Q1:

Def
ineMI
S?Whatar
ethechar
act
eri
sti
csofMI
S?

Answer
:

I
ntr
oduct
ion:

MI Si sanI nformationsy stem whi chhel psinpr ovidingt hemanagementofan

organizationwi thi nf
ormat i
onwhi chi susedbymanagementf ordeci sionmaki ng.A
managementi nformat i
onsy stem ( MIS)isasubsetoft heov er
allinternalcont rolsofa
businesscov eri
ngt heappl i
cationofpeopl e,document s,technologies,andpr ocedur es
bymanagementaccount antstosol vingbusi nessproblemssuchascost i
ngapr oduct,
servi
ceorabusi ness-widestrategy.Managementi nf
ormat i
onsy stemsar edi st
inctf r
om
regularinformationsy stemsi nt hattheyareusedt oanalyzeot herinformat ionsy stems
appli
edi noper ationalactivi
ti
esi ntheor ganizati
on.Academi cal
l
y ,t
het ermi scommonl y
usedt or efertot hegroupofi nfor mationmanagementmet hodst i
edt ot heaut omat ion
orsuppor tofhumandeci si
onmaki ng,e.g.Deci si
onSuppor tSystems,Exper tsy stems,
andEx ecut i
veinf or
mat i
onsy stems.

An' MIS'i
saplannedsy st
em ofthecollect
ing,
processing, st
ori
nganddi sseminat
ing
dataint hef orm ofinf
ormationneededt ocarr
youtt hef uncti
onsofmanagement .
According to Phil
ip Kotl
er" A marketi
ng infor
mat i
on sy stem consists ofpeopl e,
equipment ,andprocedurestogat her
,sor t
,analyz
e,evaluat e,anddistri
buteneeded,
ti
mel y
,andaccur ateinformationtomarket i
ngdecisi
onmaker s.
"Thet er
msMI Sand
i
nformat i
onsy st
em areoftenconfused.Informat
ionsystemsi ncl
udesystemst hatare
notintendedfordeci
sionmaki ng.

Thear eaofst udycal ledMI Si ssomet imesref err

edt o,i
nar est
ri
cti
vesense,as
i
nf ormationt echnol ogymanagement .Thatar eaofst udyshoul dnotbeconf usedwi t
h
comput ersci ence.ITser vicemanagementi sapract i
ti
oner-
focuseddisci
pli
ne.MI Shas
alsosomedi fferenceswi t
hEnt erpri
seResour cePl anning(ERP)asERPi ncorporat
es
element st hatar enotnecessar il
yfocusedondeci sionsuppor t
.MI Shasamaj orimpact
ont hefunct ionsofanyor gani
z at
ion.
Theor gani zati
onder i
vesbenef i
tsfrom thesyst
emsi nthefoll
owingfor
m:
a)Speedyaccesst oi nformati
on,
b)I nt
erpretationofdat a,
c)Qui ckdeci si ons,
d)Speedyact ions,
e)Increasedpr oductivi
tyandt herebyincreasesinthepr ofi
t
f)Reducedt ransact ioncost .
 MI
Schar
act
eri
sti
cs:
I
nanyor ganizati
onmanager swi llhav evari
eti
esoft askst omanage.MI Si smai nl
y
desi
gnedt otakecar eoft heneedsoft hemanagersint heorganizati
on.
 Organi zati
onswi llhavedi f
f erentdepar t
ment slikemar keting,production,sales,
inventory,mai ntenanceet c.Eachoft hesedepar tmentsf uncti
oni ndi
viduallyand
also i nr elati
onshi p wi th ot her depart
ment s.I nformat i
on i s avail
ablei n
abundance.MI S aids i ni nt egrati
ng the information gener ated by v ari
ous
depar tmentsoft heorgani zation.
 MI Shel psini dentif
yingapr opermechani sm ofst orageofdat a.Thedat ais
mai ntainedinsuchawayt hatt heunnecessarydupl i
cati
onofdat aisavoided.
 MI Salsohel psi nestablishingmechani sm toeliminateredundanci esindata.
 MI Sasasy st
em canbebr okendowni ntosubsy st
ems.Eachsuchsubsy st
em
maybepr ogrammed.Thi sr esul t
sineasyaccessofdat a,accuracyofdat aand
informat i
on.Ithel psinmai nt ainingtheconsistencyofdat a.

Funct
ionofMI
S:
Themai
nf unctionofMI Sistohelpt hemanager sandtheex ecuti
vesintheor gani z
at i
on
i
ndeci
sion-making.
 Largequant i
ti
esofdat ali
kecust omers’inf
ormation,compet i
tors’informat i
on,
personnelr ecords,salesdat a,accounti
ngdat aet ci scoll
ectedf r
om i nternal
sources.
 Companyr ecordsandext ernalsourcesli
keannualreportsandpubl i
cations.
 Thecol l
ecteddat aisorganizedintheform ofadatabase.
 Thedat af rom thedatabasei sprocessedandanal yzedbyusi ngdi f
fer entt ools
andt echniques.
 Ther esultsoftheanaly si
sar eproperl
ypresent
edt ot hemanager stohel pthem
indecision-making.

Q 2:Expl
ain st
rat
egi
c MI
S cat
egor
ies i
n det
ail
.Gi
ve
i
l
lust
rat
ionf
oreachcat
egor
y?

