Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the general statement of the problem, background of the study,

specific sub-problems, statement of hypothesis, significance of the study, definition of terms,

scope and limitations, and conceptual framework.

Background of the Study

A Sanitary landfill is a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and

maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential

environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. This is the

definition from R.A. 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000, an act that ensures the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental

practices in ecological waste management.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority from the 2015 Census Population,

Bacolod City is the second most populous city in Visayas after Cebu City. The city needs to

maintain proper waste disposal and to ensure the presence of a sanitary landfill for garbage

collection and storage.

The absence of a sanitary landfill in Bacolod City will not only violate the law, it will

create a big impact in terms of health and pollution issues on the residents of the city

especially those that resides near the dumpsite. The Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) Undersecretary Arturo Valdez has warned mayors who are violating

environmental laws. Currently, Bacolod City is violating RA9003 of the Philippines. Its

sanitary landfill is no longer operational and is now categorized as an open dumpsite. The

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violations include Article 2 - Segregation of Wastes which includes Section 21 and Section 22

or the Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes and Requirements for the Segregation &

Storage of Solid Waste. It has also violated and Section 37 which is the Prohibition Against

the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste.

The study will investigate the market, technical, financing, financial, environmental

and management feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City. The feasibility of the

study were divided into these seven areas of focus. Each aims to contribute to the

serviceability and improvement of the new sanitary landfill.

Bacolod City built a sanitary landfill last April 19, 2013 making it among the first 5%

Local Government Unit to comply with the sanitary landfill requirement in the whole country.

However, in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite. According to Mr. Ramel

Palalon, Public Service Officer II of Bacolod City and is in-charge of the city’s landfill, if

segregation was implemented in the landfill, it will be full by next year. The difference

between the expected and the current situation of the landfill stresses the pressing need of

proper waste disposal and storage for the city.

Civil engineers specializing in waste management have designed landfill sites that

incorporate environmental protection measures. Civil engineers specializing in geotechnical

engineering, hydrology, and environmental science are involved as soon as a landfill site is

proposed (Kielmas, 2017). The researcher's goal is to have a deeper and clearer understanding

of the landfill problems and current situation to help improve the current condition of the

sanitary landfill of the city.

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 Landfills present engineers with a variety of challenges, including how to manage land

use, traffic, liquids, and gases, as well as other environmental, civil, geotechnical, mechanical,

and electrical engineering issues (Galvin & Steinhauser, 2017). The researchers would like to

rise up to the challenges by discovering methods appropriate for the feasibility of the new

sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

The current site of the open dumpsite is in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. According to

Pollution Abatement Systems Specialist, Inc. (PASSI) president Julito Pugoy, Felisa is the

best site to host the facility because it has a landfill. It is also the best barangay to host the

project because it is zonified as a heavy industrial zone, and in terms of social responsibility,

the problem is minimal.

Bacolod City should dispose its waste in a sanitary landfill to address the current

situation in compliance with the law as soon as possible. The aim of the study will be focused

on the feasibility of a new landfill for the city.

General Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

Specific Sub-problems

1. Is there a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City?

2. Is it the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal?

3. Is it technically feasible?

4. How much will it cost if a new landfill will be constructed and operated?

5. Will the operation of the landfill be financially feasible?

6. Will it be socially and economically acceptable?

7. Can it be managed and operated effectively and efficiently?

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Statement of Hypothesis

The proposed sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is not feasible; in terms of its market,

technical, financing and financial, socio-economic, environmental and management

Significance of the Study

The following will be benefited by the study:

1. The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod

City. The city’s need for a new sanitary landfill is very immediate for the closure

of the existing open dumpsite being currently utilized to accommodate the daily

collection of solid wastes is targeted for closure by the Department of Natural

Resources as it violates the previsions of R.A. 9003.

2. A new sanitary landfill which can accommodate the current and future volume of

solid wastes will reduce health and environmental hazards of an open dumpsite

and comply with provisions of R.A. 9003 on sanitary landfill.

3. The result from the study can help the government of Bacolod City in their

decision-making regarding their action on how to address the current garbage

situation of the city and comply with provisions of R.A. 9003.

4. Civil Engineers and Future Researchers. The result, findings and recommendation

of the study can contribute additional knowledge especially to Civil Engineering

since it is dealing with the feasibility of a sanitary landfill, also considered to be in

the area of concern of the profession.

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Definition of Terms

Project Feasibility Study

Conceptual and Operational: Project Feasibility Study refers to the culmination of all the

preparatory work that provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of the project before a

final decision about its viability is taken. An ideal F/S contains the following modules which

provide the basis for project evaluation: (a) demand-and-supply or market module; (b)

technical or engineering module; (c) manpower and administrative support module; (d)

financial module; (e) economic module; (f) social module; (g) institutional module; and (h)

environmental module. (National Economic and Development Authority Department of

Budget and Management, 2014)

Market feasibility

Conceptual: In general, a market analysis searches for the intersection of demand and supply

that will create a market for a product at a given price, and a feasibility analysis tests whether

a certain product will meet certain financial or social goals in the market. The market study

will examine comparables in the study area to see what scale and amenities will increase

absorption and capture rates. The marketability study is mainly used to describe what

conditions are necessary for the project to be successful. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: In this study market feasibility will determine the demand and supply. It will also

assess the potential return on the investment, absorption and market capture rates and the

project’s timing.

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Technical feasibility

Conceptual: Technical and operational feasibility are concerned with whether the proper

resources exist or are reasonably attainable to implement a specific alternative. This includes

the square footage of the building, existing and available utilities, existing processing and

material handling equipment, quality requirements, and skill level of employees. During this

process, product specifications and facility constraints should be taken into account.

(Franchetti, 2011)

Operational: Technical feasibility will determine the design and specifications, process of

construction and equipment to be used for the proposed sanitary landfill. The technical

feasibility study will involve evaluating the engineering aspect of the project by applying the

principles of civil engineering.

Financial feasibility

Conceptual: Financial feasibility analysis is performed to test whether the project's return will

exceed opportunity costs. y combining the results of the market analysis and the cost

estimates, the feasibility analysis will estimate financial returns. Most feasibility analysis

include a pro forma which outlines expenses and incomes in a spread sheet. The feasibility

study estimates value based on market prices and the present worth of the site. Developers,

investors and lenders base many of their decisions on the feasibility study. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: Financial feasibility study will determine how much will be the cost to operate

the project. The financial feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the

government to come up with the funds needed to operate the landfill.

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Financing feasibility

Conceptual: The criteria shall be used in the screening, prioritization and evaluation of the

new Feasibility Studies and Feasibility Studies updating that may be eligible for funding.

(National Economic and Development Authority Department of Budget and Management,

2014)

Operational: Financing feasibility will determine if the budget to finance for the investment of

the project using the pre-construction and construction cost estimate will be sufficient.

Socio-economic feasibility

Conceptual: Socio-economic aspect aims to discuss and determine what are the social

implications of the study to the society, the economic implications and the environment and

implications of the study to the economy. It aims to determine the social implications of the

study, to determine the economic implications of the study and to determine the environment

implications of the study. (Gatdula, 2018)

Operational: Socio-economic feasibility will determine what will be the effect of the project

to Bacolod City and its residents.

Environmental Feasibility

Conceptual: Modification of the environment caused by the action of man or of nature.

(Jaramillo, 2003)

Operational: Environmental feasibility will determine the effects of the project to the

environment. Environmental feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the

project to secure licenses, approvals and permits in a timely and cost effective way.

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Management feasibility

Conceptual: The overall implementation plan is discussed in the organization and

management study. This aspect includes a study of the officers and key personnel, basic

consideration in forming the organization, form of ownership, organizational chart and project

schedule. The objective of the management aspect of a feasibility study is to determine the

option effectiveness of the organizational setup and the qualifications of the individuals who

will make up the organization. (Bejo, Bio , Borras, and Gabatan, 2013)

Operational: Management feasibility will determine how the project will be managed

effectively and efficiently to achieve its purpose.

Sanitary Landfill

Conceptual and Operational: A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed,

operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential

environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. In

particular, engineering of the site is undertaken to contain and regulate the uncontrolled

migration of leachate (water contaminated from contact with decomposing waste) and landfill

gas. (DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998)

Leachate

Conceptual and Operational: Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes,

pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may

result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil. (Bailey, 2016)

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Geomembranes

Conceptual and Operational: Geomembranes are also called flexible membrane liners (FML).

These liners are constructed from various plastic materials, including polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The preferred material for use in MSW and

secure landfills is HDPE. This material is strong, resistant to most chemicals, and is

considered to be impermeable to water. Therefore, HDPE minimizes the transfer of leachate

from the landfill to the environment. The thickness of geomembranes used in landfill liner

construction is regulated by federal and state laws. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

Geotextile

Conceptual and Operational: In landfill liners, geotextiles are used to prevent the movement

of small soil and refuse particles into the leachate collection layers and to protect

geomembranes from punctures. These materials allow the movement of water but trap

particles to reduce clogging in the leachate collection system. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich,

2013)

Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)

Conceptual and Operational: These liners consist of a thin clay layer (four to six millimeters)

between two layers of a geotextile. These liners can be installed more quickly than traditional

compacted clay liners, and the efficiency of these liners is impacted less by freeze-thaw

cycles. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

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Landfill Base Liner

Conceptual and Operational: Landfill Base Liner means a continuous layer of primary

Geosynthetic membrane and a secondary compacted clayliner or Geosynthetic Clay Liner

(GCL), installed beneath and/or on the sides of a landfill footprint which acts as a barrier to

vertical and lateral leachate and landfill gas movement. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid

Wastes, 2016)

Landfill Cell

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Cell" means that portion of compacted MSW in a

landfill that is enclosed by cover after a designated period. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal

Solid Wastes, 2016)

Landfill cover

Conceptual and Operational: A daily cover of compacted soil or earth is applied on top of the

waste deposited in a landfill. This cover minimizes the interaction between waste and the

surrounding environment. It also reduces odours. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid

Wastes, 2016)

Design Capacity

Conceptual and Operational: "Design Capacity" is the volume of airspace available for waste

within the landfill footprint. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

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Landfill Gas

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Gas" (LFG) means a mixture of gases generated by

the decomposition of MSW. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

Scope and Limitations

Scope

General purpose: Specifically, the study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary

landfill for Bacolod City.

Topics studied: Market Feasibility, Technical Feasibility, Financial and Financing Feasibility,

Socio-Economic, Environmental Feasibility and Management Feasibility

Study will be conducted in Bacolod City and will affect the residents of Bacolod City.

The study will cover the period: June 2017-March 2018

Limitations

The basis of the study is the historical data of Bacolod City regarding its waste

collection volume and population. The study will not include cases of increase and decrease

of prices due to inflation or deflation. The feasibility of the study will be limited to the seven

aspects to be investigated which are market, technical, financing, financial, socio-economic,

environmental, and management feasibility.

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Conceptual Framework

DATA PROCESSING AND

INPUTS ANALYSIS
MARKETING DATA TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY OUTPUT
TECHNICAL DATA MARKETING
FINANCING DATA TECHNICAL ESTABLISH FEASIBILITY OR
FINANCIAL DATA FINANCING NON FEASIBILITY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FINANCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT DATA ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

Figure 1. Feasibility of Proposed Landfill for Bacolod City

The feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill will be evaluated through the seven

aspects namely; marketing, technical, financial, financing, socio-economic, environmental

and management. All these aspects for the feasibility studies are interconnected and may

affect one another:

1) The technical feasibility will include the following factors:

a) Product / Service

b) Process

c) Technology

d) Equipment / materials, facilities

e) Production cost

2) The marketing feasibility will cover the volume produced and volume capacity.

3) The financing feasibility will cover the investment while the financial feasibility will

include the operation, maintenance and affordable management costs at the local level.

4) Management being the simple, dynamic management of the service.

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 5) Socio-economic feasibility will be concerned about the community and the role of the

sanitary landfill to the people.

6) The environmental factors include negative impacts on soil, water and air that should

be minimized.

Each of the seven main feasibility studies will be evaluated by data collected and data

processing procedures setting a criteria in each area.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes concepts, ideas and researches relevant to this study and that can

provide insights for the problems discussed in the first chapter. The concepts and researches

are presented in the following order: Related Literatures, Local Studies and Foreign Studies.

Related Literature

MARKET FEASIBILITY

Quantity of Waste

In the Philippines, where the population has already exceeded 100 million in 2015,

and an average solid waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, it can be estimated

that an average of 50,000 metric tons of garbage per day is being generated, of which only

35,000 metric tons/day are collected. (Gilbert and Ramos, 2012)

Recycling offers some of the most pragmatic solutions to reduce the volume of

generated waste. The Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, defines

recycling as “the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them

sustainable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid

waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products

may lose their identity…” It is differentiated from Reuse in which there is no alteration of the

physical or chemical characteristics of the recovered material.

Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as

garbage production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Though not yet quite a pervasive practice, organized recycling in the Philippines has picked

up in recent years. According to the National Solid Waste Management Commission

14
(NSWMC), recycling rates have been increasing, particularly in Metro Manila, from 6% in

1997; 13% in 2000; and 28% in 2006 (Andin, Z; NSWMC, 2007). Among the major reasons

for this improvement are the following: the implementation of RA 9003, the grassroots SWM/

recycling movement, and the market forces. (Antonio, L. C., 2010)

Population

Based on the 2015 Census of Population, the population of the Philippines as of

August 1, 2015 was 100.98 million persons.

With a total area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers, the population density

of the Philippines in 2015 was posted at 337 persons per square kilometer. This represents an

increase of 29 persons per square kilometer (9.4 percent) from the population density of 308

persons per square kilometer in 2010. (POPCEN 2015)

Volume of Waste Generated per Year

With an average per-capita waste generation ratio of about 0.5 kg per day, the annual

waste generation in the Philippines is 12 million tons in 2012. This figure is expected to

double by 2025. The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reported that

the country’s solid waste generation includes 73% of households, 26% of commercial

establishments, institutions and industries, as well as 1% of healthcare facilities. (CCAC,

2014)

Capacity of Landfill

The Designed Landfill Capacity (DLC) shall be determined by calculating the product

of the sum of planned waste to be landfilled and soil covered per year, by the number of years

that the landfill is to be operated.

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Density of Compacted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The municipal solid waste is the combination of different individual waste

components, properties of the individual components controls the overall characteristics of the

landfill waste. The understanding of the variation in compositional characteristics is helpful to

estimate properties when MSW is subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (Tiwari,

2014)

It is of utmost importance to have reliable engineering properties of MSW in order to

evaluate and predict landfill behavior and hence for landfill operation. However, determining

engineering properties is extremely difficult as mentioned by Manasslero et al., (1997) due to

the following reasons:

1) Difficulties in sampling of MSW which simulate the in site condition

2) Lack of generally accepted sampling procedure for geotechnical characterization of

waste material

3) Variation in properties of municipal solid waste with time

4) Level of training and education of the personnel on site for basic interpretation and

understanding of the measurements

5) Heterogeneity of the MSW within the landfill and its variation with geographical

location.

The properties of MSW are determined for designing landfill, particularly bioreactor

landfill. Generally, density, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, compressibility, stiffness and

shear strength are the most important properties of any solid waste. (Dixon and Jones 2005).

Density of MSW is determined to assess volume of transportation vehicle and size of the

disposal facility. (Chandrappa & Das, 2012)

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TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Technical Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

According to DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998,

WHEREAS, the disposal of municipal solid waste in the Philippines is mostly through

open dumps that cause environmental damage and adverse impact on public health;

WHEREAS, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the primary

government agency in charge of environmental and natural resources management and as

Chairman of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management is tasked with providing

appropriate guidelines in all aspects of waste management;

WHEREAS, Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Philippine Local

Government Code devolved the responsibility for the provision of basic services, such as but

not limited to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification and solid waste management to

local government units (LGUs);

WHEREAS, the DENR recognizes the value of strengthening its coordination and

cooperation with the LGUs in the planning and implementation of solid waste management

strategies;

WHEREAS, by virtue of Presidential Decree 1152 (the Philippine Environmental

Policy), Presidential Decree 984 (the Pollution Control Law) and Administrative Order no. 90

there is a need to improve the present disposal practices of municipal solid waste to make then

environmentally- sound;

Design Landfill Layout

The site layout shall be designed to satisfy all criteria including the siting criteria, and

minimize environmental impacts. (British Columbia Ministry of Environment, June 2016)

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 The site layout shall provide for site entrance, gatehouse, material recovery/recycling

area, structures, access roads, landfill footprint, surface water ditching and management ponds

and leachate and gas management infrastructure if applicable. The site layout should

minimize the potential for leachate and landfill gas impacts offsite taking into consideration

groundwater flow direction and surface water infiltration and discharge points.

Site Equipment

Basic functions to be performed by landfill equipment are:

• Waste grading and compaction; and

• Excavating and placing of daily and intermediate cover.

Typically, these functions will be performed by a landfill compactor and a wheeled

loader. A pick-up truck will also be included in the typical on-site equipment fleet (Dillon, et.

al., 2007). Other functions requiring equipment are landfill cell preparation, final cover

construction, delivery of drop-off bin wastes to the working face, road maintenance and dust

control. Some of these functions may be performed with on-site equipment, but others may

require equipment to be leased or a contractor to be hired. Routine maintenance and cleaning

will be performed as necessary to keep onsite equipment in good operating order.

Topography of the site

The method of construction of a manual sanitary landfill depends mainly on the

topography of the site, although it is also influenced by the type of soil and the depth of the

water table.

The area method is used on flat terrain, abandoned quarries, depressions, and low parts

of ravines. The features of each individual site will determine whether it is possible to extract

the cover soil from the site or whether it will have to be hauled from nearby places. The area

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method consists of depositing the wastes on the surface and laying them against the slope of

the inclined terrain; they are then compacted in sloping layers to form the cell that will

afterwards be covered with earth. The first cells are built at one end of the area to be filled and

the work advances to its completion at the other end.

