BIOLOGY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME e) From neur one III to II to I 321

1.(a) Genes located on the sex chromosomes and are transmitted

along with those that determine sex;

b) – Premature baldness
- Tuft of hair on pinna and in nose C- amnion;
- Beards (any one 1 mk)
c) Gene for chondrodystrophic dwarfism. (b) – Production of progesterone /chorionic hormones;
d) i) Woman XnXn
Man XnY - Removal of excretory products from foetus;
ii) Parental phenotype Normal man X colour
blind female - Gaseous exchange between foetus and the mother;
Parental genotype XN Y XnXn
- Conveys food nutrients from mother to foetus

(c) – After 4 months, the placenta produces progesterone; which

n maintains pregnancy; (2mks)
Gametes Xn X
XN Y
Fusion 5) i) Remain the same

ii) Crenated
F1
XNXn XNXn XnY XnY
iii) 100%
iv) Gene for colour blindness is linked to x-chromozome so males b) The solution is hypotonic to red blood cells hence the cells grains
have only one x-chromosomes which can contain gene for colour for
water; by osmosis; swelling until they burst.
colour blindness since the y-chromosome is empty leading to high
chances while in females, for one to be colourblind has to have two c) Isotonic solution
recessive genes.
2. (a) Villus; Reject Villi
(1mk)

(b) To provide a large surface area for absorption of digested food;

(1mk)

(c) A – Microvillus; Reject – microvillus

B – Lacteal;
D – Arterial; Reject – artery
(3mks)

(d) (i) Succus entericcus / intestinal juice;

(1mk)
(ii) Maltase; Lactase; Sucrase; Peptidase; [Any two
correct] (2mks)

[Total = 8mks] 6. a)
3. a) I Motor (neurone)/ Efferent;

II Relay/connector (neurone);

III Sensory/Afferent (neurone);

(3mks)

b) Acetylcholine/Ach.;
(1mk)

c) - Receives the stimulus;

- Generates/triggers off a nerve impulse;

(2mks)

d) Grey matter.
(1mk)
1
 % germination against temperature pericardial fluid; that lubricates the heart; The heart is covered by a
layer of fat; that acts as a shock absorber;

The heart has the cardiac muscles; that contracts and relax
rhythmically without nervous stimulation / myogenic; and does not
fatigue through out life; The cardiac muscles have intercalated disc
between its cells to enable the spread of waves of contractions
through out whole muscle;

Presence of coronary arteries ; that supply blood with oxygen and

nutrients to the heart tissues / cells; The coronary veins drains blood
away from the heart rich in carbon IV oxide and other metabolic
waste from the heart tissues;

Presence of septum; which divides the heart into two halves, thus
preventing the mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood;

Presence of Sino atrial node; in the right atrium which acts as a pace
maker for the heart beat; Atrio-ventricular node; receives waves of
contractions from SAN and spreads to the purkinje tissues;
For scale – To be correct
- Uniform The left ventricle is thicker than the right; to enable it generate a
higher pressure needed to pump blood to the rest of the body;
interval Presence of atrio-ventricular valves; to prevent the back flow of
- Origin to blood into the ventricles; The presence of semilunar valves; at the
present base of pulmonary artery and aorta; to prevent the back flow of blood
to the auricles; points = max. 20mks]
8. (a) - Light intensity;

b) i) - No germination - Light duration;

- Enzyme inactive
- Food not hydrolysed (in the endosperm) - Light wavelength /quality; (3mks)
ii) – % germination highest (b) Broad and flat; to surface area of Carbon (IV) oxide and
- Optimum temperature
iii) - % germination zero absorption of sunlight;
- High temperatures above optimum
- Enzymes denatured hence food not hydrolysed - Thin transparent upper epidermis; to allow easier penetration of light
c) Ability of seeds to undergo germination
d) i) Hormones to photosynthetic cells;
- Growth stimulators - Thin; for faster diffusion of gases;
- Neutralise germination inhibitors
ii) Enzymes - Palisade cells placed next to the upper surface; to trap maximum light
- Hydrolyse stored food for photosynthesis;
- Convert hydrolysed products into new plant tissues - Palisade cells with numerous chloroplasts; to trap maximum amount
- Necessary during oxidation of food of light for photosynthesis;
e) – In epigeal germination, cotyledons are brought above soil while
in hypogeal they remain underground - Large/ intercellular air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer; for
- In epigeal – Hypocotyl elongates while in Hypogeal, epicotyl storage of Carbon (IV) oxide for easier gaseous exchange;
elongates
- Epigeal occurs in most dicots while Hypogeal, it occurs in most - Waxy water proof cuticle; to reduce water loss sand reflect excess
monocots. light;
f) Tomato plants has no circular candium which is responsible for
secondary growth in plants like in dicots - Leaf mosaic/ non-overlapping leaves; for maximum exposure to
light;
g) Seeds Fruits - Guard cells, modified cells to open and close stomata; to control
Formed from an ovule Formed amount of water loss from the leaf and allows gaseous exchange;
from ovary
Have one scar Have two scabjkurs (18pts max 17mks)

7. The heart is enclosed by a translucent membrane / pericardium which

prevents on its over dilation; the pericardium membrane secretes