Bioethanol Plant Design

Introduction
Brief Background
The mango industry, which is one of the Philippines aid in sustaining the
country’s economy, produces about 685 thousand metric tons of mango from January
2018 up to September 2018 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018). Around 41% of the
total mango production is then used for the mango processing industry (BAS, 2004)
which accumulated to roughly around 281 thousand metric tons of processed mango
products such as dried mango, mango puree and mango concentrates. Majority of the
processing plants for the production of dehydrated candied and puree mangoes are
located in Cebu. Profood, which is one of the main exporter of processed mango, have an
operating capacity of 1140 metric tons of mango per day (Galolo, 2017) along with nine
more mango processing plants based in Cebu making Cebu as a top producer and
exporter of processed mango products.
Along with banana, pineapple and other agricultural products, processed mango
products has played an important role in the foreign trade market. Philippines, being
ranked seventh amongst the exporters of fresh and dried mangoes, exports around 4%
share of the global market and 98% of the total production is used for domestic
consumption (Couto et.al, 2017).
Processing of mango come into life for the purpose of extending the mangoes
shelf life since ripe mangoes tend to degrade faster causing for a loss in profit and also,
accumulation of wastes in the landfill. In the said processing of mangoes, only the flesh
part of the mango is used and is then processed to produced dried mango, puree, candies,
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and juice concentrates as its end products leaving 50% by-products or wastes such as
mango seeds and peels. Around 40%, by average, is the percent waste accumulated by
the mango seeds (Feedipedia, 2016).
According to Istiana et.al (2017), using Luff Schoorl testing method, Mangifera
Indica L. species of mango seeds has a glucose content of 15.29% which can be therefore
be used to produce a bioethanol through converting the glucose content into alcohol using
the fermentation process and distillation process for purification. Mango seeds are
normally dried and is used as fuel for the reboiler. However, due to large amounts of
mango being processed every day, generation of mango seeds and its storage is becoming
a problem for the processing plants. As a raw material being this abundant, as well as the
need of its proper disposal and high market gap of bioethanol in the country, mango seed
wastes can be of used as a raw material in producing bioethanol.
Bioethanol, on the other hand, is a fuel that contains energy from geologically
recent carbon fixation, produced from living organisms, such as plants and algae. Fuels
are made by biomass conversion. The biomass can be converted into liquid fuel. Biofuels
have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security
(Jacques et.al, 2015). Bioethanol is also used as an additive for gasoline because of its
property that oxygenates the fuel mixture so that it burns completely and can therefore
reduce greenhouse gases emission. Greenhouse gases are the one to blame for the rapid
increase of temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere so to cut down greenhouse gases
emissions, experts, scientists, researchers and the government aimed to switch to
alternative source of energy aside from the use of fossil fuels. At present time, the most
common blend is 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol which the blend is called E10 (Pirolini,
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2015) but the Department of Energy wants to pursue the E20 or 20% ethanol blend in
gasoline by the year 2020 (USDA, 2017). The only thing that hinders the E20 blend is the
lack of renewable sources of raw material and lack of bioethanol plant operating in the
country.
Therefore, this driven the researchers to come up with a plant design for the
production of bioethanol using mango seeds. The name of the plant will be MaKernel
Bioethanol Plant. The logo of the company is
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to come up with a plant design for the
production of bioethanol from mango seeds kernel.
Furthermore, the specific objectives of this study are:
1. To generate a process that will be able to produce bioethanol from mango seeds
kernel using two stage acid hydrolysis
2. Conduct a market study which includes the evaluation of the local market
production of bioethanol
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3. Select a plant location that provides proximity to the source of raw material,
provides good target market and is easily accessible.
4. To provide the necessary design of all the equipment needed for the production of
bioethanol and the treatment of the waste produced based on the material balances
attained.
5. Prepare financial statements for the first five years of operation of the plant
Scope and Limitations
The study of the production of bioethanol using mango seeds kernel as the raw
material is objectively chosen based on market, technical, financial and social aspects of
business. Mango seeds waste will be the main raw material that will be used in this plant
design which will be supplied by the mango processing industries in Cebu. The proposed
plant will be located near to the source of raw material and water. All designs made are
purely theoretical and are based for the ideal operation of the plant. The proposed
duration of the construction of the plant will be roughly around two years and a financial
study covering the first five years of the plant operation will be provided. Estimates for
the costs of goods, equipment, buildings, facilities, labor and services were taken from
Chemical Engineering books and other reliable internet sites.
Significance of the Study
The study of the Production of Bioethanol from Mango Seeds Kernel will be of
great benefit to the following:

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Biofuel Industry.
Production of bioethanol from a new source of raw material which is
mango seeds kernel will be of great benefit to the biofuel industry in the Philippines
especially now that the target ethanol blend for gasoline is E20. As the demand of the
bioethanol increases, the demand for renewable sources also increases.
Environment.
Due to the increasing consumption of fossil fuel every year, generation
and accumulation of toxic pollutants and compound in the atmosphere increases which
are harmful to the environment. Therefore, the use of bioethanol mixed in the gasoline is
helpful to the environment because it reduces greenhouse gases, it is carbon neutral and it
can be easily diluted to non-toxic concentrations or can be easily degraded in case of fuel
spills. By-product gases produced by bioethanol is much cleaner compared to petroleum
based fuels.
Community.
From the construction up to the operation of the plant, many will be given
jobs which results to the increase in employment rate of the people in the community that
would somehow help them in providing their needs. Increase in the economic growth of
the city is also one of the great opportunities that the community can benefit for the
building of a bioethanol plant in their place.
Mango Processing Industries.
Mango seed is an industrial waste generated from the mango processing
industries. It is considered as a waste material of dried mango manufacturers that causes
problem of storage and contributes to the pollution in the processing plants due to its
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accumulation on the surroundings. Utilization of the mango seeds by using it as a raw
material for the production of bioethanol can help reduce the problem of the dried mango
manufacturers in their storage problem and cost for disposal.

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Chapter 1
Market Study
Product Description
Ethanol, C2H5OH is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules
contain a hydroxyl group, –OH, bonded to a carbon atom. Ethanol is a natural byproduct
of plant fermentation. Since ethanol is produced from plants that harness the power of the
sun, ethanol is also considered as a renewable, environment-friendly fuel that is
inherently cleaner than gasoline.
On the other hand, Bioethanol is a good source of renewable fuel. Its expanding
use is helping to reduce harmful pollutants in our air. Bioethanol is produced through
processing biological matter, either waste products or crops grown specifically for the
purpose of creating Ethanol. In Philippines, gasoline and petroleum diesel is blended with
10% v/v bioethanol and used in motor vehicles to improve vehicle emissions and power.
The raw material used to produce bioethanol product is Mango seed kernel which
considered waste by the Mango processing industries. The mango seeds were known to
contain sugar make it a potential feedstock for bioethanol production and this will be
done by fermentation of glucose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing high grade
bioethanol.
Product Demand
Within the span of seven years, local bioethanol supply increased approximately
12 times, ranging from 23 million liters (ML) in 2009 to 274 ML in 2017, resulting to the
reduction of bioethanol importation to about half of the total bioethanol requirement.

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With the expected entry of three more bioethanol distilleries by 2018 with a combined
capacity of 149M L, local bioethanol supply can cover about 72% of the current
bioethanol requirement at E10, based on the assumed local bioethanol distilleries
utilization rate of 100%. However, increase in the bioethanol blending to E20 by 2020
corresponds to a rise in bioethanol supply requirement from 605M L in 2018 at E10 to a
projected 860M L in 2020 using E20. Assuming a 100% local bioethanol distillery
utilization rate, the realistic local bioethanol capacity in 2020 is only about 386M L, or
45% of the bioethanol supply requirement in 2020 implementing E20.
The following table shows the ethanol blend targets and implementation dates
since inception. As an aspirational goal, the DOE wants to make available an 85 percent
ethanol blend to be promoted voluntarily by 2025. (* aspirational and voluntary goal)
Table 1
Percent Ethanol Blend of Gasoline for the Past years

Year % Blend
2009 5
2011 10
2015 10
2020 20
2025 20/85*
Product Supply
Table 2 shows the ten accredited bioethanol producers here in the Philippines
while Table 3 shows the additional bioethanol plant constructed for the sole purpose of
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decreasing the importation of bioethanol and utilizing the feedstock available in the
country.
Table 2.
List of Accredited Bioethanol Producers

Producer Registered Location Feedstock
Capacity (Million
liters/ year)
San Carlos 40 San Carlos City, Sugarcane
Bioenergy Corp. Negros Occidental
Leyte Agri Corp. 9 Ormoc City, Leyte Molasses
Roxol Bioenergy 30 La Carlota City, Molasses
Corp. Negros Occidental
Green Future 54 San Mariano, Sugarcane
Innovations, Inc Isabela
Balayan Distillery, 30 Calaca, Batangas Molasses
Incorporated
Far East Alcohol 15 Apalit, Pampanga Molasses
Corp.
Kooll Company 14.12 Talisay City, Molasses
Inc. Negros Occidental
Universal Robina 30 Bais City, Negros Molasses
Corporation Oriental
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Absolute Distillers 30 Lian, Batangas Molasses
Inc.
Progreen Agricorp 30 Nasugbu, Batangas Molasses
Inc.
Total 282.12
Table 3.
Certificate Registration with Notice to Proceed