The trench method is used when the water table is deep and the gradients of the terrain

are gentle. The trenches can be excavated with earthmoving equipment. This method consists

of depositing the waste at one end of the ditch, placing it against the slope; the workers then

spread and compact the waste in layers using masonry tools until a cell is formed which, at

the end of the day, will be covered with the earth from the excavation. (Jamillo, 2003)

FINANCING FEASIBILITY

Initial Working Capital

The capital investment portion of the total costs is divided between site development,

equipment purchases and construction costs. The facility development costs are preliminary

costs associated with the entire site (e.g., characterization studies, land acquisition,

engineering and design studies, and permit package fees) thereby occurring only in the first

year of operation. The construction phase typically occurs in stages as required. Only a

portion of the site or “cell” is developed with each subsequent cell being developed as the

previous cell nears capacity. (Eilrich, et. al., 2002)

Costs of Land

Costs of the land depend on the land prices which can differ for each location. The

actual use of the land is important for the price which influences the level of compensation for

19
the owner or actual users. The potential landfill with the lowest costs is more preferable.

(Sener, 2004).

Costs for the Access of the Landfill

Costs for the access of the landfill depend on the condition and the presence of roads

close to the landfill. If reconstruction of actual roads is needed, the costs will increase.

Because of that road network is an important factor to locate a landfill site. (Sener, 2004).

Landfill Costs

Landfill costs fall into one of four categories: (1) initial construction, (2) cell

construction, (3) operations, and (4) closure as modeled. Initial construction costs consist of

those activities that would be completed prior to operation of the facility, which would not be

repeated for each individual cell. These costs are amortized over the facility life. Cell

construction costs include all engineering design and construction completed for each

individual cell of the facility and are amortized over the life of the cell. (Barbara Sich and

Morton Barlaz July 2000)

FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Payback period

Landfill cost recovery potential from 8% to 106% of total sanitary landfill costs

(including the gas system), if all revenues go only to landfill cost recovery. However, usually

some revenue needs to cover private developer profit and some is allocated to community

development funding to the host municipality and surrounding neighborhood or waste picking

community. No funds are likely to be leftover for the rest of the solid waste system. When

20
systems are small and poorly operated, cost recovery potential can be half of the above

estimates. (Cointreau, March 2008)

Operation and Closure Costs

Operation costs include all costs incurred annually to run the facility. Closure costs

include all one-time activities conducted after all cells in the facility are completed, as well as

post-closure monitoring and other long-term activities related to site maintenance after

closure. The post-closure costs are amortized over the life of the facility so that these costs are

reflected in the cost of waste disposal. Landfill gas can be used directly or to generate

electricity or steam. The associated revenues can be sold to offset some of the costs associated

with building, operating, and maintaining a landfill. (Barbara Sich and Morton Barlaz July

2000)

Transport Costs

Transport costs are determined by the transport distances from the source of waste

generation, the way of transport and the way of collection. The other factors affecting

transport costs are the need for waste transfer stations and the possibility to use railways.

(Sener, 2004).

Costs for Personnel, Maintenance and Environmental Protection

The costs for personnel will not differ so much between the different potential landfill

sites. Maintenance depends on the availability of soil needed for the daily or regular covering

and for the stability of the landfill. If the soil is not available in the area, it should be imported

which increases the maintenance costs. Technical provisions should be placed to prevent the

pollution of the soil, groundwater and surface water at the landfill. Monitoring the drainage

system and the quality of the leachate and surface water are also important factors in the

21
maintenance costs. The potential landfill with the lowest maintenance costs is more suitable

for a landfill. (Sener, 2004).

Costs for the After-Care

The costs for after-care is not only dependent on the kind of final use but also on

provisions to monitor the groundwater quality, existence of gas, the winning of gas, the

stability of the completed landfill. Needed provisions are depending on the characteristics of

the filled waste, the kind of subsoil, the hydrogeological situation, and the kind of final use.

(Sener, 2004).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Political Acceptance

The issues of public acceptance, changing value systems, public participation in

planning and implementation stages, and changes in waste behavior are equally as important

as the technical and economic aspects of waste management (Marshall and Farahbakhsh,

2013). Effective waste management must be fully embraced by local authorities and the

public sphere, and must include all stakeholders in the entire waste management decision-

making process. Key elements to the success of these integrated programs are public

participation and empowerment, decision transparency, networking, cooperation and

collective action, communication, and accessibility of information (Marshall and

Farahbakhsh, 2013).
According to another study (WRC, 1995), communities should be required to take

responsibility for their own waste collection and disposal. Through community self-help,

waste management costs are reduced and community self-interest is increased. The advantage

of this strategy is its emphasis on community involvement in the reuse of waste materials. The

22
study suggested the following steps to encourage community involvement: 1) Promotion of

environmental education, information and capacity building in communities; 2) Promotion

and provision of support for community-based initiatives to seek solutions to waste

management, sanitation, and access to resources; and 3) Creation of community forums

responsible for developing integrated environmental, developmental and spatial plans.

(MaAllister, 2015)

ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY

Identification of Standards in Force

Another aspect not to be overlooked by the designer of a sanitary landfill is the need to

consult with the standards currently in force for the design and construction of the landfill and

infrastructure works, and also for the issue of environmental impact (constraints on the project

in order to prevent or mitigate possible negative effects from the construction and operation of

the landfill). (Jaramillo, 2003)

Analysis of Environmental Impacts

Environmental impact analyses serve to anticipate the positive and negative effects that every

sanitary landfill project has during its different stages: site selection, construction, operation,

and closure. The measurement of these impacts should be interdisciplinary and should be

carried out on the natural components (water, soil and air), of the site and surrounding area as

well as on the project-related economic and social variables. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Republic Act No. 9003

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 According to Republic Act No. 9003 or “An act providing for an ecological solid

waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,

declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for

other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies wherein it is hereby declared the

policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste

management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use,

recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in

appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with

ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of

solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in

ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste

management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement

and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and

recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

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(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government,

other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the

application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order

to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Section 40, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for siting a Sanitary

Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the siting of sanitary landfills:

(a) The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

(b) The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

(c) The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled and

compacted;

(d) The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

(e) The size must be located in an area where the landfill’s operation will not detrimentally

affect environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed

area;

(f) The site should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for a period of

five years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and

sustainable solid waste disposal;

25
(g) The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary

constraints, including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-closure care

and possible remediation costs;

(h) Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource

recovery projects; and

(i) Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

Section 41, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for Establishing a

Sanitary Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the establishment of

sanitary landfills:

(a) Liners – a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate

and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

(b) Leachate collection and treatment system – Installation of pipes at the low areas of the

liner to collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;

(c) Gas control recovery system – a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing

permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or

productive use as an energy source;

(d) Ground water monitoring well system – wells placed at an appropriate location and depth

for taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

(e) Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect the

waste from long-term contact with the environment:

(i) a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each day’s operations, and;

(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control

infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

26
(f) Closure procedure – with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems

and final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of

the final cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least receipt of wastes; and

(g) Post-closure care procedure – During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible

for providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfill’s

environmental protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater

should it become contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission.

MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY

Operational Procedures

The operational procedures employed at any landfill site will have a significant

bearing on its planned development, performance and potential effects on the environment,

particularly effects on site neighbours. The procedures are the following: landfill

management plan, staffing and training, health and safety, site access,waste acceptance and

monitoring, roading, visual impacts, waste compaction, cover, nuisance control, fire

prevention, water control, landfill gas management, and closure and aftercare. (Centre for

Advanced Engineering , 2000)

Staffing

The level of staffing should be adequate for environmentally-responsible and safe

management of the landfill. Staffing requirements will vary as a function of size, types of

wastes, and diversity and complexity of site operations. Landfill operators should provide

adequate staffing to ensure that during operating hours all continuous tasks (including waste

27
reception, and security, compaction and covering) are completed in accordance with the

landfill management plan. (Centre for Advanced Engineering, 2000)

Related Studies

Local Studies

Market Study

A Study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe and Richard B. Parilla entitled

“Opportunities and Threats to Adjacent Community in a Sanitary Landfill, Philippines”

assessed the adjacent community in Cebu City Sanitary Landfill (CCSL), Philippines. Data

were gathered on April, 2011 using interview-questionnaire covering sixty three households.

Areas assessed include the general household profile, perceived opportunities, water resources

and utilization, health status and services, waste management practices, and perception to

CCSL management and institutions. Result showed that households perceived opportunities in

CCSL as a result of employment, resources, and security through informal workforce like

scavenging. However, the adjacent community was found to be at high risk owing to use of

contaminated groundwater and unsafe waste management practices. These threats were

manifested through prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermal diseases.

Households also acknowledged the negative impacts to health and environment however their

major concern was accessed to employment upon closure and relocation of CCSL. The study

provided basis for policy makers and concern institutions on identifying basic services to be

made available to the adjacent community considering the closure of CCSL. The study gave

28
idea to the researchers on what to consider in the formulation of the design and considerations

for the new sanitary landfill in study.

Technical Study

Solid waste management remained to be a serious problem in the country. Despite the

enactment of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, nothing has

improved. The volume of wastes being generated particularly in the urban centres tends to

increase with increased population growth. Improper waste disposal is not only an eyesore but

has serious environmental consequences to the soil, air, ground and surface waters and even to

human health. Groundwater contamination may be the most serious problem caused by

improper waste disposal because, as usually the case in the Philippines where dependence on

groundwater for drinking purposes is very common. Sanitary landfills are the most widely

utilized method for solid waste disposal. (Rebullida, 2000)

According to Republic Act No. 9003 which states that “An act providing for an

ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms

and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds

therefor, and for other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies: It is hereby declared the policy

of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

29
(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use,

recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in

appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with

ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of

solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in

ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste

management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement

and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and

recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government,

other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the

application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

30
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order

to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Republic Act No. 9003, Article 2, Section 21 states the Mandatory Segregation of

Solid Waste; The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in

providing collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best

meet their needs: Provided, That segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the

source, to include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources:

Provided, further, That wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in Section 22

of this Act.

31
Financing Study

Cost Estimates /Financial Aspects

The Solid Waste Management Program of San Carlos City is being financed through the 20%

Development Fund (20% of the Internal Revenue Allotment or IRA) as source of fund. The

yearly budget is being deliberated annually (which usually falls on the 3rd quarter of the year)

under the auspices of the Local Finance Committee.

Investment cost

32
Financial Study

In the study “Final Report on Consulting Services for Solid Waste Management

(Environmental Management) Within Project Micropolis in Metro Manila, Republic of the

Philippines” last April 2007 provided a breakdown of the costs. The table includes a

schematic calculation for a Barangay in Metro Manila with 10,000 inhabitants of mixed

population. The Barangay has initially eight (8) hauling trips per week to collect the Solid

Waste. The Barangay has initially no Eco Aids designated to the Solid Waste Management

System. Each item can naturally be discussed and modified, but the ambition of the table is to

show the orders of magnitude and where the critical costs and revenues are found.

The investments can naturally vary a lot depending on the starting conditions in the

specific Barangay, the level of ambition, stepwise implementation of the new schemes, etc.

However, the order of magnitude, 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 pesos, is a good estimate for a

Barangay of 10,000 inhabitants. An investment of this magnitude is very hard for a typical

Barangay to handle in one step. However, with a good planning of budget allocations over the

years and a stepwise implementation it would be possible to build up a well-functioning Solid

Waste Management System within just a few years. Experience from various other projects

also shows that there are other sources of funding than only the Barangay budgets.

 Waste Management Fund as a part of the Property Tax allocations;

 Savings and funding;

33
 Soft Loans / Concessionary credits;

 Donations from companies and individuals; and

 Various “politically” allocated funds

are some examples of funding used in other projects.

The use of part of the Property Tax to the Waste Management Fund seems to be

supported by law. Savings and funding are sometimes difficult due to administrative rules and

regulations where a “saving” from one budget year can not be transferred to the following.

However, it seems as if such transfers can be done given one of the basic rules: “If there is a

will there is a way”. Countries that are engaged in various kinds of support to developing

countries sometimes provide so called Soft Loans (or Concessionary Credits) at favorable

conditions. Naturally, a single Barangay cannot get involved in such a financing scheme, but

with a good coordination between Barangays and the City Level or at the Central Government

Level (like the DILG, Department of Interior and Local Government), such financing would

bring down the costs and increase the implementation pace.

The latter two types of funding are available especially during election periods. This

kind of sources can, of course, not be utilized in every Barangays when a full scale Solid

Waste Management work is started. The interest on the investment should be included as a

cost in a complete budget estimate. However, since the budgets for investments in a Barangay

are provided on an annual basis by City / Municipality, the interest is of no significance on the

Barangay level.

Another study entitled, “Funding Solid Waste Disposal: A Study from the Philippines”

by Antonia Corinthia C. Naz and Mario Tuscan N Naz , talks about the treatment of solid

waste as a major priority in countries across Southeast Asia. Economic development and

34
population growth, particularly in the region's mega-cities, have made the challenge more

acute. This is particularly true in the Philippines, where the legacy of dangerous open dump

sites such as 'Smokey Mountain' have kept the issue high on the political agenda. This study

looks at how a municipal government in one of the Philippines's provinces should organize its

solid waste management plans to meet strict new national targets. It recommends that the

local government charge user fees for its waste collection & disposal services and

recommends a level of service that will reflect people's preferences, However, even with this

level of charges, the study warns of a funding gap and says that the local government may

have to divert as much as 25% of its development fund to pay for it.

In the study “A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines”

by Rhea Abigail Navarro last November 2003, he indicated the following assumptions:

 SWM expenses include personnel services, landfill aftercare, maintenance and

operation costs, wastewater treatment, landfilling costs (tipping fee) and collection

and transportation costs. Except for transportation and collection, all costs are

deducted from MMDA’s SWM budget. Transportation and collection costs are borne

by the individual LGUs themselves.

 All initial prices of expenses are worked out from the 2002 SWM budget of MMDA.

Maintenance and operation cost Php34.17/m2 of controlled dump area. Wastewater A

Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines Rhea

Abigail Navarro, LUMES 2002/2003 8 treatment costs Php8.68/m2 while the tipping

fee is initially Php600/ton. Landfill aftercare is paid yearly after a controlled dump is

closed up to 10 years at the same rate as wastewater treatment. All rates double for

35
 each new controlled dump opened. Php2.35 million is spent annually for total

personnel services. (MMDA, 2002)

 Collection and transportation costs are priced at Php785.7/ton. This is derived from a

weighted average of costs spent by Marikina, Valenzuela and Muntinlupa (WB,

2001).

 Total SWM allocation is composed of the share of SWM from the government plus

the individual expenses of LGUs in collection and transportation. The government

allocated share for SWM is set as 0.13% of the GRDP, based on the approved 2002

budget (MMDA, 2002). LGU contribution, on the other hand, varies yearly

depending on the amount of waste collected.

Socio-Economic Study

A study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe entitled, “Socio-Demographic Assessment

of Surrounding Community to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and a Dumpsite: The Case

of Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines” published on November 2015 states that, The Philippines

urgency for comprehensive solid waste management under the monitoring and

implementation of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the

National Solid Waste were given emphasis for the last years through the establishment of the

following facilities; compost, landfill (38), open dumpsites (640), and material recovery

(7327) (NSWMC, 2001). It has become a common practice elsewhere that these facilities tend

to attract informal settlers because of the available economic option and livelihood (Sia Su,

2007; Paul et al., 2012; Afon, 2012; Galarpe and Parilla, 2014). The community surrounding

disposal sites seeks employment through scavenging, collecting, and as middlemen agents

36
(Asim et al., 2012; Sia Su 2007; Rankokwane and Gwebu, 2006; Nzeadibe, 2009), which

becomes an integral part of the informal sector of solid waste management (Dhokhikah and

Trihadiningrum, 2012). This typically exists since dumped waste potentially becomes a

profitable resource through recycling or converting it into an intermediate product (Galarpe

and Parilla, 2014; Nzeadibe, 2009).

Environmental Study

A study by Paz B. Reyes, Mabelle V. Portu entitled, “Greening of the Solid Waste

Management in Batangas” can also help improve design the new sanitary landfill.

Management of solid wastes in the Philippines has long been a responsibility of the Local

Government Units in the country since the enactment of Republic Act 9003 also known as the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2002. In support to the local government of

Batangas City, this study was conducted to propose a plan of action that will enhance the level

of implementation of solid waste management in the city, lessen the harmful effects to the

environment and health of the people and find solutions to problems encountered in its

implementation. The descriptive survey method was used with 204 respondents taken by

stratified sampling from selected 69 barangays. A Likert scale instrument was used to measure

the level of implementation of solid waste management practices of the residents and the

problems encountered by the residents in the implementation of solid waste management

practices. A checklist determine the effects of the implementation of solid waste management

practices to the environment and health of the people Data analysis made use of frequency

distribution, weighted mean and ANOVA. From the findings gathered on the level of

implementation of solid waste management and the observed effects to the environment and

37
health of the people including the problems encountered in its implementation, a plan of

action was proposed with the hope of enhancing the level of implementation of solid waste

management thereby lessening its harmful effects and problems to health and environment.

Another study by Leonora E. Ngilangil entitled, “Assessment of Groundwater and

Leachate Quality from Balaoan Sanitary Landfill in La Union, Northern Philippines” could be

very helpful as well. The study emphasizes that landfills are point sources of pollution. In this

study, it seeks to assess the groundwater and leachate quality in Balaoan sanitary landfill

using physico-chemical and biological characteristics and to compare the results to quality

standards. Proper coordination with authorities, ocular visits and surveys and final evaluation

on the study site were made to ascertain the presence of a leachate pond and deep/tube wells

within or near the facility.

Groundwater and leachate samples were collected through grab sampling during the

months of February and April and sent for laboratory analyses .Except for the Total coliform

and E.coli counts, the physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples such as pH,

turbidity,total dissolved solids, and nitrate were found to conform to the Philippine National

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Leachate water samples in terms of chemical

oxygen demand were found to conform to the regulatory limit while toxic metals such as

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and mercury showed very low concentration based on

DAO 35, series of 1990 class C waters.

