PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION

Intro:
>118 elements are knowm to us till now
>in those 118 elements 98 are naturally occuring
>the earlist attempt to classify elements resulted in grouping the known
elements as metals and non metals

Dobereiner's traid:
>in the year 1817 , the scientist johann wolfgang dobereiner , german chemist
>tried to group the elements according to their properties
>he identified some groups having three elements each so called traids
>three elements in a traid were in order of increasing atomic masses
the atomic mass of middle elment is approximate average of other two elements
>dobereiner could identify only three traid from the elements that was known at
that time
> hence it is not found useful for system of classifying

Newland's law of octaves:

>in 1866 - john newland's -british scientist - arranged the known elements in
the order of oncreasing atomic masses
>he started with lowest atomic mass (h) and ended with thorium which was the 56th
element
> he found that every sixth element properties similar to the first
> he compared the octaves found in music so called law of octaves
> itbis known as "newlands law of octaves".
> sodium is the 8th elementa after lithium similarly beryllium and magnesium
resemble each other
>it is found that law of octaves was applicable only upto calcium as after
calcium every 8th element doesnt possess properties of the first
>several elements discoverd which didnt fit into law of octaves
>cobalt and nickle are placed in same slot and same coloumn of flourine chlorine
and bromine which have very different properties whereas iron which have similar
properties of nickle is placed far away
>newlands law of octaves is more appilacable with lighter elements only

Mendeleev's periodic table:

>the main credit goes to a russian chemist for classifying elements -mendeleev
>the periodic table were arranged -fundamental property,atomic mass,similarity
of chemical property
>at his time 63 elements were existing
>examined their atomic mass with their chemical and phyisical properties
>he took 63 cards and on each card he wrote the properties of one element
>he took hydrogen and oxygen to form compounds for futher clasiification as
these two elements are very reactive
> he arranged them in increasing atomic masses
> PERIODIC LAW = "the properties of elements are the periodic functions of
their atomic masses "
>vertical columns - groups
>horizontal rows - periods

Achievements of mendeleev's periodic table:

>there were very few instances where mendeleev had to place an element with
slightly higher atomic masses beforea slightly lower atomic mass element
>mendeleev left some gaps in table where he stongly predicted that some
elemets would be discoverd
>mwndeleev named them by prefixing a sanskrit numeral , eka to preceding element
in the same group
> later gallium,scandium,germanium discoverd similar properties to eka silicon ,
eka
aluminium,eka boron
>one of the strengths of table is that , when He,Ne,Ar are discovered they
could place them in separate group wihout distrubing the table

Limitations of mendeleev's periodic table:

*electronic configuration of hydrogen resembles that of alkali metals. like

alkali metals it combines with halogen,o and sulphur to form compounds having
similar formulae.on the other hand it also resembles halogen as diatomic
molecules and combines with metals and non metals to form covalent compounds
so there is no fixed position for hydrogen in the table
>no fixed position for hydrogen
>isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but different atomic
masses.
>the increase of atomic masses b/w elements was not regular and it is
very hard to find how many elements would be discovered b/w two elements
especially the heavier elements

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:

>henery moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is more fundamental
property than atomic mass
>modern periodic law:"properties of elements are a periodic function of their
atomic number"
*position of elements:
>the modern periodic table has 18 vertical coloums known as groups and 7
horizontal rows called periods
> the elements in one group have same valence electrons
>groups in the periodic table signify an identical outer shell electronic
configuration
>number of shells decreases as we go down the group
>hydrogen can be placed in either 1 group r group 17 in the first period
>the number of valence shell , atomic number increses by one unit- left to ryt
>each period marks a new electronic shell getting filled
>'n' is the number of the given shell from the nucleus
>the position of element tells us abt the chemical reactivity of an element
>the valence electron determine the kind and number of bonds formed by an
element
>