Libro de Ingles Actualizado PDF

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UNIT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 pag 3 – 6 Unit 20 and 21: 51 – 54

Unit 2 pg 7 - 8 Unit 22: 55 – 56
Unit 3 pg 9 – 11 Unit 23: 57 – 61
Unit 4 pg 12 - 13 Unit 24: 62 – 63
Unit 5 pg 14 - 15 Unit 25: 64 – 65
Unit 6 Pg 16 - 19 Unit 26: 66 – 70
Unit 7 pg 20 Unit 27: 71 – 72
Unit 8 pg 21 -23 Unit 28: 73 – 75
Unit 9 pg 24 Unit 29: 76 - 77
Unit 10 pg 25 - 27 Unit 30: 78
Unit 11 pg 28 - 31 Unit 31: 79 – 80
Unit 12 pg 32 - 33 Unit 32: 81 – 83
Unit 13: 34 – 37 Unit 33: 84 – 85
Unit 14: 38 – 39 Unit 34: 86 – 87
Unit 15: 40 – 41 Unit 35: 88 – 90
Unit 16: 42 – 45 Unit 36: 91 – 92
Unit 17: 46 – 47 Unit 37: 93 - 98
Unit 18 and Unit 19: 48 – 50
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ARTICLE DEFINITION
A/An A and AN are called indefinite articles. "Indefinite" means "not
specific". Use A(AN) when you are talking about a thing in
general, NOT a specific thing.
REMEMBER: You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns

because A(AN) means "one" or "a single".
THE is called a definite article. "Definite" means "specific".

Use THE when talking about something which is already known
THE to the listener or which has been previously mentioned,
introduced, or discussed.
Examples:
• I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone

• Mark wants a bicycle. Not a particular bicycle, a bicycle in general
• Do you have a driver's license? In general
Use A(AN) when talking about a thing which is new, unknown, or introduced to a
listener for the first time. Also use A(AN) when you are asking about the existence
of something.
Examples:
• I have a car. The car is being introduced for the first time.
• Tom is a teacher. This is new information to the listener.
• Is there a dictionary in your backpack? Asking about the existence of the
dictionary
Similarly, use A(AN) to introduce what type of thing we are talking about.
Examples:
• That is an excellent book. Describing the kind of book

• Do you live in a big house? Asking about the kind of house
• I ate a thick, juicy steak. Describing the kind of steak
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Examples:
• I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

• I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct
Examples:
• I have a cat. The cat is black.

• There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy.
• Do you know where I left the car keys? The listener knows which specific
car keys you are talking about.
• Do you own a car? Is the car blue? You assume they do have a car after
asking about it in the first sentence.
• Nobody lives on the Moon. The Moon is known to everyone.
IMPORTANT: You can use THE with both singular nouns and plural nouns.
Examples:
• I saw the bear in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

• I saw the bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct
EXERCISES
Circle the correct article (a / an / the) in each sentence:
1. John wanted to read a / an comic book.
2. The class went on a / an field trip.
3. He likes to read an / the short stories.
4. Lisa put a / an orange on her yogurt.
5. My mom likes making an / the cake.
6. The dog caught a / an stick.
7. I saw a / an penguin at the zoo.
8. I ate the / an cookies.
9. A / an oval is shaped like a / an egg.
Write the correct article (a / an / the) before each noun:
_______ igloo _______ bench

_______ banana _______ kitten
_______ tree _______ soccer ball
_______ inch _______ penguin
_______ eagle _______ tiger
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be: present simple
Affirmative Short Negative Short form* Question Answer

form*
I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I … ? Yes, I am.
No. I’m not.
You are You’re You are You aren’t Are you … ? Yes, you are.
not You’re not No, you aren’t.
No, you’re not.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he … ? Yes, he is.
He’s not No, he isn’t.
No, he’s not.
She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she … ? Yes, she is.
She’s not No, she isn’t.
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it … ? Yes, it is.
It’s not No, it isn’t.
No, she’s not.
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we … ? Yes, we are.
We’re not No, we aren’t.
No, we’re not.
They are They’re They are They aren’t Are they … ? Yes, they are.
not They’re not No, they aren’t.
No, they aren’t.
Examples:
I’m hungry! I’m not hungry! Am I hungry?
We’re at school. We’re not at school. Are we at school?
* We use short forms for speaking, but not for short ‘Yes’ answers,
eg
‘Are you hungry?’ ‘Yes, I am / No, I’m not.’ (not Yes, I’m.)
We can use names or things in place of He, She, It, We and They,
eg
Paul is happy. (He is happy.)
This is fun! (It is fun.)
Mary and Joanne are 12. (They are 12.)
1 Write am, is or are.

1 Julia …….. my friend.
2 You …….. a teacher.
3 They …….. twins.
4 I …….. hungry!
5 This …….. nice!
6 He …….. a good boy.
7 We …….. friends.
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2 Write the short forms.
1 ……………… hungry. (He)
2 ……………… boring. (It / not)
3 ……………… my friend. (You)
4 ……………… a pupil. (I / not)
5 ……………… at school. (We)
6 ……………… children. (They)
7 ……………… 11. (She / not)
3 Complete the text with these words.

they’re are isn’t I’m is aren’t
My name (1) …..…….. Tony. I am from Greece

Turkey and (2) …..……..
12. Sue and Victoria (3) …..…….. my friends. (4) …..…….. English
Turkey Victoria (6) …..…….. very happy
– they (5) …..…….. from Greece.
today because she has a test at school.
4 Write Am, Is or Are.

1 …….. he English?
2 …….. you from Greece?
Poland
3 …….. we happy?
4 …….. I hungry?
5 …….. it a machine?
6 …….. she your friend?
7 …….. they on a school trip?
5 Make questions.
1 He is from England. ………………………………… ?
2 He is my friend. ………………………………… ?
3 You are from Greece.
Russia. ………………………………… ?
4 I am 12. ………………………………… ?
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WH Questions
Are words to find out additional information depending on the type of
information you want to acquire.
Question Meaning Examples
Who Person Who is your favourite actor? .

Where Place Where do you live? In Boston
Why Reason Why do you study english?
When Time When do you go to work? At 7:00
How Manner How do you go? By car

What Object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer
Which Choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.
Whose Possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
Whom Object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
What kind of music do you like? I like
What kind Description
Rock
What time Time What time do you wake up?
Quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are
How many
twenty.
Amount, Price How much time do we have? Ten
How much
(uncountable) minutes
Duration, Length How long is the trip? For two weeks.
How long
Frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a

How often
week.
How far Distance How far is your school? It's one Kilometer.
How old Age How old are you? I'm 16.
How come Reason How come I didn't see you at the party?
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Fill in the gaps with an appropriate Wh-question:
1. __________ time is it?

2. __________ old are you?
3. __________ do you live with?
4. __________ is your birthday?
5. __________ is your favorite subject?
6. __________ book is yours the yellow or the red one?
7. __________ do you have English classes?
8. __________ is your name?
9. __________ are your parents now?
10. __________ are you studying English?
11. __________ is your best friend?
12. __________ is your favorite color?
13. __________ is the party?
14. __________ do you usually have lunch with?
15. __________ is the bus station?
16. __________ bag is this?
17. __________ did you meet?
18. __________ of music do you like?
19. __________ is the soccer game?
20. __________ people are in the room?
21. __________ does it cost?
22. __________ did you live in fusa?
23. __________ do you go to church?
24. __________ is chinauta from bogota?
25. __________ you arrived late today?
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SOME
We usually use some in positive sentences for countable and uncountable nouns.
 I have some friends in London.
 I usually drink some wine with my meal.
Sometimes we use some in a question, when we expect a positive YES answer.
 Would you like some more tea?
 Could I have some more sugar please?
ANY
It is used with negative sentences.

When asking questions and when a sentence is grammatically positive, but
the meaning of the sentence is negative.
 Do you have any ice cream left for me?
 My brother never does any chores.
We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.
 Do you have any cheese?
 He doesn't have any friends in Paris.
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there is / there are
Examples:
There is a boy …
There are two girls …
We say There is / There’s when there is only one thing,

eg
There is / There’s a desk in the room.
We say There are when there is more than one thing,

eg
There are two desks in the room.
Negatives:
There is not / There isn’t a desk in the room.
There are not / There aren’t two desks in the room.
Questions:
Is there a desk in the room?
Are there two desks in the room?
Short answers:
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
1 Write is or are.
1 There ……….. a book.
2 There ……….. two chairs.
3 There ………..n’t two doors.
4 ……….. there a boy in the room?
5 ‘ ……….. there four windows?’ ‘No, there aren’t.’
6 ‘Is there a cinema in your town?’ ‘Yes, there ……….. .’
2 Make negative sentences using isn’t or aren’t.

1 There ……….. a cinema in my town.
2 There ……….. three boys. There are four.
3 There ……….. a hospital here.
4 There ……….. a TV in my room.
5 There ……….. five elephants in the zoo. There are three.
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3 Circle the correct answer.
1 There is / are two museums.
2 There isn’t / aren’t a park here.
3 There is / are a palace in the city.
4 ‘Is / Are there a swimming pool?’ ‘Yes, there is / are. ‘
4 Make questions.
1 there / a zoo / in your town / is ………………………………… ?
2 two boys / there / are / in your class ………………………………… ?
3 a clock / is / in this room / there ………………………………… ?
4 monkeys / there / in the forest / are ………………………………… ?
5 Write short answers.

1 Is there a pen on your desk? …………………………
2 Are there two books in your bag? …………………………
3 Is there a teacher in the room? …………………………
4 Are there two schools in your street? …………………………
6 Write what there is/are in your room.

There is …………………………….. There are …………………………..
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
7 Correct the mistakes.

1 There is red buses in London. …………………………………
2 There aren’t a swimming pool in my town. …………………………………
3 There isn’t not a test today. …………………………………
4 There are a lion in the zoo. …………………………………
5 Are there a television in your room? …………………………………
6 Is there two chairs? …………………………………
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be: past simple
Affirmative Negative Short form Question Answer

I was I was not I wasn’t Was I … ? Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
You were You were not You weren’t Were you … ? Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
He was He was not He wasn’t Was he … ? Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
She was She was not She wasn’t Was she … ? Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.
It was It was not It wasn’t Was it … ? Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.
We were We were not We weren’t Were we … ? Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
They were They were not They weren’t Were they … ? Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
Examples:
He wasn’t happy.
When I was 4, I wasn’t tall.
Were your friends here yesterday? No, they weren’t.
eg
Billy was happy. (He was happy.)
The lesson was easy. (It was easy.)
John and I were at home yesterday. (We were at home yesterday.)
Remember that we use the past simple to talk about things in the past that are
finished,
eg
It was a good lesson.
My hair was long but now it’s short.
1 Complete with was or were.

1 My dad ……….. good at football.
2 The girls ……….. happy.
3 Our test ……….. very difficult.
4 He ……….. strong and clever.
5 How many people ……….. there?
6 Her hair ……….. not long.
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was (x3) were (x2) wasn’t weren’t
I had a fantastic time yesterday. It (1) ……........ a really good day.

We (2) ……........ at school because it (3) ……........ Sunday. My
mom and dad (4) ……........ out, and my sister (5) ……........ in the
house. My best friend and I (6) ……........ at home alone and we
played all day. It (7) ……........ great!
3 Put the words in the correct order.

1 test / the / easy / was ……………………………………..….
2 Rob / at home / today / wasn’t ……………………………………..….
3 you / at school / were / today ……………………………………..….?
4 here / wasn’t / Ann / on Monday ……………………………………..….
5 weren’t / we / at sport / good ……………………………………..….
6 tall / wasn’t / when I was young / I ……………………………………..….
4 Correct the sentences.

eg James Bond was ugly. James Bond wasn’t ugly. He was handsome.
1 The test was difficult. …………….…....……… …….………………
2 The boys were stupid. …………….…………… …….………………
3 The man was tall. ………….……………… …….………………
4 Alexander was English. …………….…………… …….………………
5 The exercises were easy. …………….…………… …….………………
5 Write questions and short answers.

1 the weather / nice / yesterday
……………………..………………….. ? …………………
2 Alexander / strong and clever
……………………..…………….……. ? …………………
3 Zorro and Popeye / heroes
…………………..……………….……. ? …………………
4 you / at school / last Wednesday
………………………..………….……. ? …………………
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Can (ability and permission)
Affirmative Negative Short form* Question Answer

I can I cannot I can’t Can I … ? Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.
You can You cannot You can’t Can you … ? Yes, you can.
No, you can’t.
He can He cannot He can’t Can he … ? Yes, he can.
No, he can’t.
She can She cannot She can’t Can she … ? Yes, she can.
No, she can’t.
It can It cannot It can’t Can it … ? Yes, it can.
No, it can’t.
We can We cannot We can’t Can we … ? Yes, we can.
No, we can’t.
They can They cannot They can’t Can they … ? Yes, they can.
No, they can’t.
* We usually use short forms for speaking and for short answers.
eg
Tom can run. (He can run.)
Dogs can’t speak. (They can’t speak.)
Can my sister and I go to the party? (Can we go to the party?)
We use can for:

ability – to say what we can / can’t do,
eg
I can speak English.
I can’t speak French.
‘Can you understand this?’ ‘No, I can’t.’
permission – to ask for something,

eg
Can I go out tonight?
Can we have some money, please?
Remember that we do not put to after can or can’t.
1 Write can or can’t.

1 Fish ……….. swim.
2 Cats ……….. climb trees.
3 My dad ……….. lift a bus.
4 Spiderman ……….. fly.
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1 I can swim / swimming.
2 Harry can’t to go / go out tonight.
3 We can’t sing and / or dance.
4 Can you to help / help me?

1 speak / German / can / I …………………………………
2 this / Peter / understand / cannot …………………………………
3 we / to the party / go / can ………………………………… ?
4 you / can’t / see / I …………………………………
4 Complete the dialogue with these phrases.

I can can I can you you can you can’t
Tony: Mum, (1) ……….. go to Billy’s party tonight?

Mum: No, (2) ……….. . You have homework for school tomorrow.
Tony: But Mum, (3) ……….. do it first and then (4) ……….. take me to the
party.
Mum: (5) ……….. finish all your homework now?
Tony: Yes, Mum.
Mum: OK, then. Do your homework and I’ll take you to the party.
5 What do you say when you want …

1 have a sandwich? …………………………………
2 go to the cinema? …………………………………
3 go to the park with a friend? …………………………………
4 a friend to tell you the answer? …………………………………

1 Can you ride a horse? …………………………
2 Can your dad jump three metres? …………………………
3 Can your mum drive a car? …………………………
4 Can you play the piano? …………………………
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Present simple; adverbs of frequency
We form the present simple like this:

I like I do not I don’t like Do I like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
You like You do not You don’t like Do you like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
He likes He does not He doesn’t like Does he like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
She likes She does She doesn’t like Does she like … ? Yes, I do.
not like No, I don’t.
It likes It does not It doesn’t like Does it like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
We like We do not We don’t like Do we like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
They like They do not They don’t like Do they like … ? Yes, I do.
like No, I don’t.
eg
Mary walks to school. (She walks to school.)
Joanne and Susan go to school on the bus. (They go to school on the bus.)
Remember that we use the present simple to talk about things that are always
true, or that happen often,
eg
I go to school.
We live in a big house.
Spelling:
For he, she and it, we put an s at the end,

eg
walk Î He walks start Î She starts snow Î It snows
But remember:
For words ending in -y, For words ending in -sh For words ending in -o,
we remove the y and put or -ch, we put -es at the we put -es at the end,
-ies at the end, end, eg
eg eg He goes
He tries He washes She does
She cries She watches
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Adverbs of frequency:
We use always, usually, often, sometimes and never to say how often
something happens,
eg
I always do my homework.
My brother sometimes watches television.
My parents often visit my grandmother.
We can make negatives with always, usually and often,

eg
I don’t always do my homework.
My brother doesn’t usually listen to me.
We don’t often eat fish.
Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb,

eg
I always try …
You never say …
Do you often play football?
But after be,

eg
I am always hungry!
You are never here!
He is sometimes bad.
We can also use phrases like:

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening
at night
on Sundays / on Mondays
every day / every evening / every Sunday, etc,
eg
I (always) do my homework every evening.
I don’t go to school on Saturdays. / I never go to school on Saturdays.