Management Study

A study by Gia Golda D. Dela Corte entitled “Establishment of Municipal Solid Waste

Management Guidelines for Bais City Using Leachate Analyses and Wastes Characterization”

38
published on December 2005 states that although landfilling is a part of solid waste

management, environmental management practices should also be of concern. These practices

can be summarized in a comprehensive and integrated form such as a waste management

plan. Waste management plans are formed by performing waste characterization through

inventory of the volume of incoming solid wastes. Aside from determining the volume of

solid wastes through inventory, evaluation of effluent parameters may be used to formulate

solid waste management plans or guidelines. Analysis of effluent parameters may reveal

which parameter is critical.

Foreign Studies

Market Study

A study in India is entitled “Modified Landfill Design for Sustainable Waste

Management” by Sudhakar Yedla states that waste management, being one of the most

important aspects of urban development, is gaining importance among developing nations.

Landfills, which were initiated for hazardous waste management and subsequently

transformed into sanitary landfills, have been the most widely adapted practice for municipal

solid waste management worldwide. However, the conventional design of landfills not only

fails to fulfil the needs of waste management but also fails to target optimal resource recovery

and energy generation. In the present study, modified design was proposed for partially

engineered landfill system based on theoretical considerations. Its potential for energy

generation and resource utilization was analyzed with a case study of Mumbai municipal solid

waste. It was found that the system with modified design could yield 0.157 million tons of

39
landfill gas (0.145 million tons of coal equivalent) out of one year of solid waste. Further, this

could recover resource valued at US$2.49 million per year.

“The Normandy Landfill: A Case Study in Solid Waste Management” is a study by S.

Sadek* and M. El-Fadel in Lebanon and was published in 2000. As in most developing

countries, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has been a chronic problem, particularly in

areas with high population density, high production of refuse, and scarcity of land adequate

for landfills. In such settings, uncontrolled waste dumping along the seashore has been an

unfortunate, yet common practice for solid waste disposal in major urban centers. These

practices along the Mediterranean coast resulted in serious sea pollution problems. Random

disposal activities began around 1975 and were suspended in 1994. Initially, the waste was

limited to household wastes and later included inert fill and construction material. The site

currently covers about 360000m2 and extends about 600 m beyond the original shoreline.

During the period 1975 to 1982, the material dumped was mostly municipal waste with some

construction rubble. At that point 30 000m2 land area had been deposited into the sea.

Between 1982 and 1983, large quantities of demolition debris were dumped into the sea north

of the existing waste piles. In addition, the years of war resulted in significant damages to the

city infrastructure, including sewage and wastewater disposal, resulting in the discharge of

large volumes of untreated wastewater at the edge of the fill.

Technical Study

Based on the “Technical Guidelines on Specially Engineered Landfill” published by Basel

Convention in 2002, a number of technical measures which are interdependent should be

40
taken to mitigate the impacts of landfill operations on the environment and human health, they

concern:

a. Site selection. Landfills should be sited, where possible to avoid the possibility of

ground water pollution. Where this is not possible, landfills should be designed and

constructed to prevent the migration of leachate from the fill to ground water.

b. Design of operations. Landfills can be designed and operated in ways that minimize

the generation of leachate, by for example tipping vertically rather than horizontally,

and by the prompt application of appropriate intermediate cover over the deposited

waste, graded to encourage run-off rather than infiltration. Effective compaction of the

deposited waste is also important.

c. Design of landfill and its proper engineering

d. d. Control on incoming waste. The amounts of waste that directly increase leachate

volumes (e.g. wet wastes) should be reduced to a practical minimum.

e. Landfill closure. The final closure cover for the landfill can be designed and laid in

such a way that infiltration of rainfall into the fill will be greatly reduced.

f. Careful construction and operation are essential.

g. Monitoring. A comprehensive programme of monitoring will be required for all

landfill sites. It should cover inputs to, contents of and emissions from the site and the

surrounding environment. It should be designed to provide advanced warning of any

unexpected problems and guidance on remediation possibilities. It should also indicate

the point at which the landfill has become stable.

41
Financing Study

The study “Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Economic Impact Analysis for the

Proposed New Subpart to the New Source Performance Standards” by staff from the Office of

Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency last June 2014 had given insights

about costs and revenue streams for landfills. Landfill costs are site specific and vary based

on factors such as terrain, soil type, climate, site restrictions, regulatory issues, type and

amount of waste disposed, preprocessing, and potential for groundwater contamination.

Landfill costs fall into the following categories: site development, construction, equipment

purchases, operation, closure, and post-closure.

Construction costs encompass building the landfill cells as well as development of

permanent on-site structures needed to operate the landfill. Cortland County, New York

estimated that the cost for site development and cell construction (not including on-site

building construction) for a 224.5-acre site would be approximately $500,000 per acre (EnSol,

2010). In 2005, a series of articles was written that estimated costs for a hypothetical landfill

based on known market conditions and cost data. The theoretical landfill had a design

capacity of 4 million cubic yards and a footprint of 33 acres. The study determined that the

cost of constructing a landfill of this size would be between $300,000 and $800,000 per acre.

For the hypothetical landfill in the study, total building and additional structure costs could

total between $1.165 million and $1.77 million. The cost of each building structure varies

depending on its functions and could range from $10 to $100 per square foot. Office buildings

cost more while maintenance buildings and tool sheds cost less. (Duffy, 2005a).

Operating costs of the example landfill include staffing, equipment, leachate

treatment, and facilities and general maintenance. Landfill operations and maintenance

42
activities are performed using a variety of heavy construction equipment with operating costs

dependent on fuel, repairs, and maintenance. Operating costs are relatively small when

compared to the capital costs; estimated annual operating costs from this study are:

• Operations (equipment, staff, facilities and general maintenance): $500,000.

• Leachate collection and treatment (assumes sewer connection and discharge cost of

$0.02/gallon): $10,000.

• Environmental sampling and monitoring (groundwater, surface water, air

gas,leachate):

$30,000.

• Engineering services (consulting firms and in-house staff): $60,000.

Financial Study

The collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in Fiji’s cities and towns are

the responsibilities of individual municipal councils, under the country’s Local Government

Act. In the capital city, Suva, solid waste management is carried out by the Suva City Council

(SCC). Household waste is collected by the SCC, using its fleet of compactor trucks.

The SCC believes that its collection system is cost-effective and customer-friendly. It does not

plan to outsource these services to the private sector. The cost of compactor trucks is seen by

the SCC as a barrier to private sector participation, although Port Moresby has shown that this

can be overcome by councils leasing trucks to private contractors.

Green waste collection in Suva is outsourced, as part of municipal cleaning and

maintenance contracts, which also include grass-cutting, clearing of drains, and street-

sweeping. Suva is divided into 10 sectors, tendered separately through the SCC tender

43
process, which encourages local contractor participation and an equitable distribution of

economic opportunities. Contracts have a 3-year term. They include a lump sum component

and a fee for each load of waste transported to the Naboro landfill. Current contractors include

eight incorporated companies, a youth group, and a church group. Performance is monitored

daily through physical inspections, and penalties are applied for non-performance. Fiji’s

Office of the Auditor General recommended in 2014 that the SCC enter into legally binding

contracts with contractors. The SCC reports that standardized contract documents are now

being used, and that improvements in contract management and monitoring have led to

improvements in service delivery.

The SCC also has a 2-year contract with a waste disposal company to provide skip

bins at informal settlements and council facilities (about 28 sites in total). The contract

includes fixed rental and haulage fees. Commercial and industrial wastes in Suva are collected

by private companies.

The city’s waste is disposed of at a sanitary landfill at Naboro, which also serves the

towns of Lami, Nasinu, and Nausori, as well as Navua and Korovou. The Government of Fiji

owns the landfill, and the Department of Environment (DOE) is responsible for its operation.

Since the landfill opened in 2005, its management has been contracted out to a private

operator from New Zealand. Until 2010, a 5-year contract provided a lump sum payment to

the company for the disposal of 100,000 tons of waste per year. Since 2010, the company has

been awarded two weight-based contracts with 2-year terms, following competitive tenders.

There has since been a number of contract extensions and interim contracts due to delays in

the process for tendering and awarding of contracts. The most recent 2-year contract has

expired, and is expected to be extended until a new, longer-term contract is awarded.

44
 In the absence of a longer-term contract, there has been insufficient investment in

equipment by the contractor, which is impacting services at the facility. Delays in the

development of the landfill’s second stage, which is the government’s responsibility, have

resulted in additional strain and overload at the existing site.

In February 2016, the DOE called for expressions of interest for a waste-to-energy

facility at Naboro. However, amid uncertainty about key project parameters and the tender

process, it is unlikely that any contract that might be awarded would maximize value for

money for the government. Further, the absence of an integrated solid waste management

strategy for the Greater Suva area means that there are uncertainties about the future quantity

of solid waste, landfill requirements, and waste-to-energy potential.

Socio-Economic Study

“Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Landfills” is a study by

Danthurebandara M., Passel S. V., Nelen D., Tielemens Y, and Acker K. V. and was published

on the year 2012. Socio-economic impacts of landfills include risks for public health derived

from surface or groundwater contamination by leachate, the diffusion of litter into the wider

environment and inadequate on-site recycling activities. Nuisances such as flies, odors, smoke

and noise are frequently cited among the reasons why people do not want to reside close to

landfills. Various researches conclude that landfills likely have an adverse negative impact

upon housing values depending upon the actual distance from the landfill. The present paper

reviews the environmental and socio-economic impacts related to landfills and presents

existing modeling approaches to assess these impacts. Furthermore, this review is

45
complemented with suggestions to minimize the environmental burden of landfills and to re-

introduce the buried resources to the material cycle.

Environmental Study

“Landfill site suitability assessment by means of geographic information system

analysis,” is a study by M. Yazdani1, S. M. Monavari, G. A. Omrani, M. Shariat, and S. M.

Hosseini in Iran and was published last July 30, 2015. Open dumping is the common

procedure for final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Iran. Several environmental

pollution and soil degradation problems were found as a consequence of poor planning of

landfills.

So recognition of the MSW landfill state is required to prevent environmental

problems. The objective of this research was to study the suitability of existing municipal

landfill sites using geographic information system methods. Tonekabon city in the west area

of Mazandaran province, northern Iran, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, was

chosen as a case study. In order to carry out this evaluation, two guidelines were used:

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and regional screening guidelines. The results

indicate that the landfills were not located in suitable sites and also that there are few suitable

locations to install the landfills.

The study entitled “The Challenge Of Future Landfill: A Case Study Of Malaysia” by

Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Latifah Abd. Manaf focuses on Toxicology and

Environmental Health Sciences published last May 16, 2013. Landfilling is the most frequent

waste disposal method worldwide. It is recognized as being an important option both now and

in the near future, especially in low- and middle-income countries, since it is the easiest and

46
the cheapest technology available. Owing to financial constraints, landfills usually lack of

environmental abatement measures, such as leachate collection systems and lining materials.

As a result, a lot of contamination is inflicted upon the environment. Importantly, even with

proper abatement measures in landfills, there is no guarantee that contamination will be

prevented. Another major concern is the appropriate location for landfills to ensure the impact

towards the environment are minimized. This paper highlights the challenge to find suitable

place for future landfill in Malaysia. There is a tendency of landfill to be built on unsuitable

area such as near to residential area or on agricultural land where most of the land are grading

as high prospect value to be developed as business or industrial area that are more profitable.

The situation in Sweden, relates a lot in the current situation in the city in sanitary

landfills turning into open dumpsites. Mohammad Aljaradin and Kenneth M Persson

elaborates in their study entitled “Design of Sanitary Landfills in Jordan for Sustainable Solid

Waste Management” that Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental

problems in Jordan. World Bank visibility study (2004) showed that the rate of production of

solid waste in Jordan was estimated annually of about 1.46 million ton, and is expected to

reach 2.5 million ton by year 2015 with generation of 0.9/kg/capita/day. This solid waste

volume is still increasing at high rates due to the rapid increase of populations and change

in living standards and the consumption patterns. The Majority of landfills in Jordan are

practicing open dumping and thus cause various environmental problems such as health

hazards, surface water and ground water contamination, odors, etc. Sanitary landfills offer a

viable option for the Common Service Councils (CSCs) which are responsible for operation

and management of disposal sites in the country, to deal with the environmental hazards

47
caused by open dumps practice within its financial constraints. If sanitary landfills are

conducted properly, the negative environmental impacts can be kept to a minimum level.

Management Study

The study “Understanding Waste from a Climate Change Perspective: Municipal Solid

Waste Management in Canada” by Rathan Kumar Bonam published on May 2009 states that

current waste management practices are unsustainable requires that we look for alternative

waste management practices to help us stop and, eventually, reverse the steady increase in our

waste production. Although usable materials are now being salvaged from landfills in many

locations, there are easier ways to cycle resources (Van der Zee et al., 2004). Significant

environmental pressures are currently resulting from our rising waste generation levels and

our improper disposal of waste; these behaviours lead to the unsustainable consumption of

natural resources and energy, and contribute to the pollution of air, land, and water. In

awareness of these environmental risks, Canada adopted a 50% waste reduction target from

1988 levels by 2000 to increase waste diversion (i.e., recycling, composting, etc.) (PWGSC,

2005). However, contrary to this goal, the amount of waste disposed in landfills in Canada

actually increased by 25% 2between 1990 and 2000 (Thompson et al., 2006).An average

person in Canada currently generates about 2.66 kg of waste each day and most of it ends up

in a landfill (Thompson et al., 2006).

48
SYNTHESIS

MARKET STUDY

The estimation and analysis of the capacity and volume of waste of the new sanitary

landfill study can be based on the historical information about the amount of population,

average volume of garbage collected in a certain amount of time and other processes

necessary for the landfill from cities in the country or in the Philippines as a whole. The aim is

to come up with a capacity that can hold the amount of volume of garbage collected to be

disposed in the landfill. A study was cited about the market aspects of a landfill in Cebu City

in terms of its market feasibility. Foreign studies cited, also based their landfill capacity from

market studies conducted to provide a feasible supply from the demand.

TECHNICAL STUDY

This related literature provides insights for determining the equipment,

facilities, materials and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary landfill . It

provided ideas on the method of construction of the landfill. Also, the

technical study cited governing laws (R.A. 7169 and P.D. 1152) and the

government department liable of ensuring that the technical guidelines are

met as well as the impact of the technical aspect of the sanitary landfill.

FINANCING STUDY

This study provides estimates for total cost of landfill. Results indicate

that volume significantly impacts feasibility. Additional information is required

to localize the estimate to a specific site. However, this study provides useful

information to assist community and county decision-makers as they attempt

to evaluate their alternatives.

49
FINANCIAL STUDY

The financial feasibility highlights the operation and maintenance cost of

sanitary landfills. It generally involve transport cost, cost for personnel,

maintenance and environmental protection. Local and foreign related studies

are cited regarding financial information on the operation of sanitary landfills.

SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY

The public is also very important in considering the feasibility of the new sanitary

landfill because they will be greatly affected. Also, a study suggested that without the

cooperation and help of the public in the implementation of a new landfill, the overall

feasibility will be affected.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Environmental related literature stresses the importance of negative effects during site

selection, construction, operation, closure. R.A. 9003 that regulates the protection of public

health and environment information about the environmental risks of landfills. Also, some

procedures stated could be applied in the environmental feasibility of the new sanitary landfill

in Bacolod City.

MANAGEMENT STUDY

This study aims to provide guidelines in how an organization manages a landfill. It

provides different functions of an organization that needed to be fulfilled properly so that the

landfill would serve its purpose well. This could help us in creating a project schedule for the

construction of the landfill.

50
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, data gathering and analyses procedures of

marketing, technical, financial, financing, management, environmental and socio-economic

study.

Methodology

The study aims to determine the feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill of Bacolod

City. The type of research that will be used for this study is descriptive research, this kind of

research focuses on the current issues or problems done by a process of data collection that

enables them to describe the situation completely than without using this method. To describe

the aspects of the phenomenon, descriptive research are used. And also, descriptive research is

used to described characteristics and/or behavior of the sample population. The most

important trait of descriptive research that more researchers use this kind of study is that it can

employ a number of variables, however only one variable is required to conduct the study.

The descriptive research has its three main purposes: describing, explaining and

validating research findings. The kind of study is also closely related with observational

studies but not just limited for observation data collection method and case studies.

Descriptive study also has surveys as a popular data collection method.

An effective method to analyze non-quantified topic and issues, possibility to observe

the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment, and its

opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are some of

the reasons why descriptive research is used for this study.

51
 The study aims to determine the feasibility of marketing, technical, financing,

financial, socio-economic, environmental, and management. The method of descriptive

research is most closely practical for determining the feasibility of the said studies. Collecting

data by historical method, surveys, observations, interviews, and taking it from a reliable

source, are used in the descriptive research.

The procedure for the conduct of a project feasibility study are the following:

1. Market Study

2. Technical Study

3. Management Study

4. Environmental Study

5. Socio-Economic Study

6. Financing Study

7. Financial Study

1. Market Study

1.1 Service: The “Proposed Sanitary Landfill of Bacolod City” aims to come up with a

sanitary landfill that is designed and constructed in a manner that exerts engineering

control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development

and operation of the facility.

1.2 Volume of Wastes:

1.2.1 Data Gathering:

1.2.1.1 Secure weight per capita per day of solid wastes in Bacolod City.

52
 1.2.1.2 Secure data of the number of inhabitants and population in Bacolod

City for the next 5 years using the rate of population growth from the City

Government.

1.2.2 Data Processing:

1.2.2.1 Project the volume of the solid waste for the next 5 years.

1.2.2.2 Determine the volume and weight capacity of the proposed sanitary

landfill.