Answer
:

St
rat
egi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem:

AStrategicInformationSystem (
SIS)isasy stem tomanagei nformationandassi st
i
nst r
ategicdecisionmaki ng.Astrat
egicinf
ormat ionsyst
em hasbeendef i
nedas,"The
i
nformationsy stem t osupportorchangeent erpri
se'sstr
ategy."A SISi sat y
peof
Inf
ormationSy stem thatisali
gnedwithbusinessst r
ategyandstructure.Theali
gnment
i
ncreasest hecapabilit
yt or
espondfastertoenv i
ronmentalchangesandt huscreatesa
competit
iveadv antage.

Anearl
yexampl ewasthefavorableposi
ti
onaffordedAmer icanandUnit
edAir
li
nes
bytheirr
eser
v ati
onsyst
ems,Sabr eandApol lo.Formanyy earsthesetwosyst
ems
ensuredt
hatthet wocar
ri
ers'fl
ightsappear
edont hef i
rstscreensobser
vedbytravel
agents,t
husincreasi
ng t
heirbooki ngsrel
ati
vet o competi
tors.A majorsour
ceof
contr
over
sysurroundi
ngSISisthei
rsustai
nabil
i
ty.

SI
Ssar
edif
ferentfr
om ot hercomparablesystemsas:
 Theychangethewayt hefi
rm compet es.
 Theyhaveanex ternal(out
wardlooki
ng)f ocus.
 Theyareassociatedwi t
hhigherproj
ectrisk.
 Theyareinnovati
ve( andnoteasi
lycopied).

Iti s mainl
y concerned wit
h pr ovidi
ng and or ganizat
ion and its members an
assistancetoper for
mt herouti
net asksef fi
cient
lyandef f
ecti
vely
.Oneoft hemaj or
i
ssuebef oreanyor gani
zati
onist hechal lengeofmeet ingit
sgoal sandobj ecti
ves.
Str
at egicISenablingsuchorganizationinr ealizi
ngt heirgoal
s.StrategicI
nformati
on
System ( SI
S)isasuppor tt
ot heexistingsy stem andhel psinachiev i
ngacompet i
tive
advant ageovertheorgani
zati
onscompet i
torsi ntermsofi tsobj
ectives.Thi
sunitdeals
witht hecri
ti
calaspectsoft
hestrat
egi cinf
or mat i
onsy stem.

Thisuni
tindi
catesthetheor
eti
calconcept
sandt hewayi
nwhi chthesamear e
real
izedinpract
ice.Thefl
ow oft heunitisinsuchawayt hatitstart
switht he
devel
opmentofcont empor
arytheoryaboutstrat
egi
cusesofcorpor
ations'i
nter
nal
i
nf ormat i
onsy stemsl eadingtosy stemswhi chtranscendt heboundar i
esofpar t
icul
ar
organizat i
ons.The pr ocesswher ebyst r
ategi cinformat i
on systemsar e created or
i
dent if
iedi sthenexami ned.
A numberofweaknesses i nt he existing body oft heory arei denti
fied,and
suggest ionsmadeast odirecti
onsi nwhichknowl edgei sormaybepr ogressing.A
strategicinformat ionsy st
em i sconcernedwi t
hsy stemswhi chcont ribut
esigni f
icantl
y
tot heachi evementofanor ganizat
ion'
sov erallobjectives.Thebodyofknowl edgei sof
recentor iginandhi ghl
ydy namicandt hear eahav eanaur aofexcitementabouti t.The
emer genceoft hekeyi deas,theprocesswher ebyst rategicinfor
mat ionsy st
emscome
i
ntobei ngi sassessed,ar easofweaknessar eident i
fied,anddi r
ectionsofcur rentand
futuredev el
opmentsuggest ed.Informati
onsy stem i sr egardedasat ooltopr ovi
de
variousser vicest odiff
erentmanagementf unct i
ons.

Thet oolshavebeendev el opingy earbyy earandt heappli

cationoft het oolhas
becomemor eandmor edi verse.I nmanagementi tisnow av erypowermeanst o
manageandcont rolvar
iousact i
vi
tiesanddeci si
onmakingprocess.Theor igi
nali deaof
aut omat i
ngmechani calprocessesgotqui cklysucceededbyt her at
ionali
zati
onand
i
nt egrati
on ofsy stems.I n bot h oft hese f orms,IS was regarded primaril
yas an
oper ati
onalsuppor tt
ool,andsecondar i
lyasaser v
icetomanagement .Subsequentt o
thedev elopment,itwasdur ingt hel astf ew yearsthatanaddi ti
onalpot entialwas
discov ered.Itwasf oundt hat,insomecases,i nf
ormat i
ontechnology( I
T)hadbeen
criti
cal t
ot heimpl
ement ati
onofanor ganizati
on'sstr
ategy.

Anor ganizat
ion’
sst r
ategysupport
edbyi nformationsy stem f ulf
il
li
ngitsbusiness
objectiv
es came t o be known as St r
ategicI nf
ormat i
on Sy stem.The st rat
egic
i
nformat i
onsy stem consistsoffunct
ionst hati nvol
v edgat heri
ng,mai nt
enanceand
analysisofdat aconcerninginter
nalresources,andi nt
ell
igenceaboutcompet i
tors,
suppliers,customers,governmentandotherrelevantorganizations.