Producer Registered Location Feedstock
Capacity (Million
liters/ year)
Cavite Biofuels 38 Magallanes, Cavite Sugarcane
Producers, Inc.
Canlaon Alcogreen 45 Bago City, Negros Sugarcane
Agro Industrial Occidental
Corp.
Emperador 66 Gimalas, Balayan, Sugarcane/
Distillers, Inc. Batangas Molasses
Total 149
Source: Department of Energy
Based from Table 2 and Table 3, as given by the Department of Energy, there are
currently 13 bioethanol plants registered in the crop year 2017-2018. Meanwhile,
according to the Sugar Regulatory Administration, the country’s ethanol production

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gradually increases every year but is still short of the annual demand of 174.12 million
liters. Insufficient feedstock availability and high domestic ethanol price are the two main
challenges identified to bridge the bioethanol supply gap and accelerate local bioethanol
investment. At present time, Philippines uses only molasses and sugarcane for bioethanol
production. However, available molasses in the country cannot cater the demand for an
E20 blend. Additionally, sugarcane is used in the production for bioethanol and as well as
for the production of sugar which is a common necessity in the country. Higher price of
local ethanol than gasoline is also a factor that threatens the stability of the Philippines
bioethanol production (Demafelis et.al, 2017).
Demand – Supply Analysis
The Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to enact biofuels
legislation. The blend mandate was gradually increased in accordance with the Biofuels
Act of 2007, ending with a 10 percent ethanol requirement in August 2011, which
remains the current mandate. However, meeting this target with domestically produced
ethanol has been a challenge due to the inadequate capacity of existing sugarcane
distilleries, low productivity and high production costs (Foreign Agricultural Service,
2016).
Imported ethanol is expected to satisfy at least one quarter of the domestic
demand in the Philippines for the next several years even though domestic production
capacity is catching up. Fuel use is predicted to increase as the population and economy
continue to expand (Foreign Agricultural Service, 2016).
Increasing motor vehicle sales, accelerating construction activities, a growing
population and continued expansion of the Philippine economy, all translate to increased
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fuel consumption in the next 3 - 5 years. According to GAIN report, as of year 2018 the
fuel consumption is 605 ML which is composed of the fuel production and fuel imports
of 280 ML and 325 ML, respectively. The present distilleries can supply 431.12 ML of
bioethanol leaving a 173.88 ML market gap.
The plant will produce 17.4 ML of bioethanol per year contributing to about 10%
of the market gap. It will therefore cut down the market gap to about 156.49 ML in the
year 2019. Moreover, the capacity is based on the growing demand and consumption and
inadequate domestic production of bioethanol.
Price Study
According to Sugar regulatory administration the average bioethanol price index
for 2nd half of the crop year 2017 – 2018 is at Php 50 per Liter however on July 2018 the
reference price increase to Php 58.08 compared to Php 42.42 per liter. Prices are seen
moving when the 4th quarter comes because of the start of milling season where molasses
is available (Biofuels Digest, 2018).
Mango seeds has an average market value of Php 725 per ton and it is available
all year round. Compared to the molasses that is Php 8,216 per ton. Using the mango seed
as a feedstock for bioethanol productions will help the energy sector in finding a new
source of ethanol that can cater the consumers demand.
Marketing Program
The marketing program for bioethanol from mango seed wastes will be as focused
on the following:
1. Raw material will be used promotes environment friendly program;

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2. Emphasize key advantages of the product that can be compared to sugarcane-,
raw sugar-, molasses-derived and imported ethanol;
3. Create a strong distribution channels to ensure stability of production;
4. Offer a competitive price at the level of Philippine market;
5. Focus for local Filipino distributors as key target for the market; and
6. Build a relationship business, long-term relationships, not single-transaction
deals with customers.