1.2.2.3 Estimate the volume/weight produced by the population.

ppc = DSr / (Pop x 7 x Cov)

DSd = Pop x ppc

ppc = Production per capita per day (kg/cap/day)

DSr = Quantity of MSW collected in one week (kg/wk)5
Pop = Total population (inhab)
Cov = Coverage of the urban cleaning service (%)
Cov = Population served (inhab) / Pop
DSd = Quantity of MSW produced per day (kg/day

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.2.2.4 Estimate the projected total volume.

1.3 Capacity of Landfill:

1.3.1 Data Gathering:

1.3.1.1 Create criteria for capacity.

1.3.1.2 Visit current site and check for area condition.

1.3.2 Data Processing:

1.3.2.1 Determine if current landfill is still operational or there is a need to

design for the new landfill.

1.3.2.2 Estimate required volume capacity of the landfill.

53
 Volume of Solid Waste:

Vdaily = DSp / Dmsw

Vcompacted annually = Vdaily x 365

Volume of the Cover Material:

c.m = Vcompacted annually x (0.20 or 0.25).

Volume of the Sanitary Landfill:

VSL = Vstabilized annually + c.m

Vdaily = Volume of MSW to be disposed of in one day (m3/day)

Vannual = Volume of MSW in one year (m3/year)
DSp = Quantity of MSW produced (kg/day)
365 = Equivalent to one year (days)
Dmsw = Density of the recently compacted MSW (400-500 kg/m3) and
of the stabilized landfill (500-600 kg/m3)
c.m = cover material equivalent to 20 or 25% of the volume of the recently
compacted wastes.
VSL = Volume of the sanitary landfill (m3/year)

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.3.2.3 Estimate/Compute the landfill land area for the next 5 years.

1.4 Volume Capacity

1.4.1 Data Gathering:

From the processed Market Feasibility Analysis on the average volume per day

that solid waste in Bacolod City have and the volume capacity of the sanitary

landfill.

1.4.2 Data Processing:

Determine design specification of new landfill.

54
2. Technical Study

The determination of engineering layout and design and its corresponding equipment,

facilities, materials and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary

landfill.

2.1 Data Gathering:

2.1.1 Create criteria for feasibility on technical aspect of landfill.

2.1.1.1 Site visit and determination of technical violations of current landfill.

2.1.2 Secure common type of soil, permeability coefficient, and the allowable

side-slope of the landfill requirement of the landfill.

2.1.3 Determine average depth of the water table of the Bacolod City.

2.1.4 Identify different kinds of construction method for a sanitary landfill.

2.1.5 Identify the necessary facilities required for the sanitary landfill

2.2 Data Processing:

2.2.1 Identify compliance and non-compliance of the current site to the

technical criteria.

2.2.2 Use the data from 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 for the design of the landfill.

2.2.3 Select construction method that is suitable for the project study.

2.2.4 Prepare vicinity, location and site development plan.

2.2.5 Selection and computation of structural configuration of landfill

2.2.6 Prepare landfill Layout and facilities drawings and specifications

55
3. Management Study

3.1 Data Gathering:

3.1.1 Identify the functions involved in setting up the organization for the

construction and operational phase of the landfill

3.1.2 Identify the activities needed for the construction of the landfill

3.2 Data Processing:

3.2.1 Set up the organization for construction and operational phase

3.2.2 Set up project schedule for the construction phase

 Gantt Chart

 PERT-CPM

4. Environmental Feasibility

4.1 Environmental Provisions

Determine environmental requirements set forth by R.A. 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

from DENR pursuant to P.D. 1586. Compile in a checklist as environmental criteria.

4.2 Site Investigation

Visit current site at Brgy. Felisa and check for environmental criteria.

4.3 Data Processing

Identify mitigating measures to counteract violations from environmental criteria.

5. Financing Study

5.1 Data Gathering:

5.1.1 Identify the source of financing.

5.1.2 Listing of project cost which will include the following:

56
  Equipment

 Machinery

 Materials

 Supplies Requirements

 Labor

5.2 Data Processing:

5.2.1 Compute project cost considering the following:

 Equipment

 Machinery

 Raw Materials

 Supplies Requirements

 Labor

5.2.2 Determine the total investment cost needed for the construction of the

landfill.

6. Financial Study

6.1 Data Gathering:

6.1.1 Listing of operation cost for the landfill

6.1.2 Determine the labor requirements taking into consideration the following:

 Labor types (Direct, Indirect and Administrative)

 Pay scale

6.2 Data Processing:

6.2.1 Determine the total operating cost

6.2.2 Draft a cash budget for the project life

57
 6.2.3. Construct a proposed project schedule for construction and operation of

the proposed sanitary landfill

7. Socio –economic Study

The Public Awareness Survey Questionnaire from the Metro Manila Solid Waste

Management Project will be adopted in the study, however some portion of the questionnaire

will be omitted.

7.1 Respondents of the Study

The respondents for the study will be the residents of Bacolod City residing near the

new location of the sanitary landfill.

7.2 Locale of the Study

The locale of the study is the City of Bacolod. The respondents of the study

will be obtained from the sample population of residents of the Barangay in Bacolod

City where the new landfill will be constructed. .

7.3 Reliability and Validity of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire will be validated by experts in Civil Engineering to check the

validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

58
 Chapter 4

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists of the results of the feasibility studies namely; market, technical,

financial, financing, and environmental. This includes the data collected, analysis, design and

specification for the new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

1. Market Study
1.1 WEIGHT PER CAPITA PER DAY OF GARBAGE IN BACOLOD CITY

0.50 kg per capita per day

Source: Department of Public Services- Bacolod City, 2017

1.2 BACOLOD CITY PROJECTED POPULATION

Source: Philippines Statistics Authority- Bacolod City, 2015

Table 1.1. Bacolod City Projected Population by Barangay 2017 - 2022

BACOLOD CITY PROJECTED POPULATION BY BARANGAY 2017 - 2022
PSA 2015 BASELINE USING 1.79% A.G.R.
BARANGAY 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Alangilan 7,568 7,703 7,841 7,982 8,124 8,270
Alijis 22,316 22,715 23,122 23,536 23,957 24,386
Banago 29,236 29,760 30,292 30,834 31,386 31,948
Bata 29,826 30,360 30,903 31,456 32,091 32,592
Cabug 10,229 10,412 10,598 10,788 10,981 11,177
Estefania 42,409 43,169 43,941 44,728 45,528 46,343
Felisa 9,994 10,173 10,355 10,541 10,729 10,922
Granada 28,013 28,514 29,024 29,544 30,073 30,611
Handumanan 28,558 29,099 29,620 30,150 30,690 31,239
Mandalagan 27,004 27,488 27,980 28,481 28,990 29,509
Mansilingan 46,813 47,651 48,504 49,372 50,256 51,155
Montevista 1,317 1,340 1,364 1,389 1,414 1,439
Pahanocoy 15,112 15,382 15,658 15,938 16,223 16,514
Punta-Tatay 7,600 7,736 7,874 8,015 8,159 8,305
Singcang 34,935 35,560 36,197 36,845 37,504 38,175
Sum-ag 19,429 19,777 20,131 20,491 20,858 21,232
BARANGAY 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

59
Taculing 41,332 42,072 42,825 43,591 44,372 45,166
Tangub 40,146 40,864 41,596 42,340 43,098 43,869
Villamonte 37,896 38,574 39,265 39,968 40,683 41,411
Vista-Alegre 21,858 22,249 22,648 23,053 23,466 23,886
1 5,632 5,733 5,836 5,940 6,047 6,155
2 4,005 4,076 4,149 4,224 4,299 4,376
3 3,877 3,947 4,017 4,089 4,162 4,237
4 1,475 1,502 1,529 1,556 1,584 1,612
5 504 513 522 531 541 550
6 2,612 2,659 2,706 2,755 2,804 2,854
7 3,145 3,201 3,258 3,317 3,376 3,436
8 1,457 1,483 1,509 1,536 1,564 1,592
9 708 720 733 746 760 773
10 2,606 2,652 2,700 2,748 2,797 2,848
11 381 388 395 402 409 417
12 1,622 1,651 1,680 1,710 1,741 1,772
13 526 536 545 555 565 575
14 2,210 2,250 2,290 2,331 2,373 2,415
15 350 356 363 369 376 383
16 8,287 8,435 8,586 8,740 8,896 9,056
17 2,451 2,495 2,540 2,585 2,632 2,679
18 984 1,002 1,020 1,038 1,057 1,076
19 1,312 1,335 1,359 1,383 1,408 1,433
20 856 871 887 903 919 935
21 220 224 228 232 236 240
22 319 325 331 337 343 349
23 991 1,008 1,026 1,045 1,063 1,082
24 95 97 99 101 102 104
25 362 368 375 381 388 395
26 1,798 1,830 1,863 1,896 1,930 1,964
27 2,238 2,278 2,319 2,360 2,403 2,446
28 1,838 1,871 1,904 1,939 1,973 2,009
29 2,081 2,118 2,156 2,194 2,234 2,274
30 3,958 4,029 4,101 4,174 4,249 4,325
31 1,209 1,231 1,253 1,275 1,298 1,321
32 812 827 842 857 872 888
33 878 893 909 926 942 959
34 1,176 1,197 1,218 1,240 1,262 1,285
BARANGAY 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
35 8,504 8,657 8,812 8,969 9,130 9,293
36 1,721 1,752 1,783 1,815 1,848 1,881

60
37 461 469 478 486 495 504
38 880 895 911 928 944 961
39 2,375 2,417 2,461 2,505 2,549 2,595
40 3,119 3,175 3,231 3,289 3,348 3,408
41 517 526 536 545 555 565
Grand Total 582,170 592,591 603,198 613,996 624,986 636,173

61
 Table 1.2. Volume Required for the Sanitary Landfill
Quantity of Solid Wastes Volume (m^3)
Compacted Cover Material Stabilized
Population ppc Daily Sanitary Landfill
Year Solid Waste (m^3) Solid
(inhab.) kg/cap/day (kg/day Annual Accumu-
(t/year) lated (t) Daily Annual Daily Annual Wastes Accumu-
) m^3
(m^3) (m^3) (m^3) (m^3) (m^3/year) lated
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2018 592591 0.50 296296 108148 108148 864 315431 173 63086 216296 279382 279382
2019 603198 0.50 301599 110084 218231 880 321077 176 64215 220167 284383 563765
2020 613996 0.50 306998 112054 330286 895 326825 179 65365 224109 289474 853238
2021 624986 0.50 312493 114060 444346 911 332675 182 66535 228120 294655 1147893
2022 636173 0.50 318087 116102 560447 928 338630 186 67726 232203 299929 1447822
(3) = (1) x (2) , Population x ppc DENSITY OF THE WASTE
(6) = [(3) x 7/6] / D C , The solid wastes produced in one week are taken to the landfill on collection days, normally (kg/(m3)
from M onday to Saturday (7 days of production / 6 days of collection) DS : Loose 200 - 300
(8) = (6) x 0.2 , Cover material = 20% of the volume of compacted waste DC: Compacted 400 - 500
(11) = (9) + (10) , The volume of the sanitary landfill VRS = cover material + volume of stabilized waste DE: Stabilized 500 - 600

62
1.3 COMPUTATION for Table 1.2
Year 2018:
Quantity of Solid Waste:
Column 3 (Daily – kg/day) = Population (inhabitant) x Production Per Capita (ppc)
= 592591 x 0.5 = 29696 kg/day
Column 4 (Annual – tons/year) = Daily – kg/day (1ton / 1000kg) (365days / year)
= 29696 (1/1000) (365)
= 108148 tons/year
Column 5 (Accumulated – tons/year) = 108148 tons
Compacted Solid Waste:
Column 6 (Daily Volume) = [(kg/day) x 7/6] / 400 kg/m3
= [29696 x 7/6] / 400
= 864 m3
Column 7 (Annual Volume) = Daily Volume x 365 days / year
= 864 x 365
= 315431 m3
Cover Material:
Column 8 (Daily Volume) = Column 6 x 0.20
= 864 x 0.20
= 173 m3
Column 9 (Annual Volume) = Column 7 x 0.20
= 315431 x 0.20
= 63086 m3
Stabilized Solid Waste:
Column 10 (m3/year) = (Column 3 / 500kg/m3) (365days/year)
= (296296/500)(365)
= 216296 m3/year
Sanitary Landfill:
Column 11 (m3) = Column 10 + Column 9
= 216296 + 63086
= 279382 m3
Column 12 (Accumulated m3) = 279382 m3
Year 2019:
Quantity of Solid Waste:
Column 3 (Daily – kg/day) = Population (inhabitant) x Production Per Capita (ppc)
= 603198 x 0.5 = 301599 kg/day
Column 4 (Annual – tons/year) = Daily – kg/day (1ton / 1000kg) (365days / year)
= 301599 (1/1000) (365)
= 110084 tons/year

Column 5 (Accumulated – tons/year) = Column 5(2018) + Column 4(2019)

= 108148 + 110084
= 218231 m3
Compacted Solid Waste:
Column 6 (Daily Volume) = [(kg/day) x 7/6] / 400 kg/m3
= [301599 x 7/6] / 400

63
 = 880 m3
Column 7 (Annual Volume) = Daily Volume x 365 days / year
= 880 x 365
= 321077 m3
Cover Material:
Column 8 (Daily Volume) = Column 6 x 0.20
= 880 x 0.20
= 176 m3
Column 9 (Annual Volume) = Column 7 x 0.20
= 321077 x 0.20
= 64215 m3
Stabilized Solid Waste:
Column 10 (m3/year) = (Column 3 / 500kg/m3) (365days/year)
= (301599/500)(365)
= 220167 m3/year
Sanitary Landfill:
Column 11 (m3) = Column 10 + Column 9
= 220167 + 64215
= 284383 m3
Column 12 (Accumulated m3) = Column 12(2018) + Column 11(2019)
= 279382 + 284383
= 563765 m3
Year 2020:
Quantity of Solid Waste:
Column 3 (Daily – kg/day) = Population (inhabitant) x Production Per Capita (ppc)
= 613996 x 0.5 = 306998 kg/day
Column 4 (Annual – tons/year) = Daily – kg/day (1ton / 1000kg) (365days / year)
= 306998 (1/1000) (365)
= 112054 tons/year

Column 5 (Accumulated – tons/year) = Column 5(2019) + Column 4(2020)

= 218231 + 112054
= 330286 m3

Compacted Solid Waste:

Column 6 (Daily Volume) = [(kg/day) x 7/6] / 400 kg/m3
= [306998 x 7/6] / 400
= 895 m3
Column 7 (Annual Volume) = Daily Volume x 365 days / year
= 895 x 365
= 326825 m3
Cover Material:
Column 8 (Daily Volume) = Column 6 x 0.20
= 895 x 0.20
= 179 m3
Column 9 (Annual Volume) = Column 7 x 0.20

64
 = 328625 x 0.20
= 65365 m3
Stabilized Solid Waste:
Column 10 (m3/year) = (Column 3 / 500kg/m3) (365days/year)
= (306998/500)(365)
= 224109 m3/year
Sanitary Landfill:
Column 11 (m3) = Column 10 + Column 9
= 224109 + 65365
= 289474 m3
Column 12 (Accumulated m3) = Column 12(2019) + Column 11(2020)
= 563765 + 289474
= 853238 m3
Year 2021:
Quantity of Solid Waste:
Column 3 (Daily – kg/day) = Population (inhabitant) x Production Per Capita (ppc)
= 624986 x 0.5 = 312493 kg/day
Column 4 (Annual – tons/year) = Daily – kg/day (1ton / 1000kg) (365days / year)
= 312493 (1/1000) (365)
= 114060 tons/year
Column 5 (Accumulated – tons/year) = Column 5(2020) + Column 4(2021)
= 330286 + 312493
= 444346 m3
Compacted Solid Waste:
Column 6 (Daily Volume) = [(kg/day) x 7/6] / 400 kg/m3
= [312493 x 7/6] / 400
= 911 m3

Column 7 (Annual Volume) = Daily Volume x 365 days / year

= 911 x 365
= 332675 m3
Cover Material:
Column 8 (Daily Volume) = Column 6 x 0.20
= 911 x 0.20
= 182 m3
Column 9 (Annual Volume) = Column 7 x 0.20
= 332675 x 0.20
= 66535 m3
Stabilized Solid Waste:
Column 10 (m3/year) = (Column 3 / 500kg/m3) (365days/year)
= (301599/500)(365)
= 220167 m3/year
Sanitary Landfill:
Column 11 (m3) = Column 10 + Column 9
= 228120 + 66535
= 294655 m3

65
 Column 12 (Accumulated m3) = Column 12(2020) + Column 11(2021)
= 853238 + 294655
= 1147893 m3
Year 2022:
Quantity of Solid Waste:
Column 3 (Daily – kg/day) = Population (inhabitant) x Production Per Capita (ppc)
= 636173 x 0.5 = 318087 kg/day
Column 4 (Annual – tons/year) = Daily – kg/day (1ton / 1000kg) (365days / year)
= 318087 (1/1000) (365)
= 116102 tons/year
Column 5 (Accumulated – tons/year) = Column 5(2021) + Column 4(2022)
= 444346 + 116102
= 560447 m3
Compacted Solid Waste:
Column 6 (Daily Volume) = [(kg/day) x 7/6] / 400 kg/m3
= [318087 x 7/6] / 400
= 928 m3
Column 7 (Annual Volume) = Daily Volume x 365 days / year
= 928 x 365
= 338630 m3

Cover Material:
Column 8 (Daily Volume) = Column 6 x 0.20
= 928 x 0.20
= 186 m3
Column 9 (Annual Volume) = Column 7 x 0.20
= 338630 x 0.20
= 67726 m3
Stabilized Solid Waste:
Column 10 (m3/year) = (Column 3 / 500kg/m3) (365days/year)
= (318087/500)(365)
= 232203 m3/year
Sanitary Landfill:
Column 11 (m3) = Column 10 + Column 9
= 232203 + 67726
= 299929 m3
Column 12 (Accumulated m3) = Column 12(2020) + Column 11(2021)
= 1147893 + 299929
= 1447822 m3

66
1.4 COMPUTATION FOR LANDFILL CELL DIMENSION
Total Volume of Accumulated Wastes = 1,447,822 m3
Number of Cells = 4
Volume per Cell = 361, 955.5 m3
Depth of water table = 5.5 m
Slope = 1:3
Required distance from bottom of liner to water table = 1 m
Depth of Landfill = 5.5 m – 1m = 4.5 m
Height of Liner = 1.3 m
Depth of Volume of Wastes = 4.5m – 1.3m = 3.2 m

SOLVING FOR LANDFILL DIMENSIONS

Formula for Volume (Frustum of a Pyramid)

A + A 2 + √ A1 A 2
V =d 1( 3 )
1. Volume of excavation for accumulated wastes
Slope = 1:3
Depth of Volume of Wastes = 3.2 m
Horizontal distance = 3(3.2m) = 9.6m

67
 a+19.2
a2 +(¿)
¿
¿
3.2
V =361.955 .5= ¿
3
a=401.84 m
Abottom = (a)2 = (401.84)2= 177, 274.68 m2
Rectangular Ratio = 1:2 let b = width, 2b = length
Abottom = 2b2 = 177, 274.68 m2
b = 284 2b = 568

Dimensions:
Abottom = 284m x 568m = 161,312 sq.m
Atop = (284+19.2)m x (568+19.2)m = 303m x 587m = 177,861 sq.m.