1 I like / likes English!
2 Dan play / plays football.
3 The boys live / lives in Athens.
4 The dog eat / eats a lot.
5 Tom trys / tries hard.
6 Jen washes / washs her hair.
7 Sam dos / does English with me.
8 Mum go / goes to work by bus.
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2 Find the adverbs of frequency and use them in the sentences about
you.
Across Down
eg 2 You do this a lot. 1 You don’t do this all the time.
3 You don’t do this – ever! 5 You do this all the time.
4 You do this quite a lot.
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4 5
1 I ……........ do my homework.
2 I ……........ go swimming.
3 I ……........ write letters.
4 I ……........ eat fish.
5 I ……........ go to school on Saturdays.
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3 Make negative sentences using don’t or doesn’t.
1 The boys ……........ like French.
2 I ……........ walk to school.
3 My cat ……........ eat fish!
4 Jim ……........ live here.
5 The television ……........ work.
6 My friend ……........ eat pizza and I ……........ eat hamburgers.

1 usually / do / I / in the mornings / my homework
………………………………………………………………………………..
2 never / we / on holiday / go / in the winter
………………………………………………………………………………..
3 win / doesn’t / that football team / often
………………………………………………………………………………..
4 sometimes / my parents / me / money / give
………………………………………………………………………………..
5 always / play football / you / at weekends / do
……………………………………………………………………………….. ?

1 she / live / with her sister
……………………..………………….. ? No, …………………
2 you / enjoy / English lessons
……………………..………………….. ? Yes, …………………
3 they / usually / eat meat
……………………..………………….. ? No, …………………
4 you / know / the answer
……………………..………………….. ? Yes, …………………
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Personal/object/possessive pronouns; possessive adjectives; ’s; whose
Examples
The personal pronouns are I, you, he, Angela and Jennifer are my friends.
she, it, we and they. They are sisters.
We use them so that we don’t say the (not Angela and Jennifer are sisters. /
same thing twice. My friends are sisters.)
The possessive adjectives are my, It’s my bike.

your, his, her, its, our and their. Is this your homework?
We use them when we want to say Our mum and their mum are friends.
something belongs to someone.
We can also use the possessive It’s not your bike – it’s mine.
pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, ours This is my homework – yours is over
and theirs. there.
The object pronouns are me, you, They all looked at me.
him, her, it, us and them. I don’t know her – who is she?
We use them for the object of a These exercises are hard – I can’t do
sentence (not the subject). them.
We use ’s with people and animals This is Harry’s book.

but not with things. It is our teacher’s pen.
That’s the dog’s bed
If there is an s at the end of the word, Our parents’ bedroom.
we do not add an s. The twins’ computer.
We use whose for questions. Whose is this book?

Whose friend is he?
1 Complete the table.

I me my ……….
you ………. ………. yours
he him ………. his
she ………. her ……….
it it ………. –
we us our ……….
they ………. ………. theirs
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2 Circle the correct word.
1 Please help I / me / mine with the exercise.
2 Whose / Who’s bag is this?
3 This is Bill’s / Bills’ / Bills’s bag.
4 Can you come with we / our / us?
5 It’s my parent’s / parents’ room.
6 Where are my CDs? I can’t find they / them / theirs!
3 Write the personal pronouns.

1 Jeff is my brother. ……….
2 Mary is very tall. ……….
3 My brother and I like it! ……….
4 The test is difficult. ……….
5 The boys play football. ……….
4 Complete with a possessive adjective.

1 Maria’s clothes are nice. I like ………… clothes.
2 The dog isn’t eating. ………… food is here.
3 The boys want to play. They’ve got ………… football with them.
4 We need to correct all ………… mistakes.
5 Good children are always nice to ………… parents.
6 No, that’s my bag, not yours! ………… bag is over there.

1 is / my / bag / this ……………………………………
2 their / she / mum / is ……………………………………
3 books / are / those / mine ……………………………………
4 them / like / don’t / I ……………………………………
5 to be quiet / us / tells / our teacher ……………………………………
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6 Write the apostrophes (’).
1 She is my mothers sister.
2 That is Gregorys book.3 Here is the childrens room.
4 I know all my teachers names.
5 That boys name is Ryan.
7 Write answers to the questions. Use the words in brackets to help you.
eg Whose bag is this? (me) It’s mine.
1 Whose sister is she? (my mum) ……………………………………

2 Whose books are they? (you) ……………………………………
3 Whose car is it? (Tommy) ……………………………………
4 Whose toy is this? (Maria) ……………………………………
8 Fill in the gaps with one word.

1 That CD is not …………… . It’s mine. I want …………… , please!
2 You have a classroom and …………… have a classroom. Ours is here.
…………… is over there.
3 Those books are Simon’s. Give …………… to the teacher, please.
4 I have a good computer game. Come and play with …………… .
5 Sally says the computer is …………… but her brother says it is …………… .
Their mom says it is …………… and they must share it.
6 Can you come with …………… to the cinema? Trish and I have got tickets.
7 We can put …………… bags under the desks.
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This - That - These - Those
We use "this" for one We use "that" for one We use "these" for more We use "those" for more
object (singular) which object (singular) which is than one object (plural) than one object (plural)
is here (near to us). there (far from us). which are here (near to which are there.
Example: Example: us). Example:
This is a book in my That is my car over there. Example: Those are my friends over
hand.
These are my animals next there.
to me.
I. Type This or These in the gaps below. II. Type That or Those in the gaps below.
1. …………….. is my computer. 1. …………….. pencil is mine.
2. …………….. shoes are too big. 2. …………….. letters are for Jenny.
3. …………….. is my mother’s car. 3. …………….. dress is too short.
4. …………….. potatoes aren’t cooked. 4. …………….. doors are open.
5. …………….. girls are my friends. 5. …………….. book is interesting.
6. …………….. house is very big. 6. …………….. girls are pretty.
7. …………….. room is very untidy. 7. …………….. milk is fresh.
8. …………….. boys are 10 years old. 8. …………….. boxes are blue.
9. …………….. is my uncle George. 9. …………….. are his toys.
10. ………… boxes are too heavy. 10. ……………..isn’t my father.
III. Change the sentences as in the example.
This car is new. → These Cars are new.
That girl goes to school. → Those girls go to school.
1.This apple is delicious. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. That boy is very rude. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.This task is easy. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.That dog barks all night. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.This book is old. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.That house is near to the beach. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.This lesson is boring. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.That car belongs to Tom. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.This cat is black. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.This garden is beautiful. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Change from singular to plural.
1. this book - ……………..…………….. 2. that table - ……………………..……..

3. this pencil - ……………..…………….. 4. that school - ……………..……………..
5. this house - ……………..…………….. 6. that task - ……………..……………..
7. that chair - ……………..…………….. 8. this class - ……………..……………..
9. that question - ……………..…………….. 10. this bag - ……………..……………..
11. that window - ……………..…………….. 12. this picture - ……………..……………..
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Present continuous
We form the present continuous with be + verb + -ing.
Affirmative Short Negative Short form Question Answer

form
I am I’m I am not I’m not running Am I Yes, I am.
running running running running? No, I’m not.
You are You’re You are You aren’t running Are you Yes, you are.
running running not running You’re not running running? No, you aren’t.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t running Is he Yes, he is.
running running running He’s not running running? No, he isn’t.
She is She’s She is not She isn’t running Is she Yes, she is.
running running running She’s not running running? No, she isn’t.
It is It’s It is not It isn’t running Is it Yes, it is.
running running running It’s not running running? No, it isn’t.
We are We’re We are not We aren’t running Are we Yes, we are.
running running running We’re not running running? No, we aren’t.
They are They’re They are They aren’t running Are they Yes, they are.
running running not running They’re not running running? No, they aren’t.
eg
Tom is talking. (He is talking.)
The dog is eating. (It is eating.)
Paul and Mark are having an English lesson. (They are having an English
lesson.)
Remember that we use the present continuous to talk about things that are
happening now or these days,
eg
I am learning English. (I am having a lesson now / lessons these days.)
We also use it to talk about what is happening in pictures and photographs,

eg
The two boys are playing a game.
That’s my mum. She’s sitting on the beach.
Spelling:
For most verbs, we add -ing at the end,
eg
walk Î walking start Î starting climb Î climbing
For some verbs, we put a double letter before the -ing,

eg
sit Î sitting run Î running
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For verbs ending in -e, we remove the e and put -ing at the end,
eg
ride Î riding hide Î hiding make Î making
1 Write the continuous form.

1 write Î ……………..
2 say Î ……………..
3 sit Î ……………..
4 look Î ……………..
5 rehearse Î ……………..
6 hold Î ……………..
7 do Î ……………..
8 win Î ……………..

1 Your friends ……….. waiting.
2 Fantastic! We ……….. winning!
3 I ……….. watching TV.
4 David ……….. playing chess.
5 The boys ……….. wearing jeans.
6 The teacher ……….. talking.
7 My brother ……….. playing football but I ……….. reading.
3 Complete with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
We (1) ……........ (have) an English lesson. In today’s lesson, the

students (2) ……...….. (learn) the present continuous. Mr Smith,
our teacher, (3) ……...….. (look) at our homework. I (4) ……....…..
(do) a grammar exercise but I can’t do it because my friends,
Marianna and Christine, (5) ……….….. (talk)!
4 Make negative sentences using isn’t or aren’t.

1 My friends ……….. listening.
2 He ……….. having a nice time.
3 We ……….. making a cake.
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4 My sister ……….. eating.

1 the students / play ……………………………………..…. ?
Yes, ……………...
2 you and your friends / run ……………………………..…………. ?
No, ………
3 you / sleep ……………………………..…………. ?
No, …………………………
4 the dog / swim …………………………..……………. ?
Yes, …………………………
6 What are these people doing now?

1 I ………………………………………………………..……….…
2 My mom ……………………………………………..….……….
3 My dad …………………………………………………..….……
4 My teacher …………………………………………..…….…….
5 My brother/sister …………………………………..….………...
6 The children in my class …………………………………….….
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Past continuous / past simple
We form the past continuous with was/were + verb + -ing.

I was I was not I wasn’t Was I Yes, I was.
talking talking talking talking? No, I wasn’t.
You were You were not You weren’t Were you Yes, you were.
talking talking talking talking? No, you weren’t.
He was He was not He wasn’t Was he Yes, he was.
talking talking talking talking? No, he wasn’t.
She was She was not She wasn’t Was she Yes, she was.
talking talking talking talking? No, she wasn’t.
It was It was not It wasn’t Was it Yes, it was.
talking talking talking talking? No, it wasn’t.
We were We were not We weren’t Were we Yes, we were.
talking talking talking talking? No, we weren’t.
They were They were not They weren’t Were they Yes, they were.
talking talking talking talking? No, they weren’t.
eg
My teacher was talking. (He was talking.)
The car was going fast. (It was going fast.)
Gregory and James were playing. (They were playing.)
Remember that we use the past continuous for things that were happening at
a certain time in the past,
eg
We were watching television at eight o’clock last night.
When you phoned me, I was doing my homework.
We form questions and negatives with was/were,

eg
Were you working last night? / What were you doing last night?
I wasn’t crying – I was laughing!
Spelling:
For most words, we add -ing at the end,
eg
walk Î walking start Î starting climb Î climbing
For some words, we put a double letter before the -ing,

eg
sit Î sitting run Î running
For words ending in -e, we remove the e and put -ing at the end,
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eg
ride Î riding hide Î hiding make Î making take Î taking
Remember that we use the past simple for things in the past that are finished,
eg
I talked to Jane yesterday.
She told me her news.
Sometimes we use the past simple and the past continuous together.
The past continuous tells us what was happening, and the past simple tells us
what happened in the middle of it,
eg
I was walking to school (past continuous) when I saw my friend (past simple).
We usually use when between the past continuous and the past simple. We
can also use and, because, but and so,
eg
Janet was watching television when the telephone rang.
My dad was working and/so I helped him.
My friends were enjoying the film but I was bored.
We were unhappy because it was raining.
1 Write was or were.

1 Harry …………… working yesterday.
2 The girls …………… having dinner at nine o’clock last night.
3 I …………… living in England at that time.
4 Why …………… you running just now?
5 You …………… not listening to me!
2 Complete the sentences with the past continuous form of the verbs in
the box.
watch shop do study look talk
1 Antony ……………………… hard all last week because he had exams.

2 The girls found a perfect present for Mum while they ……………………… .
3 Our teacher shouted at us because we ……………………… in the lesson.
4 I ……………………… television in my room when I heard a noise outside.
5 When I met Jane, she ……………………… for somewhere to live.
6 What ……………………… (you) when the lights went out?
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3 Match to make sentences.
1 I was working a so he walked into a tree!
2 Alex wasn’t looking b the film, so we stopped watching.
3 Were you listening to c the radio this morning?
4 What were you doing d when the phone rang.
5 We weren’t enjoying e when I saw you?
4 Make questions.
1 you / were / working / last night ……………………………………. ?
2 he / was / what / doing / yesterday ……………………………………. ?
3 were / they / watching / what / on TV ……………………………………. ?
4 she / why / crying / was ……………………………………. ?
5 going / just now / you / where / were ……………………………………. ?
5 Make sentences with when. Add ideas of your own.

eg We were walking home when it started to rain / Sarah phoned me / we saw
my teacher / John started laughing / we found some money in the road.
We were walking home it started to rain.
I was doing my homework Sarah phoned me.
Ed was riding his bike he fell off.
I was making a sandwich the postman came.
They were watching TV when we saw my teacher.
We were having a lesson John started laughing.
……………………………………. …………………………………….
……………………………………. …………………………………….
……………………………………. …………………………………….
……………………………………. …………………………………….
……………………………………. …………………………………….
……………………………………. …………………………………….
6 What were you doing …

an hour ago? …………………………………….
three hours ago? …………………………………….
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yesterday evening? …………………………………….
at lunchtime yesterday? …………………………………….
last Saturday morning? …………………………………….
when you first met your best friend? …………………………………….
7 Complete the dialogues using the verbs in brackets in the past simple
or past continuous.
1 ‘……………………………………. to Rosie all the way home on the bus?’
(David / talk)
‘No, ……………………………………. after five minutes!’ (he / get off)
2 ‘Where ……………………………………. when I saw you?‘ (you / go)
‘……………………………………. to school.‘ (I / go)
3 ‘What ……………………………………. in the street?’ (you / find)
‘……………………………………. to school and I found 20 euros! (I / walk)
4 ‘……………………………………. when I phoned?’ (you / read)
‘No, ……………………………………. to a CD!’ (I / listen)
5 ‘Why ……………………………………. last night?’ (you / go out)
‘Because ……………………………………. in a football match.’ (my friend /
play)
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Countable/uncountable; some / any / a lot of / a few / much / many
Most nouns are countable.

We put the, a, an or one before one noun. We always use is,
eg
The book is good. / This is a dog. / It is an elephant. / There is one boy on the
bus.
We put the or a number before more than one noun, We always use are,
eg
The girls are here. / There are two people in the room.
We can also use are + a lot of / a few for countable nouns,

eg
There are a lot of desks.
I have a few apples.
For uncountable nouns, we do not use a/an or a number, and we do not put -s
at the end. We only use is,
eg
The spaghetti is nice. / Your hair is long. / I like chocolate.
These are some nouns that are uncountable:
furniture spaghetti oil hair

information weather money time
chocolate sugar water rice
butter food cheese milk
pepper juice salt bread
We can use is + a lot of for uncountable nouns,

eg
There is a lot of money.
We use some for countable and uncountable nouns,

eg
There are some desks. (countable)
There is some bread. (uncountable)
We use any, much or many for negatives,

eg
There aren’t any boys. / There aren’t many boys. (countable)
There isn’t any bread. / There isn’t much bread. (uncountable)
and for questions,
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eg
Are there any desks? / Are there many desks? / How many desks are there?
Is there much bread? / Is there any bread? / How much bread is there?
1 Cross out the wrong word(s).