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Chapter 2
Technical Study
Raw Material
Mangoes proved to be abundant in the Philippines with roughly around 800 to
900 thousand metric tons of mango produced annually in the country. This is due to the
country’s location which fits the conditions needed to grow a mango bearing tree.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority in the year 2018, the country still has an
existing production area of 185,194 hectares with 9,460,132 number of bearing trees.
Base on export volume and value, mango industry is one of the aid for Philippines
industry economic standing. Peak season for harvesting mangoes is between April to
June, however, Central Visayas and Mindanao produce mango fruits during off season to
avoid the oversupplying of mango during the peak season.
According to K&R United (2016), production of mango fruit in the country is all
year round compared to other countries such as Indonesia, USA, Malaysia and Thailand
which harvest time for mango are only around 2 months, 4 months, 4 months and 8
months, respectively, per year.
Around 90% of the total production of mango in the country is used for local
consumption while the remaining 10% are the only ones exported. Processed mango
products such as dried mangoes, purees, or concentrated juices takes the 41% of the
mango supply left for local consumption (AgriBusiness, 2016). There are several mango
processing companies currently operating in the Philippines which causes a rapid
accumulation of mango wastes that is not utilized well and ended up being a pollution.
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From this mango consumption, the part of the fruit which always becomes waste
and is discarded are its seed. Since mango seed is a large industrial waste available due to
expanding mango processing plants, and lack of bioethanol supply in the country, a
research about the possibility of converting the mango seeds kernel as a renewable source
of energy such as bioethanol were conducted (Cristina,2017). By average, around 40% of
the total weight is the weight of the mango seed in the entire fruit and around 60% of the
total weight of the mango seed is composed of the kernel (Archimede et.al, 2015).
According to Cristina et.al.(2017), mango seeds kernel cont201ains 15.29% of
soluble sugars. Additionally, Table 1 shows the chemical composition of mango seed
kernel (MSK) using the values taken from the research study of Chime et.al, (2017).
These includes the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content which can be further
convert into sugar using acid hydrolysis.
Table 4.
Chemical Composition of MSK

Constituents Dry weight, %
Ash 3.88
Fat and Wax 8.7
Lignin 15.0
Hemicelluloses 34.06
Cellulose 25.2
Using all the data gathered, this proves that utilizing the mango seed waste
is the best suitable raw material to be used in the process to produce bioethanol.
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Manufacturing Process
Schematic Diagram.
Figure 1 shows the overall processes involved in producing bioethanol
from mango seeds.
Mango
Seeds
Breaking
Rolls
Sieving Outer Shell
Water Drying
Mango seed kernel Milling

powder
1st Stage Acid Biomass 2nd Stage Acid

70% H2SO4 30% H2SO4
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis
Acid-sugar-solution
Recovered H2SO4 Electrodialysis
Gypsum Neutralization Ca(OH)2
Yeast, DAP, Urea Fermentation Carbon Dioxide
Distillation Slops
Dehydration Ethanol
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for producing bioethanol from mango seeds

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Process Involved.
Preparation of Mango Seed Kernel (MSK).
Mango seeds will be collected from wastes produced from various mango
processing plants which are located in Cebu and other places in the Philippines.
Breaking Rolls.
Mango seed contains, by average, around 60% kernel and the remaining
40% for the outer shell. The material needed for the process is the kernel so the mango
seeds undergo the crusher to free the kernel inside of the mango seeds.
Sieving.
Since the outer shell and the MSK are mixed, a sieving machine which is
used to separate the two. The outer shell is then used for the boiler while the MSK
proceeds to the next process.
Drying.
The MSK which contains 44.4% moisture will be dried to achieve a 12%
moisture. Co-current rotary drier will be used to the process for the purpose of reducing
the moisture content of the MSK.
Milling.
After the MSK have been dried, it further undergoes milling to reduce its
particle size up to 40 mesh through the use of pin mill.
Acid Hydrolysis.
The powdered MSK will undergo a two-stage acid hydrolysis process to
convert the lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. Arkenol process will be
used in converting the lignocellulosic materials into sugars.

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1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis.
The powdered MSK which consists of 25.2% cellulose, 34.06%
hemicelluloses,15% lignin, 15.29% soluble sugar and the remaining is made up of solids,
will be subjected to a dilute sulfuric acid pre-treatment for 20 minutes for the purpose of
achieving high reaction rates and improving the hydrolysis of cellulose. Sulfuric acid
(70% v/v) with a ratio of 1 g biomass per 1.25 g of acid will be used for the breaking
down of complex structures such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which is then
converted into fermentable sugars. The working temperature will be 50oC. A mass of
17,231 kg per hour of sulphuric acid will be used. According to Arkenol Technology, the
acid hydrolysis process converts 90% of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin into
fermentable sugars.
2nd Stage Acid Hydrolysis.
For the 2nd stage of acid hydrolysis, biomass produced from the previous
hydrolysis process will react with 30% sulphuric acid with a ratio similar to that in the 1st
stage acid hydrolysis. With a working temperature of 100oC, the mixture will be
thoroughly mixed with a retention time of 30 minutes per batch. A biomass having a flow
rate of 4,702 kg per hour will be used. The acid-sugar solution will be further processed
while the biomass left will be collected to be used as fertilizers.
Electrodialysis.
A total of 33,100.26 kg per hour of acid-sugar solution contained from two
stages of acid hydrolysis enters the electrodialysis tank, where an assumption is made that
95% of the H2SO4 will be recovered and will be returned back to the two-stage acid
hydrolysis while the remaining sugar solution with 5% remaining H2SO4 will be
19
forwarded to neutralization process. A retention time of 15 minutes and working of
temperature of 60oC will be used.
Neutralization.
The acid-sugar solution which contains fermentable sugar will be
neutralized with Ca(OH)2 to the pH conditions (4.4-4.6) which is the best suitable pH
solution for fermentation. Sulfuric acid neutralized using Ca(OH)2 produces a byproduct
which is gypsum. Gypsum is then allowed to settle down in the neutralization tank which
is then further filtered. Gypsum can be sold which can be an additional profit for the
company.
Ethanol Fermentation.
The obtained sugar solution with a brix of 19, which is ideal for
fermentation, undergoes fermentation for the conversion of fermentable sugars into
bioethanol by using yeast, or the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugar solution will be
further supplemented with other nutritional components of fermentation such as urea and
DAP which are needed by the yeasts to achieve higher activity rate from the yeasts. The
pH will then be maintained within the range of 4.0-4.2. This process will start by feeding
a small amount of fermentable sugar solution in the culture vessel containing yeasts for
propagation (Piriya et.al,2012). There will be three culture vessels for the growth of
yeasts cells, which will then be transferred in the three pre-fermenter tank for its
propagation and growth. Fermentation will occur by fed-batch method. The fermentable
sugar solution will be fed gradually to the main fermenter.