Design Capacity

161,312+ 177,861+ √ 161,312+177,861

3.2
V= ¿
3
3
V =362,405.74 m
2. Volume of Accumulated waste with liner
Depth of Landfill = 5.5 m – 1m = 4.5 m
Abottom = 284m x 568m = 161,312 sq.m
Atop = (303m + 3.84m) x (587m +3.84m) = 306.84m x 590.84m = 181,293.35 sq.m

68
161,312+ 181,293.35+ √161,312+181,293.35
4.5 )
V= ¿
3
3
V =514,546.99 m

69
2. Technical Study
1.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
(LOCATION AND CURRENT SITE
SITE)
Jaramillo 2003 The current sanitary
The sanitary landfill landfill is situated at
should be as close as Brgy. Feliza which is 
possible to the urban near the urban area.
area, especially in a
small municipality.
Jaramillo 2003 The distance of the
Some specialists sanitary landfill to the
recommend that the nearest residential area is
borders of a sanitary approximately 500m. 
landfill site be traced at
a minimum distance of
200 m from the nearest
residential area.
Jaramillo 2003 The location of the
A sanitary landfill current sanitary landfill 
should be located close is approximately 5
to the main road. kilometers.
Jaramillo 2003 Infrastructures like
Additional area for control center, weigh
infrastructure and station, washing facilities 
buffer zone should be for dump trucks and
30% of the area of the guard house occupies at
landfill. least 30% of the area of
the landfill.
Jaramillo 2003 The location of the landfill
The sanitary landfill is surrounded by sugarcane
should be located plantation and trees. It is
downwind from the urban also located downwind 
area; otherwise, to from the urban area.
counteract this nuisance
trees and thick vegetation
should be planted all
around the landfill.

70
 TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
(LOCATION AND CURRENT SITE
SITE)
RA 9003 - Article 6: The height of the solid
Section 40 wastes has gone up to 16
Availability of cover meters which makes it
material: The site should 
difficult for the dozers to
have an adequate compact and there is no
quantity of earth cover earth cover material in the
material that is easily
vicinity.
handled and compacted
Jaramillo 2003 In an interview conducted
Depth of the water table: by the researchers to Engr.
the height of the water Mapa, the average depth of
table or the dominant water table in the city
height of the (away from the
groundwater level. reclamation) area is 15-18ft
Preference will be given or 4.8-5.5m. A distance of
to well drained land, at least 1.0 m between the
where the water table is water table and the solid

more than one meter waste is recommended
deep the whole year when there is silty clayey
round. Poorly drained soil.
land —that is, sites
where the water table is
less than one meter down
for most of the year—
will have to be drained
artificially. It is better to
discard sites such as
these, especially those
that are prone to
prolonged flooding.
RA 9003 - Article 6: The current landfill is
Section 40 already full on its third
The site should be large year. This is the result of
enough to accommodate not segregating the wastes
the community’s wastes from the city. 
for a period of five (5)
years during which
people must internalize
the value of
environmentally sound
and sustainable solid
waste disposal.

71
 TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
(WATER TABLE CURRENT SITE
LEVEL)
Jaramillo 2003 The depth of
It is also necessary to groundwater is greater
evaluate the depth of than 1 m. In an
the water-bearing interview conducted by
stratum or the researchers to Engr. 
groundwater. A Mapa, the average depth
distance of at least 1.0 of water table in the city
m between the water (away from the
table and the solid reclamation) area is 15-
waste is recommended 18ft or 4.8-5.5m.
when there is silty
clayey soil.

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-

REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
(WATER TABLE CURRENT SITE
LEVEL)
Jaramillo 2003 The depth of
It is also necessary to groundwater is greater
evaluate the depth of than 1 m. In an
the water-bearing interview conducted by
stratum or the researchers to Engr. 
groundwater. A Mapa, the average depth
distance of at least 1.0 of water table in the city
m between the water (away from the
table and the solid reclamation) area is 15-
waste is recommended 18ft or 4.8-5.5m.
when there is silty
clayey soil.
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE
(CELL REQUIREMENT) THE CURRENT SITE
RA 9003 - Article 6: Pipes are installed to
Section 41 collect leachate. The
Leachate collection and discharge will then flow
treatment system – out to the drainage.
Installation of pipes at 

72
 the low areas of the
liner to collect leachate
for storage and eventual
treatment and discharge.

RA 9003 - Article 6: The current sanitary

Section 41 landfill has no gas
Gas control recovery recovery system.
system – a series of
vertical wells or 
horizontal trenches
containing permeable
materials and perforated
piping placed in the
landfill to collect gas for
treatment or productive
use as an energy source.

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-

REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE
(CELL REQUIREMENT) THE CURRENT SITE
RA 9003 - Article 6: The current landfill has
Section 40 only one cell and there
Designation of a is no separate 
separate containment containment area for
area for household household hazardous
hazardous wastes.
wastes.

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-

REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE
(SOIL TYPE) THE CURRENT SITE
Jaramillo 2003 DENR approved the
The type of soil should type of soil in the 
be impermeable, clayey current location of
soil. sanitary landfill.
Jaramillo 2003 Since the current
Type of soil: a sanitary location of the sanitary
landfill should be landfill passed the
located preferably on a requirements of the
terrain of sandy-silty- DENR, the type of soil
clayey soils (loamy passed the given

73
coarse sand, requirements. 
predominantly clayey
loam); also suitable are
silty-clayey soils (heavy
predominantly silty,
predominantly silty
clayey, light clayey
silty) and clayey-silty
ones (heavy clayey silty
and clayey).

74
 TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
(SOIL TYPE)
Jaramillo 2003
Soil permeability: the
greater or lesser ease
with which water seeps
through a soil. The
permeability coefficient
(k) is an indicator of the
greater or lesser
difficulty with which a
soil resists seepage of
water through its pores.
In other words, it is the
speed with which the
water crosses different
types of soil.
TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
(PUBLIC ACCESS)
Jaramillo 2003
Each point of access
from a public road shall
be posted with an easily
visible sign indicating
the facility name and
other pertinent
information as required
by the Department.
Jaramillo 2003
If the site is open to the
public, there shall be an
easily visible sign at the
primary entrance of the
site indicating the name of
the site operator, the
operator’s telephone
number, and hours of
operation; an easily
visible sign at an
appropriate point shall
indicate the schedule of
charges and the general
TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
EVALUATION OF COMPLIANC
THE CURRENT SITE E
The soil in the current
sanitary is permeable
since it passed the
requirements of DENR.

TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE NON-
EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE
THE CURRENT SITE
There is no visible sign
that indicates the
facility name and other
pertinent information 
that can be seen from
each point of access
from a public road.
There is no visible sign at
the primary entrance of
the site indicating the
name of the site operator,
the operator’s telephone
number, and hours of
operation; and an easily 
visible sign at an
appropriate point that
indicates the schedule of
charges and the general
types of materials which
will be accepted or not.
75
 types of materials which
will be accepted or not.
1.2 COMMON SOIL DATA OF BACOLOD CITY
2.2.1 Soil Types in Bacolod City

Nine soil types occur in Bacolod City, namely: hydrosol, rough mountainous land, silay sandy

loan, silay loam, bago sandy clay loam, guimbala-on fine sandy loam, bago fine sandy loam,

guimbala-on loam, and tupi fine sandy loam.

1.) Hydrosol - this type of soil formation is found all along the coastal areas of the city. The

soil is not suited for crops, as it is most of the time covered by sea water, especially during

high tide. The soil varies in texture from sand to clay. It is gray to bluish gray, indicating its

poor drainage condition.

2.) Rough Mountainous Land - this miscellaneous land type is of non-agricultural value. But

unlike it, the areas classified under rough mountainous land are mostly derived from basalt

and andesites. These are fine-texture rock mainly dark in color and of volcanic origin.

Because of the humid condition and the comparatively high temperature prevailing in the

locality, rock weathering is intense with the resulting formation of deep soils. In some

sections outcrops of boulders are abundant.

It is hilly and mountainous roughly broken by very deep guiles and canons, cliffs, creeks and

rivers. The soil formed from the decomposition of this rock is dark brown to reddish brown

loam to clay loam, raging in thickness from 20 to 35 centimeters. These areas are covered by

Lantawan Peak, Mounts Mandalagan, Silay and Canla-on. The chain of mountain ranges

along the boundary between Occidental and Oriental Negros are classified under this category

subsoil, grayish brown when wet to gray when dry, silt loam.

76
3.) Silay Sandy Loam - this type of soil series is found near Bacolod, Talisay and Bago

Abuanan. This soil has a nearly flat topography with good external drainage. The internal

drainage is poor. The surface soil is very loose and friable, the layer and depth is from 20 to

25 centemeter, dark gray when dry becomes almost black when wet. There are no stones or

rock outcrops in this soil type. It is acidic ranging from 5.00 – 6.00. This soil is more acidic

than the sandy loam type. The high acidity may be attributed by the constant application of

ammonium sulfate. The organic matter content of this soil is very low.

4.) Silay Loam – fairly well due to the presence of drainage canals drained. It has a thick layer

of heavy clay as part of the substratum. Drainage in this case is very much checked. The

surface soil is usually from 15 to 20 cm. thick, which is dark gray to almost black. It is triable

when moist but becomes a little crumbly to almost slightly clodded. This is especially true

under lowland rice conditions. Stones or rock outcrops of any kind are absent in this soil. The

appearance of this soil indicates the presence of more organic matter than in the sandy loam or

fine sandy loam types. Some parts of this soil type are grown to sugar cane, while the others

are devoted to lowland rice fields, weeds and rice straw are plowed under during the

preparation of the field for rice.

5.) Bago Sandy Clay Loam - this soil type is found in widely, scattered areas in the lower

sections of the upland soils. Unlike the other types, Bago sandy clay loam occurs in the low-

lying areas between high slopes. It has very poor internal and external drainage. The surface

soil has the characteristics of clay properties and is gray to light gray in color. When wet it is

77
soft plastic and sticky. The soil ranges from 15 to 30 cm. depth. The bluish gray soil is poor

drainage, it is sticky when wet and becomes hard and compact upon drying. Bago sandy clay

loam is seldom devoted to upland crops.

6.) Guimbala-on Fine Sandy Loam - the surface soil of Guimbala-on fine sandy loam is light

brown when wet, to a depth from 20 to 30 cm. the horizon lies over a clay substratum.

Drainage is good to fair and the topography is generally flat to undulating bamboo clumps are

abundant along the banks of creeks and gullies. Sugar cane is the most important crop grown

in this soil type; other crops grown are upland rice and corn. This soil is acidic with a ph of

5.5 like the other types. This soil needs liming and green manuring in order to partly increase

the organic matter content of the soil and by addition of more nitrogen and other mineral

elements in valuable forms.

7.) Bago Fine Sandy Loam – this soil type has generally an undulating slope. This type has

an elevation of about 8 ft. above sea level. Drainage is externally and internally poor. The

loose and friable surface soil has always been constantly washed away due to poor

percolation. Erosion in this soil type is serious. The surface soil generally ranges in thickness

from 10 to 15 cm. and reaches up to 20 cm. The loose and friable fine sandy loam is gray

when dry but becomes flow of the water. Contour farming and strip cropping are some of the

practices suggested. Sugar cane is the principal crop raised on this soil type. The soil is

deficient in potash and considered poor.

8.) Guimbala-on Loam - guimbala-on clay cannot be cultivated in wide lots because of

gullies and rivers, the loam type is not so dissected or broken. The elevation of this soil type

78
varies from 400 to 500 ft. This is a medium brown soil, varying from light brown to dark

brown or dark grayish brown when moist. The surface soil depth from 20 to 30 cm.

sugarcane is the principal crop grown in this soil type. Other upland crops are rice and corn.

9.) Tupi Fine Sandy Loam - this soil type has a surface soil with a depth from 5 to 30 cm. and

ranges in texture from sandy to silty. The soil is dark gray to grayish black when dry but

becomes black when wet and easy to plow.

The soil in the level areas of the city are suitable for production of primary crops such as: rice,

sugarcane, coconuts and vegetables. Areas adjacent to the shoreline are suited for aquamarine

culture.

2.2.2 Soil Type Selection for New Sanitary Landfill

The soil type recommended by Engr. Mapa for the site of the New Sanitary Landfill

for Bacolod City was cohesive soil or fine grained soil or soil with a high clay content,

which has cohesive strength. Cohesive soil does not crumble, can be excavated with vertical

side slopes, and is plastic when moist. Cohesive soil is hard to break up when dry, and

exhibits significant cohesion when submerged.

2.2.3 Permeability Coefficient

Clay liner at least 75 cm thick, clay liner with a permeability of 10−7 cm/sec or

better, or composite liner consisting of at least 1.5mm thick HDPE membrane over at least 60

cm thickness of compacted fine materials with permeability no more than 10−6 cm/sec

(Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal Design, Operation and Management Second

Edition, 2010)

2.2.4 Allowable Side-Slope

79
The landfill layers shall be made as uniform as possible and when necessary, the solid wastes

can be pushed up a slope when spreading and compacting the solid waste. A slope gradient of

3:1 (about 20 degrees) is recommended. (Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal

Design, Operation and Management Second Edition, 2010 )

2.3 Average Depth of Water Table

In an interview conducted by the researchers to Engr. Mapa, the average depth of water table

in the city (away from the reclamation) area is 15-18ft or 4.8-5.5m.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

2.4 SITE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

A proper Categorized Final Disposal Facility (CFDF) must be provided with all the necessary

facilities in order for the system to function effectively. The supporting and ancillary facilities

must be integrated with the core facilities to complete the Sanitary Landfill System.

80
A typical sanitary landfill system must be provided with all the necessary facilities as shown

in Figure II-1. Generally the sanitary landfill system comprise of the core facilities, such as

the waste retaining facility, leachate collection piping facility, gas vents, access roads,

drainage system, fencing etc; and the supporting facilities, such as the leachate treatment

facility, administrative facility, machineries etc. The supporting facilities must be able to

function independently as individual stand-alone facilities. However, their functions are

generally interdependent and should be operated as integrated facilities; mutually support

each other's functions. The design of the individual facilities differs from site to site,

depending on the size, the requirements and the design service lifespan. All the facilities must

be designed to operate and to be used throughout the designed target lifespan of the landfill.

Some facilities must also be able to function beyond the target lifespan, i.e. to function even

after the closure of the site. Such facilities include the gas venting systems, the leachate

collection and treatment facilities etc.

81
2.4.1 Integrated Landfill Facilities

A proper Categorized Final Disposal Site (CFDF) must be provided with all the necessary

facilities in order for the system to function effectively. The supporting and ancillary facilities

must be integrated with the core facilities to complete the Sanitary Landfill System.

Source: Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal Design, Operations and Management

2nd Edition, 2010

2.4.2. Selection of Integrated Landfill Facilities

The listed buildings and facilities are reflected in the Design an Specifications on a

separate document. The following is a list of buildings and facilities with their

function or purpose.

 Disposal Site (CELL 1, CELL 2, CELL 3, CELL 4-HAZARDOUS WASTES)

- Area where the wastes from the dump-trucks are disposed.

 Drainage system for leachate

- Series of pipes installed for controlling leachate to maintain landfill

cover integrity and to prevent contamination of surface and ground waters.

 Storage basin for leachate water

- Leachate pond where the leachate from the drainage system is

delivered and stored. The leachate in the pond is tested for acceptable

levels of various chemicals (biological and chemical oxygen demands,

organic chemicals, pH, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfate and chloride) and

82
 allowed to settle. After testing, the leachate must be treated like any other

sewage/wastewater; the treatment may occur on-site or off-site.

 Control Center

- An office for overall management, communication base and

headquarter for the landfill.

 Restrooms

- Public restrooms for workers.

 Garage

- Parking area for dump trucks, crane and bulldozers.

 Weigh Stations

- Weighing stations for dump trucks before disposing wastes into the

disposal area for monitoring.

 Washing Facilities for Dump trucks

- An area provided for washing dump trucks.

 Roads

- For easier transport around the landfill.

 Monitoring Wells

- Placed in 10m, 20 and 50m away from the landfill for monitoring the

groundwater from contamination.

83
  Guard House

- For security and safety of the landfill area.

2.5 Landfill Construction Method

The solid wastes shall be landfilled following the most appropriate method. The landfilled

wastes need to be sufficiently compacted so as to stabilize the landfill foundation and to

prolong the lifespan of the landfill sites. Layers of cover soil shall be systematically placed

after landfilling of solid waste for each layer.

There are several kinds of landfilling methods as well as cell construction methods. The most

suitable method needs to be selected depending on the location and topographic conditions of

the landfill site, daily landfilled waste volume as well as the daily soil cover so as to improve

stabilization of the landfill site, create a physically strong foundation, improve the usability of

the completed landfill site, etc.