Q 3: Writ
e a detail
ed note on the pl
anni
ng and
dev
elopmentofManagementI
nfor
mati
onSyst
ems?
Answer
:

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Informat i
oni sacor por
ater esource,asi mportantasthecapi tal,l
abor,know- howetc.
andi sbei ngusedf ordeci
sion-making.I tsqualit
y,theref
ore,isr equi
redt obev eryhi
gh.
Low qual ityinformat i
onwoul dadv ersel
yaf fecttheor gani
zat i
onalper formanceasi t
affectsdeci si
on-maki ng.Thequal i
tyofi nformationi stheresul toft hequal i
tyofthe
i
nputdat a,processi ngdesign,system desi gn,system andpr ocedureswhi chgenerate
suchadat a,andt hemanagementoft hedat apr ocessi
ngf unct i
on.Qual i
ty,unli
keany
otherpr oduct,isnotanabsol uteconcept .I
tslevelisdetermi nedwi threferencetothe
contex tandi tsuse,andt heuser .Per fectqualityjustasper fectinfor
mat ionisnon-
achievableandhascost -
benef i
timplicati
ons.
Thequal i
tyofthepar amet ersisassur edifthefoll
owingst epsar etaken.

 Allthei nputispr ocessedandcont roll

ed, asi nputandpr ocessdesi gn.
 Allupdat ingandcor rectionsar ecompl etedbef oret hedat apr ocessingbegi ns.
 Inputs( t
ransact ions,document s,f ields and r ecords)ar e subj ecttov ali
dit
y
checks.
 Theaccesst ot hedat af i
lesi spr otect edandsecur edt hroughanaut horizati
on
scheme
 Intermedi atepr ocessi ngchecksar ei nt r
oducedt oensur ethatt hecompl etedata
i
spr ocessedr ightt hrough, i
.e.runt or uncont r
ols.
 Dueat tent i
oni sgi vent ot hepr operf ileselect i
oni nt ermsofdat a,periodsand
soon.
 Backupoft hedat aandf il
esar et akent osaf eguar dcor rupti
onorl ossofdat a.
 Thesy stem audi tisconduct edf r om t imet otimet oensur et hatt heinformat i
on
system speci ficat i
onsar enotv iolat ed.
 Thesy stem modi f
icationsar eappr ov edbyf oll
owi ngasetpr ocedur ewhi ch
beginswi thaut hor i
zationofachanget oi t
simpl ement ati
onf oll
owedbyanaudi t
.
 Systemsar edev elopedwi t
hast andar dspeci ficati
onofdesi gnanddev el
opment .
 Informat i
on sy stem pr ocessing i s cont r
olled t hrough pr ogr ammed cont r
ol,
processcont rol andaccesscont rol .
 Ensur eMI Smodelconf irmsconsi stencyt obusi nesspl ansat i
sfyinginformat i
on
needst oachiev ebusi nessgoal s.

Thequal
i
typar
amet
erswhi
char
egener
all
yconsi
der
edar
eshowni
nthet
abl
e.
I
ndi
vi
dualdi
ff
erences Expl
anat
ion Ef
fectoninf
ormat
ion Exampl
es
pr
ocessi
ng

Locusofcontr
ol The degree of Moreinfor
mat i
on Theproduct
ion
Int
ernalorexter
nalto perceptioni nassessi ng gat
heringand deci
sions,select
ion of
thesit
uat
ion. the cont rol whi ch is Anal
ysis,i
fint
ernal
. tool
sandmat eri
alset
c.
i
nternal to the .
organizationorext er
nal
totheor ganization.
Personal
dogmati
sm. Thedegr eeoff ait
hin Lowdogmat i
sm, t
hen Thepr i
cing,adv
ert
isi
ng
Beli
efs, opi ni
ons and Mor e informat i
on i
naCompet i
ti
ve
pastexper i
ence. collect
ion and Env
ironment.
Processing.
Ri
skpr
opensi
ty. The abil
itytot ake the Higher,thenmor e Thet opmanagement
ri
sk. Information gat heri
ng Decision-
making in a
. andanal ysis. str
ategicplanni
ng.
Tol
erancefor Levelofclarit
yr equi
red Tighttolerancet hen ManagerConst ant
ly
Ambiguit
y. i
nt heinf
ormat i
on.The mor einformat i
on aski
ngf ormor e
. Abili
tytor ead through Col l
ect
ionandanal y
sis. Inf
ormat i
on.
theinfor
mation.
Manipul
ati
ve The abi
li
ty to Highabil
it
y,t
henl
ess Experiencedand
i
ntel
l
igence. mani pulate i
nformati
onandmore Skil
l
ful managersr
elyon
. the dat
a and Selfanal
ysi
s. themani pul
ati
ve
i
nf ormat ion I
ntell
igence.
vis-à-visthestored
i
nf ormat ionand
Knowl edge.
Experi
encein Extentofexper i
enceat High,thencor
rect Themanager switha
Decisi
on-maki
ng. par t
icular l evel of fi
lt
ering of data and Wide exper i
ence t he
deci sionmaki ng appropriat
echoi
ceof di
fferent f i
elds of
Decision maki
ng management cal lf or
process. preci
se and l ess but
. perti
nenti
nformati
on.

