What is supply voltage?

It is the voltage that is required by a device, appliance, equipment or a system to

make it work as planned, designed and manufactured / constructed for.
The voltage figure alone may not be sufficient, it should also mention the frequency if
applicable, type - whether AC or DC and the maximum current that the source of the
supply can withstand.

 Supply means the input given to make a system work

 Voltage is the potential difference between two points.
Supply voltage is the input or source voltage given into a circuit or system to make it
work/try to make it work.

Voltage
Voltage is what makes electric charges move. It is the 'push' that causes charges to
move in a wire or other electrical conductor. It can be the force that pushes the
charges, but it is not a force. Voltage can cause charges to move, and since moving
charges is a current, voltage can cause a current.
Electric Potential Difference is the true scientific term but is commonly called
Voltage. Informally, voltage or electric potential difference is sometimes called
"Potential Difference". Voltage is also called, in certain circumstances, electromotive
force (EMF).
Voltage is an electrical potential difference, the difference in electric
potential between two places.
Voltage, also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential
difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current (that is, the quantity
of charge carriers that pass a fixed point per unit of time) through a conducting or
semiconducting medium for a given resistance to the flow. Voltage is symbolized by
an uppercase italic letter V or E. The standard unit is the volt, symbolized by a non-
italic uppercase letter V. One volt will drive one coulomb (6.24 x 1018) charge
carriers, such as electrons, through a resistance of one ohm in one second.

Current
Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient
atoms. The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. The standard unit is
the ampere, symbolized by A. One ampere of current represents one coulomb of
electrical charge (6.24 x 1018 charge carriers) moving past a specific point in one
second. Physicists consider current to flow from relatively positive points to relatively
negative points; this is called conventional current or Franklin current. Electrons, the
most common charge carriers, are negatively charged. They flow from relatively
negative points to relatively positive points.
Inductance
Inductance is the property of an electrical conductor by which a change in electric
current through it induces an electromotive force (voltage) in the conductor. It is more
accurately called self-inductance. The same property causes a current in one conductor to
induce an electromotive force in nearby conductors; this is called mutual inductance.[1]
Inductance is an effect caused by the magnetic field of a current-carrying conductor acting
back on the conductor. An electric current through any conductor creates a magnetic
field around the conductor. A changing current creates a changing magnetic field.
From Faraday's law of induction any change in magnetic flux through a circuit induces
an electromotive force (voltage) across the circuit.

What is resistance?
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms
are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who studied the
relationship between voltage, current and resistance. He is credited for formulating
Ohm's Law.
All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall into one of two broad
categories:
Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can move
easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons.
Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow.
The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow.
Many components, such as heating elements and resistors, have a fixed-resistance
value. These values are often printed on the components' nameplates or in manuals
for reference.
"Resistance" may sound negative, but in electricity it can be used beneficially.
Examples: Current must struggle to flow through the small coils of a toaster, enough
to generate heat that browns bread. Old-style incandescent light bulbs force current
to flow through filaments so thin that light is generated.
Resistance cannot be measured in an operating circuit. It Can be often determine by
taking voltage and current measurements and applying Ohm's Law:
E=IxR
That is, volts = amps x ohms). R stands for resistance in this formula. If resistance is
unknown, the formula can be converted to R = E/I (ohms = volts divided by amps).
What is capacitance?
Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and store energy in the
form of an electrical charge.
Capacitors are energy-storing devices available in many sizes and shapes. They
consist of two plates of conducting material (usually a thin metal) sandwiched
between an insulator made of ceramic, film, glass or other materials, even air.
The insulator is also known as a dielectric, and it boosts a capacitor's charging
capacity. Capacitors are sometimes called condensers in the automotive, marine and
aviation industries.
Capacitors and batteries both store energy. While batteries release energy gradually,
capacitors discharge it quickly.
Example: A capacitor attached to a digital camera's flash unit collects energy from
the camera's battery, then releases it in a burst when the shutter is activated.
Depending on its size, the capacitor may need a second or two to collect enough
energy for another flash.
Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference (i.e., voltage) between them.
The capacitance value of a capacitor is measured in farads (F), units named for
English physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
A farad is a large quantity of capacitance. Most household electrical devices include
capacitors that produce only a fraction of a farad, often a thousandth of a farad (or
microfarad, µF) or as small as a picofarad (a trillionth, pF).
In electrical circuits, capacitors are frequently used to block direct current (dc) while
permitting alternating current (ac) to flow.