1

TOPIC 3
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE
(EPR) AND FIRE SAFETY
AZHANI BINTI ARIFFIN
Civil Engineering Department, PTSB
THE DISASTERS ( Date / Disaster / Casualties )

• 11 Dec 1993 / Collapse of Highland Towers Condominium, Hulu Klang / 48

Dead
• 4-7 Dec 1994 / Landslides in Cameron Highlands / 7 Dead
• 30 Jun 1995 /Landslide off Genting Highland Road, Pahang /20 Dead;22
Injured
• 15 July 1996 / Tourist Bus Accident, landslide at Km 15, Genting Highland /
17 Dead
• 29 August 1996 / Mudslide at the Aborigines’ Village in Pos Dipang, Kampar /
44 Dead ; 30 homes destroyed
• 26 December 1996 / Tropical Storm GREG (Typhoon), Keningau / 230 Dead ;
4925 homes damaged.
• 1-30 April 1997 / Enteroviral Outbreak, Sibu, Sarawak / 25 Dead
• July- October 1997 / Country Wide Haze in Malaysia And Haze Emergency in
Sarawak / Environmental Damage ; Health Problems & Economic Losses
THE DISASTERS ( Date / Disaster / Casualties )

• 24 December 1997 / Fire and Explosion, Shell SMDS, Bintulu, Sarawak /

12 Minor Injuries ; Extensive property damage and losses
• Feb-May 1998 / Forest and Peat Fires Throughout the Country / 3,000
hectares of forest burnt
• March-September 1998 / Water Supply Crisis in Klang Valley / 1.8
Million Residents Affected
• 4 February 1999 / Kg. Gelam Landslides / 17 dead
• October 1998 - June 1999 / Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Outbreak / 101
dead ; 190,965 Pigs culled
• 28 January 2002 / Ruan Changkul Simunjan, Sarawak Landslide / 16
dead
• 26 December 2004 / Tsunami ( States of Penang, Kedah & Perlis) /
68 Dead ; 276 Injured
THE WORLD…

Sept 11, 2001 - World Trade Center 5/22/11 – Joplin, Missouri Tornado.
New York, New York. 2606 fatalities. 161 Fatalities, over 1000 injured.
JUST RECENTLY…IN OUR COUNTRY…

The missing of Flight MH370 The tragedy of Flight MH17

WHAT EMERGENCIES DO YOU NEED TO BE
PREPARED FOR NEXT?

Zombies in the work Sharknado????

place????
DEFINING AN EMERGENCY

An incident, to be an emergency, conforms to one or

more of the following, if it:

• Poses an immediate threat to life, health, property, or

environment
• Has already caused loss of life, health detriments,
property damage, or environmental damage
• has a high probability of escalating to cause immediate
danger to life, health, property, or environment
TYPES OF EMERGENCY

I) Dangers to life
• Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to the
life of people involved.
• This can range from emergencies affecting a single
person, such as the entire range of medical
emergencies including heart attacks, strokes, cardiac
arrest and trauma, to incidents that affect large numbers
of people such as natural disasters including tornadoes,
hurricanes, floods, and mudslides.
• Most agencies consider these the highest priority
emergency, which follows the general school of thought
that nothing is more important than human life
TYPES OF EMERGENCY

II) Dangers to health

• Some emergencies are not necessarily immediately threatening to
life, but might have serious implications for the continued health and
well-being of a person or persons (though a health emergency can
subsequently escalate to life-threatening).
• The causes of a 'health' emergency are often very similar to the
causes of an emergency threatening to life, which includes medical
emergencies and natural disasters, although the range of incidents
that can be categorised here is far greater than those that cause a
danger to life (such as broken limbs, which do not usually cause
death, but immediate intervention is required if the person is to
recover properly).
• Many life emergencies, such as cardiac arrest, are also health
emergencies
TYPES OF EMERGENCY

III) Dangers to environment

• Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life,

health or property, but do affect the natural
environment and creatures living within it. Not all
agencies consider this a genuine emergency, but it
can have far reaching effects on animals and the long
term condition of the land. Examples would include
forest fires and marine oil spills.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF EPR