1 a / some / one boy
2 two / some / an girls
3 lot / some / a few pens
4 some / many / a few cheese
5 a / many / some spaghetti
2 Write a, an, the or – .

1 Do you like ……….. chocolate?
2 There is ……….. egg in the fridge.
3 I have……….. new hat.
4 I know ……….. answer!
5 do you have……….. rabbit or ……….. hamster?

1 Your hair is / are nice.
2 The furniture is / are old.
3 These photos is / are very good.
4 Is / Are there a lot of people?
5 The rice is / are tasty!
6 There is / are not much bread.
4 Tick (3) the correct sentence.

1 a) There is a lot of money. …..
b) There are a lot of money. …..
2 a) I’ve got any pens. …..
b) I’ve got some pens. …..
3 a) There isn’t any cheese. …..
b) There isn’t some cheese. …..
4 a) Do you want a water? …..
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b) Do you want some water? …..
5 a) My hair is black. …..
b) My hairs are black. …..

1 is / lot / of / a / food / there …………………………………
2 some / money / I’ve / got …………………………………
3 there / is / juice / any ………………………………… ?
4 aren’t / any / there / desks …………………………………
5 how / is / there / money / much ………………………………… ?
6 got / much / I / milk / haven’t …………………………………
7 aren’t / many / there / people …………………………………
8 how / are / there / girls / many ………………………………… ?
6 What’s in your house?

There is a/an ………………………..
There are two/three/four …………..
There are some …………………….
There isn’t a ……………………...
There aren’t many .……………….

1 There is ……….. elephant in the zoo.
a) a b) an c) the d) some
2 I drink ……….. water.

a) lot b) a lot c) a lot of d) a lot of the
3 Is there ……….. bread?

a) the b) any c) a d) an
4 I like ……….. rice.

a) the b) a c) – d) any
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5 ……….. lions in your country?
a) Are there any c) Is there some
b) Is there any d) Are there some
6 There ……….. some books on the desk.

a) is b) – c) be d) are
7 How ……….. boys are there in your class?

a) much b) some c) many d) lot
8 ……….. bears in my city.

a) There isn’t any c) There aren’t some
b) There isn’t some d) There aren’t any
9 Mum needs ……….. cheese for the omelette.

a) much b) some c) many d) a lot
10 There ……….. in my room.

a) isn’t much furniture c) isn’t many furniture
b) aren’t many furnitures d) aren’t much furniture
11 ……….. apples are there?

a) How b) How much
c) How many d) How lot
12 There are a ……….. mistakes in my homework.

a) lot b) many c) some d) few
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PREPOSITION
 A wo rd o r group of wo rd s tha t is used wit h a noun , p ro nou n, or nou n

ph ra se to sh o w d ire ct ion , lo cat ion , o r t ime, or to int rod uce a n ob je ct
Exercises
1. Complete with at, in, on.
1. ...... night 6. ...... the evening 11. ...... 1996
2. ...... Christmas Day 7. ...... Tuesday 12. ...... the 15th century
3. ...... 17.30 8. ...... 8th June 13. ......the end of my course
4. ...... May 9. ...... weekends 14. ...... the morning
5. ...... summer 10....... Tuesday afternoon 15. ...... half past two
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2. Write at, in, on or /.
1. We often go on holiday ...... summer.
2. I saw Brenda ...... last week.
3. Do you want to go to the cinema ...... the weekend?
4. James isn´t here ...... the moment.
5. Are you coming ...... Tuesday morning?
6. See you ...... next Friday!
7. I´m almost ready. We can go out ...... 10 minutes.
8. The film starts ...... 7.30.
9. The factory opened ...... 2002.
10. We live ...... the 21st century.
11. Her birthday is ...... 22nd May.
12. Sally met her boyfriend ...... last summer.
13.We have lunch ...... the afternoon.
14. They´re coming ...... the afternoon.
15. His friends got married ...... New Year´s Eve.
3. If the preposition is wrong, write the correct one in the blank. If it´s correct, write
ok.
1. My birthday is in 23rd May. ......
2. The train leaves in 10 minutes. ......
3. It doesn´t rain much on winter. ......
4. The film starts at 10 o´clock. ......
5. The plane arrives at Tuesday. ......
6. We have lessons on Monday morning. ......
7. In Christmas Day the shops close. ......
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Object pronouns
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going to
Affirmative Short Negative Short Question Answer

form* form*
I am going I’m I am not I’m not Am I going to Yes, I am.
to going to going to going to …? No, I’m not.
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you going Yes, you are.
going to going to going to going to to … ? No, you aren’t.
You’re not No, you’re not.
going to
He is going He’s He is not He isn’t Is he going to Yes, he is.
to going to going to going to …? No, he isn’t.
He’s not No, he’s not.
going to
She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she going Yes, she is.
going to going to going to going to to … ? No, she isn’t.
She’s not No, she’s not.
going to
It is going to It’s It is not It isn’t Is it going to Yes, it is.
going to going to going to …? No, it isn’t.
It’s not No, it’s not.
going to
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we going Yes, we are.
going to going to going to going to to … ? No, we aren’t.
We’re not No, we’re not.
going to
They are They’re They are They aren’t Are they Yes, they are.
going to going to not going to going to going to … ? No, they aren’t.
They’re not No, they’re not.
going to
Examples:
I’m going to win! I’m not going to win! Am I going to win?
It’s going to rain. It isn’t going to rain. Is it going to rain?
eg
‘Are you going to eat?’ ‘Yes, I am / No, I’m not.’ (not Yes, I’m.)
eg
Donna is going to cry! (She is going to cry!.)
Some people are going to talk to you. (They are going to talk to you.)
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Remember that we use be + going to for things that we plan to do or for things
that are certain,
eg
I am going to see Pauline tomorrow.

1 Nigel …….. going to win.
2 You …….. going to lose.
3 They …….. going to eat.
4 It …….. not going to rain.
5 The dog …….. going to bite you!
6 …….. we going to play football?
7 Where …….. she going to go?
8 I …….. going to learn the guitar.

1 I am going to buy a car. ……………………………………
2 It is not going to snow. ……………………………………
3 We are not going to have a test. ……………………………………
4 You are going to fall! ……………………………………
5 She is not going to have a party. ……………………………………
6 ‘We are going to fail the test!’ ……………………………………
‘No, we are not!’ ……………………………………
3 Complete the text with these words and the correct form of going to.
buy (not) cook have invite (not) listen make watch
Tom and Crissy (1) ………………… a party. They (2) …………………

all their friends. Tom (3) ………………… balloons. Crissy
(4) ………………… hamburgers, she (5) ………………… lots of salads.
Tom and Crissy’s parents (6) ………………… to the music! They
(7) ………………… a DVD.
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will / won’t
Affirmative Short Negative Short Question Answer

form* form*
I will I’ll I will not I won’t Will I … ? Yes, I will.
No, I won’t.
You will You’ll You will not You won’t Will you … ? Yes, you will.
No, you won’t.
He will He’ll He will not He won’t Will he … ? Yes, he will.
No, he won’t.
She will She’ll She will not She won’t Will she … ? Yes, she will.
No, she won’t.
It will It’ll It will not It won’t Will it … ? Yes, it will.
No, it won’t.
We will We’ll We will not We won’t Will we … ? Yes, we will.
No, we won’t.
They will They’ll They will not They won’t Will they … ? Yes, they will.
No, they won’t.
Examples:
I’ll see you next week.
‘Will Liverpool win the football match again?’ ‘Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.’
eg
‘Will you be at the party?’ ‘Yes, I will / No, I won’t.’ (not Yes, I’ll.)
We use will or won’t to talk about things we expect to happen, or not happen,
in the future,
eg
People will have more free time in the future.
We also use will or won’t to offer or refuse to do something,

eg
I’ll help you with your homework.
No, I won’t help you cheat in the test!
Remember that we do not put to after will or won’t,

eg
You will find the answers at the back of the book. (not You will to find ...)

1 I will ………………..
2 She will ………………..
3 They will ………………..
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4 We will ………………..
5 I will not ………………..
6 We will not ………………..
2 Put will in the correct place.

1 In 50 years, people travel to work by helicopter.
2 You help me with this exercise?
3 Children not go to school in the future.
4 One day, I be rich.
5 We ever live on the Moon?
6 I send you a postcard!

1 carry / I’ll / books / your ……………………………………
2 won’t / Margaret / this test / pass ……………………………………
3 we / new computers / have / will …………………………………… ?
4 you / will / me / help / please …………………………………… ?
5 ‘the boys / win / will’ …………………………………… ?
‘won’t / they / no’ ……………………………………

1 Will your favourite team win its next match? ……………………………
2 Will we have robots to do our homework? ……………………………
3 Will you leave school at 16? ……………………………
4 Will you pass your next test? ……………………………
5 Will the weather be nice tomorrow? ……………………………
6 Will someone give you lots of money soon? ……………………………
5 Write about you. What will/won’t you do …

1 later today? ……………………………………
2 when you get some money? ……………………………………
3 when you leave school? ……………………………………
4 when you see your best friend? ……………………………………
5 when you’re 30? ……………………………………
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Comparatives/superlatives
For short adjectives, we make comparatives and superlatives by putting -er or
-est at the end,
eg
high Î higher low Î lower old Î older
high Î the highest low Î the lowest old Î the oldest
But remember:
comparatives superlatives
For adjectives ending in -e, we just For adjectives ending in -e, we just
put -r at the end, put -st at the end,
eg eg
nice Î nicer nice Î the nicest
safe Î safer safe Î the safest
For adjectives ending in -y, we For adjectives ending in -y, we

remove the y and put -ier at the end, remove the y and put -iest at the end,
eg eg
lazy Î lazier lazy Î the laziest
tasty Î tastier tasty Î the tastiest
For some adjectives, we put a double For some adjectives, we put a double
letter before the -er, letter before the -est,
eg eg
hot Î hotter big Î bigger hot Î the hottest big Î the biggest
For long adjectives, we do not change For long adjectives, we do not change
the word, but we put more before it, the word, but we put most before it,
eg eg
interesting Î more interesting interesting Î the most interesting
difficult Î more difficult difficult Î the most difficult
Some adjectives are irregular, Some adjectives are irregular,

eg eg
good Î better bad Î worse good Î the best bad Î the worst
After comparatives, we always use Before superlatives, we always use

the word than, the word the, and we don’t use than,
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eg eg
He is taller than me. He is the tallest boy in our class.
1 Write the comparatives and superlatives.

cold …………………… ……………………
hot …………………… ……………………
small …………………… ……………………
big …………………… ……………………
interesting …………………… ……………………
good …………………… ……………………
hungry …………………… ……………………
bad …………………… ……………………
nice …………………… ……………………
2 Make comparative sentences.

1 Geography / hard / English …………………………………………..
2 MP3s / new / CDs …………………………………………..
3 My sister / intelligent / her friends …………………………………………..
4 This bag / expensive / that bag …………………………………………..
5 Her test results / bad / mine …………………………………………..
6 John’s homework / good / yours …………………………………………..
3 Complete with the comparative or superlative of the words in brackets.

1 Greece is ………………………… England. (warm)
2 English lessons are …………….………………… Italian lessons. (interesting)
3 Which was ………………………… dinosaur of all? (big)
4 Your cat is ………………………… my cat. (fat)
5 The food at Jim’s Restaurant is ………………………… the food here. (tasty)
6 I think History is ………………………………… subject at our school.
(difficult)
7 Life is ………………………………… for us now than it was. (easy)
8 These shoes are ………………………………… than my old shoes.
(comfortable)
9 What do you think is ………………………………… subject at school?
(useful)
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10 I’m good at English but I’m not ………………………………… (good) in my
class – Stefanos is ………………………………… than me. (good)
bad good worse better worst best
My sister and I work very hard and we both get (1) ……………..
marks at school. But she says that she is (2) …………….. than me
at English because she studies more. I asked my teacher to give
us a test so we could find out who is the (3) …………….. !
Well, we did the test yesterday but we were both ill – and guess
what? Our marks were very (4) …………….. ! She got 10 out of 20
and I only got 8 – my marks were (5) …………….. than hers! Now
she’s telling people at school that I’m the (6) …………….. student
in the world!!!
5 Correct the mistakes.

1 That animal is the more dangerous in the world. ..……………………………..
2 Who is the better student in the class? …………………………………………..
3 My dad is older that your dad. …………………………………………..
4 She’s beautifuller than her sister. …………………………………………..
5 She’s oldest girl in the class. …………………………………………..
6 TV is more good than radio. …………………………………………..
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may / might / could / should
Examples
I may/might see you later.
We could go for something to eat.
You should hurry up and finish your exercises.
If I had more money, I could/would/might travel around the world.
We use may/might/could to talk about things that are possible now and in the
future,
eg
James may/might/could be at home now.
I may/might/could go to France next year.
We also use could for suggestions,

eg
‘What could we do tonight?’ ‘I know. We could go to that new café in town!’
We use should/shouldn’t to give advice,

eg
That shirt’s very old – you should buy a new one.
You should ask your teacher if you don’t understand something.
We begin questions with might, could and should, but not with may,
eg
Might it rain later? (not May it rain later?)
Could this be the right answer? (not May this be the right answer?)
Should I tell him or will you do it?
We form negatives with not, but we don’t use the negative of could,
eg
I might/may not go tonight. (not I couldn’t go tonight.)
You shouldn’t (should not) say things like that.
1 Give advice with should / shouldn’t and a verb in the box.

eat watch play buy spend
1 (Paul hasn’t got any money) ‘You ……………………………… all your pocket
money.’
2 (Sasha wants something to love.) ‘You ………………………………pet.’
3 (Jen is bored.) ‘You ……………………………… table tennis.’
4 (Bob isn’t well.) ‘You ……………………………… all that fast food.’
5 (Tom’s eyes are hurting.) ‘You ……………………………… TV all day.’
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1 You should / may work harder if you want to do well.
2 Anything should / could happen in the next hour.
3 We could / should buy a hot dog if you want.
4 You might have / having an accident if you aren’t careful.
5 We may go / to go to an island this summer.
6 I could / might not stay for dinner tonight.
3 Tick (3) the correct sentences.

1 a) You should never to tell lies. …..
b) You should never tell lies. …..
2 a) I may be late for dinner. …..
b) I may been late for dinner. …..
3 a) What do you think might happen? …..
b) What do you think might happening? …..
4 a) I might seeing him at the café. …..
b) I might see him at the café. …..
5 a) We could watch a film tonight if you like. …..
b) We should watch a film tonight if you like. …..
4 Complete the dialogues using ideas of your own.

1 ‘What are you going to do when you’re older?’
‘I might …………………………………………………………………………….. ‘
2 ‘What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?‘
‘They said it might ………………………………………………………………...‘
3 ‘Have you got any plans for the weekend?’
‘I’m not sure. I may ………………………………………………………………. ‘
4 ‘ What shall I do with all these old clothes?’
‘You could .………………………………………………………………………… ’
5 ‘They never show any good programmes on television at the weekends. ’
‘They should ……………………………………………………………………… ’
6 ‘There’s no food in the house!’
‘We could ………………………………………………………………………… ’
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can/could
Remember that we use can/can’t for:

Ability – to say what we can/can’t do now. We use could/couldn’t for the past,
eg
I can ride a bike but I couldn’t last year.
I can’t see anything. Can you?
‘Can you speak French?’ ‘I could years ago but I can’t remember any now.’
Sometimes we use be able to in place of can,

eg
I wasn’t able to / won’t be able to go to the party.
Permission – to ask for something, or to let someone do something,

eg
‘Can/Could I go shopping with my friends?’
‘You can go shopping but you can’t have any more money!’
Requests – to ask someone to do something for you,

eg
Can/Could you cook dinner tonight?
Can/Could you help me, please?