Knowledgeofthe The ext

ent of Higher,t
henless TheTechnocrat
Task, tool
s and knowledge i n t he Inf
ormation rel
evantto sci
enti
sts, and
technol
ogy. appl
icati
onofthet
ools and t ool
s cor r
ect managersoftechnol
ogy
. andtechnol
ogy. analysi
s. have defi
nit
e
i
nformation

Thequal i
tyoftheseimpor t
antparametersisensuredbyconducti
ngapr opersy stems
analy
sis,desi
gningasui tabl
einformati
onsy st
em andensuri
ngi t
smai ntenancef rom
ti
met ot i
me,andal sosubjecti
ngittoauditcheckstoensur
et hesyst
em i nt
egri
t yThe
assuranceofqualit
yisacont i
nuingfunct
ionandneedstobeev olv
edoveraper i
odand
requi
restobemoni toredproperl
y.
Q 4:Expl
ainindet
ailt
henecessi
tyandi
mpor
tanceof
Sy
stem Desi
gninMI
S?
Answer
:

The Business appli

cat
ion sy
stem demands designi
ng ofsystems sui
tabl
etot
he
appl
i
cationinproject
.Themajorstepsi
nvol
vedinthedesi
gnarethefol
l
owing:

 I
nputDesi
gn:
Inputdesignisdefi
nedast heinputrequi
rementspeci
fi
cat
ionasperaf or mat
requir
ed.I
nputdesignbegi
nsl
ongbeforethedataar
riv
esatthedevi
ce.Theanalystwil
l
havet odesignsourcedocuments,i
nputscreensandmet hodsandpr ocedur
esf or
getti
ngthedat ai
ntot
hecomputer
.

 Out
putDesi
gn:
Thedesignoftheoutputi
sbasedont herequir
ementoftheusermanager,cust
omer
etc.Theoutputfor
matshav etover
yf r
iendl
ytotheuser.Ther
eforet
hedesignerhasto
ensuretheappropr
iat
enessoftheoftheoutputformat
.

 Dev
elopment
:

Whenthedesignandit
smet hodol
ogyareapprov
edthesy
stem i
sdev el
opedusi
ng
appropr
iat
ebusinessmodels.Thedev el
opmenthastobeinaccordancetoagi v
en
standar
d.Thenormshavetobestri
ctl
yadheredt
o.

 Test
ing:

Exhaust
iveand thorough t esting mustbeconduct ed to ascert
ain whetherthe
system producest herightr esults.Testi
ngist i
meconsumi ng:Testdat amustbe
careful
lyprepared,resultreviewed and cor r
ecti
onsmade i nt he system.I n some
i
nstances,partsoft hesy stem mayhav etober edesigned.Testingani nformati
on
system canbebr okendowni ntot hreetypesofacti
vit
ies.Unittest
ing,system t
estsand
acceptancetest
ing.

I
mpl
ement
ati
onandMai
ntenance:
Conver
sion–Conver
sioni
st hepr
ocessofchangi
ngf
rom theol
dsyst
em t
othenew
syst
em.Fourmainconver
sionstr
ategi
escanbeemployed.Theyar
e– thepar
all
el
st
rat
egy
,thedi
rectcut
overst
rat
egy
,thepi
l
otst
rat
egyandt
hephasedst
rat
egy
.

I
napar all
elstrategyboththeoldsystem andi t
spot enti
alreplacementar erun
toget
herforat i
meunt ilevery
oneisassuret
hatthenewonef uncti
onscor rect
ly.Thisis
thesafestconversi
onappr oachbecause,
intheeventoferrorsorpr ocessingdisruption,
theoldsystem canstillbeusedasabackup.But ,thisapproachi sveryexpensi ve,and
addit
ionalst
afforresourcesmayber equi
redtorunt heext
rasy stem.

Thedirectcut ov
erstrategyreplacestheol dsystem enti
rel
ywi t
ht henewsy stem
onanappoi ntedday .Atfir
stgl ance,thi
sstrategyseemsl esscostlythant heparall
el
conversi
onstr ategy.But,i
tisav er
yr i
skyappr oachthatcanpot ent
iall
ybemor ecostly
thanparal
lelact i
vit
iesifser
iouspr oblemswi ththenewsy stemsar efound.Ther eisno
othersystem t ofallbackon.Di sl
ocati
on,disrupti
onsandt hecostofcor recti
onsare
enormous.

Thepi l
otst rategyintroducest henew sy stem t o onlyal imit
edar eaoft he
organizati
on,suchasasi ngledepar tmentoroper at
ing unit.Whent hisv ersi
oni s
compl eteandwor kingsmoot hly,i
tisinstall
edt hroughoutt her estoftheorganization,
eit
hersi multaneouslyori nstages.Thephasedst rategyintroducesthenew sy stem in
stages,eitherbyf unctionsorbyor ganizationaluni ts.If
,forex ample,thesy stem is
i
nt r
oducedbyf unctions, anewpay r
ollsystem mi ghtbegi nwi t
hhour l
yworkerswhoar e
paidweekl y,fol
lowedsi xmont hslat
erbyaddi ngsal ariedempl oyees(whopaidmont hly)
tothesy st
em.

Mai
ntenanceisalsonecessar
yf orotherfai
l
uresandprobl
emst hatari
seduring
t
heoperat
ionofasy st
em.End-usersandi nfor
mationsy
stemspersonnelthenperf
orm
atr
oubl
eshooti
ngfunct
iontodeterminethecausesofandsolut
iontosuchproblems.