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Filter.
The beer produced from the fermentation process will undergo filtering to
remove the residue which are the yeast, DAP, urea and solids that were not filtered.
Clarified beer will then be further processed in the distillation.
Distillation.
The clarified beer which contains 6.64% (v/v) enters the distillation and is
then heated up to 78.5oC which is its operating temperature which is determined using the
differences of volatilities of components in a mixture. Using the principle of distillation,
low boiling components are concentrated in the vapour phase, and the vapour is then
condensed giving a more concentrated less volatile compounds in a liquid phase. In
ethanol production, and efficient distillation tower is used to separate the water and
ethanol. Water, having the high boiling point stays in the bottom while the ethanol is
obtained from the top of the tower (Onuki, 2008). A good distillation obtains 95% (v/v)
ethanol in the distillate and 2% (v/v) ethanol in the bottoms.
Dehydration.
An extra process is required before the final blending of the pure ethanol
with gasoline because the required purity of ethanol to be used for blend with the fuel is
99.99%. Since distillation only achieved 95% purity, the distillate will undergo further
separation of water and ethanol with the use of molecular sieve dehydrator. In ensuring
the level of dryness in final ethanol product but not compromising the energy
consumption of the plant, zeolite has been proven to be ideal. The dehydration process
will be using Zeolite 3A as the adsorbent of the Pressure Swing Adsorption process.
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Mass Production Flow Rate.
Different manufacturing plants, mainly dried mango and mango juices
manufacturing plant, are considered as source of the raw material with the basis of 50
tons per day per manufacturing plant, of waste generated during off season and is
expected to increase during peak season (Profood Corp., 2016). As of present time, a total
of 46 manufacturing plants for the production of dried mango and mango juices exists in
the country.
The desired production per year is the 10% of the present market gap of
the bioethanol industry here in the Philippines for the year 2018 which is 17.4 Million
Liter. A total of 58,000 L per day of bioethanol is used as the basis.
The mass of mango seeds to be processed is based on the capacity of
Profood, which is one of the main exporter of processed mango, with an operating
capacity of 1140 metric tons of mango per day (Galolo, 2017) along with nine more
mango processing plants which is also based on Cebu.
However, the presumptive amount of mango seeds calculated needed per
day to provide the required 58,000 L of ethanol have a small discrepancy due to other
processes added and the loss per process undergone by the raw material compared to the
study of Cristina et al. which causes some variations in the yield of the bioethanol.
Figure 2 shows the mass flow rate diagram of the entire operation. It is the
material balance in every process which indicates the mass of the material that goes in
and goes out in a process.

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Figure 2. Mass Flow Rate Diagram

23
Process Flow Diagram.
The process flow diagram is used to illustrate the entire process of
operation involved in a bioethanol plant. Figure 3 shows the block flow diagram of the
each processes the raw material undergoes before it produce the main product, the
bioethanol.
Figure 4 shows the production flow diagram which shows the equipment
and vessels used in every process in the entire operation.