1 Matthew is only fourteen but he can drive / driving a car.
2 Mum, can I go / to go bowling with the boys from school?
3 Will you can / be able to come to my house for the weekend?
4 I can / could speak English now, but I can’t / couldn’t when I was seven.
5 You can / could only go out tonight if you do your homework first.
6 Could / Couldn’t you get some milk from the fridge, please?
7 ‘I could / Can I borrow your pen?’

1 question / this / I / answer / can’t ………………………………………
2 we / some money / have / can ……………………………………… ?
3 this / help / box / you / could / me / with ……………………………………… ?
4 can’t / you / use / phone / my ………………………………………
5 wasn’t / understand / able / I / to / her ………………………………………
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1 Can you swim a when I was younger.
2 Could you pass b this grammar exercise.
3 Mum says you can use c me the salt, please?
4 Could I have d or are you afraid of the water?
5 I can’t understand e a look at your MP3 player?
6 I couldn’t do this f her computer if you’re careful.
4 Write can, can’t, could or couldn’t.

1 ‘Can I have a glass of water, please?’ ‘Yes, of course you ……….. !’
2 I can see the mountains from here but I ……….. see the sea.
3 ‘ ……….. you swim?’ ‘Of course I ……….. ! I ……….. swim when I was 5!
4 I finished my homework half an hour ago but I ……….. do the last question.
5 ‘Can I leave early to watch the football?’ ‘No, you ……….. !’
5 Tick the boxes and write sentences about you.

I can/can’t/could/couldn’t … now a year ago
ride a bike 3
stay up late
watch television in my room
speak English
cook tasty meals
use the Internet
sleep at my friend’s house
eg I can ride a bike now but I couldn’t ride a bike a year ago.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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Smash Grammar 3
Indefinite pronouns
We use somebody/someone, something, somewhere in the affirmative to talk

about people, things and places,
eg
There’s somebody at the door. / Something has gone wrong. / Let’s go
somewhere different for our holidays this year.
For negatives and questions, we can use:

anybody/anyone, anything, anywhere,
eg
Is anybody hungry? / I can’t find it anywhere.
We can also use everybody/everyone, everything, everywhere in the

affirmative and for negatives and questions,
eg
I’ve done everything you asked me to. / I haven’t looked everywhere yet. / Is
everybody ready?
We use nobody/no one, nothing, nowhere in affirmative sentences with a

negative meaning,
eg
No one was in the room.

1 He’s looking for someone / everyone to do his homework for him!
2 There’s somebody / everybody here who wants to talk to you.
3 Nobody / Anybody came to help me when I fell off the wall!
4 Do you remember anything / anyone about the man you saw?
5 I asked anyone / everyone where the school was but I still couldn’t find it!
6 My diary is nowhere / anywhere in the house. Who has taken it?
2 Tick (3) the correct sentences.

1 a) I searched everywhere for that bag! …..
b) I searched somewhere for that bag! …..
2 a) Something strange is happening here. …..
b) Anything strange is happening here. …..
3 a) These days, anyone has a computer. …..
b)These days, everyone has a computer. …..
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4 a) There’s nothing wrong, is there? …..
b) There’s anything wrong, is there? …..
5 a) I don’t believe nothing he tells me! …..
b) I don’t believe anything he tells me! …..
6 a) Anyone’s here. Something’s ready. Let’s go! …..
b) Everyone’s here. Everything’s ready. Let’s go! …..

1 This has nothing a was listening to me.
2 He’s homeless and b no one answered.
3 I shouted out but c interesting on TV?
4 Is there anywhere to get d he has nowhere to go.
5 No one was interested e something to do in the evenings.
6 I wish I had f to do with you!
7 Is there anything g good Chinese food around here?
8 I don’t think anybody h about the trip?
9 Can anyone tell me i so we didn’t go.
4 Circle the correct indefinite pronoun.

We have decided to go (1) everywhere / somewhere different for
our holidays. Dad wanted to go (2) anywhere / somewhere close
to home, but we’ve been (3) everywhere / anywhere in Greece,
France so
Dad said we could choose (4) anywhere / everywhere we wanted
to go.
Anyway, we’re going to Italy, but (5) someone / anyone else is
coming with us – my favourite cousin. That’s great news because
she is (6) anyone / someone I can really talk to. When we’re
together, we can talk and talk for hours about all sorts of things. We
talk about (7) something / everything!
It’s going to be a great holiday because there’s (8) nobody /
anybody nicer than my cousin!
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Past simple; regular / irregular verbs
Remember that we use the past simple to talk about things that happened at
a certain time in the past or regularly in the past,
eg
I walked to school this morning.
Negatives:
We form the negative with did not / didn’t + verb,
eg
I did not walk to school this morning. / I didn’t walk to school this morning. (not
I didn’t walked.)
Questions:
We form the questions with Did + you/he/she/etc + verb,
eg
Did you go? (not Did you went.)
Did he finish his homework? (not Did he finished.)
Short answers:
Yes, I/she/he/etc did.
No, I/she/he/etc did not / didn’t.
Spelling:
For most verbs, we add -ed at the end,
eg
walk Î walked start Î started climb Î climbed
For some verbs, we put a double letter before the -ed,

eg
stop Î stopped clap Î clapped
For verbs ending in -e, we put -d at the end,

eg
love Î loved change Î changed like Î liked
For verbs ending in -y, we remove the y and put -ied at the end,
eg
try Î tried cry Î cried carry Î carried
Irregular verbs:
There are very many irregular verbs,
eg
eat Î ate (not eated)
think Î thought (not thinked)
go Î went (not goed)
Learn as many as you can!
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1 Write the past simple of these regular verbs.
laugh ……...... finish ……...... want ……...... like ……...... walk ……......
wave ……...... clap ……...... play ……...... talk ……...... change ……......

1 He pointted / pointed at me.
2 We stopped / stoped for lunch.
3 Bill looked / lookked at the book.
4 They visitted / visited their aunt.
5 Mary cried / cryed at the film.
6 I studied / studyed for the test.
7 Mum shouted / shoutted at him.
8 We all loved / lovved the story.
3 Write the negatives.

1 I looked at my homework. ……………………………………………….
2 I phoned you last night. ……………………………………………….
3 They wanted to eat. ……………………………………………….
4 The boys liked the film. ……………………………………………….
5 You worked hard. ……………………………………………….
6 It rained on Monday. ……………………………………………….
7 I believed the story. ……………………………………………….

1 he / take / the money? .
……………………………………… Yes, …………………
2 you / cycle / to school?
……………………………………… No, …………………
3 he / finish / his homework?
……………………………………… Yes, …………………
4 Mark / believe / you?
……………………………………… No, …………………
5 you / stop and look? .
……………………………………… Yes, …………………
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5 How many irregular verbs can you fill in?
A become Î …………….. bring Î ……………….. choose Î ……………..

B
C begin Î …………….. buy Î ……………….. come Î ……………..
break Î …………….. can Î …………….. cut Î ……………..
D do Î …………….. drive Î …………….. find Î ……………..

E
F draw Î …………….. eat Î …………….. fly Î ……………..
drink Î …………….. fall Î …………….. forget Î ……………..
G
H get Î …………….. have Î …………….. learn Î ……………..
I
J give Î …………….. hold Î …………….. leave Î ……………..
K
L go Î …………….. know Î …………….. lose Î ……………..
M
N make Î …………….. put Î …………….. ride Î ……………..
O
P mean Î …………….. read Î …………….. ring Î ……………..
Q
R meet Î …………….. rewrite Î …………….. run Î ……………..
say Î …………….. sit Î …………….. speak Î ……………..

S
see Î …………….. shake Î …………….. stand Î ……………..
sing Î …………….. sleep Î …………….. swim Î ……………..
T
U take Î …………….. think Î …………….. wear Î ……………..
V
W teach Î …………….. understand Î …………….. win Î ……………..
X
Y tell Î …………….. wake Î …………….. write Î ……………..
Z
33
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6 Match the present to the past.
1 wear a taught …….
2 tell b woke …….
3 say c ran …….
4 wake d saw …….
5 see e went …….
6 ring f told …….
7 teach g wore …….
8 get h rang …….
9 run i said …….
10 go j got …….
7 Find the past verbs and use them in the sentences.
L O S T A L I O P
B F R W A D O P Q
E D G V S O P K U
J N B E G A N S N
T U Y G C F U X D
A T P E F G T N E
B U L M O H E M R
O J O I R J R I S
U S P N G K W Y T
G X Y X O E O R O
H K E R T E P C O
T R S T G S F S D
I Q D Y D D C N S
D P E F E L L G S
1 We won. You ……….!

2 They ………. a new car.
3 You ………. my birthday!
4 Penny ………. in the river!
5 The lesson ………. at 9 am.
6 Pete ………. the question but I didn’t.
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8 Tick the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect ones.
1 I didn’t knew the answer. …..
……………………………………………….
2 She learned to drive a car. …..
……………………………………………….
3 Did you drank all the milk? …..
……………………………………………….
4 We flew to London. …..
……………………………………………….
5 What time did they left? …..
……………………………………………….
6 After the lesson, we sang a song. …..
……………………………………………….
7 The girls didn’t understood me. …..
……………………………………………….
8 I through the ball to him. …..
……………………………………………….
9 I sayed ‘Happy Birthday’ to my friend this morning. …..
……………………………………………….
10 We were late and we ran into the classroom. …..
……………………………………………….
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Present perfect
We form the present perfect with have/has + past participle.
Affirmative Short Negative Short form* Question Answer

form*
I have I’ve I have not I haven’t Have I Yes, I have.
finished finished finished finished finished … ? No, I haven’t.
You have You’ve You have You haven’t Have you Yes, you have.
finished finished not finished finished finished … ? No, you haven’t.
He has He’s He has not He hasn’t Has he Yes, he has.
finished finished finished finished finished … ? No, he hasn’t.
She has She’s She has not She hasn’t Has she Yes, she has.
finished finished finished finished finished … ? No, she hasn’t.
It has It’s It has not It hasn’t Has it Yes, it has.
finished finished finished finished finished … ? No, it hasn’t.
We have We’ve We have We haven’t Have we Yes, we have.
finished finished not finished finished finished … ? No, we haven’t.
They have They’ve They have They haven’t Have they Yes, they have.
finished finished not finished finished finished … ? No, they
haven’t.
eg
‘Haven’t you done your homework?’ ‘Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.’ (not Yes,
I’ve.)
We use the present perfect to talk about things in the past that are important
now, or that are still true,
eg
I have been to France.
We have lived here since I was two.
Remember that in the present perfect, we do not say when something

happened,
eg
I have been to France. (not I have been to France last year.)
Spelling:
For regular verbs, we add -ed at the end to make the past participle (it is the
same as the simple past),
eg
walk, walked, walked start, started, started climb, climbed, climbed
Irregular verbs:
There are many irregular verbs that have irregular past participles,
eg
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eat, ate, eaten
become, became, become
Learn as many as you can!
Remember that the verb go has two past participles, gone and been,
eg
He has gone to Paris. (and he is still there)
He has been to Paris. (but he is back now)
1 Write the past participle of these verbs.

start ……...... finish ……...... stop ……...... want ……...... like ……......
walk ……...... cover ……...... play ……...... talk ……...... look ……......
2 Tick the correct questions. Then write short answers.

1 a) Have you done your homework? …..
b) Have done you your homework? ….. Yes, …………………
2 a) Have you seen Maggie today? …..
b) You have seen Maggie today? ….. No, …………………
3 a) Have you gone to Paris? …..
b) Have you been to Paris? ….. Yes, …………………
4 a) Has Ian given you the money? …..
b) Has Ian gave you the money? ….. No, …………………
5 a) Have they their room tidied today? …..
b) Have they tidied their room today? ….. Yes, …………………

1 to / have / I / China / been ………………………………………
2 bought / Kim / any books / hasn’t ………………………………………
3 all the food / eaten / have / you ……………………………………… ?
4 gone / Dad / has / work / to ………………………………………
5 had / we / this week / a / haven’t / test ………………………………………
6 nearly / the / finished / film / has ………………………………………?
7 have / a lot / played / they / tennis ………………………………………
8 haven’t / you / your / finished / drink ………………………………………
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4 How many irregular past participles can you fill in?
A become Î became Î ……………. break Î broke Î …………….

B
C begin Î began Î ……………. choose Î chose Î …………….
bite Î bit Î ……………. come Î came Î …………….
D do Î did Î ……………. eat Î ate Î …………….

E
F drink Î drank Î ……………. fall Î fell Î …………….
drive Î drove Î ……………. forget Î forgot Î …………….
G
H get Î got Î ……………. hide Î hid Î …………….
I
J give Î gave Î ……………. know Î knew Î …………….
K
L go Î went Î ……………. leave Î left Î …………….
M
N make Î made Î ……………. ride Î rode Î …………….
O
P meet Î met Î ……………. ring Î rang Î …………….
Q
R put Î put Î ……………. run Î ran Î …………….
say Î said Î ……………. shake Î shook Î …………….
S see Î saw Î ……………. speak Î spoke Î …………….
sing Î sang Î ……………. swim Î swam Î …………….
T
U take Î took Î ……………. wear Î wore Î …………….
V
W teach Î taught Î ……………. win Î won Î …………….
X
Y wake Î woke Î……………. write Î wrote Î …………….
Z
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6 Match the present to the past.
1 wear a taught …….
2 tell b woke …….
3 say c ran …….
4 wake d saw …….
5 see e went …….
6 ring f told …….
7 teach g wore …….
8 get h rang …….
9 run i said …….
10 go j got …….
7 Find the past verbs and use them in the sentences.
L O S T A L I O P
B F R W A D O P Q
E D G V S O P K U
J N B E G A N S N
T U Y G C F U X D
A T P E F G T N E
B U L M O H E M R
O J O I R J R I S
U S P N G K W Y T
G X Y X O E O R O
H K E R T E P C O
T R S T G S F S D
I Q D Y D D C N S
D P E F E L L G S
1 We won. You ……….!