On the other hand, when leachate and gas quality or quantity is important, the order of

landfilling, cover soil and maintenance facilities shall be given priority. In the particular case

when liner facility is used, special care shall be taken so that the liner sheets are not being

damaged during landfilling works such as spreading or compacting the solid wastes.

2.5.1 Area Method

Area method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of trenches. Earth dike

with a height of 2-3m as one lift is first constructed to get the support for compaction. The

wastes are unloaded at the toe of the earth dike and then be spread and compacted on the

slope of the dike in a series of layers that vary from 30 to 60cm in depth. The recommended

slope of these layers is 1:3. The width of the working face shall be as narrow as possible to

84
confine the wastes to the smallest possible area but at the same time it shall be wide enough to

give necessary movement space for bulldozers.

2.5.2 Trench Method

This method is suitable for areas where the water table is not near the surface and terrain can

be excavated for landfilling. The excavation of trenches gives on-site cover soil as well as

support for compaction. Solid wastes are placed in trenches varying from 30 to 120m in

length, 1 to 2m in depth and 5 to 8m in width. To start the process, a portion of the trench is

dug and the earth is stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench. Wastes are

then placed on the trench, spread and compacted into thin layers of 30 to 60cm with the slope

of 1:3. Cover soils shall also be placed at the end of each day's operation. Cover soils can be

obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the trench that is being filled.

2.5.3 Depression Method

This method is applied in areas where natural or artificial depressions exist. Canyons, avines,

dry borrow pits and quarries have been used for this landfilling method.

2.6 Selection and Computation of Structural Configuration of Landfill

2.6.1 Classification of Categorized Final Disposal Facility (Sanitary Landfill)

The improvement of the sanitary landfill system can be classified into four (4) categories

These are:

Category 1 ≤15 ton/day

Category 2 >15 ton/day ≤ 75 ton/day

Category 3 > 75 ton/day ≤ 200 ton/day

Category 4 >200 ton/day

85
The classification is used to determine the required standards for development and operation

of sanitary landfill facilities and system based on the applicable category of the Local

Government Unit.

The classifications are also used to determine the environmental impact and countermeasure

of the landfill facility. The higher the category, the lower the environmental impacts required

for development of the facilities. The summary of the classification of the categories of final

disposal facility (sanitary landfill) stipulated under Department Administrative Order 10 of

2005 is shown in Table 2.6.1.

Table 2.6.1 Categories of Final Disposal Facilities (Sanitary Landfill) Department

Administrative
Order 10 - 2006 (Department of Environmental and Natural Resources)

FACILITIES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4

(≤15 ton/day) (> 75 ton/day ≤ 200 (>200 ton/day)
CATEGORY 2 ton/day)
(>15 ton/day ≤ 75
ton/day)
Daily and
Intermediate Soil   
Cover
Embankment/Cel   
l Separation
Drainage Facility   

Gas Venting   
Leachate   
Collection
Leachate Natural Attenuation Pond System Combination of physical,
Treatment biological and chemical

Leachate Re- At the later stage of At the later stage of At the later stage of
circulation operation operation operation

*Natural Clay  
Layer

FACILITIES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4

(≤15 ton/day) (> 75 ton/day ≤ 200 (>200 ton/day)

86
 CATEGORY 2 ton/day)
(>15 ton/day ≤ 75
ton/day)
Clay liner and/or Clay liner at should Synthetic liner should be at
synthetic least 75 cm thick, least 1.5mm thick High
liner clay liner with a Density Polyethylene
permeability of membrane over at least 60 cm
thickness of compacted clay
cm/sec or better, materials with permeability no
or composite liner
consisting of at least more than cm/sec.
1.5mm thick
High Density
Polyethylene membrane
over at least 60 cm
thickness of compacted
fine ma6terials with
permeability no more
than cm/sec
Additional Items
Natural Clay Liner In case of more of more than 2m thickness
natural clay layer (permeability coefficient
less than 1 x cm/sec is distributed
underneath the landfill area, compacted
clayey soil lining system for horizontal
lining system is not required. The value of
permeability shall be certified by the
sufficient number of permeability test at
sites.
Bed Rock/Base In case of bed rock/base rock (Lugeon value at less than 10 is distributed
Rock underneath of the landfill area, compacted clayey soil lining system for
horizontal lining system is not required. However, it shall be certified that the
depth of the bed rock/base rock is sufficient for the purpose. The lugeon
value shall be certified by the sufficient number of field test site.
Permit Environmental ECC via IEE ECC via Facilities
Compliance IEE exceeding
Certificate via a daily disposal
Initial of 1000 tpd must
Environmental prepare an
Examination environmental
impact
assessment

In case of more than 2 m. thickness natural clay layer (permeability coefficient less than 1x
10 cm/sec) is distributed, compacted clay material lining system is not required.
−6

Source: Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal Design Operation and Management, 2010

87
2.6.2 Selection of Landfill Category

CATEGORY 3

2.6.3 Composite Liner System

Liner facility is installed to prevent pollution of public water bodies or groundwater by

leachate discharged from the landfill site. It also prevents the increase of leachate volume

caused by inflow of surrounding groundwater into the landfill site.

A separation of at least two (2.0) meters shall be maintained between the top of the liner

system and underlying groundwater. (Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. 9003

RULE XIV Section 1.0)

Category 3:

Classification of Liner Facility

Liner facility can be classified according to the structures and types of material into surface

liner facility and vertical liner facility. The surface liner facility is applied to landfill sites or

ground with high coefficient of permeability. The whole landfill areas should be covered with

a waterproof material and in principle, the construction of drainage facility for groundwater is

88
necessary. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the drainage facility does not disintegrate due

to displacement or subsidence of the landfill structures.

2.6.4 Design of Access Road

Source: Gravel Roads, 2000

89
Road Specification
Surface Aggregate: 290 mm
Sub-base: 200 mm
2.6.5 Leachate Collection Facility

Leachate collection facility consists of collection pipes, leachate retention pits, leachate

control valves, etc. It needs to conform with the landfill conditions such as the topography of

the landfill bottom or landfill structure. Ultimately it shall be able to collect and discharge

leachate effectively.

(1) Bottom Pipes

Ducting placed at the bottom of landfill sites for leachate collection. It comprises of trunk and

branch pipes that are installed at a gradient to enable natural flow potential.

(2) Inclined Pipes

Placed along the slope of the landfill sites and connected to collection pipes at the landfill

bottom. Preferred to vertical drainage pipe which shall be avoided from the aspect of

intermediate covering. It also serves as gas vent.

(3) Vertical Pipes

Leachate collection pipes placed vertically on the landfill. The heights of the pipes will be

extended vertically as landfilling continues. The bottom ends of the vertical pipes are

connected with the bottom pipes. It can also serve as gas vent like the inclined pipes.

90
Figure II-11 DESIGN OF BOTTOM COLLECTION PIPE

91
Structures

(1) Bottom Pipes

The bottom pipes are perforated pipes or packed gravels which are buried together with filter

materials. In order to prevent deterioration of the filter materials, their thickness shall be more

than 50cm from the ground level (or above the protective soils cover on the liner). The

efficiency

of the collection pipes can be enhanced if proper filter materials are used. The width of filter

materials shall be three times more than the diameter of the pipe in order to ensure its

functionality and to reduce direct vertical loading on the collection pipes. In the presence of

liner, extra care shall be taken to ensure that the gravels and pebbles do not touch the liner

directly. A protective layer of buffer blanket, sands or soil cover can be applied.

(2) Inclined Pipe

It is relatively difficult to fix the filter materials around the inclined pipes placed on the cut

section. Plastic or anti-corrosive netting can be used to fix the shape of the filter materials. On

a gentle slope, packed gravels can be used if measures to prevent the distortion of its shape

92
 are taken when packing the gravels. In addition, synthetic polymer material or permeable

materials are also commonly used.

(3) Vertical Pipe

In order for the vertical pipe to stand upright, the base shall be fixed and is built up by

packing filter materials around the pipe as landfilling works progress. Generally, the initial

height of the pipe is recommended to be 4 to 5m. Leachate collected by the vertical pipe is

discharged by the bottom pipes. The vertical pipes can be located directly above the bottom

pipes or connected to it in such a way to expedite the discharge of leachate.

Source: Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal Design Operation and Management, 2010
2.6.6 Earthworks

93
94
 OPERATION PHASE

2.7.1 METHOD OF DUMPING WASTE

2.7.1.1 The collection vehicle passes on top of the cell to unload fresh waste forming of the upper
layer of cells

2.7.1.2 Spread Waste (using Bulldozers) and compact (using Pneumatic Tire Rollers)

95
2.7.1.3 Place earth cover (about 20% of waste volume). Use backfill (using backhoe and
truck) and spread earth (using Bulldozer).

2.7.1.4 Finished Trench Layout

Source of photos: Guidelines for The Design, Construction and Operation Of Manual
Sanitary Landfills, Jaramillo, 2003

96
2.7.2 DUMPING AREA PER DAY

Average Weight Per day = 307,094 kg/day

Density of Compacted Solid Waste = 400 kg/cu.m.

m3
Average Daily WasteVolume=307,094
kg
(
day 400 kg)=767.74 m3

Maximum Daily Height of Garbage = 0.60m

Area ¿ be filled per day(0.60)=767.74 m3

Area ¿ be filled per day=1279.57 sq .m .

Dimensions: 36m x 36m x 0.6m

97
3. Management Study
3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Project Manager

In-charge of overall procedures in the construction. Makes sure that project is within

schedule and build with high quality materials.

Civil Engineer

Plans and designs the structures for sanitary landfill. The job of the geotechnical

engineer essentially starts with a collection of soil samples from the project's intended

site, using bores and test pits. Amongst other factors, the analysis will determine the

ground's stress bearing capability and stability.

Electrical Engineer

Designs, tests, installs and maintains electrical equipment and facilities that transmit

power.

98
List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the control center

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the control center

Excavation – removing the topsoil from the area

Foundation Works – installation of concrete footings which serve as the base

for the foundation wall and the basement columns

Plumbing Works – installation of three but interrelated systems: the water

supply, the sewer system, and the vent system.

Construction of Septic Vault – filter untreated waste

Backfilling - pushing back of excavated soil around the control center

Beam & Column – construction of walls of the control center

Flooring and Tile Setting – construction of base floor

Electrical Works - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to supply

power

Roof Work - includes welding of trusses and installation of roof sheath

Electrical Installation - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to

supply power

Door and Window Installation - installation of necessary windows and doors

inside the control center

Bathroom Fittings Installation – installation of bathroom fixtures and fittings

 Restrooms

- Public restrooms for workers.

99
 List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of restrooms

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the restroom

Excavation - removing the topsoil from the area

Foundation Works - installation of concrete footings which serve as the base

for the foundation wall and the basement columns

Construction of Septic Vault – filters untreated waste

Backfilling - pushing back of excavated soil around the restrooms

Beam & Column - construction of walls of the restroom

Flooring and Tile Setting - construction of base floor and setting of tiles

Electrical Works - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to supply

power

Roof Work- includes welding of trusses and installation of roof sheath

Electrical Installation – installation of sockets and light fixtures

Door and Window Installation - installation of necessary windows and doors in

the restrooms

Bathroom Fittings Installation - installation of bathroom fixtures and fittings

 Parking Area

- Parking area for dump trucks, crane and bulldozers.

List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the parking area

100
Laying Out – plotting of the plan for the parking area

Compaction – compacting of soil to attain high density

 Weigh Stations

- Weighing stations for dump trucks before disposing wastes into the

disposal area for monitoring.

List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the weighing stations

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the weigh stations

Excavation - removing of topsoil from the area

Foundation Works - installation of concrete footings which serve as the base

for the foundation wall and the basement columns

Backfilling - pushing back of excavated soil around the weigh stations

Beam & Column - construction of walls for the weighing stations

Flooring- construction of base floor

Electrical Works - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to supply

power for weighing

Roof Work - includes welding of trusses and installation of roof sheath

Electrical Installation - installation of sockets and light fixtures

Door and Window Installation- installation of necessary windows and doors in

the restrooms

101
 Weighing equipment installation – installation of equipment that will be used

for weighing garbage

 Washing Facilities for Dump trucks

- An area provided for washing dump trucks.

List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the washing facilities

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the washing facilities

Excavation – removing of topsoil area

Foundation Works - installation of concrete footings which serve as the base

for the foundation wall and the basement columns

Plumbing Works - installation of three but interrelated systems: the water

supply, the sewer system, and the vent system.

Construction of septic vault – filters untreated wastes from washing the dump

trucks

Drainage Works - installation of pipe system for drainage

Backfilling - pushing back of excavated soil around the washing facilities

Column – supports the roof beam

Flooring – construction of base floor

Electrical Works - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to supply

power

Roof Work - includes welding of trusses and installation of roof sheath

Electrical Installation - installation of sockets and light fixtures

102
 Fitting Installation – fittings and fixtures for water supply

 Roads

- For easier transport around the landfill.

List of activities:

Site Clearing – site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the roads

Laying Out - plotting of the plan for the roads

Excavation – removing of topsoil area for roads

Grading – leveling of the ground

Compacting – compaction of soil to attain high density for road pavement

Placement of Gravel – construction of base course for the road

 Monitoring Wells

- Placed in 10m, 20 and 50m away from the landfill for monitoring the

groundwater from contamination.

List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the monitoring wells

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the monitoring wells

Excavation – removing of topsoil area

Installation of monitoring wells – construction of wells to monitor the

groundwater from contamination

 Guard House

103
- For security and safety of the landfill area.

List of activities:

Site Clearing - site is cleaned by removing trees, bushes, or vegetation which

interferes with the desired location of the guard house

Laying Out – plotting of plan for the guard house

Excavation - removing of topsoil from the area

Foundation Works - installation of concrete footings which serve as the base

for the foundation wall and the basement columns

Beam & Column - construction of walls for the guard house

Flooring- construction of base floor

Electrical Works - includes installation of wires and pipe networks to supply

power

Roof Work - includes welding of trusses and installation of roof sheath

Electrical Installation - installation of sockets and light fixtures

Door and Window Installation- installation of necessary windows and doors in

the restrooms

104
3.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE - WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

1. Site Clearing

1.1 Site Inspection

1.2 Identify Tools/Equipment/Manpower needed

1.3 Site Clearing Proper

2. Laying Out & Staking

2.1 Benchmarking

2.2 Setting up the level

2.3 Establish Points on a Line

2.4 Staking out the Landfill

2.5 Batter Boards

3. Compact Clay

4. Install High-Density Polyethylene

5. Install GCL Bentonite Synthetic Liner

6. Install Leachate Drainage

7. Excavate Fill Areas and Perimeter Drainage

8. Backfill

105
9. Compact

10. Install Environmental Protection Facilities

10.1 Groundwater Monitoring System

10.2 Gas Control Recovery System

11. Prepare Access Roads

12. Construct Support Facilities

12.1 Storage Basin for Leachate Water

12.2 Control Center

12.3 Restrooms

12.4 Parking Area

12.5 Weigh Station *Appendix E

12.6 Washing Facilities for Dump Trucks

12.7 Guard House

13. Install Utilities

13.1 Electricity

13.2 Water

13.3 Sewage

14. Construct Fencing

106
14.1 Perimeter Fence

14.2 Entrance Gate

14.3 Entrance Sign

14.4 Sign Board

3.4 OPERATI

ONAL

PHASE
107
ORGANIZ
Site Manager

Needs not to be on site all the time but a significant proportion of the working week

should be spent on the landfill site supervising its operations. Responsible for

supervising refuse disposal and associated activities at the site Landfill in accordance

with appropriate methods, standards and requirements

Site Engineer

Carries out of routine site visits, inspections/certifications and overall supervision of

developments at the landfill site.

Administrative Officer

Develops organization strategies by identifying and researching human resources

issues; contributing information, analysis, and recommendations to organization

strategic thinking and direction; establishing human resources objectives in line with

organizational objectives for the landfill

Bookkeeper

Keeps records of average daily waste collection and maintains records of financial

transactions by establishing accounts; posting transactions; ensure legal requirements

compliance.

Payroll Custodian

Maintains payroll information by collecting, calculating, and entering data to

compensate and oversees employees’ salaries and benefits

108
Personnel Clerk

Compiles and maintains personnel records: Records employee information, such as

personal data; compensation, benefits, and tax data; attendance; performance reviews

or evaluations; and termination date and reason

Scale Operator

Accurately and efficiently monitors and records waste volumes entering the landfill

site

Safety Officer

Ensures that employees comply with government regulations on proper storage,

handling and disposal of these materials. Identifies waste materials, training others on

the proper safety guidelines to follow, and conducts risk assessments on hazardous

materials.

Equipment Operators

Responsible for the safe and proper operation of complex motorized equipment, as

well as the proper handling and compaction of solid waste

Maintenance Personnel

Performs daily equipment checks, complete pre-check and post-check of equipment,

immediately report all equipment defects to the site engineer

Garbage Collector

Picks up and removes waste, recyclable goods, or yard debris from residential

neighborhoods, commercial business centers, and public parks.

109
 Truck Driver

Drives the garbage trucks used in collecting wastes.

Guard

Monitors and authorizes entrance and departure of employees, visitors, and other

persons to guard against theft and maintains security of landfill premises.