Q5:Explai
nindet
ail
aboute-
busi
ness,e-
commer
ceande-
col
l
aborati
on.Gi
veSuit
abl
eexamples?

Answer
:
  ManaginganE-
busi
ness&Chal
l
engesbef
oreanE-
busi
ness–
Duet oI nt
ernetcapabi l
i
tiesandwebt echnol ogy,tr
aditionalbusinessorgani zation
defi
niti
onhasunder goneachangewher escopeoft heent erpri
senow includesot her
companyl ocations,businesspar tners,cust omer sandv endor s.Ithasnogeogr aphic
boundariesasi tcanextendi tsoperationswher eI nt
ernetwor ks.Allt
hisispossi bledue
toInter
netandwebmov ingt r
aditi
onalpaperdr ivenor ganizationtoinformationdr iven
Int
ernetenabledE- busi
nessent erpri
se.E-busi nessent erpri
sei sopent wenty
-fourhour s,
andbeingi ndependent,manager s,vendor s;cust omer stransactbusinessany timef rom
anywhere.

I
nternetcapabi lit
ieshav e gi
ven E- businessent erprise a cutt
ing edge capabil
it
y
advantaget oincreaset hebusinessv alue.Ithasopenednewchannel sofbusinessas
buyi
ngandsel li
ngcanbedoneonI nter net.Itenablestor eachnewmar ketsacrossthe
worldany whereduet ocommuni cationcapabi l
iti
es.Ithasempower edcustomersand
vendors/suppl i
ersthroughsecur edaccesst oinformationt oact,wherevernecessary.
Thecostofbusi nessoper ati
onshascomedownsi gnifi
cant l
yduet otheeli
minationof
paper-dr
ivenpr ocesses,fastercommuni cati
onandef f
ect iv
ecol l
aborat
iveworking.The
eff
ectoft heser adicalchangesi st her eductioni nadmi nistr
ati
veandmanagement
overheads,r eduction ini nvent
or y
,f asterdel iv
ery ofgoods and ser vi
ces tot he
customers.

I
nE- busi nessent erprisetradit
ional peopleor ganizat i
onbasedon' CommandCont r
ol'
principl ei s absent .Iti sr eplaced by peopl e or ganizat i
on t hati s empower ed by
i
nf ormat i
onandknowl edget oper f
ormt heirrole.Theyar esuppor tedbyi nformat i
on
syst ems, appl i
cationpackages, anddeci sion-suppor tsy stems.I ti snol ongerf unct i
onal,
product ,andpr ojectormat r
ixorgani zati
onofpeopl ebutE- organi zationwher epeopl e
wor ki nnet wor kenv ironmentasat eam orwor kgr oupi nv i
r t
ualmode.E- business
enter prisei smor epr ocess-dri
ven,Technol ogy-enabl edandusesi t
sowni nformat i
on
andknowl edget oper form.InE- businessent er
pr i
se,mostoft het hingsar eelect r
onic,
usedi git
alt echnologiesandwor kondat abases,knowl edgebases,di rectoriesand
documentr epositories.The busi ness pr ocesses ar e conduct ed through ent erpri
se
sof t
war el i
keERP,SCM,andCRM suppor tedbydat awar ehouse,deci sionsuppor t,and
knowl edgemanagementsy stems.
Theyar eusi ngE- business,Ecommer cesol uti
onst or eachf arawayl ocat i
onst o
deliverpr oductandser vi
ces.Theent erpri
sesol utionsl ikeERP,SCM,andCRM r unon
Internet( Internet/Ext r
anet)&Wi deAr eaNet wor k( WAN) .Thebusi nesspr ocesses
across t he or ganization and out si
de r un on E- technol ogy pl atform usi ng di gi
tal
technol ogy .Hencet oday '
sbusinessf irmisal socal l
edE- enterpriseorDi git
al f
irm.
Thepar
adi
gm shi
ftt
oE-
ent
erpr
isehasbr
oughtf
ourt
ransf
ormat
ions,
namel
y:

 Domest icbusi
nesstoglobalbusi
ness.
 Industr
ialmanufact
uri
ngeconomyt oknowl edge-basedser
viceeconomy.
 Enterpr
iseResourceManagementt oEnterpri
seNet workManagement.
 Manual document dr iven business pr ocess t o paperl
ess, aut
omat
ed,
elect
ronical
lyt
ransact
edbusinessprocess.

Theset ransfor mati

onshav emadeconv entionalorganizat
iondesignobsol et e.InE-
enterprise,busi nessi sconduct edel ectr
onicall
y.Buy ersandsel l
erst hroughI nt er
net
dri
vet hemar ketandI nt
ernet-basedwebsy st
ems.Buy ingandselli
ngi spossi bleon
Int
ernet .Books, CDs, comput er,whi t
egoodsandmanysuchgoodsar eboughtandsol d
onI nternet.Thenew channelofbusi nessiswel l-
knownasEcommer ce.Ont hesame
l
ines,banki ng,i nsurance,heal thcarear ebei ngmanagedt hroughInternetE- banking,
Bil
li
ng, E-audit,&useofCr editcar ds,Smar tcard,ATM, E-moneyar et
heexampl esoft he
Ecommer ceappl icat
ion.Thedi gi t
alfirm,whi chusesI nternetandwebt echnologyand
usesE- businessandEcommer cesol ut
ions,isar eali
tyandi sgoingt oincr easei n
number .