2 They ………. a new car.
3 You ………. my birthday!
4 Penny ………. in the river!
5 The lesson ………. at 9 am.
6 Pete ………. the question but I didn’t.
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8 Tick the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect ones.
1 I didn’t knew the answer. …..
……………………………………………….
2 She learned to drive a car. …..
……………………………………………….
3 Did you drank all the milk? …..
……………………………………………….
4 We flew to London. …..
……………………………………………….
5 What time did they left? …..
……………………………………………….
6 After the lesson, we sang a song. …..
……………………………………………….
7 The girls didn’t understood me. …..
……………………………………………….
8 I through the ball to him. …..
……………………………………………….
9 I sayed ‘Happy Birthday’ to my friend this morning. …..
……………………………………………….
10 We were late and we ran into the classroom. …..
……………………………………………….
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73
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For each sentence, choose a variety of "used to", "be used to" or "get used to". Use the verb in the brackets to
make the sentence.
1. European drivers find it difficult to (drive) on the left when they visit Britain.
2. See that building there? I (go) to school there, but now it's a factory.
3. I've only been at this company a couple of months. I (still not) how they do things round
here.
4. When I first arrived in this neighborhood, I (live) in a house. I had always lived in apartment
buildings.
5. Working till 10pm isn't a problem. I (finish) late. I did it in my last job too.
6. I can't believe they are going to build an airport just two miles from our new house! I
will (never) all that noise! What a nightmare.
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Put the two halves of the sentence together by joining the numbers and the letters. Simply write
the letter that goes with each number and press 'Mark Answers'.
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79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
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READING TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 pg 101 Unit 21 pg 126

Unit 18 pg 123
Unit 19 pg 124
Unit 20 pg 125
100
�, Present of Be: Statements
fAMOUS PEOPLE
Before You Read

GROUPS: Name a young and famous person. Tell your group one thing about this person.
EXAMPLE: Lionel Messi. He is a great soccer pla�er.
Read
i) Read the article about the peop/e in the photos.
Famouscoup
They're young. They're rich. They're talented and ·amous. Who are they?
POP
Culture
News
Where are they from? What do they do?
The woman on the left is Carrie Underwood. She is from the

United States. She's from the state of Oklahoma. Carrie is an
American coun� inger. She isn't just a singer. She's also a
pianist and a soncn··riter.
Carrie is married to Mike Fisher. He is also talented and
famous. He isn't from the United States, and he isn't a
singer. He's an athlete from Ottawa, Canada. Now he's an
ice hockey player for the Nashville Predators. Carrie
Underwood and Mike Fisher have homes in the United States
and Canada.
Who are the people in the second photo? They're Gisele Bündchen
and Tom Brady. Gisele is a supermodel. She's from Brazil, but
she is famous all over the world. Her husband is Tom Brady.
He is an American football player. He's from California. He
plays quarterback for the New England Patriots.
The lives of these famous people are exciting. Their lives
aren't easy. They are always very busy.
It's wonderful to be young and famous. Many young people
want to be rich and famous. It takes talent, hard work, and
good luck. 63
101
2 UNIT 1
64
102
Reading Comprehension
WH Question + Verb To Be (Activity)
My Name’s Angel Suarez. I’m the big brother of Mariana

Suarez. I’m From Peru but right now I’m living in Rio de Janeiro.
it’s in Brazil but it isn’t the capital. Rio Is fun and the weather is
brilliant. Its population is six million in general terms is
a big city. The city is famous for its Carnival, The Rio de Janeiro
Carnival and also for the statue of Christ the Redeemer. What’s
my favorite place in Rio ?
Copacabana Beach! Rio is a fantastic city with one big problem

Poverty. I Forgot to tell you my dream, my dream is to return to
Peru to be reunited with my family and apply all the knowledge
I learned here there to make a change in its way of thinking
about society.
My Name’s Mariana Suarez. I’m the younger sister

of Angel Suarez. I’m from Lima. It’s the capital of
Peru. My brother doesn’t live with me , because his
job is in Brazil. He left me when I was very young.
My country is famous for its rich history, especially
for its ruins, for the Machu Picchu ruins. Lima is a
big city that is working day by day to find its
prosperity. And its recognition word wide. Finally I
will tell you my dream My dream is to make my
family proud of me, I want to give back all the love
and attention my family gave me and still gives me
every day there for I’m dedicated to my studies
because the dream of my family is to see me as a
professional. Lima is a crowded city, with one big
problem inequality among its citizens .
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103
 Where Is Mariana From ?
 Where Is Angel From ?
 Which City Is Famous For Its Ruins ?
 Where Is Angel Currently Living ?
 What’s The Problem In Rio ?
 Is The Population Of Brazil Seven Million ?
 Is There A Carnival In Rio ?
 What’s The Problem In Peru ?
 Why Did Angel Move To Brazil ?
 Why Is Mariana Dedicated To Her Studies ?
 What Is Mariana And Angel Dream ?
 When Did Angel Move To Brazil ?
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104
67
105
68
106
69
107
Daily routines around the world
Read the descriptions about the daily routines and fill in the table with the hours.
Hello, my name is Alexei. I am sixteen years old and I live in

Vladivostok. I get up at half past six every morning. I brush my
teeth and I have breakfast at seven o’clock. I go to school on
foot at half past seven. The school starts at a quarter past eight
and ends at two o’clock in the afternoon. My favourite subjects
are English and Russian history! I go with my friends to the
park after the school. We often play football. I go back home at
a quarter past three. I watch a few movies, I have dinner and I
do my homework. I play tennis with my little brother in the
garden. I sometimes ride bike with a few friends from the
neighbourhood. I play videogames from eight o’clock to a
quarter to nine. I take a shower at nine o’clock and I go to bed at
a quarter past nine.
Hi, my name is Lisa. I’m sixteen years old and I live in

Manchester. I get up at seven o’clock every morning. I
have a shower, then I brush my teeth and I have
breakfast at half past seven. I go to school by bus at a
quarter to eight. School starts at eight o’clock and ends
at five o’clock. My favourite subjects are biology and
chemistry. After the school, I go to my dance lessons.
The dance class finishes at six o’clock. I go back home
at a quarter past six. I do my homework, then I have
dinner. I play piano from eight o’clock to a quarter to
nine. I read a book from nine o’clock to half past nine. I
go to bed at ten o’clock.
People Gets up Breakfast School starts School ends Back home Bed
Alexei 3.15 p.m.
Lisa 7.30 a.m.
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Tim's Day
Every day Tim wakes up at five thirty when his alarm clock rings. He gets up and
then goes to the bathroom and has a long, hot shower. After that he makes
breakfast for him and his wife, Betty. Tim has coffee and two slices of toast and
Betty drinks a cup of tea and eats a bowl of cornflakes. At six o'clock Tim brushes
his teeth, always before he gets dressed because it is very important that he
doesn't get toothpaste on his clothes - Tim is a train driver and he wears a uniform!
Finally, he kisses his wife and baby son and leaves his house in Watford at a
quarter after six.
Tim starts work at seven

o'clock and drives trains on the
London Underground. He
usually works in the mornings
from Monday to Friday, but he
sometimes works on the
weekends too. At noon he
stops work for half an hour to
have his lunch. He eats
cheese and tomato sandwiches which Betty makes for him, and drinks a bottle of
milk. After lunch he works until four o'clock and then he goes home. In the evening
he plays with his baby son, Ben, and watches TV with Betty. At ten thirty they all go
to bed because they are very tired - and because they get up so early in the
morning!
1. What time does he get up?

2. Does he have a bath in the morning?
3. What does he have for breakfast?
4. What time does work start?
5. Who prepares Tim’s sandwiches?
6. What is the name of Tim’s wife?
7. How many children does Tim have?
8. What time do they go to bed?
109
Reading
1 @3.45 Read the text quickly. Complete each 3 In pairs, answer the questions.
paragraph with the correct information.
1 Write the names of five famous people from
a Mount Everest your country and say why they are famous.
b Universal Law of Gravitation • a writer
e Frankenstein • a sports star
d The Beatles • a painter
• an actor/ actress
2 @3.45 Read the text again. Are the • a scientist
sentences true (T) or false (F)?
2 Write a short paragraph about one of the
1 Gravity causes things to fall down. famous people from your country. lnclude this
2 Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein when information.
she was 50 years old. • Date of birth
3 Nobody found George Mallory's body. • Where does/ did he/ she live?
4 Ringo Starr wasn't a member of The Beatles. • What does/ did he/ she do?
• Why is/ was he/ she famous?
• Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Isaac Newton was an English scientist who made great
contributions to Physics, Optics, Maths and Astronomy.
He is best known for the .... . Gravity is the force that
causes things to fall down. This rule changed how
everyone understands the universe.
• Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
Mary Shelley was a British novelist. Her most important
work was her Gothic novel, .... . She wrote it when she
was only 18 years old. Nowadays there are over 50 films
�
of the Frankenstein story.
• George Mallory (1886-1924)
George Mallory was a mountaineer and explorer. He
climbed many mountains in Europe and Asia. In 1924, he
climbed 3 •.•. and disappeared. Explorers found his body
75 years later close to the top of the mountain. Nobody
knows if he got to the top or not.
aJohn Lennon (1940-1980)

John Lennon was an English musician and singer
songwriter. He was one of the members of 4 •••. , a very
famous English rock band. The group consisted of John
Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo
Starr. In 1970, John Lennon beca me a solo artist and sang
the famous song Imagine. He died in December 1980 in
New York City.
71
110
O
A. Read the following text and complete the table below.
I was born in New York City, a crazy place where people are always in a hurry
that’s true, but I just love it! Located on a large natural harbour on the North-
eastern coast of the United States, New York has a population of over
eight million people, being one of the most
crowded cities in the world. Also known as
the “Big Apple”, “the City that never sleeps” or
“the capital of the world”, New York has got
five boroughs with beautiful parks, lakes, and
woods. Who hasn’t seen or heard of the
Statue of Liberty, the shops of 5th Avenue, the
theatres on Broadway, cinemas, night clubs and
the World Trade Centre and its Twin Towers,
destroyed on September 11th, 2001
Melissa
I was born in London, a noisy city with a lot of pollution, but the truth is I would not
live in any other place in the world. Named by New York Magazine as “the capital of
the world for the 21st century”, London is the capital
city of the United Kingdom and seat of its Govern-
ment and Monarchy. It is situated near the mouth
of the river Thames, occupying both its banks.
It has a population of about 7.5 million people, who
live in its 32 boroughs, making it the most crowded
city in the European Union. London is full of
history and tradition. It contains four
World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London;
the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster,
Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church. Mark
NEW YORK LONDON
Country
Location
Nickname(s)
Population
No. of boroughs
Main attractions
72
111
B. Now say whether these statements are True or False. Correct the false ones by
crossing out the wrong word(s) and writing the correct one(s) above.
1. New Yorkers have a busy life.
2. New York is less crowded than London.
3. New York is a cultural centre.
4. London is a green city.
5. Mark doesn’t like living in London.
6. London is a new city.
C. Find in the first text D. Now answer these questions on

opposites for these words. the first text.
1. quiet – __________________________ 1. How do people call New York City?

_____________________________________
2. never – _________________________ _____________________________________
3. hate – ___________________________
2. What happened to the World Trade
4. manmade – _____________________ centre and its Twin Towers?
_____________________________________
5. less than – ______________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________
6. ugly – ___________________________
E. Now say what these words refer to in the second text:
1. I (line 1) ______________________________________________
2. its (line 4) ____________________________________________
3. It (line 5) ____________________________________________
4. its (line 6) ___________________________________________
F. Now ask questions for these answers.
1. It’s a Monarchy. _______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
2. About 7.5 million people. _______________________________________________________________
73
112
Demonstratives and Possessives
Grammar in the Real World

A Can you name five things that you use in an office? Read the conversation. How many different
office things do the speakers mention in the conversation?
First Day at the Ofﬁce

Robert Hello, Claudia. I’m Robert. Welcome to our company!
Claudia Hello, Robert. It’s nice to meet you.
Robert This is your desk. That’s the closet for your coat. Let me show you
around.
5 Claudia Thanks.
Robert Office supplies, like paper, folders, and CDs, are in those cabinets over
there. The printers are here, and this is the only copy machine. The
paper is in these drawers below the printers.
74
113
Demonstratives and Possessives
Claudia Thanks. That’s good to know.

10 Robert Now, let me introduce you to Keung. He’s on your team. Keung, this is
Claudia. She’s our new sales manager.
Keung Nice to meet you, Claudia.
Claudia Nice to meet you, Keung. Those photographs are beautiful. Are you a
photographer?
15 Keung Well, photography is my hobby. Those pictures are from my trip to
Thailand.
Claudia That photograph on the left is great. What is it?
Keung It’s the Royal Palace in Bangkok, my favorite place.
Claudia That’s a great picture, too.
20 Keung Those little girls are my sister’s children. She lives in Bangkok.
Robert Sorry to interrupt, but we have a management meeting in 10 minutes.
It’s in the conference room. It’s this way, down the hall. Let’s get some
coffee before the meeting.
Claudia OK. See you later, Keung.
25 Keung Wait. Robert, are these your reports?
Robert Yes, they are. Thanks. I need them for the meeting.
B Comprehension Check Match the two parts of the sentences about

the conversation.
1. Claudia a. are in the cabinets.
2. Keung b. are his sister’s children.
3. The little girls in the photograph c. is a new employee.
4. Office supplies d. is in the conference room.
5. The meeting e. is on her team.
C Notice Find the sentences in the conversation and circle the correct words.
1. The paper is in these / this drawers below the printers.
2. Those / That photograph on the left is great.
3. That / Those little girls are my sister’s children.
4. It’s this / these way, down the hall.
Now look at the nouns in italics. What words come before the singular nouns? What
words come before the plural nouns?
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114
Before You Read
Do you hove a cell phone? How many ways do you use it?
Read
Read the online article about today's phones.
Cell Phone Mania I Technology Today

More than 41/2 billion people have them. People under 30 1 don't know a world without them."They
come in ali colors and shapes. Sorne are waterproof and shockproof.2 What are they? Cell phones.
Today's cell phones have many different features. Take Xavier. He's at a picnic in a park. He needs a
ride to a party that evening. He's texting a frien d. The couple in the car were in a minor accident. The
man is taking a photo with his phone. And John is checking email from his phone.
lt's easy to understand the popularity of these phones. People want to connect with others, and at the
same time, they want to be mobi/e.3 Cell phones make it possible to do both. Cell phones are big business,
and the technology is constantly improving. What about the future? What will it bring? Nobody knows,
but here are the wishes of two people.
Emily, age 15, says, "I often forget to charge my phone. l want a phone with endless power." Roj:)ert, a
college freshman says,"I want a phone that can teach me a foreign language while I sleep." Well, Emily
may get her wish a lot sooner than Robert. But of course, with the speed at which things
are changing, you never know what the future will
bring.
1 under 30: less than
30 years old
2shockproof: doesn't break when it falls
3mobile: able to move around
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115
E) Match the to pic sentences to the Write Tfor True or Ffor False.
8 _E_ 1. Only rich people can play soccer.

para graphs. Write the paragraph __ 2. You need special equipment to
numbers.
play soccer.
_____1:__ 1. Soccer isn't just a business. __ 3. "Spaces of Hope" helps poor
__ 2. Soccer is the most popular sport young people.
in the world. _ _ 4. Soccer can be used to encourage
__ 3. In sorne countries, soccer is used kids to go to school.
to help and encourage the poor. __ 5. Professional soccer isn't a big
__ 4. Soccer has several advantages. business. 77
116
Too much / Too many, Too + Adjective
TH E RIGHT PLACE TO LIVE
Before You Read

Does your city or town hove any of these problems? Check(,/) them.
O too much noise or traffic O not enough jobs O too few parking "spaces
D too much crime O too few parks O too hot or too cold
Read
Read the online article about three U.S. cities. Which of these cities wou/d you want to
/ive in most?
DREAM .. lOC-AJIONS
blue, and the temperature is in the 70s almost
every day. There are a lot of water activities,
and the night life is great. It is a cosmopolitan
area with people from all over the world. But
the climate isn't perfect.
In the summer months the weather is too hot
and humid, and storms are common. Public
transportation isn't very good. There are too
few busses, and there isn't a subway, so
there's too much traffic. It's hard to find a
Sorne call my town The American Riviera. good job. Unemployment is high, and most
Others say it's the Latin Holly wood. Por me, it's salaries are low. Sorne say they pay you here
the best place to live. We have sunny weather, in sunshine. But if you have a job, and you
beautiful sandy beaches, and graceful palm like warm weather, sandy beaches, and a rich
place to live.
trees. From January to March the sky is mostly nightlife, Miami Beach is a great
78
117
Sorne say this city is the capital of the world. It
has a rich cultural life and offers lots of things
I find most cities too busy, too dirty with too
to do. There are great theaters, restaurants, much traffic, pollution, and crime. They also
rnuseurns, sports stadiurns, and a wonderful have too many people, and too few animals.
nightlife. There are job opportunities, good That's why I love rny town of Kenai in the
health care, and a truly rnulticultural Kenai Península of Alaska. Here the air is
atrnosphere with people frorn all over the clean, and you can hike and fish and see the
world. It's called the city that never sleeps. stars at night. Of course, it's too cold for sorne
But housing is rnuch too expensive. You pay
a fortune to live in an apartrnent the size of a people, and there's too little sunlight for
closet. The schools are often too crowded. others. But I'm happy here in this small town
There is a good subway systern, but there is too far away frorn the hubbub1 of big city life.
much traffic. Still, this is a city of opportunity,
and I'd rather live here with 8 million other
New Yorkers than any other place on earth.
1
hubbub: confusion
•
After You Read