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Acid
Breaking 1st Stage Acid

MSK Sieving Drying Milling
Rolls Hydrolysis
Outer
Water
Shell
2nd Stage
Acid Acid
Hydrolysis
Yeast,
DAP, Urea Ca(OH)2
Centrifugal Neutralizatio Electrodialys Recovered

Fermentation n is H2SO4
Separation
Undissolve Gypsum
CO2
d yeast and
suspended
solids
95%
Alcohol
Distillation Dehydration At least 99.99%
Beer alcohol
Biodigester
Slops
Figure 3. Block Flow Diagram
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Figure 4. Production Flow Diagram

26
Power Plant Diagram.
Electrical power generation has long been recognized as highly inefficient.
Two-thirds of the energy fueling the process is wasted as unused heat after high pressure,
high temperature steam does its work. When the typical efficiency of electrical
generation is added to the typical efficiency of a boiler system providing process heat to
an ethanol plant, the combined efficiency is roughly 49 percent. Bringing the power
generation to the ethanol plant and making use of the electrical generation's waste heat in
a combined heat and power (CHP) system, boosts that efficiency to 75 percent.
Increasing the efficiency of power and steam generation, in turn, reduces carbon
emissions (Schill, 2009). Instead of separately purchasing electricity from the local grid
and a gas boiler for onsite heating, the plant will use power co-generation technology for
its operations (Cogen, 2017).
A combination of biomass such as Napier grass, mango seed shell and
methane, which are recovered from the process, will be used in the co-generation plant as
boiler fuel. Through conveying system that connects biomass shed and biomass-fired
boiler, the biomass will be fed to the furnace. Demineralized water from water treatment
plant will be used in the boiler to avoid scaling in the boiler and pipes. This water will be
converted to steam through heating in the furnace. The steam from the boiler will pass
through super heaters, to be heated above its saturation temperature, which will convert it
from saturated steam or wet steam to superheated steam or dry steam (Vallourec, 2017).
And then transformation of thermal energy to mechanical energy takes place where the
high-pressured steam will pass through a series of rotor blades of the non-condensing
turbine (Thermal Engineering, 2011). The turbine will be connected to a generator where
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mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy that will supply power to the
entire bioethanol plant. The steam from the turbine will then be used for the production of
bioethanol in the process area.
The exhaust stream from the production will be liquefy in a condenser and
will be cooled down through the cooling tower. The cooled water will undergo recovery
in the water treatment plant and will supply the demineralized water that will recirculate
in the power plant. Before heating in the economizer and feeding it to the boiler, the
demineralized water will be introduced in the deaerator. The deaerator has significant
importance in remove the trapped air in the water molecules which can affect the boiler
drum badly and lead to corrosion (Sethi, 2016).
The flue gas coming from the boiler can be further utilized through the use
of economizer, part of the heat will be extracted to heat the feed water to the boiler. The
rest of the flue gas will be introduced in the gas scrubber before releasing it to the
atmosphere. The use of economizer reduces the fuel consumption thus, increasing the
boiler efficiency (Sethi, 2016). Figure 5 shows the Power Plant Diagram of the
bioethanol plant.
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Figure 5. Power Plant Diagram

29
Waste Water Treatment Plant.
The process will be carried out in anaerobic digester. The slops will then
be fed into the reactor where anaerobic bacterial culture will be maintained in suspension.
Inlet temperature of the slops will be assumed to be at 40oC. According to Metcalf and
Eddy (1991), an average period of 10 days as a residence time for anaerobic digestion at
40oC is the recommended time for the slops to be retained in the reactor. Produced gas
such as methane gas and carbon dioxide gas due to the decomposition of organic matter
present in the wastewater are then fed into the degasser for the separation of two gases.
Methane gas will then be fired to the boiler meanwhile the carbon dioxide will be
produced will be stored to sell it out for usage in carbonated drinks. The remaining
wastewater after the anaerobic digestion process will flow to the clarifier for further
treatment before it will be completely disposed to the lagoon. Important parameters such
as BOD, COD and pH of the wastewater will be monitored and reduced in order to meet
the effluent standards set by the DENR. Figure 6 shows the waste water treatment plant
diagram of bioethanol producing plant.

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Figure 6. Waste Water Treatment Plant Diagram of a Bioethanol Producing Plant.