MI Sf orE- busi ness i s di ff

er entcompar ed t o conv ent ionalMI S desi gn ofan
organi z ation.Ther oleofMI SinE- busi nessor gani zationi st odealwi thchangesi n
globalmar ketand ent erprises.MI S pr oduces mor e knowl edge- based pr oduct s.
Knowl edgemanagementsy stem i sfor mallyrecogni zedasapar tofMI S.Iti sef fect i
vel y
usedf orst rategi cpl anni ngf orsur vivalandgr owt h,increasei npr of itandpr oduct ivity
andsoon.Toachi ev et hesai dbenef itsofE- busi nessor gani zat i
on,i tisnecessar yt o
redesi gn t he or gani zat i
on t or eal izet he benef its ofdi gitalf ir
m.The or gani zation
struct ureshoul dbel eanandf lat.Getr idofr igidest abl ishedi nfrast ructuresuchas
branchof ficeorz onal of fice.Al l
owpeopl et owor kf r
om any wher e.Aut omat epr ocesses
afterr eengi neer i
ngt hepr ocesst ocutdownpr ocesscy clet ime.Makeuseofgr oupwar e
technol ogyonI nt ernetpl at formf orfast erresponsepr ocessi ng.Anot herchal lengei st o
conv er tdomest i
cpr ocessdesi gnt owor kf orinter nationalpr ocess, wher eint egr ationof
mul tinat i
onali nf or mat ionsy stemsusi ngdi ff
er entcommuni cat i
onst andar ds,count ry-
speci ficaccount ingpr act i
ces,andl awsofsecur ityar et obeadher edst rictly.Int ernet
andnet wor kingt echnol ogyhast hrownanot herchal lenget o enl ar get hescopeof
organi z ationwher ecust omer sandv endor sbecomepar toft heor gani zation.
Thi st echnol ogyof fer sasol utiont ocommuni cat e,coor dinate,andcol labor at ewi th
cust omer s,v endor sand busi nesspar tners.Thi si sj ustnotat echni calchangei n
busi nessoper ationsbutacul turalchangei nt hemi ndsetofmanager sandwor kerst o
l
ookbey ondt heconv ent ional organi zation.Itmeanschangi ngt heor gani zationbehav ior
tot akecompet itiveadv ant ageoft heE- businesst echnol ogy .Thel astbutnott hel east
i
mportantisthechall
enget oorgani
zeandimplementinfor
mat i
onar chit
ect
ureand
i
nfor
mat i
on technol
ogy plat
for
ms, consi
der
ing multi
ple locat
ions and mul ti
ple
i
nfor
mat i
on needs ari
sing due to gl
obal oper
ati
ons of t he business int
o a
comprehensi
veMIS.

E-
Commer
ce:

Itisasecondbi gappl icat

ionnextt oERP.I tisessentialdeal swithbuy i
ngand
sell
ingofgoods.Wi tht headv entofi ntentandwebt echnology ,E-Commer cet oday
coversanent irecommer ci
alscopeonl i
nei ncludingdesignanddev eloping,mar keti
ng,
sell
ing,deli
vering,serv
icing,andpay ingf orgoods.SomeE- Commer ceappl i
cat
ionadds
ordertracki
ngasaf eatureforcust omert oknow t hedeliverystatusoft heor der.The
enti
remodelsuccessf ullywor ksonwebpl atf
orm andusesi nternettechnology .E-
Commer cepr ocesshast wopar t
icipants,namel yBuyerandSel l
er,li
kei ntr
adi ti
onal
businessmodel .Anduniqueandt ypicaltoE- commer cether eisonemor eparti
cipantt o
sell
erbyaut horizati
onandaut henticationofcommer ci
altransaction.

E-
Commer
cepr
ocessmodel
canbev
iewedi
nfourway
sandcat
egor
ies:

 B2C:Busi
nessOr
ganizat
iont
oCustomer .
 B2B:
BusinessOr
gani
zationt
oBusiness.
 C2B:Cust
omertoBusi
nessOrgani
zation.
 C2C:Cust
omertoCustomer

InB2CModel ,businessor gani

zationuseswebsitesorportalstoof f
erinformation
about pr oduct,through mul timedia cl
ippi
ngs,cat al
ogues,pr oduct configurat
ion
guidel
ines,customerhi st
oriesandsoon.Anew cust omerinter
actswi t
ht hesiteand
usesinteracti
veorderprocessingsy st
em fororderpl
acements.Onpl acementsofor der
,
securedpay mentsystemscomesi ntooperat
iontoauthori
zeandaut henti
catepayment
tosell
er.Thedel i
ver
ysy stem t
hent akesovertoexecutethedel
iverytocustomer .

I
nB2BModel ,buyerandsel
lerar
ebusinessorgani
zat
ions.Theyexchangetechni
cal
&commer ci
althr
oughwebsitesandportal
s.Thenmodelwor ksonsimilarl
inel
ikeB2C.
Moreadv ancedB2BmodelusesExt ranetandConductsbusi
nesstransacti
onbasedon
thei
nfor
mat ion
Stat
usdisplayedonthebuyer’
sappli
cati
onserver
.