A I Practice PAIRS: Read the artic/e again aloud. Take turns reading each section.
B I Vocabulary Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
climate crime free time housing pollution unemployment
l. The ________ here is awful. Summers are too hot, and winters are too cold.
2. The _ _
______ from the factories is causing health problems among children
i� the area.
3. That's a very safe area. There is almost no ________
4. The govemment is building ________ for the poor of the city.
5. We're working too much. We have no ________
6. ________ is low here, so he expects to find a good job soon.
79
118
Children’s Day
5 In Japan, people celebrate Children's Day on May 5. It is a day for celebrating children's personalities
and their growth and happiness. They have been celebrating Children's Day for a long time, but it
became a national holiday (1) in 1948.
Originally, (2) on the fifth day of the fifth month, they had festivals for boys only. The day was
called Boy's Day. There is still a Girl's Day, a festival for girls. It is celebrated (3) in March (on the
10 third day of the third month). In 1948, the Japanese government changed the name of Boy's Day to
Children's Day.
Children's Day is part of a longer holiday known as Golden Week. On April 29, there is Showa Day.
There are three consecutive holidays in May. The three holidays are on May 3, 4 and 5. Since Golden
Week is in the spring, the weather is not too cold and not too hot. Many people take a vacation and
15 travel (4) during Golden Week, while others relax and stay at home during their free time.
During the time around Children's Day, families do many things to celebrate their children. Before the
holiday, families with boys put large flags shaped like carp outside of their homes. The black carp at
the top represents the father; the red carp represents the mother. The other carp flags represent the sons
in the family. The carp symbolizes strength and success. Inside their house, they have dolls of
20 warriors and heroes.
Also on this day, families often take baths with iris leaves and roots in the tub. They think the iris is
good for your health and protects people from evil. The bath houses are open early (5) in the
morning and close late in the evening on this special day. They also eat a special rice cake wrapped
with oak leaves and filled with sweet red bean paste.
25 There are also events around the country held (6) on May 5 for children and their parents to have
a fun time. In Tokyo, there is a “Kids’ Olympics” in the stadium of the 1964 Olympic Games. There
are races for families and kids in different age groups.
In the theater in Yokohama, children can learn to perform a comedy. They start practicing once or
twice a week (7) in the summer. They learn comic expressions, movements and uses of the fan. On
30 May 5, they perform for their parents and friends.
Children's Day is a great day for families because they can celebrate their children and have an
enjoyable time.
80
119
The USA - City Life
Reading 1¡.¡:;¡;:;¡;1;;¡
1 3.40 Read about the USA. How many 3 In pairs, answer the questions.
states are there in the USA? 1 What is the largest city in your country?
2 3.40 Read about the USA again. Answer 2 What is your favourite city in your country?
the questions. 3 What other cities do you know in Europe
and the USA?
1 Is the USA a multicultural country? Why?
2 What is the capital of the USA? Why is this city 4 Write a short paragraph about your favourite
important? city in your country. Use your answers to
3 What's the 'Big Apple'? Exercise 3 and the USA examples to help you.
4 Which famous buildings are in New York?
5 What's the weather like in LA?
VJ/ISJ[flfúT'1f
. The USA has 50 states and they are all
different. There are many different kinds of
climate. landscape. cities and culture in the
USA. People from all over the world live
there. It is very multicultural.
J
DC I love NYC City of Angels
Washington The 'Big Los Angeles
DC is the Apple' has a (LA) is very
capital of population multicultural.
the USA. of 8.2 million People from
It is a very people. all over the
important The New world live,
city. The President and his family York skyline is very famous. It has work and enjoy the good weather
live in Washington DC in the White sorne very tall buildings called in LA. The city has many important
House. The White House has skyscrapers. The Empire State centres of culture, science and
tennis courts. a swimming pool Building and the Chrysler building technology and it is the movie
and a cinema for the President's are very easy to recognise. The capital of the world! You can see
family. Inside the White House is Statue of Liberty is in New York the famous Hollywood sign in the
the Oval Office. It is the office of Harbour. It was a present from the hills of the city. You can also walk
the President. Many leaders from people of France to the USA. It is a down Hollywood Boulevard and see
around the world travel to the Oval symbol of freedom and democracy. the handprints of famous actors.
Office to meet the President.
81
120
Reading
1 Look at the picture of a teenager of the
future. How is his life different from the lives
of teenagers today?
What sort of life will teenagers have teachers. One teacher might have a 5 Fashion
fifty years from now? No one can be million students! Ali the lessons will Teenagers will be fatter than today
sure, but experts have made sorne be in English and everyone around because they won't do much.ex_ercise,
interesting predictions. the world will take the same exams. so the most popular clothes will be
3 Free time very big and baggy. Global warming
1 The home
Teenagers won't go to cafés and will bring changes in fashion, too.
Robots will make the beds, sweep
cinemas with friends, but they won't There will be air conditioning inside a
the floor and hang out the washing,
be lonely. They'II have fun in a virtual lot of clothes - a big help in the hot
so teenagers won't have to do many
world and go to amazing virtual temperatures around the world.
chores. Parents and teenagers might
have a more relaxed relationship parties with their favourite stars. In fifty years, you will be old and grey.
because of this. Or will they just find 4 Entertainment What will you think of the teens of
other things to argue about? The films of today will seem very the future?
2 School boring because you can't change the
Sorne people might travel to school, story as you watch. In fifty years, ali
but most people will study on entertainment will be interactive -
their home computers and have there will be no difference between
virtCJal lessons with the world's best video games and films.
2 Read the magazine article and check your 5 Which predictions in the article do you think are:
answer to Exercise 1. 1 correct? 2 silly? 3 exciting? 4 scary?
3 2.34 Reatl these headings. Which
paragraph do you think will mention these
things? Read the article qu ickly to check.
clothes 5 chores exams parents

parties languages video games
4 2.34 Read the article again. Answer

the qu estions.
1 Why might parents and their teenage children
have a better relationship in the future?
Because robots wi/1 do the teenagers' chores.
2 How will a normal lesson in the future be
different from a normal lesson today?
Find three differences.
3 Will teenagers enjoy their free time?
4 What will their parties be like?
5 What will future teenagers think of our films?
6 What two reasons does the article give for the
changes in fashion?
82
121
Discuss the Ejfect of Violence on Viewers
� READING WARM-UP. Are violent movies good entertainment,

or can they be dangerous?
� 0 READING. Read the article about violence in movies.

Which opinions do you agree with?
Can Yiolent ovies Be Dangerous?

B efare the 1960s, most was, people would be less violent in
movies did not show much their own lives.
graphic violence. When Today, special effects technology
fighting or shooting occurred on has made it possible to create very
the screen, it was clean: Bang! realistic images of bloodshed and
You're dead! The victim fell to the violence. Steven Prince, author of
ground and died, perhaps after Savage Cinema: 5am Peckinpah
speaking a few final words. The and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies,
viewer never saw blood or suffering. describes the difference between
But in the late '60s, filmmakers early movies and the movies of today
Arthur Penn and Sam Peckinpah " ... filmmakers can create any image
began making movies with more that they can dream up." So, Prince are a problem since we live in
graphic violence, such as Bonnie believes, because of the technology, such a violent world. "Just open
and Clyde and The Wild Bunch. They movies today have become more any newspaper," he says. "Any
believed that if audiences could and more violent and bloody. newspaper is much more
see how truly horrible real violence Sorne people are worried that violent. And those are true stories
viewing a lot of violence in movies about what happens in real life. Or
and video games can be dangerous. open any history book and read
They feel that it can make violence about what happens when a people
seem normal and can cause people are conquered."
to imitate the violent behavior, "There's so much violence
to do the same thing themselves. right now," says a well-known
Other people disagree. They European actress. "And maybe this
believe that showing violence is is the way that filmmakers speak
honest and can even be helpful. against violence: by making violent
One popular filmmaker asks movies."
why violent images on the screen
� Check the statements that are true, according to the article.

D 1. Movies have always been very violent.
D 2. Graphic violence has been common since Bonnie and Clyde and The Wild Bunch.
D 3. Peckinpah and Penn thought that violence on the screen can never be good.
D 4. Peckinpah and Penn thought that violent movies would make people behave
more violently in their own lives.
D s. Everyone agrees that graphic violence on the movie screen is OK.
� PAIR WORK. With a partner, find a statement in the article to support each of
your answers in Exercise C.
83
122
The Comparative
(OMPARING (ITIES
Before You Read

PAIRS: Discuss. Where would you prefer to live? A big city or a small town? Why?
Read
Read the article about two U.S. cities called Portland. Which Portland would you prefer?
A TALE OF Two PORTLANDS

Matt much larger,
Groening, with a
creator of The population of
Simpsons, and about
LivTyler, the 540,000.
popular Winter in
actress, both Oregon is a
come from the little milder
city of Portland. However, they come than winter in Maine, but they both
from different states in the U.S. have comfortable climates.
There are two beautiful U.S.cities Both Portlands offer a nice
named Portland. One is in Maine, lifestyle. Portland, Maine, is located
and the other is in Oregon. Maine is on the coast, but the mountains are
on the East Coast of the United just 45 minutes away by car. So it's
States, while Oregon is on the West easy to ski in the mountains in the
Coast. Both Portlands have ports, winter or sunbathe on the beaches
but Portland, Oregon, is farther in the summer. Portland, Oregon, is
from the ocean. At 173 feet above LivTyler played Arwen located on a river. lt's a city of
in th ree Lord of the
sea leve!, it is also higher in different neighborhoods with
Rings movies.
elevation. Both cities are not very different personalities. lt's much
big, but they are bigger than any other city in more diverse 1 than the other Portland.
their states. Portland, Maine, has a population Portland, Maine (founded in 1632), is a lot
of about 64,000, whereas Portland, Oregon, is older than Portland, Oregon (founded in 1845).
1 diverse: have people from different backgrounds
84
123
The Superlative
PENGUINS
Before You Read

What do you know about penguins? Write T (True) or F
(False) for each statement.
l. They only live in very cold climates.

2. They mostly live south of the equator.
3. They can weigh up to 90 pounds.
4. English explorers named them.
Read
Read the online article about penguins.
'�" 1.1) l�J\•rtJ 111: Animals Home I Animal Facts I Animru Photos I Animru Quizus I Wild TV
THEPENGUIN Great Auk is pinguis which means "fat."And

that's how penguins got their name.
The penguin is one of the easiest birds to There are 17 kinds of penguins. They all
recognize. Penguins have black backs and live below the equator, but they don't only live
white bellies.l They look fat. They in very cold climates. Sorne, like
stand upright, and they waddle.2 the Little Blue Penguins,
U nlike other birds, most penguins (sometimes called Fairy Penguins)
can't fly, but they can swim very fast. live in warmer climates. The Little
In 1519 Spanish explorers under Blue Penguins are the smallest of
Ferdinand Magellan saw penguins all. They are 16 inches (about 41
when they sailed around South centimeters) tall and weigh only 2.2
America. They thought this type of pounds (about 1 kilogram). They
bird was one of the strangest birds got their name because of their blue
in the world. To them, the penguins feathers. These penguins live in the
looked like another strange bird, the warm waters off southern Australia
Great Auk of Greenland and lceland. and New Zealand.
The Great Auk was a large black and white 1 bel/y: stomach
bird that did not fly. The Spanish word for 2 waddle: to walk from side to side like a duck
(continued on next page)
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124
Visiting Canada Regulations
Every year, more than 35 million people travel to Canada to enjoy the many
opportunities the country has to offer, besides1 visiting family and friends.
If you want to visit Canada, you must first find2 out if you need a visitor (or a temporary resident) visa.
Many people do not have to apply for3 a visa4 to visit Canada. These include most European citizens, for example
Italians, and United States citizens and permanent residents. However, they must carry proper identification for
themselves and all children travelling with them. They mustn’t stay longer than six months. Moreover, if they want to
travel to Canada for reasons different from business or pleasure, for example for study or temporary work, they must
apply for a visa anyway5.
Some nationals (China, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan or Philippines) don’t have to apply for a visa if they are on transit 6
to the USA, but they must have a valid USA visa.
If your state is not included in the list of exempted nationals or you are a stateless individual you mustn’t try to enter
Canada without a visa, even if you are in transit to another country. You have to decide which visa is suitable for your
trip: are you going to Canada as a tourist, a visiting relative or a business visitor? In fact, visa application procedures
vary according to the type of visa.
All visitors must have a valid individual travel document, such as7 a passport; be in good health; convince an
immigration officer that in their country of origin they have ties8, such as a job, home, financial assets9 and a family,
that will take them back; convince an immigration officer that you will leave Canada at the end of your visit and have
enough money for your stay.
After your arrival in Canada, you mustn’t apply later than 30 days before your status10 expires if you wish to change
your Canada visitor status: extend your visit or stay; change the type of permit you hold (for example, from a student
to a work permit); change a condition of your permit (for example, if you are studying and you want to change schools,
or if you are working and you want to change your job).
 COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 1
Match the words from the text to their synonym or definition.
1. BESIDES A. Official authorization to enter a foreign country

2. FIND OUT B. Link
3. APPLY FOR C. Possession
4. VISA/PERMIT D. In addition to
5. ANYWAY E. Short stop to change transportation
6. TRANSIT F. Official position or condition of a person in a country
7. SUCH AS G. Discover
8. TIE H. Make an official request
9. ASSET I. For example
10. STATUS L. In any case
 COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 2
1
Decide if the following statements are true or false. 2Correct the false ones.
1. ALL foreigners must have a visa to enter Canada. ____

2. ALL foreigners must carry a passport. ____
3. The maximum permitted stay for non-visa tourists is three months. ____
4. Some nationals need a visa just to transit in Canada. ____
5. There is only one type of visa. ____
6. You don’t have to be healthy to visit Canada. ____
 COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 3 - QUESTIONNAIRE

Answer the questions with complete sentences.
1) How many people visit Canada every year?

2) How long can Italians stay in Canada without a visa?
3) Which nationals don’t have to get a visa if they are in Canada on transit to the USA?
4) Why do you have to decide which type of visa you need before application?
5) What are the basic requirements for entry to Canada?
6) Who checks aspiring visitors upon entry to Canada?
7) Which changes can be made to a Canada visitor status?
8) When do you have to apply to change a Canada visitor status?
9) Which English-speaking country would you like to visit? Why?
10) In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of studying in another country?
Explain.
86
125
Reading
1 Look at the photos a-e. Which one shows ... 3 What about you? In pairs, ask and answer.
1 the Olympic flag? 1 What is your favourite Olympic sport?
2 the Olympic torch? 2 How many Olympic sports can you name?
3 the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games? 3 How many Olympic athletes can you name?
2 (;) 1.s Read the magazine article. Answer

the questions.
1 How often are the Olympic Games?
Every tour years.
2 Are the Summer Olympic Games and the
Winter Olympic Games in the same year?
3 Is archery an Olympic sport ?
4 When are the Paralympics?
5 Why are there five rings on the Olympic flag?
6 Why are the colours of the Olympic flag blue,
black, red, yellow and green?
The Olympic Games

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Summer Olympi
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Sydney, Athens, Beijing, London, Rio de Janeiro,
· ustralia Greece China The United Kingdom Brazil
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199 20 20 2010 2014
Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin, Vancouver, Sochi,
Japan The USA ltaly Canada Russia
-he Olympic Games is an international sports Olympic athletes from five continents: Europe, Asia,
event. There are tiummer Olympic Games and Oceania, Africa and theAmericas.The rings are blue, black,
Ninter Olympic Games.They take place every red, yellow and green because every country has
1our years in a different country. The Summer one of these colours on its national flag.
and Winter Olympic Games do not happen in The Olympic Games begins with an
:he same year. opening ceremony. In the ceremony,
At the Summer Olympic Games, athletes a man or woman lights the
•rom five continents take part in many Olympic torch.The fire for the
sports including archery, athletics, gymnastics, torch always starts in Ancient
swimming, football and basketball. At the Olympia in Greece.The sun
Winter Olympic Games the sports include starts the fire in a mirror, and
ice hockey, skiing and snowboarding.The then a woman lights the torch.
Paralympics take place in the same year as the After that, different people
Summer Olympic Games. The Paralympics are carry the torch to the opening
for athletes with physical disabilities. ceremony. The torch visits many
The rings on the Olympic flag are the symbol of countries and towns before the
the Games.There are five rings because there are opening ceremony.
87
126
That was a cold and stormy night.
Everybody went to bed earlier than
usual, but I decided to stay in the
living room reading my new novel
about mystery. Suddenly, something
happened in the kitchen, I heard a
strange noise. I stood up and went
rapidly to see what was happening. I
couldn’t see anything out of the ordinary. Everything was calm and
quiet. I came back to the living room and kept on reading my
book….when I opened the second page, I heard a noise coming from the
front window and a shadow disappearing in the night…when I looked
through the window I saw nobody. It was a very rare night. Every time I
tried to read my book something inexplicable happened. Was the
mysterious novel becoming true??...I examined everywhere in the living
room, I was trying to find the odd thing that was producing the strange
noises but I could find anything, everytime I left the living room I felt like
someone was behind me, I felt like someone was about to jump on my
back or grab my leg while I was walking down the aisle…I Just could not
get it anymore so I decided to go to my mom’s bedroom, I told her there
were some strange noises going on, my mom took me in her arms and we
went to cuddle and finally I was able to concealed my sleep.
Answer the questions about the reading
1) What happened in the room?