31
Ground Water Treatment Plant.
Utilizing the ground water sources the location site provides, the
bioethanol plant will provide its own water supply through deep well injection. The
groundwater will be extracted from the source using pumps and the raw water tank will
store the water pumped from the deep well. For the primary treatment, a sedimentation
process will be done that will cause the suspended solids to form slurry which will then
be moved to the center of the tank which is then collected in a trough (Fein and Kaplan,
2014). Therefore, the raw water from the tank will be fed to the clarifier to remove any
suspended solids. The clarified water tank will store the collected overflow from the
clarifier.
The clarified water will then pass through the Activated Carbon Filter tank
where through using activated carbon, organic matter from the feed water will be
removed through adsorption process (Kneen, 1995).
For the softening of water, or the removal of iron and manganese, the
water will pass through the ion exchange unit. This involves a chemical process where
water is filtered through an exchange media such as NaCl. As the water flows through the
unit, the resin releases its sodium ions and trades them for calcium and magnesium ions
(Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 2017).
Lastly, the softened water then undergoes reverse osmosis. In reverse
osmosis, the softened water will travel through semi-permeable membrane using
pressurized pumps to filter out minerals and other contaminants. The water that will be
collected after the process will be the demineralized water. The demineralized water will
32
go into the cooling tower to be fed to condenser and boiler. The rest of the demineralized
water will be fed into the remaining process.
The processed water tank will store the water from the activated carbon
filter which will be used for the heat exchanger, fermentation and utilities.
The softened water tank will store the water from the softening unit which
will then be used for the hydrolysis process and utilities.
For the water supply needed in the power plant, the demineralized water
from the reverse osmosis process will be used which is then further stored in a
demineralized water tank.
Using the cooling water, the used water from the distillation process and
power plant will be cooled down and recover it again in the water treatment plant for
further use.
33
Production Schedule
The plant will be designed to operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. A total of
300 days a year will the plant be operating while allocating the remaining 65 days for
scheduled maintenance. Full inspection, repairs and modification of machineries and
facilities are done during maintenance. For the production and engineering department,
the daily 24 hour work schedule will be divided into 3 shifts (8 AM-4 PM, 4PM-12 AM,
12 AM-8 AM) where in each shift, there will be at least 2 on duty operators on each
division and 1 supervisor. The initiation of shifts will start after steady-state condition of
the plant is reached which is expected 2 months after the start-up of the plant. For the
administrative department, they will have 8 hours (8 AM-5 PM) of duty per day with 1
hour of lunch period from 12 NOON to 1 PM, 6 days a week. The employees will
continue on working on regular days, non-working holidays and will be entitled to leaves.
Incentives will be provided for those who will work on holidays, both for all the
departments.
The plant has the capacity to process 38,685 kg of mango seeds per hour to
produce 1,882 kg of bioethanol per hour. The maximum annual bioethanol production of
the plant is 17.4 million liter which can help in boosting the country’s bioethanol supply
and can cater the country’s increasing demand for bioethanol. Table 2.3.1 and 2.3.4
shows the number of employees under each department.

34
Table 5.
Personnel with Shifting Schedule

NUMBER OF PERSONNEL
SHIFT 2 SHIFT 3
DEPARTMENT POSITION SHIFT 1
(4 PM-12 (12 AM-8
(8 AM-4 PM)
AM) AM)
Administrative Security Guards 4 4 4
Nurse 1 1 1
Driver 1 1 1
Maintenance and Maintenance 1 1 1
Engineering Supervisor
Maintenance 2 2 2
Staff
Electrical 1 1 1
Supervisor
Instrumentation 1 1 1
Supervisor
Instrumentation 1 1 1
Operators
Power Plant 1 1 1
Supervisor
Power Plant 2 2 2
operator
Production Production 1 1 1
Supervisor
Raw Materials 2 2 2
Handling
Dryer and Mill 1 1 1
Acid Hydrolysis 2 2 2
Fermentation 2 2 2
Distilling 1 1 1
Column
Operator
Waste 1 1 1
Treatment Plant
Ground Water 1 1 1
Plant
Quality Control 2 2 2
Analyst
Laboratory 2 2 2
Sampler
Production 5 5 5
Helper
35
Table 6.
Personnel with Regular Day Schedule (8 AM- 5 PM)

