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Summary of Noun Cases

The sign of the respective cases for each type of word is in red and is followed by an example in parentheses.

ٌّ‫َجر‬ ٌّ‫ن َْصب‬ ٌّ‫َرفْع‬

Genitive Accusative Nominative

)ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّك َت ٍاب‬ ٌَّ

)ٌّ‫ٌِّ(ٌّك َت ااًب‬ )ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّك َتاب‬ ٌّ‫الْـم ْف َرد‬
Singular

)ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّكت ٍب‬ ٌَّ

)ٌّ‫ٌِّ(ٌّكت ابا‬ )ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّكتب‬ ٌّ‫َ َْجعٌّالتَّ ْكسي‬
Broken Plural

ٍ ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّم ْسل َم‬

)ٌّ‫ات‬ ٍ ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّم ْسل َم‬
)ٌّ‫ات‬ )ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّم ْسل َمات‬ َّ ‫َ َْجعٌّالْـم َؤن َّث‬
ٌّ‫ٌّالسالم‬
Sound Fem. Plu.

)ٌّ‫يٌّ(ٌّم ْسلم َني‬ )ٌّ‫يٌّ(ٌّم ْسلم َني‬ َ ‫وٌّ(ٌّم ْسلم‬

)ٌّ‫ون‬ َّ ٌٌّّ‫َ َْجعٌّالْم َذكَّر‬
ٌّ‫السالم‬
Sound Masc. Plu.

)ٌّ‫يٌّ(ٌّك َتاب َ ْني‬ )ٌّ‫يٌّ(ٌّك َتاب َ ْني‬ )ٌّ‫اٌّ(ٌّك َت َاًبن‬ ٌّ‫الْمث ََّّن‬
Dual

ٌَّ
)ٌّ َ‫ٌِّ(ٌّ َم َساجد‬ ٌَّ
)ٌّ َ‫ٌِّ(ٌّ َم َساجد‬ )ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّ َم َساجد‬ ْ َّ ‫الْـ َم ْمنوعٌّم َن‬
ٌّ‫ٌّالَّصف‬
Diptote*

)ٌّ‫يٌّ(ٌّ َأِبٌّبَ ْك ٍر‬ )ٌّ‫اٌّ(ٌّ َأ ًَبٌّبَ ْك ٍر‬ )ٌّ‫وٌّ(أبوٌّبَ ْك ٍر‬ ٌّ‫ْ َاْل ْْساءٌّالْ َخ ْم َسة‬
The Five Nouns**

ْ َّ ‫( َم ْمنوعٌّم َن‬diptote) is either a singular word or a broken plural but it behaves differently to normal singular
* The ٌّ‫ٌّالَّصف‬
ْ َّ ‫( َم ْمنوعٌّم َن‬diptote) takes on a ٌَِّ in the
words and broken plurals. For that reason, we’ve given it its own row. The ٌّ‫ٌّالَّصف‬
ٌّ‫ َجر‬case instead of a ٌَِّ . You’ll learn more about it and its associated rules another time.
** The fives nouns are 1) ٌّ‫ َأب‬, 2) ٌّ‫ َأخ‬, 3) ٌّ‫ َحم‬, 4) ٌّ‫فَم‬, and 5) ‫ذو‬, which mean 1) father, 2) brother, 3) brother-in-law, 4) mouth,
and 5) owner respectively. They behave like normal singular nouns until they are the ٌّ‫( مضَ اف‬possessed/owned noun) in
an ٌّ‫( اضافَة‬possessive construct), whereupon their signs for case change from ٌِّ, ِ
ٌَّ , and ٌِّ to ‫و‬, ‫ا‬, and ‫ ي‬respectively.
ِ
You’ll learn more about them and their associated rules another time.

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Summary of Verb Cases

All ٌّ‫( َأفْعالٌّ َماض َية‬perfect tense verbs) are ٌّ‫( َم ْبن‬fixed), so we do not need to worry about them. However, the ٌّ‫ف ْعلٌّمضَ ارع‬
(imperfect tense verb) is ٌّ‫( م ْع َرب‬affected by case). We can split up the ٌّ‫( ف ْعلٌّمضَ ارع‬imperfect tense verb) into 3 types as
displayed in the table below.

Plural Dual Singular

‫يَ ْكتب َون‬ ٌّ‫يَ ْكت َبان‬ ٌّ‫يَ ْكتب‬ Masc.

They write/will write They both write/will write He writes/will write
Third
Person
ٌّ‫يَ ْكت ْ َب‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكت َبان‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكتب‬ Fem.
They write/will write They both write/will write She writes/will write

‫تَ ْكتب َون‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكت َبان‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكتب‬ Masc.

You all write/will write You both write/will write You write/will write
Second
Person
ٌّ‫تَ ْكت ْ َب‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكت َبان‬ ٌّ‫تَ ْكتب َني‬ Fem.
You all write/will write You both write/will write You write/will write

ٌّ‫نَ ْكتب‬ ٌّ‫َأ ْكتب‬ Masc. &

First Person
We write/will write I write/will write Fem.

ْ َ ‫( الْف ْعلٌّالـمضَ ارع ٌَّّاَّليٌّل َ ْمٌّيَلْ َح ْقٌّبآخره‬the imperfect tense verb that has nothing
1) The blue verbs are referred to as ٌّ‫ٌَّشء‬
attached to the end). The reason for this nomenclature is obvious when you compare the blue verbs to the green ones.

