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Damilola Oyejobi
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ABSTRACT
Global warming is a threatening issue nowadays and cement industry also
contributes to CO2 emissions. This necessitates for the alternative construction
materials to lessen the carbon emission, and to carry out sustainable development.
One such is the geopolymer concrete and this paper presents an overview of recent
advances in geopolymer concrete, a concrete formed by organic/inorganic materials
using alkaline activation solution which is made of aluminosilicates. Moreover, it also
consumes waste material/by-product and significant natural resources for the
production of geopolymer concrete in order to meet global infrastructure
developments. The paper suggests the future studies of geopolymer concrete in various
aspects.
Key words: Geopolymer Concrete, Carbon Emission, Silicate Solution, Ambient
Curing, Molarity Concentration, Industrial Waste, Agriculture Waste.
Cite this Article: Dr. P. Thamilselvi, Dr. A. Siva, Dr. Damilola Oyejobi, Geopolymer
Concrete: Overview. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and
Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp 10–14.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=8&IType=6
1. INTRODUCTION
Production of cement causes a large volume of carbon dioxide CO2 emission causing
temperature rise, global warming. It is estimated that one tonne of cement approximately
requires about 2 tonnes of raw materials (Limestone and Shale) and release about 0.87 tonne
of carbon dioxide and about 3 kg of nitrogen oxide. Production of cement causes greater
impact in environment causing changes in land-use patterns and local water contamination as
well as air pollution. Fugitive CO2 emissions also pose huge threat to the environment. The
cement industry does not fit in sustainable development due to raw materials used for the
production does not recycle and are non-renewable. The waste material or by-product from
the industry which can be utilized for reduction of carbon dioxide CO2 emission. Emphasis on
energy conservation and environmental protection has been increased in recent times which
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Dr. P. Thamilselvi, Dr. A. Siva, Dr. Damilola Oyejobi
have led to the investigation of alternatives to customary building materials and technologies.
Thus, the material or by product of an industry could be used in cement production thereby
lessening carbon foot print. Inorganic polymer or organic polymer composites possess the
potential to form a substantial element to form an environment friendly and sustainable
constructional building material which produces lower greenhouse footprint when compared
to the traditional concrete.
In early 1950s a concrete material was developed originally named as “soil silicate
concretes” and “soil cement” which are nowadays known as geopolymer concrete.
Geopolymer concrete is alternative material of conventional cement concrete, which is made
up of different combinations of materials like fly ash, bottom ash, blast furnace slag, ground
granulated blast furnace, rice husk ash, silica fume, metakaolin, volcanic tuffs, mine tailings,
zeolites, silvers trim, silicates and alkali-activated solutions such as Sodium silicate-Na2SiO3
and Sodium hydroxide-NaOH / Potassium silicate-K2O3Si and potassium hydroxide-KOH).
The term “geopolymer” is a family of mineral binder and chemical compositions which is
similar to zeolites but with an amorphous microstructure. The polycondensation of
silica/alumina precursors present in the polymers is the important mechanism which helps to
gain its structural strength. Geopolymer concrete is a unique material comprising of
aluminosilicate materials such as aluminosilicate gels, glasses and zeolites etc.
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Geopolymer Concrete: Overview
Table 1 Mortar & Codes of Practices (ASTM) for geopolymer concrete – 2015
Type of Material Code Specimen
C183 Sampling
Cement C188 Density
C430 Fineness
C191 Setting Time
C144 Sampling (Masonry mortar)
Graded Sand C778 Standard Sand
C128 Density
C117 Slit
Deleterious Substance C142 Clay
C123 LW material
C40 Organic impurities
Mixing C305 Mixing methodology
C511 Mixing tanks
Flow C1437 Methodology for flow
C109 Compression
Testing C597 UPV
C1585 Absorption
C807 Setting Time
Compression C1329 Mortar Cement
C270 Masonry Mortar
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Dr. P. Thamilselvi, Dr. A. Siva, Dr. Damilola Oyejobi
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Geopolymer Concrete: Overview
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Geopolymer concrete offers environmental friendly and protects the natural resource by
utilizing the waste/by-products from the industry which is harmful of the environment
converted into value added construction building materials. This paper presents the overview
of geopolymer materials, characterizations, different testing, code for testing and economic
benefits, instead of the traditional Portland cement to make concrete. Geopolymer concrete
has several excellent benefits like high compressive strength, simple guidelines for mix
design and high fire resistance which is suitable for the structural applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Davidovits, J. and Sawyer, J.L. Early high-strength mineral polymer. US Patent 4,509,985,
1985, filed February 22, 1984. The first commercial geopolymer cement was coined Pyrament
2000™ designed for repair and patching operations.
[2] Gimeno, D., Davidovits, J., Marini, C., Rocher, P., Tocco, S., Cara, S., Diaz, N., Segura, C.
and Sistu, G. Development of silicate-based cement from glassy alkaline volcanic rocks:
interpretation of preliminary data related to chemical- mineralogical composition of geologic
raw materials. Paper in Spanish, Bol. Soc. Esp. Cerám. Vidrio, 42, 2003, pp. 69–78. [Results
from the European Research Project GEOCISTEM (1997), Cost Effective Geopolymeric
Cements For Innocuous Stabilisation of Toxic Elements, Final Technical Report, April 30,
1997, Brussels, Project funded by the European Commission, Brite-Euram BE-7355-93, Jan.
1, 1994 to Feb. 28, 1997].
[3] Palomo, A.; Grutzeck, M.W. and Blanco, M.T. Alkali-activated fly ashes: A Cement for the
future. Cement Concrete Res, 29, 1999, pp. 1323–1329.
[4] GEOASH (2004–2007), The GEOASH project was carried out with a financial grant from the
Research Fund for Coal and Steel of the European Community, contract number RFC-CR-
04005. It involves: Antenucci D., ISSeP, Liège, Belgium; Nugteren H. and Butselaar-Orthlieb
V., Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Davidovits J., Cordi-
Géopolymère Sarl, Saint-Quentin, France; Fernández-Pereira C. and Luna Y., University of
Seville, School of Industrial Engineering, Sevilla, Spain; Izquierdo and M., Querol X.,
CSIC, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, Barcelona, Spain.
[5] Izquierdo, M.; Querol, X.; Davidovits, J.; Antenucci, D.; Nugteren, H. and Fernández-Pereira,
C. Coal fly ash-based geopolymers: microstructure and metal leaching. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 166, 2009, pp. 561–566.
[6] J. Davidovits. Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications, 4th Edition. Institut Géopolymère,
2015, Chapter 12.
[7] Davidovits, J. et al. Geopolymer cement of the Calcium-Ferroaluminium silicate polymer type
and production process. PCT patent publication WO 2012/056125.
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