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Agricultural Genetic Resources Genetic Material

• meaning “any
material of plant,
animal, microbial or
other origin
containing functional
units of heredity.”

Morphological taxonomy vs
molecular markers
• Morphological taxonomy: Expert: long time
training; difficult to distinguish two morphological
similar species; morphological difference with a
species; a part or residues of body (sometime
the entire body or some special stages of a
species) .
• Molecular markers: DNA diagnosis:
Technician: short time training; forget about the
morphological changes; a few tissue of a
species needed.
Morphology : OK!

Yummy….
Morphology : OK!

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3rd
Is a he or
2nd
she? Who is the strongest woman in the
Chromosome diagnosis
world?

1st Champion

Morphology Only!

Morphology: OK

Molecular Markers
only

Molecular Markers or
Morphology

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Tropical fruits Green………..

Malaysian Food for

Food your heart

Flowers for mum

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Origin and distribution of crop plants

A moment ……….. • A centre of origin: a geographical area

where a plant species (domesticated or
wild), first developed its distinctive
properties
• Domesticated ?

• Wild ?

Domesticated • Humans have brought these populations

• Domestication refers to the process of under their care for a wide range of
taming a population of animals (although it reasons: to produce food or valuable
commodities
can also be used to refer to plants)
• The earliest human attempts at plant
domestication occurred in Asia : rye grain
• Domesticated: These species or varieties are
bred and raised under human control for
many generations and are substantially
altered as a group in appearance or
behavior

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye

Six independent centre of crop origin are recognized

1. Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico, and North

Wild plants Central America): El- Salvador, Guatemala
Maize, beans, sweet potato, tomatoes, cotton,
papaya, guava, peppers, sunflowers,
strawberry, grapes, avocado.
•Wild: These species experience
their full life cycles without
deliberate human intervention

Avocado
Sweet Potato Sunflower http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5aday_sweet_potato.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower

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2. Andes and South America

(Peru, Chile, Brazil)
• Tapioca, pineapple, groundnut,
cotton, papaya, guava, pepper,
rubber, cocoa.

Guava
http://rasamalaysia.com/malaysian-guava-
guava-bidor/

Pineapple
Tapioca http://www.etawau.com/H
TML/Agriculture/Pineapple
http://ajourneytobrasil.blogspot.co .htm
m/2010/07/culinary-experience-5-

Map of Mesoamerica tapioca.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
Cocoa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco Peanuts
a_bean http://merricksmanagement.com/i/index.php/peanuts

3. Southeast Asia
• Asian rice, peas and beans, yam, breadfruit,
mango, nutmeg, brinjal, cucumber, banana,
Map of plantain, coconut, orange, lime, grapefruit
South
America
(http://www.geographicguide.com/plan
et/globe-south-america.htm)

Paddy tree Nutmeg

http://shw.amal5041.fotopages.com/18818109.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg

Brinjal Grapefruit
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brinjal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit

4. China
• Asian rice, soybean, green gram, orange,
apricot, peach, tea, cabbage, ginger,
ginseng, rape seed, chestnut, turnip,
yam.
Map of
Soybean Yam
Southeast Asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam
(http://melatiasiacollection.blogspot.com/p/about-
asia.html)

Cabbage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage
Chestnut
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut

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5. Africa (Sahel Region including Ethiopian

Highlands).
• Sorghum, cowpea, coffee, melon, watermelon,
yam, oil palm, okra, kenaf, brinjal
Oil palm
http://toptropicals.com/cgi-
bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Elaeis_guineens
is
Map of Africa
(http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa.html)

Sorghum Coffee
http://mbp.generationcp.org/confluence/display
/MBP/Improved+Sorghum http://www.ajambule.com/category/coffee/

Watermelon
http://home.howstuffworks.com/watermelo
n1.htm
Kenaf
http://www.ciphercarbon.com/about%20us.htm

6. Southwest Asia (Middle East: UAE, Saudi

Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Israel).
• Wheat, barley, rye, oat, pea, lentil, carrot,
radish, safflower, olive, rape seed, walnut,
date palm, almond, grape, apple, pear,
plum, onion, lettuce

Carrot Date palm

http://askfreud.org/tag/carrot/
http://www.egyptian-palm-
trees.com/datepalmtrees.
htm
Oat
http://www.liferollercoaster.com/index.php/
2008/04/18/why-do-i-forced-myself-to-eat-
oat
Map of Southwest Asia
(http://www.southwestasia.info/)

Origin and distribution of livestock,

poultry and fish • advancement of genetic engineering and
reproductive biotechnology, genetic
• Since domestication of livestock, several
materials in the forms of frozen semen and
breeds or species of livestock, fish and
embryos are commonly moved from one
poultry are reared mainly as sources of
part of the world to another.
food and non-food products.
• Therefore, same breed of cattle, goats,
• When men migrated from one place to
sheep, fish and poultry are farmed
another they brought with them live
globally.
animals to continue the farming activities
in the new land. • Development and selling of animal
genetics has become a big agricultural
business globally.