________________________________________________
2) What did he do when heard the first noise?
________________________________________________
3) Did he continue reading the book?
________________________________________________
4) Who saved him from the scary situation?
________________________________________________
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127
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was born on February
12, 1809, in Hodgenville, Kentucky,
USA. His parents were Thomas Lincoln,
a farmer, and Nancy Hanks. His family
was very poor. Abraham had one brother
and one sister. His brother died in
childhood. They grew up in a small log
cabin house, with just one room inside.
Although slavery was legal in Kentucky
at that time, Lincoln's father, who was a
religious Baptist, refused to own any
slaves. When Lincoln was seven years
old, his family moved to Indiana, and
later to Illinois. In his childhood he helped his father on the farm, but when he was
22 years old he left home and moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he worked in a
general store. Later, he said that he had gone to school for just one year, but that was
enough to learn how to read, write, and do simple math.
In 1842, he married Mary Todd Lincoln. They had four children, but three of them
died when they were very young. Abraham Lincoln was sometimes called Abe
Lincoln or "Honest Abe" after he ran miles to give a costumer the right amount of
change. The nickname "Honest Abe" came from a time when he started a business
that failed. Instead of running away like many people would have, he stayed and
worked to pay off his debt.
He has also been called the "Great Emancipator" because of his work to end slavery
in the United States. In 1863, he declared that all slaves held in the rebellious
Confederate States were free. He also sponsored the Thirteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution. Ratified in 1865, nine months after his assassination, that
amendment completely outlawed slavery in the United States.
128
In front of the enormous Shibuya train station in Tokyo,
there is a life-size bronze statue of a dog. Even though the
statue is very small when compared to the huge neon signs
flashing, it isn't difficult to find. It has been used as a
meeting point since 1934 and today you will find hundreds
of people waiting there for their friends to arrive- just look
for the crowds.
Hachiko, an Akita dog, was born in 1923 and brought to Tokyo in 1924. His owner,
Professor Eisaburo Uyeno and he were inseparable friends right from the start. Each day
Hachiko would accompany his owner, a professor at the Imperial University, to Shibuya
train station when he left for work. When he came back, the professor would always
find the dog patiently waiting for him. Sadly, the professor died suddenly at work in
1925 before he could return home.
Although Hachiko was still a young dog, the bond between him and his owner was very
strong and he continued to wait at the station every day. Sometimes, he would stay
there for days at a time, though some believe that he kept returning because of the food
he was given by street vendors. He became a familiar sight to commuters over time. In
1934, a statue of him was put outside the station. In 1935, Hachiko died at the place he
last saw his friend alive.
1.Hachiko’s statue is small in comparison to:

a. Life sized dogs. b. Huge billboard signs. c. Huge neon signs.
2.People get together at the statue of Hachiko because:
a. They like to visit the bronze statue and pray for the dog’s soul.
b. It serves as a meeting point for lovers.
c. People await there to meet with their friends.
3.Where did the professor work?
a. In a primary school. b. at a university. c. at a train station.
Select true or false
4.1 Hachiko waited every day at the station. True False
4.2 Nobody gave Hachiko any food. True False
5. In your own concept. How can you define the following words: Loyalty and
Friendship. Do you consider yourself to have these qualities? Why?
89
129
FOMO
Everybody knows how important it is for students to get a good night’s sleep every
night. You aren’t able to do your best and keep up with all of your responsibilities
unless you sleep well. I’m sure you already know that you should go to bed at a
reasonable hour. Most experts agree that the optimum number of hours is eight,
and this has been accepted as common sense for as long as I can remember.
However, I was young once and I know that most of you get much less sleep than
that – and in some cases it will be affecting your schoolwork.
I read an interesting article in a teachers’ magazine recently. They did a study of
848 students in Wales. Worryingly, the results showed that teenagers are facing a
new problem. They may go to bed and get up at appropriate times but a growing
number are waking up in the middle of the night, not to use the bathroom or have a
snack but because of a new phenomenon: FOMO – fear of missing out!
According to the article,
schoolchildren are suffering
because of a growing trend to
wake up during the night to check
social media. Afraid of missing a
comment or opportunity to take
part in a chat, teenagers are
waking at all times of the night,
going online and getting involved.
All this when they should be sound
asleep.
Experts are worried about this
growing trend and the report reveals some worrying statistics that I’d like to share
with you:
 23% of 12 to 15-year-olds wake up nearly every night to use social media.

Another 15% wake up at night once a week for the same reason.
 One in three students are constantly tired and unable to function to their full
capacity.
 Students who use social media during the night are more likely to suffer from
depression and anxiety.
So, I’d like to ask you to be responsible when it comes to social media. Be brave!
Switch off your devices at night. The world won’t end and your social media will be
waiting to greet you in the morning! I give you my word that you won't have missed
anything important.
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131
Just Married
Considering their wedding cost over $20,000 and took a year and a half to organize, you
would be surprised to hear that Richard and Victoria Hammond now intend to forget it.
Well, almost. "It was a wonderful wedding, an unbelievable day," says Victoria. "But we
have so much we want to do together now, we are both looking to the future." Her husband,
banker and amateur race driver Richard, agrees. "Both our minds are now fixed firmly on
the future. I'll never forget our wedding ceremony or the reception we had at a cliff-side
hotel afterwards, but there's so much we want, so many hopes. Our marriage is so much
more important than the wedding."
"At the moment, we are still living with my parents," explains Victoria, "so our first wish is
to find our own place. We intend to start looking for a new house with all the modern
conveniences in the suburbs in the new year." Both Victoria and husband Richard have a lot
of siblings. Do they intend to add to the extended Hammond family? "We plan on having
two or three children ourselves," Richard tells me. "Victoria is just wonderful with children
and I can get 3 years paternity leave from my work, which is just perfect." The young
couple has just returned from a two-week honeymoon spent in an authentic Scottish castle.
Both the newly-weds are big travel lovers and Richard hopes this will continue. "I would
like to go travelling as much as possible together. Travelling with someone else is such a
sharing experience. I think it's sad to experience all the wonderful places in the world and
have no-one else there." Victoria also has another great travel ambition that she might have
to do alone. "I have always been fascinated by safari and my real wish is to go on safari.
Richard has no interest in wildlife though." And what about the marriage itself? In a world
with such a high divorce rate, how do Richard and Victoria hope to avoid all the problems
that beset so many other couples? Richard explains thoughtfully that "our ambition is to
always talk to each other. If you stop communicating, what chance do you have?" His wife
goes along with that completely. "I hope that we can speak about things, but also not expect
everything to be easy. I think many people expect the wedding to be the end of getting to
know each other. I think it's the start."
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The Hotel Of The Famous
What would your life be like if you were Albert Einstein. What clothes would be in your
wardrobe if you were Marilyn Monroe? Or Madonna?
Well now you can discover the answer to all these questions and many more at the Fame
Hotel in California. Ten miles outside Los Angeles, the Fame Hotel promises to answer the
question "What if?". When you check into the hotel, you choose a room. Each room has a
name. There's Clint Eastwood on the second floor and Elvis Presley on the third floor. In
total, the Fame Hotel has 32 rooms, most of which are named after stars of Hollywood or
music. But there are also famous writers (Mark Twain and Agatha Christie) and even some
scientists and sports stars, such as Mike Tyson.
When you enter the room, you enter the life of that person. There are pictures everywhere.
The owner of the hotel has tried to fill the room with objects, clothes, even food that he
thinks the stars would have liked. Marilyn Monroe's wardrobe is full of beautiful white
dresses, Albert Einstein doesn't have any socks in his wardrobe because the real Einstein
never wore them! If you choose Mike Tyson's room, you'll be able to practice boxing in one
corner of the room. And there's even a skipping rope too!
I spoke to one guest staying in the Elvis Presley room. "I love this hotel," he said to me. "I
wanted to know 'What would Elvis Presley eat for breakfast?' and now I know". That guest
eats pancakes and strawberry ice cream every morning, just as Elvis liked to do. On the
next table, the Einstein room's guest is eating cabbage soup!
The company plans to open another

Fame Hotel in New York next year and
there are plans to expand into Europe
too. I look forward to staying in the
Winston Churchill suite in London!
133
Mother Fined For Son's Absences.
An Ipswich mother, who allowed her son to go on holiday during school term, has been
fined £400 after her son repeatedly refused to go to school. The 36-year-old mother, who
can not be named for legal reasons, appeared before South East Suffolk Magistrates Court
yesterday where magistrates heard her 14-year-old son was currently on holiday in Spain.
She told that court: "He just does not like going to school. Although he is getting better
now and seems to be enjoying it." The boy has had 145 unauthorised absences between
October 15 last year and March 22 this year. His absences were blamed on a late-night life
style. The mother has been attending parenting classes voluntarily and told the court that
she thought they were helping her. Out of the last
eight school sessions - there are two a day - he has
attended five. Chairman of the bench David Coe
asked her if she thought she could get her son to
school in future.
"Yes I think I can with some help," she said.
She told the court that he was on holiday during

the time other pupils were doing work experience because he had not been given a place.
On sentencing Mr Coe said: "He is not in school and then he disappears on holiday. We
would expect the local authority to bring this back to court quickly if there are further
problems."
She was fined £400 and ordered to pay £50. Yesterday's case is the second to be dealt with
by south east Suffolk magistrates recently. Last month a 37-year-old was fined £50 after
her son had attended just 16 out of 182 sessions.
And the cases follow national concern after Oxfordshire mother Patricia Amos was jailed
for allowing her children to miss school. She was originally sentenced to 60 days' jail, but
this was reduced on appeal.
134
Coastal Job: Maritime Detective and Response Consultant
Karsten von Hoesslin, an academic-turned-detective and the founder of

Remote Operations Agency, works with governments and agencies around
the world, responding to high-stakes maritime crises.
There’s a saying
that goes, “If you
want to kill
someone, just do it
at sea,” and that
phenomenon has
always fascinated
me. My job is to
respond to
hijacking and hostage cases at sea, from locating stolen ships and figuring
out who’s behind the crime, to recovering the crew and coordinating ransom
payments. A few years ago, I started private detective work. Most people in
my field come from a military or police background, but I came to it from the
academic side. For my master’s degree, I studied the Law of the Sea—a
United Nations treaty that attempts to govern the world’s oceans —focusing on
territorial disputes in the South China Sea. I shifted to human intelligence for
my PhD research, looking at how to infiltrate organized crime networks. After
that I started liaising with agencies like coast guards and Interpol, and
learning other skills like behavioral profiling, hostage negotiation, and
paramedicine.
The most stressful case was the 2012 MT Smyrni hijacking, which holds the
world record for the highest ransom ever paid to Somali pirates. The Greek-
owned oil tanker was hijacked in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Oman
carrying 135,000 tonnes of oil. All 26 crew were taken hostage. It was the first
time I’d commanded a maritime hijacking rescue, and I was responsible for
coordinating all operations at sea—from communicating with the ransom
negotiators back in London to delivering the money to the pirates. I didn’t
135
sleep for days. Afterward, I noticed that certain parts of my beard had turned
gray.
The scariest moment I ever experienced was in Merca, Somalia, on the coast,
while I was working another hijacking case. We got to a checkpoint manned
by an older man and three kids who were chewing khat [a herbal stimulant].
One of the kids saw me in the back of the SUV and pointed his AK-47 right at
me—his pupils were dilated and his finger was on the trigger. I remember
thinking that if this kid makes one tiny mistake, I could get killed.
In 2014, a video showing a mass homicide of fishermen in the Indian Ocean

went viral on YouTube. I was part of a team that was asked to determine if the
vessels involved had any European connections. We established quite early
on that they did not, but for me it was very hard to just leave it at that when
innocent victims at sea had been murdered. So I started investigating on my
own. I established who did it and why they did it, and passed the names on to
the Chinese government, since the suspects were all from China. So far, they
haven’t arrested anyone.
That case led me to investigate more unsolved homicides in the fishing

