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Abnormal
Pressure
Gradients
10,000’ ??
Pore Pressure, psig
Pore Pressure vs. Depth
0
0.433 psi/ft 8.33 lb/gal
0.465 psi/ft 9.0 lb/gal
5,000
Depth, ft
Normal
10,000
Abormal
15,000
20,000
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Pore Pressure Equivalent, lb/gal
{ Density of mud required to control this pore pressure }
Fracture Gradient
Pore Pressure
Gradient
* Pore
Pressure
Gradients
* Fracture
Gradients
* Casing
Setting
Depths
Some Causes of Abnormal Pressure
2. Tectonic movements
4 Uplift
4 Faulting
Some Causes of Abnormal Pressure
5. Large structures...
• Abnormal Formations do not have the
freedom of pressure communications. If
they did, the high pressures would rapidly
dissipate revert to normal pressure.
• Assuming that a pressure seal is present, the
causes or origin of pressure depend on some
items as lithology, minerology, tectonic
action, and rate of sedimentation
1- Compaction of sediments.
Db
Normal Pressure
Abnormal Pressure
NORMAL PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURE
p σz
σOB = p + σZ
?
Indications of Abnormal Pore Pressures
Methods:
1. Seismic data
2. Drilling rate
3. Sloughing shale
4. Gas units in mud
5. Shale density
6. Chloride content
Indications of Abnormal Pore Pressures
Methods, cont’d:
1. Before drilling
2. While drilling
4 Drilling rate, gas in mud, etc. etc.
4 D - Exponent
4 DC - Exponent
4 MWD - LWD
4 Density of shale (cuttings)
Prediction and Detection of Abnormal
Pressure Zones
3. After drilling
4 Resistivity log
4 Conductivity log
4 Sonic log
4 Density log
−0.000085 DS
φ = 0..41 e – .
What is d-
exponent?
Decreasing ROP
D - Exponent
The Where
drilling rate R = drilling rate, ft/hr
equation: K = drillability constant
N = rotary speed, RPM
D
⎛W⎞ E = rotary speed expon.
R = K N ⎜⎜
E
⎟⎟
W = bit weight, lbs
⎝ DB ⎠
DB = bit diameter, in
D = bit wt. Exponent
or D - exponent
D
⎛W⎞
D - Exponent R = K N ⎜⎜
E
⎟⎟
⎝ DB ⎠
If we assume that K = 1
and E = 1
Then ⎛R⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ N⎠
D
R ⎛W⎞ D=
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎛W⎞
N ⎝ DB ⎠ log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ DB ⎠
D - Exponent
⎛ R ⎞
log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
d= ⎝ 60 N ⎠
⎛ 12 W ⎞
log ⎜⎜ 6 ⎟⎟
⎝ 10 DB ⎠
Example
⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
e.g., dc = d ⎜ ⎟ = 1.82 * ⎜ ⎟ = 1.37
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure
From dc - Exponent
No
rm
al
Normal
Depth
Tre
d n Abnormal
dc - Exponent
Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure
From dc - Exponent
Pore
Pressure Overburden Normal Pore
Grad. Stress Grad. Pressure Grad.
In normally pressured
shales, shale
compaction increases
with depth
Pore Pressure from
Resistivity
Depth
Shale resistivity plots
may be developed from
(i) logs or
(ii) cuttings
What is the pore 10,000’
pressure at the point
indicated on the plot?
[Assume Gulf Coast].
Depth=10,000 ft
0.2 0.5 1 2 3
From plot, Rn = 1.55 ohms EATON
Robs = 0.80 ohms
From Eaton:
Depth
1 .2
P S ⎛S ⎛P ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ R obs ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
D D ⎝ D ⎝ D ⎠n ⎠ ⎝ Rn ⎠
1 .2
⎛ 0 . 80 ⎞
= 0 . 95 − (0 . 95 − 0 . 465 ) ⎜
P
⎟ 10,000’
D ⎝ 1 . 55 ⎠
• Resistivity of Shale
• Temperature in the Return Mud
• Drilling Rate Increase
• dc - Exponent
• Sonic Travel Time
• Conductivity of Shale
EXAMPLE
Shale Resistivity
vs. Depth
1. Establish normal
trend line
2. Look for
deviations
(semi-log)
Pore Pressure
Shale Resistivity (lb/gal equivalent)
vs. Depth 16 14 12 10
1. Establish normal
trend line
9 ppg
2. Look for
(normal)
deviations
3. Use OVERLAY
to quantify
pore pressure
(use with caution)
Example
8.2 X
Why?
Determination of Abnormal Pore
Pressure Using the dc - exponent
1 .2
P S ⎡ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎤⎛ d c ⎞
= − ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
D D ⎣ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎦ ⎝ d cn ⎠
1 .2
P S ⎡ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎤⎛ d c ⎞
= − ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
D D ⎣ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎦ ⎝ d cn ⎠
P
Where = formation pressure gradient, psi/ft
D
⎛P⎞
⎜ ⎟ = normal water gradient in area
⎝ D ⎠n
e.g., 0.433 or 0.465, psi/ft
S
= overburden stress gradient, psi/ft
D
dc = actual d c − expon ent from plot
Assume:
West Texas location with
normal overburden of
X
1.0 psi/ft.
X = 12,000 ft. 1.2 1.5
dc
Example
(why?)
E.S. Pennebaker
Example:
In a Gulf Coast well, the speed of sound is 10,000
ft/sec at a depth of 13,500 ft. The normal speed of
sound at this depth, based on extrapolated trends,
would be 12,000 ft/sec. What is the pore pressure at
this depth?
P S ⎡ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∆t n ⎞
3 .0
= − ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎜ ⎟
D D ⎣ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎦ ⎝ ∆t ⎠
3
⎛ 10,000 ⎞
= 1.0 - [1.0 - 0.465] ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12,000 ⎠
= 0.6904 psi/ft
( ∆t α 1/v )
Ben Eaton
log ⎜⎜
12 W
⎟⎟ ⎠
⎝ 10 6 D B ⎠
1 .2
P S ⎛ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ d c calculated ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ D ⎠n ⎜ ⎟
D D ⎝ D ⎠ ⎝ d c normal ⎠
1 .2
P S ⎛ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ R obs ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
D D ⎝ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎠ ⎝ R n ⎠
1 .2
P S ⎛ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ C ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ n
⎟⎟
D D ⎝ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎠ ⎝ C o ⎠
3 .0
P S ⎛ S ⎛ P ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∆ t ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ n
⎟⎟
D D ⎝ D ⎝ D ⎠ n ⎠ ⎝ ∆ t o ⎠
Pore Pressure Determination