When does Reverse power flow?

2
Situation of a generator is feeding a system through switchgear having several
generators connected in parallel with this generator. The flow of current, when the
system is running normally, is from the generators to the switchgear. If one
generator experiences problems and its terminal voltage fall below the system
voltage, the generator will act as a motor, just as a motor can act as a generator,
and current will flow from the switchgear to the generator. This is reverse power.
The effects can range from minor to extreme in the event of a complete mechanical
failure of the generator which fails.
9. What is the harm if reverse power flows?
Assume that the generator normally produces an amount of power equal to P, and that
when operating as a motor, it will absorb a similar amount, P. Therefore, the net
effect on the grid will be the same as if it experienced a step increase in load
equal to 2P. Depending on the size of the grid and the strength of the remaining
generation, a step increase of 2P could result in a significant frequency change on
the grid.

Explain the condition for Paralleling of Alternators? The following conditions must
be fulfilled for proper synchronizing of alternators. The terminal voltage of the
incoming machine must be approximately equal to bus-bar voltage. The frequency of
the incoming machine must be equal to that of the bus-bar. In the case of 3-phase
alternators an additional requirement is that phase sequence of the incoming
machine voltages must be the same as that of the bus-bars.
What does different position of the synchroscope needle mean; what is the
difference between 6 o clock and 12 clock?
6 o�clock means that out of synchronisation. We cannot parallel the incoming
generator. 12 o�clock means the perfect synchronised condition (voltage, frequency
and phase sequence match).
5. Why do we close the switch at 11 o'clock and not at 12 o' clock?
When the synchroscope is approaching 12 o'clock the "slip" (differential) between
the sine waves is approaching minimum (slip is zero when the synch'scope is at 12
o'clock) and the voltage differential between the phases is minimal (its zero when
the synch'scope is at 12 o'clock). Due to time taken to close the synchronoscope
switch, it is generally done at 11 o�clock. Due to the small delay to close, by
doing at 11 o�clock, we are achieving closing close to 12 o�clock.