I
nC2BModel,cust
omerini
ti
atesact
ionsaft
erl
oggi
ngontosel
l
er’swebsit
eorto
ser
ver
.Ontheser
verofthesel
l
ingorgani
zati
on,E-
Commerceappl
i
cati
onispresentf
or
theuseofthecustomer
.Theent
ireInt
ernetbanki
ngpr
ocessworkonC2Bmodelwhere
accountholder
soft hebanktransactanumberofr equi
rement
ssuchasseeking
accountbal
ance,pay
mentandsoon.

InC2Cmodel ,
CustomerPar
tici
pat
esinthepr
ocessofsell
ingandbuyingt
hrough
theauct
ionwebsit
e.Inthi
smodel,websi
teisusedf
orpersonaladver
ti
singofpr
oducts
orservi
ces.Newspaperwebsi
teisanEx ampleofadver
ti
singandselli
ngofgoodst o
cust
omer .

I
nB2BModel ,thepart
ici
pantsinE-
busi
nessar
etwoor
gani
zat
ionwi
thr
elat
ions
asbuy
er=sel
l
er,
dist
ribut
or-
dealerandsoon.

E-
Col
labor ationever
ybusinesshasanumberofwor kscenar
ioswheregroupof
peopl
ewor kt oget hert
ocompl et
et hetasksandt oachieveacommonobj ecti
ve.The
groupcouldbet eamsorv ir
tualteamswi thdiffer
entmemberst r
ength.Theycome
toget
hertoplatform atasktoachievesomer esul
ts.Theprocessi
scall
edColl
aborat
ion.

TheBi ggestAdv ant ageofE- Coll

aborationi st hatittapst hecol lecti
vewi sdom,
knowl edgeandexper i
enceoft hemember s.Thecol l
abor ati
ont eam orgr oupcouldbe
withint heor gani zat
ionandbet weent heor ganizationsaswel l
.Si nce,ECol l
aborati
on
wor ksonani nternetplatform anduseswebt echnol ogy,wor kgr oup/team neednotbe
atonephy si
call ocati
on.E- col l
abor ati
onusesE- Communi cati
oncapabi l
iti
est operfor
m
collaborativet asksorpr ojectassi gnment .It
sef f
ect i
venessi si ncreasedbysof tware
‘
Gr oupWar e’t hatenabl est hemember soft hegr oupt oshar ei nformat i
on,invokean
appl i
cationandwor ktoget hert ocr eatedocument sandshar et hem andsoon.E-
Collabor at
ionhel pswor kef f
ectivelyonappl i
cationsl i
kecal endar i
ngandschedul i
ng
tasks,ev ent,projectmanagement ,wor kfl
owappl ication,wor kgroupappl i
cation.

E-col
l
aborati
on system component sar einternet,Int
ranet,Ext r
anetand LAN,
WANnet worksforcommuni cati
ont hroughGr oupWar et ool
s,browser .Letusi l
l
ustr
ate
themodelusi nganev enti nt hebusi nesssuchasr eceiptofmat erialforaj obtobe
processedont heshopf loor .Inthisev entthereisat ransacti
onr eceiptofmat eri
al,
whichneedst obeprocessed, andt henawor kgroupwi llusethisinf
ormat ionofmateri
al
recei
pt.Eachmemberoft hiswor kgrouphasadi ffer
entgoal .
Q6:Whatisani nter
net
?Explai
nthedi
ff
erencesbet
ween
i
nter
net
,int
ranetandext
ranet
?

Answer
:
 I
ntr
oduct
ion:
I
nt er
netisagl obalnet wor kofinterconnectedcomput ers,enabli
nguser stoshar e
i
nformat i
onalongmul ti
plechannel s.Ty pi
call
y,acomput erthatconnect stot heInternet
canaccessi nformationf rom av astarrayofav ail
ableserv
ersandot hercomput ersby
mov inginfor
mat i
onf rom t hem tot hecomput er'slocalmemor y.Thesameconnect ion
all
owst hatcomput ertosendi nf
ormat i
ont oserversonthenet work;thatinformat i
oni s
i
nt urn accessed and pot enti
all
y modi f
ied by a v ari
ety ofot heri nterconnect ed
comput ers.Amajorit
yofwi delyaccessibl
einformat i
onont heInter
netconsi stsofinter-
l
inkedhy pert
extdocument sandot herresourcesoft heWorldWi deWeb( WWW) .

Comput eruserst ypi

callymanagesentandr eceivedinformationwi thwebbr owser s;
othersof t
waref oruser s'interf
ace wi t
h comput ernet works i ncludes speci al
ized
progr
amsf orelect r
onicmai l,
onli
nechat ,f
il
et r
ansferandf i
leshar i
ng.Themov ementof
i
nformation int he Internetis achieved via a system ofi nterconnect ed comput er
networksthatshar edat abypacketswi t
chingusingt hestandardizedI nternetPr ot
ocol
Suit
e( TCP/IP).Itisa" networkofnet works"thatconsi stsofmi l
li
onsofpr ivateand
publi
c,academi c,business,andgov ernmentnet worksofl ocaltogl obalscopet hatare
l
inkedbycopperwi res,fi
beropticcables,wirel
essconnect i
ons,andot hert echnologies.

 Dif
fer
encebet
weeni
nter
net
,int
ranetandext
ranetas
fol
l
ow:

A.Ext
ranet:

Anex t
ranetisapr i
vatenetwor kthatusest heI nt
ernetprotocol
sandt hepubl i
c
tel
ecommuni cat
ion system t o secur
elyshar e partofa busi ness'
sinformati
on or
operat
ions with suppli
ers,vendors,partners,cust omers,orot herbusi
nesses.An
extr
anetcanbev iewedaspar tofacompany '
sintranetthatisex
t endedtousersoutsi
de
thecompany .Anex t
ranetrequi
ressecuri
tyandpr ivacy.