2) The green verbs are the opposite; they have ٌّ‫ َان‬, ‫ون‬
ٌَّ , or ‫ين‬
ٌَّ added at the end. There are 7 of these verbs highlighted in the
table above, but you’ll notice some are repeats of each other, and only 5 are actually unique: 1) ٌّ‫يَ ْكت َبان‬, 2) ‫ون‬
ٌَّ ‫يَ ْكتب‬, 3) ٌّ‫تَ ْكت َبان‬,
4) ٌّ‫تَ ْكت َبان‬, and 5) ‫ني‬
ٌَّ ‫تَ ْكتب‬. The green verbs are therefore referred to as ٌّ‫ ْ َاْلمث ََلٌّالْ َخ ْم َسة‬or ٌّ‫( ْ َاْلفْ َعالٌّالْ َخ ْم َسة‬the 5 verbs).
3) The grey verbs are not a concern as they are ٌّ‫( َم ْبن‬fixed), so they do not enter our discussion and we can ignore them.
This leaves us with two types of verbs that fall into the discussion of case. The table overleaf presents the signs with which
they display their respective cases.

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ٌّ‫َج ْزم‬ ٌّ‫ن َْصب‬ ٌّ‫َرفْع‬

Jussive Accusative Nominative
ٌّ‫الف ْعلٌّالـمضَ ارع ٌَّّاَّليٌّل َ ْم‬
)ٌّ‫ب‬ ٌّْ
ٌّْ ‫ٌِّ(ٌّلَ ْمٌّيَ ْكت‬ )ٌّ‫ب‬ ٌَّ
ٌَّ ‫ٌِّ(ٌّلَ ْنٌّيَ ْكت‬ )ٌٌّّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّيَ ْكتب‬ ٌّ‫يَلْ َح ْقٌّبآخره ٌََّشء‬
The Normal Imperfect Verb

)ٌّ‫نٌّ(ٌّلَ ْمٌّيَ ْكتبوا‬ )ٌّ‫نٌّ(ٌّلَ ْنٌّيَ ْكتب َوا‬ َ ‫نٌّ(ٌّيَ ْكتب‬

)ٌّ‫ون‬ ٌّ‫ا ْْل ْمث ََلٌّالْـ َخ ْم َسة‬
The Five Verbs

There is actually a 3rd type of verb that concerns us, and that is the verb that ends in a weak letter: ‫و‬, ‫ا‬, or ‫ي‬. For example,
ٌّ‫( يَدْ ع ْو‬he calls/invites) ends in a weak letter, ‫و‬. We call such a verb ٌّ‫( الف ْعلٌّالـمضَ ا َرعٌّالْـم ْع َتلٌُّّاْلخر‬the imperfect tense verb
ending in a weak letter).

ْ َ ‫( الْف ْعلٌّالـمضَ ارع ٌَّّاَّليٌّل َ ْمٌّيَلْ َح ْقٌّبآخره‬the imperfect tense verb that has
This type of word like a normal blue verb, or ٌّ‫ٌَّشء‬
ٌّْ , we can’t change the
nothing attached to the end), except in the ٌّ‫ َج ْزم‬case. This is because such a verb already ends in ِ
ٌّْ in the ٌّ‫ َج ْزم‬case if it already ends in one! To remedy this, we go a step further and remove the final
verb’s ending to a ِ
letter altogether. So in the ٌّ‫ َج ْزم‬case, ‫ يَدْ ع ٌّْو‬because ٌّ‫يَدْ ع‬.
Let’s add this as a 3rd type of verb and complete the table.

ٌّ‫َج ْزم‬ ٌّ‫ن َْصب‬ ٌّ‫َرفْع‬

Jussive Accusative Nominative
ٌّ‫الف ْعلٌّالـمضَ ارع ٌَّّاَّليٌّل َ ْم‬
)ٌّ‫ب‬ ٌّْ
ٌّْ ‫ٌِّ(ٌّلَ ْمٌّيَ ْكت‬ )ٌّ‫ب‬ ٌَّ
ٌَّ ‫ٌِّ(ٌّلَ ْنٌّيَ ْكت‬ )ٌٌّّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّيَ ْكتب‬ ٌّ‫يَلْ َح ْقٌّبآخره ٌََّشء‬
The Normal Imperfect Verb

)ٌّ‫نٌّ(ٌّلَ ْمٌّيَ ْكتبوا‬ )ٌّ‫نٌّ(ٌّلَ ْنٌّيَ ْكتب َوا‬ َ ‫نٌّ(ٌّيَ ْكتب‬

)ٌّ‫ون‬ ٌّ‫ا ْْل ْمث ََلٌّالْـ َخ ْم َسة‬
The Five Verbs
ٌّ‫َح ْذف‬
ٌّ‫الْف ْعلٌّالْمضَ ارعٌّالْم ْعتَلٌُّّاْلخر‬
)ٌٌّّ‫(ٌّلَ ْمٌّي َ ْدع‬ ‫َح ْرفٌّالْع ٌََّّل‬
Deletion of
ٌَّ
)ٌّ‫ٌِّ(ٌّلَ ٌّْنٌّي َ ْدع ٌَّو‬ )ٌّ‫ٌٌِّّ(ٌّي َ ْدعو‬ Terminally Weak Verb
Weak Letter