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Beef cattle breeds

(high growth rate and excellent meat quality) 2) Brahman
•typical tropical breed
1) Angus •largely found in the hot and wet tropics.
•Originally from the highlands of northern Scotland •Originally from in India. American Brahman,
Australian Brahman, Thai Brahman and Pakistan
Brahman and others.

http://www.scenicreflections.com/download/502007/Red_Brahm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_cattle http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ns/ http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_brahman.html an_Bull_Wallpaper/

Beef cattle breeds Dairy cattle (high milk yield)

1) JERSEY
3) Hereford
• Originated from Jersey
• brown body coat and white face
the largest Island in the Channel Islands
• Established in Hereford, West Midlands
(near France)
region of England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herefordshire
_UK_location_map.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_cattle http://www.flagsof.net/flags/jersey/
http://yallaroo.murrayfrancis.com/pix/2004PerthRoyal/3Yallaroo7.10.04.JPG

2) Freisian (in Europe) Goats and sheep

• Originally from the highlands of northern
Scotland
3) Holstein (North America)
• Originated in Holland close to 2,000 years
ago

Merino
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino

Dorper
http://dorpers.webs.com/aboutd
orpers.htm

http://photos-for-you.com/friesian-cow/
Cheviot
(http://www.heritagesheep.eu/Brecknock%20Hill
%20Cheviot.htm)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_cattle

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POULTRY
• chicken, ducks and turkeys
• first domesticated chickens (fowl) of Indian origin
SAANEN ANGLO-NUBIAN for the purpose of cockfighting in Asia, Africa,
(http://www.alibaba.com/product-
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saanenziege.jpg)
free/106477991/Dairy_Goats_Anglo_Nubian.html) and Europe
• Classes of chicken are:
(i)American, (ii)Asiatic, (iii)Mediterranean,
(iv)English, (v)Continental, (vi)French,
(vii)Orientals

KACANG(LOCAL GOAT) BOER

(http://dombafarm.wordpress.com/ome/tentang-domba/)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_goat)

LANGSHANS
• chicken is divided into two groups; (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croad_Langshan
)

(a) Layers (production of eggs)

(b) broiler (production of tender meat)
Below are types of breed of chicken:

CORNISH
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_%28chicken%29)

LEGHORN
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghorn_%28chicken%29)
SUSSEX
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_%28chicken%29)

FISH
• The Egyptians and the Chinese started
aquaculture (rearing of fish) around Catfish /keli
2500BC. (Clarias sp.)
• freshwater (eg catfish/ keli and carp
(common carp) and marine or saltwater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarias_garie_080516_9146
_tdp.jpg#file

(examples are grouper, Mackerel and

pomfret/bawal).
• Fish are reared in cages along river
banks, lake, sea, ponds, tanks

http://www.potretkasih.com/tag/ikan-keli-goreng-bercili/

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Common carp
(Cyprinus carpio) Grouper (ikan kerapu)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper)

http://www.siamfishingtours.com/commoncarp.ht
ml

Mackerel
(ikan kembong)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel)

http://www.farmanimalspictures.com/Common-
Carp.html

• Ornamental fish (e.g. aquarium fish) is

also another business
• Malaysia is one of the largest breeder and
Pomfret (ikan bawal) exporter of ornamental fishes in the world.

(http://www.w-goodway.com/site/gallery_pomfret.php)

Ornamental fish:
http://rasa.karangkraf.com/resipi-menu/tempatan/ikan-bawal-masam-manis-1.26538 Arowana/kelisa Ornamental fish: Koi
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi)
(http://www.arowanaclub.com.my/)

Germplasm and Biodiversity • There are worldwide collections of plant,

animal and bacterial germplasm for use in
• Germplasm : a collection of genetic breeding new organisms and the
resources for an organism. For plants, the conservation of existing species.
germplasm may be stored as a seed
collection or, for trees, in a nursery.

• It is a term used to describe the genetic Tropical Plant Germplasm

resources, or more precisely the DNA of an Bank in China
(http://english.xtbg.cas.cn/rh/ss/sb/200501/t20050127_27762.html)
organism and collections of the material.