industry*. Often, fishing is simply a conduit for other criminal acts like
smuggling drugs or human trafficking, because on the ocean, you can literally
get away with murder.
136
The history of zombies
Zombies are everywhere these days – on television, in movies and in books. The
current image of the terrifying flesh-eating zombie comes from George Romero’s
1968 classic film Night of the Living Dead. Nowadays many people like to frighten
themselves with the idea of the ‘Zombie Apocalypse’, and enjoy learning how to
destroy zombies by decapitation or shooting them in the head.
However zombies are not new. The term, from the Kongo word nzambi which
means ‘spirit of a dead person’, has been long associated with the Vodou religion
of Haiti (popularly known as Voodoo). As with West African Vodun, from which it is
descended, Vodou has strong ties to the supernatural and magic practised by
witch doctors called bokors.
In Haitian culture zombies are not evil creatures but victims. They are said to be
people who have been killed by poisoning, then reanimated and controlled
by bokors with magic potions for some specific purpose, usually to work as slave
labor. The bokors were widely feared and respected. It is said that they used to be
in the service of the secret police and those who defied the authorities were
threatened with being turned into the living dead.
For a long time most people assumed that
zombies were nothing more than mythical
figures, like werewolves and vampires.
However this changed in the 1980s when a
man called Clairvius Narcisse claimed that he
had been turned into a zombie by means of
drugs and forced to work on a sugar plantation
for two years before escaping. Wade Davis, a
Harvard scientist, investigated the claim and
obtained something called ‘zombie powder’
from Haitian bokors. The main active ingredient was a neurotoxin found in puffer
fish which could be used to simulate death. The bokors also explained to Davis
that a second poison, made from the datura plant, known as the zombie cucumber,
was given to victims after they were revived from their death-like state. This kept
the ‘zombies’ in a submissive state so that it was easy to force them to work. Davis
wrote several books on the topic, including The Serpent and the Rainbow, later
made into a horror film by director Wes Craven.
Although the book was very popular with the public, some scientists were skeptical
of Davis’s claims. They said the amounts of toxin in the powder samples he found
were inconsistent and not high enough to produce zombifying effects. Although
many people in Haiti still believe in zombies, there have been no publicized cases
in the last few decades and Davis’s theory remains controversial. The Zombie
Apocalypse seems unlikely to take place soon.
137
What do you know about spiders?
Spiders can be found on every continent of the planet except Antarctica. They are both
hunters and hunted. They capture their prey in a variety of ways, either by spinning a web
and waiting for their unsuspecting prey to fall into the trap, or jumping out of a hiding place
onto a passing meal. Except for the plant-eating Bagheera kiplingi, these eight-legged
invertebrates are serial carnivores: most love to snack on insects while others are tempted
by lizards, birds, frogs, fish and the occasional snake. There are spiders that eat other
spiders, and some female widow spiders eat their mates, even while they are mating. In
turn, spiders are preyed on by lizards, birds, snakes and scorpions as well as some
insects such as the mantis and a type of wasp that buries the arachnid alive! Spiders are
also eaten by humans; they are a delicacy in some cultures of the South Pacific and a
popular street food in South East Asia.
Spider venom is present in most species and serves the purpose of stunning or killing their
prey rather than attacking humans. In fact, only 25 of the known spider species produce
venom which can actually harm humans, and although spider bites can be painful, they
are rarely deadly. Australia’s notorious Sydney funnel-web spider has not produced any
fatalities since anti-venom was developed in 1981. However, take care not to rub hairy
spiders like tarantulas up the wrong way. When they feel in danger, they defend
themselves by ejecting a cloud of urticating hairs. These irritating hairs then embed
themselves in the skin or eyes of the attacker.
Despite having adapted to a range of habitats and
temperatures, spiders rarely stray far from their home
environment. Ballooning spiders are an exception as they can
migrate fairly long distances by drifting through the air with
air-filled balls of silk. Spiders tend not to favour significant
changes in temperature, and tropical spiders such as
tarantulas prefer warm surroundings and find many European
climates a little nippy. Even the ones who hitch a ride to
Britain by boat or plane from the tropics don’t survive long.
Spiders can produce several different types of silk from their
silk glands and nozzles, otherwise known as spinnerets. They
range from stickier threads used to weave webs to capture their prey to incredibly strong
threads which can support their own weight. The toughest spider silk is up to six times
stronger than human bone, and that made by orb-weaver spiders is on a par with the
strength of steel. In fact, some experts suggest that spider silk would be more effective
than Kevlar in bulletproof vests. However, harvesting the thread on spider farms is
complicated as these territorial creatures prefer their own company and could end up
killing each other. Nevertheless, having studied the complex nature of spider silk,
scientists have managed to replicate the resilient fibres, which has enormous potential for
developing a range of things from synthetic muscle tissue to high-performance sports
clothing. Arachnophobia, or the irrational fear of spiders, is among the most common
phobias in the Western world. It is thought to date back thousands of years and might be
the result of an instinctive response displayed in early humans. For a long time throughout
Europe, spiders were wrongly believed to spread diseases such as the plague. However,
out of all the known spider species on the planet, only around 2% are actually harmful to
humans. Other cultures such as Native Americans depict them in a more favourable light
as they believe spiders are lucky and consider them symbols of wisdom.
138
Odd Man Out
I recently watched a documentary called Odd Man Out. It was about a man named
Bob who decided to live out of his suitcase.
Bob had a little money socked away, so he didn't have to live from hand to mouth. I
found the reasons for his decision to throw in the towel and become free as a bird
compelling. In any case, Bob had been working for over twenty years for a
corporation. While he had been successful at his job, and had made plenty of hay
while the sun was shining, he still felt he was tilting at windmills. "I mean," he said
to himself "how hard can it be to strike out on your own and live off the fat of the
land?" The more he pondered the idea the more he came to realize that he wasn't
able to see the forest for the trees. Certainly, he never questioned the powers that
be, but he did wonder if things
might be a bit more interesting if he
gave living by the seat of his pants
a go.
Bob was very careful not to let on

what he was thinking to anyone
until he got all his ducks in a row.
He knew that such a decision
couldn't be made on the spur of a
moment.
Things could go terribly wrong in

the twinkling of an eye. "No," he thought to himself "I need a plan." It was then he
remembered his grandfather Bill. Bill was salt of the earth. He never cared too
much for the "finer things in life", as he liked to call them. Bill repeatedly told Bob
that tagging along with everyone else would eventually get boring.
Bill made his living as a jack-of-all-trades. Sure, he never had money to burn, but
he managed to get by. More importantly, Bill was content, and never worried about
what others were saying or who he had to impress to get promoted. In any case,
these memories of Bill came flooding back as Bob began to to prepare to get a
new lease on life.
Finally, the big day arrived and Bob announced that he was stepping down as
manager. His colleagues were incredulous: "How can you throw all you've worked
for down the drain?" they commented. "He's lost his marbles" commented others.
However, Bob was in the the prime of life and he was ready for adventure. He
walked out the door and never looked back. Who knows where he is and what he's
doing today, but my guess is that he's happy - if not wealthy.
139
Mystery of the Red Truck
It has been confirmed that late on the night of the sixth of July, a large red truck ran
into the bakery on Maryland Street. After an initial investigation by police, it is now
clear that the truck had no driver at all. The locals are asking a simple question:
“Where was the driver?” If the police want to solve this mystery, they will need the
CCTV footage from the street. One of the locals said: “We’re all quite worried about
a truck with no driver. This truck has never been seen in the neighbourhood before.
If we’d seen that truck before, we’d have solved this mystery by now.” Many locals
share the same concerns.
They want to know what’s happening in
their town. A witness at the crime scene
told police: “There was a loud noise coming
from the truck while it was going towards
the building and its speed.... it was
unbelievable. If it had been going slower, I
would’ve had a chance to see the driver.
But all I saw was the truck speeding into
the bakery as fast as it could. ’’
The police have already spoken with
eleven other residents but no one knows any further details about the incident.
Superintendent Amanda Slippers remarked: “This is a tough case. The truck
licence plate belongs to this town, but nobody has seen it here. According to the
town records, the owner of the truck moved away from here years ago. No one
knows where to. If we can locate the owner, we'll probably solve this mystery.’’ If a
truck moves, then it has a driver. Well, maybe we should change this basic
assumption on account of this mysterious red truck.
140
Why Is the Sea Salty?
Thousands of years ago, the answer to a child’s question of why the sea is
salty would elicit some creative and curious explanations. Before Google was
around to explain that dissolved salts in rivers and surface runoff flow into the
ocean and saline emissions pour out of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, people
around the world were crafting more magical explanations. Here are five
myths that seek to make sense of why the sea is salty.
Giantesses Need Their Rest, Too
Grinding a millstone all day is the ancient equivalent of doing load after load
of laundry. You’re going to get sick of the monotony. And fast. It doesn’t help
if you have an overbearing, unappreciative boss who balks when you try to
take a break. Such was the reality for a pair of enslaved Nordic giantesses,
Fenja and Menja, who were forced to use a magic millstone to grind out
wealth and happiness for King Frodi without ever being granted a break. Fed
up, they cursed the king and ground out an army to grind him to a pulp with
the help of a sea king. The sea king then took the giantesses and the magic
millstone aboard his ship and asked them to grind salt—so much so that the
ship sank, dumping all its
salty cargo into the ocean.
Don’t Sink Ships to Pay Your
Dowry
She would have been a

nightmare of a mother-in-law.
When the wealthy woman
who ran a profitable salt-
producing cave learned that Marag-sa-tubig, the son of a sea god, wanted to
marry her daughter, Aliwan, she wasn’t willing to offer a discount on the
dowry. Instead, the greedy woman demanded 100 boatloads of gold in
exchange for Aliwan’s hand. Desperate, the would-be groom called on his
would-be best man, the monsoon god, to wreck any gold-carrying ships and
send the glittering cargo into the sea god’s kingdom where it could be
collected for the dowry. In a cruel twist, Aliwan was on board one of the ships
141
that sank. Distraught, Marag-sa-tubig forgot to tell the monsoon god to turn off
the tap and the storm continued, eventually causing the sea to sweep over the
salt-producing cave, turning the seas salty forever.
Cockroaches Can Be Vain
Three friends hanging out, doing some body painting—what could possibly go
wrong? Plenty, it turns out in this tale from the Gamalanga tribe in Australia. A
bush cockroach had beautifully painted a lizard’s sinuous body while a
wallaby looked on. But when it was the lizard’s turn to paint the cockroach, he
did a slapdash paint job, infuriating the cockroach, who urinated everywhere
and turned almost all the fresh water salty. The only reason we have any
fresh water today is thanks to the wallaby, who had removed some water in a
cup for himself earlier.
Swallowing the Sea Will Have Consequences
Before there were Bloods and Crips, there were gods and demons. During
one battle in Hindu mythology, the demons retreated to their hideout under
the sea, which the gods couldn’t reach. Not a group to give up easily, the
gods called in the powerful sage Agastya, who drank up the entire ocean,
exposing the demons who were swiftly taken down by the gods. At the end of
the battle, it was time to put the ocean back where it belonged. Whether
Agastya urinated or spewed out the ocean, the ocean has been salty ever
since.
142
What does cloud computing mean?
Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of
your computer's hard drive. It involves computing over a network, where a program or
application may run on many connected computers at the same time.
For some, cloud computing is a metaphor for the

Internet. It typically uses connected hardware
machines called servers. Individual users can use
the server's processing power to run an
application, store data, or perform any other
computing task. Thus, instead of using a personal
computer every-time to run the application, the
individual can now run the application from
anywhere in the world.
For businesses, cloud computing is an ideal way

to reduce expenses. For example, companies
may buy services in the cloud. That is to say, instead of installing applications on every single
computer in the company, cloud computing would allow workers to log into a Web-based
service (a cloud) which hosts all the programs individual users would need for their job.
Everything would run on remote machines and local computers task would rely just on
connecting to those machines.
While cloud computing, could change the entire computer industry, there are still some
concerns about the security of the data stored on the remote machines. It is true that it
promises to offload many tasks. However, this technology raises a fundamental question. Is it
safe to store one's data on someone else's computer? The cloud service provider needs to
establish clear and relevant policies that describe how the data of each cloud user will be
accessed and used. Cloud service users should also be able to encrypt data that is processed
or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access
Comprehension:
In cloud computing data is stored locally.
a. True b. False
Cloud computing offers an economical model for businesses.

a. True b. False
Cloud computing technology add workload on local machines.

a. True b. False
143
Kashmir girl band Pragaash questions 'un-Islamic' tag
One of the members of an all-girl rock group in Indian-administered Kashmir has

asked why they have been described as "un-Islamic" when male bands are
allowed to perform.
She told the BBC that their intention was not to disrespect Islam, as alleged by the
region's most senior cleric.
The teenager confirmed reports that the group, Pragaash, had disbanded.
Meanwhile, police are investigating allegedly

intimidating comments posted on Facebook
against the group.
"We will identify them through their IP

addresses," a police official told the BBC.
The girls say they have received abuse and

hate mail on Facebook since they made their
first live appearance at the Battle of the Bands
music festival in Srinagar in December.
On Sunday the Muslim-majority state's grand mufti criticized the girl band for what
he said was indecent behavior.
"When girls and young women stray from the rightful path... this kind of non-serious
activity can become the first step towards our destruction," Grand Mufti
Bashiruddin Ahmad said in a statement.
Many others have leapt to the girls' defense, however. Support for a band which
has broken with tradition has poured in from all over the state and elsewhere in
India, where the story has been headline news.
Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah has promised police will
investigate the threats and that the state will ensure their security.
Meanwhile, a well-known Bollywood composer has also offered to help the band.
"Please don't stop making music due to the fear of some random lunatics. It is our
duty as custodians of our talent to reach people, and to sing stories of the human
soul," Vishal Dadlani said in a post on their Facebook page.
"Music was our passion. We did not know it was haraam [un-Islamic]," the girl band
member told BBC Hindi by telephone on Tuesday.
144
WRITING TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 and 2 pg 146

Unit 3 and 4 pg 147
Unit 5 and 6 pg 148
Unit 7 and 8 pg 149
Unit 9 and 10 pg 150
145
Unit 1: Write about six (6) favorites (actor, actress, singer, tv show, sport,
player,movie, website, app, etc.)
Unit 2: Read an ad and write 5 (five) WH questions with their answers. Read your
questions to the other students. The other students must answer those questions.
146
Unit 3: Describe a location (your neighborhood, your town, a touristic place, a room,
your house, etc.)
Unit 4: Describe a past vacation. Describe a past event in your or somebody else’s
life.
147
Unit 5: Write about a super hero or a device. What can it do? What are his/her/its
abilities? Where is he/she from? What does he/she do?
Unit 6: Write your daily routine.
148
Unit 7: Write about a perfect place you want to visit and why.
Unit 8: Write about what you or someone else is wearing. Be very specific.
149
Unit 9: Write about a festival or event.
Unit 10: Describe what is happening in the picture(s)
150
Unit 11: Write about a special ocassion in your past. Describe what was happening
then.
Unit 12: Give directions for getting to one point to the other. Explain landmarks.
151
Unit 13: Write a cooking recipie with the learned vocabulary
Unit 14: Write an invitation to an event. Give directions to get to the place.
152
Unit 15: An unexpected guess arrives home. Write about how to entertain the
guest
Unit 16: Write an article about how life will be in the future 30 years from now.
153
Unit 17: Write about the best and worst invitation you have ever received.
Unit 18: Compare the pictures.
154
Unit 19: Write an article comparing two cities, towns, cars, phones, people, etc.
Unit 20: Write a traveling checklist.
155
Unit 21: Do you think we are getting to dependent on technology?
Unit 22: What is your favorite movie, book, sport, food, etc? Why people should try
it?
156
Unit 23: Write about a past vacation or a past event. What happened? What did
you do? Where did you go? With who? When?
Unit 24: Explain a time you had to make a difficult decision. What did you do?
157
Unit 25: Write a summary about the article.
Unit 26: What is the best restaurant you have ever been? Write a report on it.
158
Unit 27: Write about 5 (five) specific goals you want to accomplish this year and
how are accomplishing them.
Unit 28: Correct the text.
159
Unit 29: What is the one thing you could never live without and why?
Unit 30: Describe things you really hate!
160
Unit 31
Unit 32: If the world ends today, what would you do?
161

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1

Unit 1 pag 3 – 6 Unit 20 and 21: 51 – 54

REMEMBER: You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns

THE is called a definite article. "Definite" means "specific".

• I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone

• That is an excellent book. Describing the kind of book

• I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

• I have a cat. The cat is black.

• I saw the bear in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

Write the correct article (a / an / the) before each noun:

_______ igloo _______ bench

Affirmative Short Negative Short form* Question Answer

1 Write am, is or are.

3 Complete the text with these words.

My name (1) …..…….. Tony. I am from Greece

4 Write Am, Is or Are.

Question Meaning Examples

Who Person Who is your favourite actor? .

When Time When do you go to work? At 7:00

How Manner How do you go? By car

Frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a

1. __________ time is it?

It is used with negative sentences.

We say There is / There’s when there is only one thing,

We say There are when there is more than one thing,

2 Make negative sentences using isn’t or aren’t.

5 Write short answers.

6 Write what there is/are in your room.

7 Correct the mistakes.

Affirmative Negative Short form Question Answer

1 Complete with was or were.

I had a fantastic time yesterday. It (1) ……........ a really good day.

3 Put the words in the correct order.

4 Correct the sentences.

5 Write questions and short answers.

Affirmative Negative Short form* Question Answer

We use can for:

permission – to ask for something,

Remember that we do not put to after can or can’t.

1 Write can or can’t.

3 Put the words in the correct order.

4 Complete the dialogue with these phrases.

Tony: Mum, (1) ……….. go to Billy’s party tonight?

5 What do you say when you want …

6 Write short answers.

We form the present simple like this:

Affirmative Negative Short form Question Answer

For he, she and it, we put an s at the end,

We can make negatives with always, usually and often,

Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb,

But after be,

We can also use phrases like:

1 Circle the correct answer.

4 Put the words in the correct order.

5 Write questions and short answers.

The possessive adjectives are my, It’s my bike.

We use ’s with people and animals This is Harry’s book.

We use whose for questions. Whose is this book?

1 Complete the table.

3 Write the personal pronouns.

4 Complete with a possessive adjective.

5 Put the words in the correct order.

_ igloo _ bench