Anew buzzwordthatref
erstoani nt
ranett
hati sparti
all
yaccessibl
etoauthor
ized
outsi
ders.Wher
easanintr
anetresi
desbehindaf i
rewal
l andisaccessi
bleonlyt
opeople
whoar emember softhesamecompanyoror ganizat
ion,anext r
anetprov
idesvar
ious
l
evelsofaccessi
bil
i
tytooutsi
ders.Youcanaccessanext ranetonlyi
fyouhaveav ali
d
usernameandpassword,andyour
I
dent i
tydet
ermi
neswhichpartsoftheext
ranetyoucanv iew.
 Anextr
aneti
ssomewhatv erysimi
lart
oani ntr
anet
.Extranet
sar edesi
gned
speci
fi
cal
l
ytogiv
eext
ernal
,l
imi
tedaccesst
ocert
ainf
il
esofyourcomputersyst
emsto:

 Cer tainlargeorprivi
l
egedcust omer s.
 Sel ectedindustrypart
ners.
 Suppl iersandsubcont r
actors..
.etc.
Therefore,a car eful
l
ydesi gned extranetcan br ing addit
ionalbusi
ness t
oyour
company.Intranetsandextranetsallhavet hr
eethingsincommon:
 Theybot husesecur edInternetaccesst ot
heout si
deworld.
 Bot hcandr asti
cal
lysavey ourcompanyoror ganizati
onalotofmoney.
 Bot hneedauserI D&passwor dtocont rolaccesst othewholesyst
em.

Theprofessi
onaldevel
opmentteam atMyWebSer v
iceshastheexpert
iseandt he
r
ighttoolstodesigntheri
ghti
ntr
anetorext
ranett
hatwil
lmeetyourexactneeds,both
f
ort odayandthefutur
e.

B.I
ntr
anet
:

Ani nt
ernaluse,privat
enet worki nsi
deanor ganizati
onthatusest hesameki ndof
softwarewhichwoul dalsobef oundont heInt
ernet.I
nter-
connectednetworkwi t
hinone
organizat
ionthatusesWebt echnologiesfortheshar i
ngofi nformati
oninternall
y,not
wor l
dwide.Such i nf
ormat i
on mi ghti ncl
ude organizati
on polici
es and procedur es,
announcement s,orinformati
onaboutnewpr oducts.Anintranetisarestr
icted-access
networkt hatworksl i
ket heWeb,buti sn'
toni t.Usuall
yownedandmanagedbya
company ,ani nt
ranetenablesacompanyt oshar eitsresourceswi t
hitsempl oyees
withoutconfi
dentiali
nformati
onbei ngmadeav ail
abletoeveryonewithInt
ernetaccess.

AnetworkbasedonTCP/ IPpr ot
ocol
s( aninternet)belongingtoanor gani
z at
ion,
usuall
yacor porati
on,accessibleonl
ybyt heor ganizati
on'
smember s,employees,or
otherswi
thaut hori
zati
on.Ani ntr
anet
'sWebsitesl ookandactj ustl
i
keanyot herWeb
sit
es,butthefirewallsur
roundinganintr
anetfendsof funauthori
zedaccess.Likethe
Int
erneti
tsel
f,i
ntranetsar
eusedt osharei
nformat i
on.

An i ntranet i s an infor
mat i
on portaldesigned speci
fi
cal l
yf or the i
nternal
communi cations ofsmal l,medium orl arge busi
nesses,ent
er pri
ses,gover
nment s,
i
ndust r
iesorf inanci
alinsti
tut
ionsofanysi zeorcomplexit
y.I
ntranetscanbecust om-
designedt of ittheexactneedsofbusinessesnomat t
erwheretheyar esi
tuat
ed.Users
ofi
ntr
anet
sconsi
stmai
nlyof
:

 Membersoftheexecut iv
et eam.
 Account
ingandor derbil
li
ng.
 Managersanddirectors.
 Sal
espeopleandsuppor tstaf f
.
 Customerser
vice,helpdesk, etc.
..

C.I
nter
net
:

An el ect
r oni
c net wor k of comput erst hat i ncludes nearly ev ery uni
versity
,
government ,andresear chf aci
li
tyinthewor ld.Alsoi ncludedar emanycommer ci
alsit
es.
Itstar
tedwi thf ourinterconnectedcomput er sin1969andwasknownasAr panet.A
networkofcomput ernet workswhi choper ateswor ld-wideusingacommonsetof
communi cat
ionspr otocols.Thev astcol l
ectionofi nter-connectednet worksacrosst he
worldt hatal luset heTCP/ IP protocol
s.A gl obalnet workconnect ing mill
i
onsof
comput ers.Awor ldwidenet wor
kofcomput ernet wor ks.Itisaninterconnecti
onofl arge
and smal lnet works ar ound the globe.The I nternetbegan i n 1962 as a resili
ent
comput ernet workf ort he US mi li
tary and ov ert ime has gr own i nto a global
communi cat
iont oolofmor ethan12, 000comput ernet worksthatshar eacommon
addressingscheme.