3.5 OPERATIONAL PHASE - WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

1. Marking Out of the Site Area To Be Occupied

2. Weighing of Garbage Trucks

2.1 Record *Appendix D

2.2 Monitor Daily Weight

3. Unload the Waste at the Working Face

4. Spread the Waste in Thin Layers

5. Cover the Compacted Waste with Excavated Soil from Site

6. Compact the Cell until a Uniform Surface is obtained

7. Washing of Trucks

8. Parking of Truck

110
3.6. DURATION AND PERT-CPM FOR LANDFILL ACTIVITIES
Construction of Disposal Site and Leachate Collection Storage
ACTIVITY DURATION

0-1 A Site Clearing 11

1-2 B Laying out 2
2-3 C Excavation 83
3-4 D Compaction 56
2-4 E Placing of Cover Materials 12
4-5 F Leachate Drainage Placing 14
5-6 G Backfilling 26
6-7 H Compaction of Soil Cover 56
TOTAL 260

Control Center
111
 Activity DURATION (Days)
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-5 C Excavation 1
2-3 D Foundation Works 21
3-4 E Plumbing Works 1
4-5 F Construction Of Septic 2
Vault
5-6 G Backfilling 2
6-7 H Beam And Column 21
7-8 I Roof Works 3
7-9 J Flooring And Tile 16
Setting
8-9 K Electrical Works 1
9-10 L Electrical Installation 1
9-11 M Door And Window 2
Installation
10-11 N Bathroom Fittings 1
Installation
TOTAL 67

Restrooms

112
 Activity DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-5 C Excavation 1
2-3 D Foundation Works 16
3-4 E Plumbing Works 2
4-5 F Construction Of Septic 2
Vault
5-6 G Backfilling 1
6-7 H Beam And Column 16
7-8 I Roof Works 3
7-9 J Flooring And Tile 16
Setting
8-9 K Electrical Works 1
9-10 L Electrical Installation 1
9-11 M Door And Window 1
Installation
10-11 N Bathroom Fittings 2
Installation
TOTAL 56

Parking Area

Activity DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-3 C Compaction 1
TOTAL 3

Scale House and Weighing Area

113
 Activity DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-5 C Excavation 1
2-3 D Foundation Works 16
3-4 E Backfilling 1
4-5 F Beam And Column 17
5-6 G Roof Works 2
6-7 H Flooring and Tile Setting 15
7-8 I Electrical Works 2
8-9 J Electrical Installation 1
9-10 K Door And Window 1
Installation
10-11 L Weighing Equipment 1
Installation
TOTAL 59

Washing Facilities for Dump trucks

114
 Activity DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-5 C Excavation 2
2-3 D Foundation Works 19
3-4 E Plumbing Works 2
4-5 F Installation of Grease 2
Trap
5-6 G Drainage Works 14
6-7 H Backfilling 2
7-8 I Column 5
8-9 J Roof Works 5
7-10 K Flooring 17
9-10 L Electrical Works 1
10-11 M Electrical Installation 1
11-12 N Fitting Installation 1
TOTAL 60

Roads

ACTIVITY DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying out 1
2-3 C Excavation of drainage 1
3-4 D Grading 6
4-5 E Compacting 12
5-6 F Placing of Gravel 12
TOTAL 33

Monitoring Wells

115
 ACTIVITY DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying out 1
2-3 C Excavation 1
3-4 D installation of monitoring 2
wells
TOTAL 5

Guard House
Activity DURATION
0-1 A Site Clearing 1
1-2 B Laying Out 1
2-5 C Excavation 1
2-3 D Foundation Works 16
3-4 E Backfilling 1
4-5 F Beam And Column 16
5-6 G Roof Works 2
6-7 H Flooring And Tile Setting 15
7-8 I Electrical Works 1
8-9 J Electrical Installation 1
9-10 K Door And Window 1
Installation
TOTAL 55

3.7 GANTT CHART OF LANDFILL ACTIVITIES

116
 MAIN ACTIVITIES DURATION: IN 2WEEKS
Construction of Disposal Site and Leachate Collection Storage
Construction of Guard House
Construction of Roads
Construction of Control Center
Construction of Restrooms
Construction of Scale House and Weighing Area
Construction of Washing Facilities for Dump trucks
Construction of Parking Area
Construction of Monitoring Wells last

117
4. Environmental Study
I. ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS
RA 9003 - Article 6:
Section 42
Covered surfaces of the
disposal area shall be
graded to promote lateral
runoff of precipitation and
to prevent pounding.
RA 9003 - Article 2:
Section 21
Designation of a separate
containment area for
household hazardous
wastes.
RA 9003 - Article 6:
Section 41
Cover - two (2) forms of
cover consisting of soil
and geosynthetic
materials to protect the
waste from long-term
contact with the
environment.
RA 9003 - Article 6:
Section 41
Liners – a system of clay
layers and/or geo-
synthetic membranes used
to contain leachate and
reduce or prevent
contaminant flow to
groundwater
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE NON-
EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
CURRENT SITE
Since the solid wastes had
gone up to 16 meters high
the workers are having
difficulties compacting 
and grading the solid
wastes .
The current landfill has
only one cell and there is
no separate containment 
area for household
hazardous wastes.
A liner is placed at the
bottom of the landfill to
prevent contaminant flow
to groundwater. 
A liner is placed at the
bottom of the landfill and
is preventing contaminant
flow to groundwater

118
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE NON-
REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE
CURRENT SITE
RA 9003 - Article 6: The current sanitary
Section 41 landfill has no gas
Gas control recovery recovery system.
system – a series of
vertical wells or
horizontal trenches 
containing permeable
materials and perforated
piping placed in the
landfill to collect gas for
treatment or productive
use as an energy source
RA 9003 - Article 6: There is no ground
Section 41 monitoring well system
Ground water monitoring that is placed in the
well system – wells vicinity.
placed at an appropriate 
location and depth for
taking water samples that
are representative of
groundwater quality.
RA 9003 - Article 6: Pipes are installed to
Section 41 collect leachate. The
Leachate collection and discharge will then flow
treatment system – out to the drainage,
Installation of pipes at the 
low areas of the liner to
collect leachate for
storage and eventual
treatment and discharge.

119
ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATING MEASURES (Jaramillo, 2003)
Impact
Generation of landfill gas and odors
from decomposing process
Erosion of soil
Contaminations of surface and
ground water
Noise, pest, dust and other
disturbances
Mitigation Measures
- proper ventilation
- applying coverage for waste on daily
and regular basis
- active gas control recovery system
- reduce water flow over bare soil
- reduce velocity of water by using
effective contouring to reduce slope
grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff
velocities and prompt and effective re-
vegetation of bare ground whenever
possible, which stabilizes the soil and
helps to reduce run-off water
velocities
- appropriate measures including
provision of berms and silt traps
during construction
- all water from the waste should be
kept in an appropriate leachate pond
- use appropriate liners- either natural
or synthetic to contain leachate
- surface water drains can be
constructed
around the site to minimize the inflow of
water into the site
- Groundwater monitoring wells should
be constructed
- establish buffer zone
- daily proper cover of waste
- use dust suppressor
120
 - proper maintenance of machineries,
vehicles, and use of low noise
equipment
Occupational and public health - provision and use of proper personal
hazards protective equipment
- provision of first aid facilities
- regular medical check-up and
provision of appropriate sanitary
facilities

5. Financing Study

5.1 SOURCE OF BUDGET FOR LANDFILL

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 189

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 189 - DIRECTING ALL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO

SUBMIT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT THEIR

RESPECTIVE ANNUAL INVESTMENT PLAN

WHEREAS, Local Government Units (LGUs) are mandated to appropriate in its annual budget

no less than twenty percent (20%) of its annual internal revenue allotment for development

projects with copies of their respective Development Plans to be furnished the Department of the

Interior and Local Government, pursuant to Sec. 287 of R.A. No. 7160, the Local Government

Code of 1991, as implemented by Article 384 of its Implementing Rules and Regulations;

WHEREAS, while the Local Government Code empowers local authorities to manage their

internal affairs consistent with devolution and local autonomy, it should be emphasized that part

of the responsibility of the national government is to help ensure that public funds, particularly

the 20% Development Fund, shall be appropriated and disbursed only for the very purpose or

purposes for which such Fund was established; and

WHEREAS, it has been observed that most LGUs, if not all, do not submit an Annual

121
Investment Plan (Local Development Plan) as required under the Local Government Code of

1991.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA, President of the Republic of the

Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by law and the Constitution, do hereby order

the following:

Section 1. Use of the 20% Development Fund. — The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA)

share of local government units equivalent to twenty percent (20%) set aside for

development projects shall be used for specific sectoral programs, projects and activities in

furtherance of the development agenda of the government. Accordingly, priority

consideration shall be given to the following areas:

a. Solid waste management which may include purchase of related equipment, trucks and

compactors, as well as purchase of land for sanitary landfill purposes;

b. Purchase of lots for hospitals, health centers, day care centers and similar facilities which may

include construction, repair and/or maintenance of such facilities;

c. Purchase of lot for resettlement of squatters, including construction of housing units and

facilities;

d. Activities in support of the Food Security Program, and the Livestock Dispersal, Fisheries

Development and Fish Culture Farming Programs;

e. Initiatives in support of Cooperative Development;

f. Construction, maintenance and/or repair of post-harvest facilities, irrigation and other

agricultural production systems;

g. Construction, maintenance and/or repair of local roads and bridges;

h. Construction, maintenance and/or repair of water and sewerage system, as well as, power and

122
communication facilities; and

i. Construction, maintenance and/or repair of public buildings which may include purchase of

equipment necessary in the implementation of infrastructure undertakings.

Sec. 2. Submission of the Annual Investment Plan. — All local government units shall submit

their respective Annual Investment Plan (Development Plan) as approved by their Local

Development Council, to the appropriate regional office of the Department of Budget and

Management, not later than January 31st of each year; provided, however, that the submission of

this Annual Investment Plan for the year 2000 shall be not later than March 31, 2000. More

specifically, said Annual Investment Plan shall contain specific programs, projects and activities,

as aforementioned, the corresponding project cost including the necessary fund flows to

approximate the reasonable timing in the release of funds.

Sec. 3. Direct Release of the Internal Revenue Allotment Representing the 20% Development

Fund. — The DBM Regional Office shall release the twenty percent (20%) Development Fund

of the LGU on the basis of programs, projects, and activities embodied in the Annual Investment

Plan direct to the LGU concerned considering the appropriate schedule for the release of funds.

When appropriate, the initial release for mobilization and the subsequent progress billing scheme

may be adopted for the purpose.

Sec. 4. Implementing Guidelines. — The Department of Budget and Management, in

consultation with all the Leagues of the local government units, shall formulate the necessary

guidelines for the effective implementation of this Order and may prescribe appropriate forms for

123
the purpose.

Sec. 5. Review of the Project List to Implement the 20% Development Fund. — The

Development Budget Coordinating Committee (DBCC) shall conduct a semestral review of the

list of eligible projects and shall provide the Office of the President with a report and

recommendation on the effective implementation thereof.

Sec. 6. Effectivity. — This Executive Order shall take effect on January 1, 2000.

DONE, in the City of Manila, this 21st day of December, in the Year of Our Lord, Nineteen

Hundred and Ninety Nine.

5.2 INTERNAL REVENUE ALLOTMENT (IRA) OF BACOLOD CITY

Approximate Budget for Landfill: (1,145.28)(0.20) = 229.056 Million Pesos

CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES

124
 5.3 SITE CLEARING

Ref No. Equipment Fuel and Labor

Lubricants (Pesos)
(Pesos)
SC00 Crawler Dozer 1,251.00 70.92
1 D6H
PS/DD/PSDS,
165 hp

5.3.1. Production Rate : Clearing -1000 sq.m./hr.

5.3.2. Lot Area Approximate = 264, 301.51 sq.m.

5.3.3. Efficiency Factor: 50 min. – hour

5.3.4. Total Clearing Time

264, 301.51 sq . m .
T= =264.301hr =33.04 days=1.3 months
sq . m.
1000
hr

264, 301.51 sq . m .
=88.10 hours=11 days
Using 3 Dozers = sq . m.
3 x 1000
hr

5.4 EARTHWORKS

The sanitary landfill requires a large amount of earthwork that will greatly affect the financial

aspect of the study. Earth must be excavated and compacted for the landfill to accommodate the

amount of waste generated by the city for five years.

125
5.4.1. Equipment Selection

Ref Equipment Flywheel/ Hourly Fuel and Labor Operating Cost

No. Horse Bare Lubricants (Pesos) Per Hour
Power Rental (Pesos) (Pesos/hour)
(Pesos)
E001 Backhoe Crawler, 118.00 1,451.45 715.00 70.92 2,411.54
1.09 cu.m.
EL200B
E002 Pneumatic Tire 85.50 1,137.57 1,320.00 70.92 2,664.99
Roller, Bomag
BW16R 8wheels,
20M.T.
E003 Dump Truck, 369.00 1,062.36 550.00 66.16 1,806.00
11.50 cu.m.

5.4.2 EXCAVATION

5.4.2.1 Cycle Time

TABLE 5.4.3.1. Excavation cycle times for hydraulic crawler hoes under average
conditions. *
Bucket size Load Bucket Swing loaded Dump bucket Swing empty Total cycle
(cy) (sec) (sec) (sec) (sec) (sec)
<1 5 4 2 3 14
1-1 1/2 6 4 2 3 15
2-2 ½ 6 4 3 4 17
3 7 5 4 4 20
3½ 7 6 4 5 22
4 7 6 4 5 22
5 7 7 4 6 24
*Depth of cut 40 to 60% of maximum digging depth; swing angle 30° to 60°; loading haul units
on the same level as the excavator.

126
5.4.2.2. Fill Factor

Table 5..3.2. Fill factors for hydraulic hoe buckets

MATERIAL FILL FACTOR* (%)
Moist loam/ sandy clay 100-110
Sand and gravel 95-110
Rock – poorly blasted 40-50
Rock – well blasted 60-75
Hard, tough clay 80-90
*Percent of heaped bucket capacity
Reprinted courtesy of Caterpillar Inc.

5.4.2.4. Efficiency Factor: 50 min. – hour

5.4.2.5. Swell Factor:

5.4.2.6. PRODUCTION RATE COMPUTATION

a. Size of bucket = 1.09 cu.m

b. Bucket Fill Factor = Hard clay = 80% - 90% ; Use average, 85%

c. Typical Cycle time elements

127
 Convert 1.09cu.m to cu. yd.:
3
0.9144 yd
1.09 cu . m. ( 1m )=0.833 cu . yd

From Table 6.1.3.1 = 14 sec

d. Efficiency factor = 50 min
e. Class of material = hard clay , swell 35% From Table 6.1.3.5.
f. Probable Production Rate (PPR)

3600 sec x Q x F E 1
PPR= x x
t 60min hour volume correction
3600 sec x 1.09 cu . m. x 0.85 50 min hour 1
PPR= x x
14 sec 60 min hour 1+.35
PPR=¿ 147.06 bank cu.m. per hour

5.4.2.7. Total Excavation Time

Cell Volume

161,312+ 181,293.35+ √161,312+181,293.35

3.8 )
V= ¿
3

V =434,708.19 m3

Leachate Storage Facility Volume

45,944.74+54,411.94
3.8
V= ( 45,944.74+54,411.94 + √ ( ¿
3
V = 127,519.73 cu.m

Total Volume = 434,708.19 cu.m. + 127,519.73 cu.m = 562,227.92 cu.m.

128
 PPR=¿ 147.06 bank cu.m. per hour

562,227.92 cu .m .
Hours Using 1 Backhoe Crawler = =33,823.12 hours
147.06 cu .m per hour

Number of Hours Per month = ( 8 hours

day )( 26 days
month )
=208 hours
562,227.92 cu . m.
728 hours
Number of Backhoe Crawler for 3.5 months = =5,25 ≈ 5 Backhoe Crawler
147.06 cu . m.
hour

5.4.2.8. Number of Trucks

5 Backhoe capacity = 735.3 cu.m. per hour

Truck Capacity = 11.50 cu.m.

562,227.92 cu . m.
728 hours
Number of Trucks for 3.5 months = =12.08 ≈ 12trucks
735.3 cu . m. ÷ 11.50 cu . m
hour

5.4.3 COMPACTION

Average Production Rate = 135 cu.m./hr.

Efficiency: 50 min – hour

PPR of Compactor = 112.5 cu.m. per hour

Volume of liner to be Compacted = 144,604.90 cu.m. + 116,458.82 = 261,063.72 cu.m

261,063.72 cu . m.
Total Time to compact liner = =2320.57 hours per compactor
112.5 cu . m./hr

129
 261,063.72 cu . m.
468 hours
Number of Roller for 2.25 months = =4.95 compactor ≈ 5 compactor
112.5 cu .m .
hour

5.4.4. BACKFILLING

Using 5 Backhoe Crawler and 12 trucks:

130,531.86 cu . m.
208 hours
Number of Backhoe Crawler for 1 month = =4.26 ≈ 4 Backhoe Crawler
147.06 cu . m.
hour

5.5 ACCESS ROAD

COMPACTION

Average Production Rate = 135 cu.m./hr.

Efficiency: 50 min – hour

PPR of Compactor = 112.5 cu.m. per hour

Volume of liner to be Compacted = 1899.36 cu.m.

1899.36 cu . m.
Total Time to compact liner = =16.88 hours using 1 compactor
112.5 cu . m./hr

130
 COST OF LAND

5.6 AVERAGE PRICE PER SQUARE METER FOR LAND ACQUISITION

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE
Manila

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 65-02

September 16, 2002

SUBJECT: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REVISED ZONAL VALUES OF REAL PROPERTIES

IN THE CITY OF BACOLOD UNDER REVENUE DISTRICT OFFICE NO. 7
REVENUE REGION NO. 12 (BACOLOD CITY) FOR INTERNAL REVENUE TAX
PURPOSES.

T O : All Internal Revenue Officers and Others Concerned.

Section 16(E) of the Republic Act No. 8424, otherwise known as the 'Tax Reform Act of
1997", authorizes the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to divide the Philippines into different
zones of areas and determine for internal revenue tax purposes, the fair market value of the real
properties located in each zone or area upon consultation with competent appraisers both from
private and public sectors.

By virtue of said authority, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue has determined the zonal
values of real properties (3rd revision) located in the City of Bacolod under the jurisdiction of
Revenue District Office No. 77 (Bacolod City), Revenue Region No. 12 (Bacolod City) after
public hearing was conducted on August 20, 2001 for the purpose. This Order is issued to
implement the revised zonal values for land to be used in computing any internal revenue tax.

In case the gross selling price or the market value as shown in the schedule of values of the
provincial or city assessor is higher tha the zonal value established herein, such values shall be
used as basis for computing the internal revenue tax.

