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Multiplexing/Modulation:
OFDM
CADWCS
Spring 2010
Introduction to OFDM
Basic idea
z Using a large number of parallel narrow-band sub-
carriers instead of a single wide-band carrier to
transport information
Advantages
z Very easy and efficient in dealing with multi-path
z Robust against narrow-band interference
Disadvantages
z Sensitive to frequency offset and phase noise
z Peak-to-average problem reduces the power
efficiency of RF amplifier at the transmitter
Adopted for various wireless standards
802.11a, 802.16a, DAB, DVB (+DSL)
Multicarrier Modulation
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
– Based on the fast Fourier transform
– Standardized for DAB, DVB-T, IEEE 802.11a, 802.16a,
HyperLAN II
– Considered for fourth-generation mobile communication
systems
channel
magnitude
carrier
subchannel
frequency
Multipath Propagation –
Simple Model
| α0 | | α1 | | α2 |
∆1
α1 ∆2
α0
α2
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6
0
0.4
-0.2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 0.2
t/Ts
-0.2
Ts -6 -4 -2 0
t/T
s
2 4 6 8
Multicarrier Modulation
channel
magnitude
carrier
subchannel
frequency
Monocarrier vs. Multicarrier modulation
Channel
Channelization N carriers
Similar to
Guard bands
FDM technique
B B
Pulse length ~1/B Pulse length ~ N/B
– Data are transmited over only one carrier – Data are shared among several carriers
and simultaneously transmitted
Drawbacks Advantages
Furthermore
– Selective Fading – Flat Fading per carrier
– It is easy to exploit
– Very short pulses – N long pulses Frequency diversity
– ISI is compartively long – ISI is comparatively short – It allows to deploy
2D coding techniques
– Equalizers are very long – N short Equalizers needed
– Dynamic signalling
– Poor spectral efficiency – Poor spectral efficiency
because of band guards because of band guards
Transmit
f
+
Symbol: 4 periods of f0
f
B
Symbol: 8 periods of f0
Channel frequency
Data coded in frequency domain Transformation to time domain: response
each frequency is a sine wave
in time, all added up.
N carriers
Frequency
B Carrier
f0
B
One OFDM symbol
T=1/f 0
Features Time
– No intercarrier guard bands
– Controlled overlapping of bands Intercarrier Separation =
– Maximum spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate) 1/(symbol duration)
– Easy implementation using IFFTs
– Very sensitive to freq. synchronization
Modulation technique
A user utilizes all carriers to transmit its data as coded quantity at each
frequency carrier, which can be quadrature-amplitude modulated (QAM).
Hk-1
good
k k
copy
Furthemore it converts Linear conv. = Cyclic conv.
CP
τ T (Method: overlap-save)
Tc
Ψi(t)
Ψi(t)
≠Ψi(t)
Ψj(t) Ψj (t)
CP functions:
– It acomodates the decaying transient of the previous symbol
– It avoids the initial transient reachs the current symbol
An OFDM Modem
N subchannels N complex samples
quadrature
Bits amplitude add D/A +
S/P modulation N-IFFT cyclic P/S transmit
00110 (QAM) prefix filter
encoder
TRANSMITTER
multipath channel
RECEIVER
N subchannels N complex samples
invert
Receive
QAM channel remove filter
P/S = N-FFT S/P cyclic
frequency +
decoder prefix
domain A/D
equalizer
frequency
DMT vs. OFDM
Symbol
• Map bits to symbols
Mapping
Symbol
Demapping
Deinterleaving
Decoding
Frequency diversity using coding
Random errors: primarily introduced by thermal and circuit noise.
Frequency
B
Bad carriers
f0
f Time
Frequency response T=1/f0
Pilot tones
frequency
Channel Estimation Via
Interpolation
More efficient approach is interpolation
Algorithm
z For each pilot ki find Hki = xki / ski
z Interpolate unknown values using interpolation filter
z Hm = αm,1 Hk1 + αm,2 Hk2 + …
Comments
z Longer interpolation filter: more computation, timing sensitivity
z Typical 1dB loss in performance in practical implementation
magnitude
frequency
OFDM Modulator
H(t) Joint
Demodulator
OFDM Modulator
20km
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40