.

Impulse turbine have more hydraulic Reaction turbine have relatively less
9
efficiency. efficiency.

Impulse turbine operates at high Reaction turbine operate at low and

10
water heads. medium heads.
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Water flow is tangential direction to Water flows in radial and axial

11
the turbine wheel. direction to turbine wheel.

Needs medium and high discharge of

12 Needs low discharge of water.
water.

Degree of reaction is more than zero

13 Degree of reaction is zero.
and less than or equal to one.

Impulse turbine involves less Reaction turbine involves more

14
maintenance work. maintenance work.

Q3
Discuss Selection criteria of hydraulic turbine.

Selection of Hydro Turbines

The following criteria are used for the selection of hydro turbine for a site to attain the
maximum possible efficiency and economy.
1. Operating head
The present practice is to use Kaplan and Propeller type of turbines for heads upto 50
m. Francis turbines are selected for water heads from 50 m to 400 m. For heads greater
than 400 m. Pelton turbine is used. The range of heads as mentioned is not rigid and
may change if other conditions dominate to achieve economy.
2. Size of turbine and number of units
A large size of hydro turbine results in less number of units for a power plant. This
Solution leads to lower capital cost due to economy of size and lesser number of runners,
penstocks. Generators, etc. However, less number of hydro sets are not able to meet
the fluctuating load requirements economically as the turbines may not be operating at
optimum efficiency at part loads. In no case there should be less than two turbines to
ensure reserve availability of capacity during plant shut down under normal and
emergency conditions.
3. Turbine Speed
High speed turbines are more economical as the size of turbine, generator, and power
house, etc. are smaller. The turbine speed should correspond to synchronous speed
of generator, i.e.
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120𝑓
𝑁=
𝑝
where f: grid frequency (50 cps)
p = number of poles of generator
The specific speed,
120√𝑝
𝑁𝑠 =
𝐻 5/4
where N = turbine operating speed, (rpm)
P - turbine output (kW)
N = water head (m)
4. Load characteristics
The performance characteristics of various turbines are shown in Fig. Kaplan and
Pelton turbines have flat efficiency curves and can operate at high efficiency for large
range of part loads. Francis turbine is not suitable to operate at part loads as efficiency
falls appreciably. However, Francis turbines have high efficiency when operating as
base load turbine.
5. Height of Installation
The cost of excavation can be saved, if the turbine can be installed at higher level.
Pelton turbines are generally horizontal shaft turbines requiring little excavation.
Francis and Kaplan turbines are generally installed vertically and are fitted with draft
tube to avoid cavitation. This requires excavation for installation of draft tubes. For
these machines also height of installation should be more to save excavation cost.

Two jets strike the buckets of a Pelton wheel, which is having shaft power as 15450
Q4 kW. The diameter of each jet is given as 200 mm. If the net head on the turbine is 400
m, find the overall efficiency of the turbine. Take Cv = 1.0
Given Data,
Number of jets = 2
Shaft power. S.P. = 15450 kW
Solution
Diameter of each jet, d = 200 mm = 0.20 m
Area of each jet, a =π/4*d2 = 0.031416 m2
Net head. H = 400 m
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A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a curved

fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the
Q5
direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 1200 at the outlet of the
curved plate.

Solution
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A Pelton wheel is working under a head of 45 m and the rate of flow of water through
the jet is 850 litres/sec. The mean bucket speed of the wheel is 15 m/s. Find the
Q6 efficiency and power produced by the wheel. If the jet is deflected by the bucket
through an angle of 165°, draw velocity triangles.
Take Cv as 0.98.

Solution

Note:
1. Example demonstrate the method for filling the data
2. Blooms Taxonomy is provided for Ready Reference

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