GENERAL PURPOSE - rawland, undeveloped and underdeveloped area which has potential for
development into residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, etc., must not be less than
5,000 square meters.

300+ 250+150+200
AVERAGE PRICE PER SQ.M OF G.P. CATEGORY =
4
= Php 250 per sq.m.
131
5.7 Administrative Order No. 2016-28, Providing for new Fees and Charges for various

services of the Environmental Management Bureau (Department of Environment and

Natural Resources)

Pursuant to Executive Order No. 197 dated 13 January 2000, the following fees and charges for

services rendered by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) are hereby revised and/or

updated:

OPERATION COST ESTIMATES FOR INVESTMENT

5.8 OPERATION EQUIPMENT

Area ¿ be filled per day=1279.57 sq .m .

Dimensions: 36m x 36m x 0.6m

132
COMPACTION

Average Production Rate = 135 cu.m./hr.

Efficiency: 50 min – hour

PPR of Compactor = 112.5 cu.m. per hour

Volume of WASTE to be Compacted = 777.6 cu.m.

777.6 cu . m .
Total Time to compact liner = =6.912 hours using 2 compactors
112.5 cu . m./hr

SPREADING OF WASTES

Production Rate : Clearing -1000 sq.m./hr.

Area of Wastes = 1279.57 sq.m.

Efficiency Factor: 50 min. – hour

Total Clearing Time

1279.57 sq . m. . 50
T= x =1hr using 1 Bulldozer
sq . m. 60
1000
hr

COVER MATERIAL

Volume of Cover Material = 20% of Waste Volume

Volume of Cover Material = (0.20)(777.6 cu.m.) = 155.52 cu.m.

155.52 cu .m .
Using 1 Backhoe Crawler = =1.06 hours using1 Backhoe
147.06 cu .m per hour

Truck Capacity = 11.50 cu.m.

133
 155.52 cu . m.
Number of Truck Cycles: =13.52 ≈ 14 trips using 1 Truck
11.50 cu . m

5.9 RENTAL VS. PURCHASE COMPARISON

Therefore, investment on the purchase of equipment for operation and construction is

more economical.

134
135
 LANDFILL INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATE
PER CELL FOR 10 MONTHS PROJECT PERIOD
No. of
Reference Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Equipme nts TOTAL COST
Pre-construction Phase
Acquisition of Site: Land Purchase Chapter 4 - 5.6 Raw Land 264302 sq. m. 250.00 66,075,377.50
Feasibility Study 10,000.00
Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter 4 - 5.7 DENR 35,610.00

TOTAL 66,120,987.50
Purchase of Equipment
Backhoe made-in-china.com 6 unit 3,000,000.00 18,000,000.00
Truck (Hauling) made-in-china.com 13 unit 2,750,000.00 35,750,000.00
Bulldozer made-in-china.com 4 unit 3,000,000.00 12,000,000.00
Compactor made-in-china.com 6 unit 2,350,000.00 14,100,000.00
TOTAL 79,850,000.00
TOTAL PRE-CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT COST 145,970,987.50
Construction Phase
INTEGRATED LANDFILL FACILITIES
Guard House Approximate 4 sq.m. 5,000.00 20,000.00
Control Center PSA Approximate 80 sq.m. 9,000.00 720,000.00
Bathroom Approximate 30 sq.m. 5,251.35 157,540.50
Washing Area Approximate 300 sq.m. 2,678.80 803,640.00
Weighing Area Approximate 51 sq.m. 3,235.68 163,401.84
Scale - 1 unit 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00
Monitoring Wells Approximate 3 well 32,307.53 96,922.59
TOTAL 2,961,504.93

136
 No. of
Reference Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Equipment TOTAL COST
COST OF CONSTRUCTING 1 CELL AND 1 LSF
I. SITE DEVELOPMENT
Land Clearing Chapter 4 - 5.4 88 hrs 1,524.92 3.00 402,578.88
II. Earthworks
Excavation
Backhoe Crawler Chapter 4 - 5.4 728 hrs 961.09 5.00 3,498,367.60
Dump Truck Chapter 4 - 5.4 728 hrs 743.64 12.00 6,496,439.04
Compaction
Pneumatic Tire Roller Chapter 4 - 5.4 351,194.46 cu.m. 416 hrs 1,527.43 5.00 3,177,054.40
Backfilling
Backhoe Crawler Chapter 4 - 5.4 175,597.23 cu.m. 208 hrs 961.09 4.00 799,626.88

III. Landfill Liner

GCL REINFORCED BENTONITE SYNTHETIC LINER 5mm 347067 sq.m 117.50 40,780,358.40
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 1.5mm 347067 sq.m 98.00 34,012,554.24
IV. Leachate Drainage
Leachate Pump 1 unit 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00
Leachate Wiithdrawal Pipe, 200 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe 2102 l.m. 3,998.29 8,404,405.58

137
 No. of
Reference Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Equipment TOTAL COST

V. ACCESS ROAD
Compaction
Pneumatic Tire Roller Chapter 4 - 5.5 1899.36 cu.m. 17 hrs 2,664.99 5.00 226,524.15
Gravel 2574 cu.m 700.00 1,801,850.40
Estimated Labor Cost 608,512.37
VI. Fencing
Perimeter Security Fence 2316 m 115.69 267,977.37
Gate 1 gate 8,000.00 8,000.00
Estimated Labor Cost 82,793.21
TOTAL 101,484,249.31
TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST 104,445,754.24
TOTAL INVESTMENT COST FOR YEAR 1 250,416,741.74

138
 No. of
Reference Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Equipme nt TOTAL COST
COST OF CONSTRUCTING PER CELL AND PER LSF (2,3,4)
Acquisition of Site: Land Purchase Chapter 4 - 5.6 Raw Land 264000 sq. m. 250.00 66,000,000.00
I. SITE DEVELOPMENT
Land Clearing Chapter 4 - 5.4 88 hrs 1,524.92 3.00 402,578.88
II. Earthworks
Excavation
Backhoe Crawler Chapter 4 - 5.4 728 hrs 961.09 5.00 3,498,367.60
Dump Truck Chapter 4 - 5.4 728 hrs 743.64 12.00 6,496,439.04
Compaction
Pneumatic Tire Roller Chapter 4 - 5.4 351,194.46 cu.m. 416 hrs 1,527.43 5.00 3,177,054.40
Backfilling
Backhoe Crawler Chapter 4 - 5.4 175,597.23 cu.m. 208 hrs 961.09 4.00 799,626.88

III. Landfill Liner

GCL REINFORCED BENTONITE SYNTHETIC LINER 5mm 347067 sq.m 117.50 40,780,358.40
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 1.5mm 347067 sq.m 98.00 34,012,554.24

IV. Leachate Drainage

Leachate Wiithdrawal Pipe, 200 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe 2102 l.m. 3,998.29 8,404,405.58

139
 No. of
Reference Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Equipments TOTAL COST
V. ACCESS ROAD
Compaction
Pneumatic Tire Roller Chapter 4 - 5.5 1899.36 cu.m. 17 hrs 2,664.99 5.00 226,524.15
Gravel 2574 cu.m 700.00 1,801,850.40
Estimated Labor Cost 608,512.37
VI. Fencing
Perimeter Security Fence 2316 m 115.69 267,977.37
Estimated Labor Cost 80,393.21
TOTAL 166,476,249.31

749,845,489.67
TOTAL INVESTMENT COST

140
5. Financial Study

Operation Cost
Monthly Operating Cost
Salary and
Unit Wages per Total Cost
month
PERSONNEL
1. Site Manager 1 month 56,684.83 56,684.83
2. Site Engineer 1 month 21,076.58 21,076.58
2.1 Equipment Operator
2.1.1 Bulldozer 1 month 12,948.00 38,844.00
2.1.2 Compactor 1 month 12,948.00 64,740.00
2.1.3 Backhoe 1 month 12,948.00 12,948.00
2.1.4 Truck 1 month 12,948.00 12,948.00
2.2 Scale Operator 1 month 16,704.83 16,704.83
2.3 Safety Officer 1 month 18,668.25 18,668.25
2.4 Maintenance Personnel 1 month 29,483.25 29,483.25
2.5 Guard (3 shifts) 1 month 11,925.50 35,776.50
3. Administrative Officer 1 month 26,113.58 26,113.58
3.1 Book Keeper 1 month 15,025.92 15,025.92
3.2 Personnel Clerk 1 month 11,678.17 11,678.17
3.3 Payroll Custodian 1 month 15,025.92 15,025.92
EQUIPMENT OPERATING COSTS
1. Bulldozer (3) 1 day 10,575.36 253,808.64
2. Compactor (5) 1 day 11,127.36 267,056.64
3. Backhoe (1) 1 day 10,575.36 253,808.64
4. Truck (1) 1 day 4,929.48 118,307.52
MONTHLY OPERATING COST 1,268,699.27
Annual Operating Cost 15,224,391.24

141
 CASH
BUDGET
LANDFILL
YEAR 1
January February March April May June July August September October November December OUTGOING

Cash, beginning of year 229,056,000 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 1,370,559

Incoming cash
Loan 24,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24,000,000

Outgoing payments

PRE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION COST 250,416,742 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250,416,742

OPERATING COST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,268,699 1,268,699 2,537,399
Interest on overdrafts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loan costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total outgoing payments: 250,416,742 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,268,699 1,268,699 252,954,140

Change
Cash in hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash and cash equivalents in account/in giro account 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Available bank overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less cash and cash equivalents beginning of year 229,056,000 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 1,370,559
Cash, End bal 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 2,639,258 1,370,559 101,860

YEAR 2
January February March April May June July August September October November December 12 months total
20% OF Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) 249,831,379
Cash, beginning of year 249,933,239 227,787,301 226,518,601 58,773,653 57,504,954 56,236,254 54,967,555 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059

Incoming cash
Total incoming payments: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Outgoing payments

PRE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION COST 0 0 166,476,249 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 166,476,249

OPERATING COST 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 15,224,391
Interest on overdrafts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loan costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total outgoing payments: 1,268,699 1,268,699 167,744,949 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 181,700,641

Change
Cash in hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash and cash equivalents in account/in giro account 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Available bank overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less cash and cash equivalents beginning of year 229,056,000 227,787,301 226,518,601 58,773,653 57,504,954 56,236,254 54,967,555 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059
Cash, End bal 227,787,301 226,518,601 58,773,653 57,504,954 56,236,254 54,967,555 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059 47,355,359

142
 YEAR 3
January February March April May June July August September October November December 12 months total
20% OF Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) 272,491,085
Cash, beginning of year 319,846,445 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059

Incoming cash
Total incoming payments: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Outgoing payments

PRE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION COST 0 0 0 0 0 0 166,476,249 0 0 0 0 0 166,476,249

OPERATING COST 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 0
Interest on overdrafts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loan costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total outgoing payments: 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 167,744,949 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 181,700,641

Change
Cash in hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash and cash equivalents in account/in giro account 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Available bank overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less cash and cash equivalents beginning of year 229,056,000 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059
Cash, End bal 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 53,698,856 52,430,157 51,161,457 49,892,758 48,624,059 47,355,359

YEAR 4
January February March April May June July August September October November December 12 months total
20% OF Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) 297,206,027
Cash, beginning of year 344,561,386 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 49,892,758 48,624,059

Incoming cash
Total incoming payments: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Outgoing payments

PRE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION COST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 166,476,249 0 0 166,476,249

OPERATING COST 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 15,224,391
Interest on overdrafts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loan costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

143
Miscellaneous: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total outgoing payments: 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 167,744,949 1,268,699 1,268,699 181,700,641

Change
Cash in hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash and cash equivalents in account/in giro account 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Available bank overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less cash and cash equivalents beginning of year 229,056,000 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 49,892,758 48,624,059
Cash, End bal 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 49,892,758 48,624,059 47,355,359
 YEAR 5
January February March April May June July August September October November December 12 months total
20% OF Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) 324,162,613
Cash, beginning of year 372,786,672 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 216,369,007 215,100,308

Incoming cash
Total incoming payments: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Outgoing payments

PRE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION COST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OPERATING COST 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 0
Interest on overdrafts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loan costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total outgoing payments: 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 1,268,699 15,224,391

Change
Cash in hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash and cash equivalents in account/in giro account 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Available bank overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less cash and cash equivalents beginning of year 229,056,000 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 216,369,007 215,100,308
Cash, End bal 227,787,301 226,518,601 225,249,902 223,981,203 222,712,504 221,443,804 220,175,105 218,906,406 217,637,707 216,369,007 215,100,308 213,831,609

REMAINING BUDGET AFTER 5 YEARS 213,831,609

TOTAL OUTGOING PAYMENTS 813,280,453
MERYL
FLORES,
Check By:

144
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter includes the conclusion whether the study is feasible or not and

recommendations for further study.

Conclusion

The following questions are answered for the feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill

for Bacolod City.

1. Is there a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City?

Yes.

-On the market study data processing, the volume of waste that the city is generating against the

capacity of the current site is no longer feasible.

-Also, in the technical study on the evaluation of the TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

REQUIREMENTS of the current landfill, it only complies 8 out of 20 compliance with 60%

non-compliance.

2. Is it the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal?

Yes.

It is mandated by R.A. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 that cities

and municipalities shall provide a Solid Waste Management Program.

As stated in the definition of terms of the study, "A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed,

constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant

potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. In

particular, engineering of the site is undertaken to contain and regulate the uncontrolled

migration of leachate (water contaminated from contact with decomposing waste) and landfill

gas." (DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998).

145
3. Is it technically feasible?

Yes. It is technically feasible since it complies with the Technical Feasibility Requirements.

The following are the required facilities analysed and designed for the technical aspect of the

study:

(1) Construction of internal road for access purposes.

(2) Installation of gate, notice board, bund, fences, ditches, etc. for a clearer demarcation of the

landfill site boundary.

(3) Clearer demarcation of all working cells/phases and control expansion of the phases.

(4) Better control of procurement of cover material and use of heavy machinery to ensure proper

completion of daily covering activities and better understanding of covering technologies.

(5) To adopt semi-aerobic sanitary landfill methods as a measure to prevent pollution caused by

leachate and to achieve a faster stabilization period for the landfill.

(6) Installation of gas venting facilities as countermeasures for gas production and to achieve a

faster stabilization period for the landfill.

(7) To adopt suitable landfilling methods such as the area method, area depression method,

trench method

(8) Implementation of separate landfill method based on control of landfill site.

(9) Installation and utilization of weighing area to record the arrival and loads of the transport

vehicles, and to monitor the vehicle usage.

146
4. How much will it cost if a new landfill will be constructed and operated?

The estimated investment cost of for the construction and purchase of equipment is a total of

Php 749,845,489.67 and the cost of both construction and operation of the proposed sanitary

landfill for five years is Php 813,280,453.

5. Will the operation of the landfill be financially feasible?

Yes.

The Estimated Annual Operating Cost of the landfill is Php 15,224,391.24. The operation of the

landfill is feasible as reflected in the cash budget statement, there is enough funds to operate.

6. Will it be socially and economically acceptable?

The researchers recommended a socio-economic questionnaire to assess the socio-economic

feasibility of the chosen site for the new landfill.

7. Will it comply with the environmental regulations stipulated in R.A.9003?

Yes it complies with the environmental regulations set forth by R.A. 9003 as the Environmental

Feasibility Requirements was based on this Republic Act and mitigating measures are also

indicated.

8. Can it be managed and operated effectively and efficiently?

Yes. The management study provided the organizational structure, activities for construction and

operation and the construction duration making use of management functions such as Work

Breakdown Structure and PERT-CPM

147
OVERALL FEASIBILITY

Therefore the researchers conclude that:

 There a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City.

 A sanitary landfill is the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal.

 The proposed sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is technically feasible?

 The cost of a new landfill will be constructed and operated is feasible.

 The operation of the landfill be financially feasible.

 The socio-economic feasibility can be assessed using the proposed questionnaire.

 It complies with the environmental regulations stipulated in R.A.9003.

 It be managed and operated effectively and efficiently.

The proposed sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is feasible; in terms of its market,

technical, financing and financial, socio-economic, environmental and management feasibility.

Recommendation

1. Formal engineering preparations with an examination of geological and hydrological features

and related environmental impact analysis should be carried out before a sanitary landfill is built.

Staff working in the sanitary landfill should be properly equipped and trained. The technical

feasibility requirements should be checked and followed in choosing the location of the new

sanitary landfill especially the depth of the water table and the type of soil.

2. Waste segregation should be carried out by the city to reduce the volume of waste produced

therefore prolonging the useful life of the landfill that could cost millions of pesos.

3. Disposal of hazardous waste such as medical or toxic waste should be undertaken with the

help of the government. Special provisions should be made to adequately deal with these wastes,

148
and special transportation facilities and specially trained staff should be employed for dealing

with hazardous wastes.

4. Composting helps in averting a large portion of the waste generated thus significantly

decreasing transportation costs and prolonging the life span of landfills. People who are from

economically abating categories may be employed for composting schemes. This can be a source

of employment and income generation for both the people employed for composting and the city

as well. Community level composting can be undertaken at the local level, thus, it will save

money and resources for the city.

5. Collection of the waste should be undertaken at the doorstep level and people from

economically backward sections may be employed. These people should be properly trained and

equipped. The collected non-degradable materials should be removed using covered trucks and

trailers. Care should be taken not to spill the waste during transportation. All the collection

workers should be provided with proper handling equipment and their safety should be ensured

by the city government.

6. Trees should be planted around the landfill to serve as a gas barrier system to protect air

pollution in the area. Planting trees is to create a natural, vegetative filter that could trap many of

the emissions before they reach residents living near the landfill. The recommended species are

golden shower, molave, mabolo, neem and other Philippine hardwood trees

7. Further investigate a study on Materials Recovery Facility. It is where recyclables and other

items that have resale potential are delivered sorted, ready for conversion into new products. This

could help in decreasing the volume of waste and could prolong the life of the landfill. This

could also generate jobs to the community.

149