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Svalbard Global Seed Vault

in Norway - to preserve the
seeds of world’s plant life
(http://www.businessinsider.com/svalbard-global-seed-vault-2011-
12?op=1)

The bank was designed

deep into the mountain to
keep temperatures down
(top)

Seeds are kept in a

library-like system (left)
(http://www.businessinsider.com/svalbard-global-seed-vault-
2011-12?op=1)

BIODIVERSITY
Biological diversity
• Biological Diversity: the sum total of life
• biodiveristy: plant or animal diversity on earth
FOOD & MEDICINE WATER

• the variation of taxonomic life forms within

a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire
BIODIVERSITY AFFECTS
earth. HUMANS NEED
FOR SURVIVAL SHELTER
AIR

Significance of Biodiversity 3 aspects of BIODIVERSITY

• Indicates healthy functioning of the earth’s
many ecosystems. • Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• economic benefits with respect to crops,
livestock, medicines, natural products • Ecosystem diversity
(wildlife, fish, timber)

• aesthetic benefits. http://www.epa.gov/eerd/GeneticDiversityIndicators.ht

m

10

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
• Variety of habitats, biotic communities, and
ecological processes in the ecosystem
• Ecosystem = an area that contains
organisms (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria)
interacting with one another and their non-
living environment
• Ecosystems can be of any size (e.g., forest,
meadow, and log).
GENETIC DIVERSITY
• the sum total of all the genetic information
carried by individual organisms.
• some are obvious to the human eye, but
others are more subtle
• eye colour, colour of skins, susceptibility to
cancer
Genetic Resource Applications
• Agriculture production is increased
through the use of improved genetic
resources (new variety) created by altering
the genetic constitution.
4/9/2015
SPESIES DIVERSITY
• the variety of living organisms
• estimated 5 and 50 million or more
• about 1.75 million or I 3% have been
described.
Genetic diversity
• This term refers to the variation (diversity)
of genes within a species.
• Genes = a set of segments of nucleic acid
that contains basic information of a
species
• DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid is a double-
stranded helix of nucleotides which carries
the genetic information of a cell.
Increase in :
1. Yield (eg: Norin 10- dwarf wheat in Japan)
2. Pest and disease resistance
3. Ecological tolerance
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Eg: Tomatoes that are

1) Genes from wild relatives - resistance at least resistance to disease
32 major tomato diseases has been discovered. in UPM
Insect resistant genes have been also been bred. (picture courtesy of Unit IT Faculty of Agriculture UPM)

2) foreign genes such as from Bacillus

thuringiensis (Bt), which produces an insect killing
toxin, into maize

3) genes tolerant to temperature extremes, salinity, Bacillus thuringiensis may

drought and waterlogging. be extracted as pesticide
in agriculture
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis)

6 categories of genetic resources :

4. Modern cultivars
1. Wild relatives - improved strains bred from primitive cultivars.
- species in the wild from the same genus of the crop 5. Advanced breeding lines
or livestock.
- superior germplasm selected from modern cultivars.
2. Weedy relatives 6. Genes from other species
- bridge between wild relatives and domesticated - advanced lines which contain specific desired genes
species. (neglected varieties, evolved to adapt the
natural growing environment. from other species. For example, 90% of the genes
in rice could also be found in corn, wheat and barley
3. Primitive cultivars/landraces
- the cultivated varieties during earlier times.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
HOTSPOT • They contain:
• 1) Higher range or number of species or
subspecies found in a particular area.
• sites where many types of biological • 2) Higher variety of life, including the genetic
organisms exist and constitute invaluable diversity among members of a population or
genetic resources. species,
• 3) Higher variety of life forms that inhabit the
earth

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Techniques to Conserve Genetic

Resources
1. In Situ
• on-site consevation.

• It is the process of protecting an

endangered plant or animal species
http://morriscourse.com/elements_of_ecology/chapter_28.htm in its natural habitat.
25 hotspots : North & Central America, South America,
Europe & Central Asia, Africa, Mainland Asia, Asia-Pacific
(Philipines, N.Z)

2. Ex Situ
 off-site conservation".

 It is the process of protecting an endangered

species of plant or animal by removing part of
the popuation from a threatened habitat and

Thank You
placing it in a new location, which may be a
wild area or within the care of humans

• in gene banks, long-term storage as seed.

• many important tropical species are

recalcitrant (difficult or impossible to store for
long periods )

• Tissue culture, cryopreservation

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