1.Develop the Plan

2.Critical Needs Assessment, Analyze Capabilities
and Hazards
3.Identify Roles and Responsibilities of the
Occupational Health Team
4.Identify Logistics
5.Establish Communication Network
6.Determine Community Resources
7.Training and Drills
 CAUSES OF FIRE :
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Source:
Source: Sparks
Approximately • 3 elements to produce a fire
and open
16% of Oxygen
flames/hot
i.e oxygen, heat and fuel
is required to
friction/electrical
sustain • If any of these elements is
energy
combustion missing, the fire will not start
• If any of them is removed
when a fire has started, the
fire will be extinguished
• This relationship is called the
fire pyramid or fire triangle.
• Thus, the practical emphasis
on preventing a fire outbreak
is by prohibiting the
Source: gases, formation of the fire triangle.
Liquid and solid
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
HEAT /IGNITION

Sources of heat/ignition:
• Naked flames e.g smoking
materials
• External sparks e.g welding,
grinding metal
• Internal sparking e.g electrical
equipment
• Hot surfaces e.g lighting,
cooking, heating appliances
• Static electricity e.g pouring
highly flammable liquids
THE FIRE TRIANGLE

FUEL

Sources of fuel:
• Solids e.g wood, paper, cardboard,
plastic, rubber, foam, textiles, hair
• Liquids e.g paint, varnish, thinners,
petrol, white sprit, paraffin
• Gases e.g flammable gases
including LPG, acetylene and
hydrogen
THE FIRE TRIANGLE

OXYGEN

Sources of oxygen:
• Provided by the air all around us
• Cylinders providing oxygen for
medical purposes or welding
• Some chemicals such as nitrates,
chlorates, chromates and
peroxides can release oxygen as
they burn
FIRE CLASSIFICATION
FIRE CLASSIFICATION
 HANGUS DALAM BAH

HANGUS DALAM BAH

MUSNAH…rumah mangsa hangus dalam kebakaran di Kampung Paya Dalam, semalam. Gambar kecil Jofri yang sedih selepas kejadian itu

SEGAMAT: Tidak cukup ditimpa musibah dengan rumah ditenggelami banjir sedalam 0.4 meter, kediaman seorang lelaki musnah dalam kebakaran
Kampung Paya Dalam di sini, kira-kira jam 4.30 pagi semalam.
Kejadian malang itu menimpa Jofri Md Dol, 40, apabila rumahnya terbakar dipercayai berpunca daripada api lilin selepas bekalan elektrik ke
kediamannya itu diputuskan atas faktor keselamatan.
Lebih tragik, jentera pasukan Bomba dan Penyelamat yang tiba tidak jauh dari rumah mangsa tidak dapat memberikan bantuan kerana tersekat air
banjir menyebabkan rumah Jofri musnah.Walaupun cuba memadamkan api menggunakan air banjir namun kediaman yang berusia 60 tahun ini tidak
dapat diselamatkan, katanya.
Dalam kejadian jam 4.30 pagi itu, Jofri tidur seorang diri bagi mengawal keselamatan rumah yang dinaiki air manakala bapa, Md Dol Abu Bakar, 84,
dan ibu, Kuntum Limat, 66, berada di pusat penempatan sementara mangsa banjir di Balai Raya Kampung Paya Dalam.
Ibu bapanya dipindahkan ke sana berikutan banjir menenggelamkan kediaman mereka sejak tiga hari lalu.
Saya terjaga selepas terdengar bunyi objek terbakar dan terkejut mendapati api marak di ruang tamu, saya cuba memadamkannya menggunakan air
banjir tetapi api semakin menjulang.
Saya bergegas ke pusat penempatan sementara yang terletak kira-kira 300 meter dari rumah dan memaklumkan kepada ibu bapa serta jiran, katanya.
Bagaimanapun, menurut Jofri, apabila mereka kembali, api hampir memusnahkan rumah walaupun ketika hujan renyai manakala pasukan bomba
yang tiba kira-kira 10 minit kemudian gagal memberi bantuan kerana jentera gagal memasuki lokasi disebabkan jalan ditenggelami air.
Jofri berkata, kebakaran bukan berpunca daripada litar pintas tetapi berkemungkinan akibat lilin yang dipasang di ruang tamu.
“Saya memasang lilin berikutan bekalan tenaga elektrik dipotong Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) yang bimbang ada penduduk terkena renjatan
elektrik akibat banjir.Lilin dipasang kerana saya bimbang dengan ancaman haiwan berbisa ular dan kala jengking, katanya yang menganggarkan
kerugian kira-kira RM60,000 akibat kebakaran itu,” katanya.
Menurut Jofri, jika banjir surut sekalipun, mereka sekeluarga terpaksa menumpang di rumah saudara sementara menunggu rumah baru siap dibina.
Sumber : Harian Metro
Question & Answer