NUMBER OF
DEPARTMENT POSITION
PERSONNEL
Plant Manager 1
Administration Head 1
Human Resources Head 1
Human Resources Staff 1
Attending Physician 1
Accounting and Finance 1
Administrative Head
Accounting and Finance 2
Staff
Sales and Marketing Head 1
Sales and Marketing Staff 1
Logistics and Purchasing 3
Head
Logistics and Purchasing 1
Staff
Production Head 1
Engineering Head 1
Production Maintenance Head 1
Quality Control Officer 1
Pollution Control Officer 1
Safety Officer 1
Driver 4
36
Equipment Design and Specifications
Rolling Mill (Ready Made).
Function: To break the outer shell
Model: FW 812 by CPM SKET
Material to be crushed: Mango seed
Number of unit: 3 units
Capacity (each unit): 13,000 kg/hr
Dimensions:
Length: 2670 mm
Width: 3740 mm
Height: 1990 mm
Sieving (Ready Made).
Function: to separate Mango kernel from seed
Type: Vibrating screen
Model: LDS1-2700-7.2 by Sinfonia Technology Co., Ltd.
Number of unit: 3 units
Capacity (each unit): 13,000 kg/hr
Dimensions:
Length: 4.5 m
Width: 3.4 m
Height: 2.4 m
37
Dryer (by Feeco International Inc.).
Function: To reduce the seed moisture content from 44.4% to 12% moisture to
maintains its viability and vigor in process.
Type: Rotary Drum Dryer
Number of Units: 3 units
Capacity (each unit): 7736.93 kg/hr
Heating System: Steam-heated air
Gas Flow Pattern in Dryer: Co-current gas flow
Residence Time: 1.69 hrs
Dimensions:
Length: 25.5 m
Diameter: 2.88 m
Milling (Ready Made).
Function: To reduce the size of kernel to optimum particle size
Particle size: 0.212-1.180 mm
Type: Pin mill
Model: Simpactor Pin Mill by Sturtevant Inc.
Capacity: 5000 kg/hr
Dimensions:
Length: 2.4384 m
Width: 1.524 m
Height: 2.5908 m
38
Hydrolysis.
1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis.
Equipment: Pitched – blade turbine mixing reactor
Function: Facilitates the breaking down of cellulosic and hemi-cellulosic lignin
wall for the recovery of fermentable sugars
Type of Material: Carbon Steel
No. of Units: 1
Operation: Batch
Operating time per batch: 30 min
Feed Rate: 744,395.4 kg/day = 31,016.475 kg/hr
Volume per unit: 15.657 m3
Dimension:
Diameter: 2.585 m
Height: 3.8775 m
Working Pressure: 137.895 kPa
Wall thickness: 5.765x10-3 m
Width of Baffle: 0.2154 m
No. of Impellers: 2
Impeller Diameter: 0.862 m
Length of Blade: 0.2155 m
Width of Blade: 0.1724 m
Impeller above vessel floor: 0.862 m
Lower impeller clearance: 0.862 m

39
Upper impeller clearance: 2.585 m
2nd Stage Acid Hydrolysis
Equipment: Pitched – blade turbine mixing reactor
Function: Facilitates the breaking down of cellulosic and hemi-cellulosic lignin
wall for the recovery of fermentable sugars
No. of Units: 1
Operation: Batch
Operating time per batch: 30 min
Feed Rate: 253,901.97 kg/day = 10,579.25 kg/hr
Dimension:
Diameter: 1.8 m
Height: 2.7 m
Wall thickness: 4.4547x10-3 m
No. of Impellers: 2

40
Lower impeller clearance: 0.6 m
Upper impeller clearance: 1.8 m
Electrodialysis (Ready Made).
Function: Provision for recovery of sulphuric acid from the two-stage hydrolysis
process.
Unit Model: Model 5 by Beta Control System Inc.
Capacity: 1000-7000 gal per day
Dimensions:
Immersion exchangers: 1.3 m2
Reactor Tank: 1.8 x 1.5 x 1.5 m
Settler Tank: 1.3 m diameter
Main Fermenter (Stirred Tank Reactor).
Function: Production of Industrial Alcohol by Fermentation
No. of Units: 5
Operation: Batch
Dimension:
Diameter: 7.83 m
Height: 15.66 m

41
Type of Head: Torispherical
Depth of Dished Bottom: 1 meter
Wall Thickness: 0.0237 m
Head Thickness: 0.0259 m
Height of Baffle: 15.66 m
No. of Impellers: 2
Length of Blade:0.6525 m
Lower Impeller Clearance: 2.61 m
Upper Impeller Clearance: 11.11 m
Pre-fermenter.
Function: For the preparation of yeast before it enters the main fermenter
No. of Units: 3
Dimension:
Diameter: 3.64 m
Height: 7.28 m
Wall thickness: 0.0121 m

42
Height of Baffle: 7.28 m
No. of Impellers: 2
Impeller above vessel floor: 1.2133 m m
Culture Vessel.
Function: Preparing of the yeast cultures
3rd Culture Vessel.
No. of Units: 1
Volume of Vessel: 75.55 m3
Diameter of Vessel: 3.64 m
Height of the Vessel: 7.28 m
1st and 2nd Culture Vessel
No. of Units: 1
Volume of Vessel: 7.56 m3
Diameter of Vessel: 1.69 m

43
Height of the Vessel: 3.38 m
H= 2(1.69) = 3.38 m
Bd-95 Disk Stack Centrifuge (Ready Made).
Function: To separate the dead yeasts cells and suspended solids present in the
fermented solution.
Type of Material: Stainless Steel 1.4418 49
No. of Units: 1
Throughput capacity (max): 60 m3/hr
Bowl Speed: 4,300 rpm
Bowl Volume: 66 L
Sludge Space: 17 L
Motor Speed: 1,821 rpm
Motor power installed: 60 kW
Neutralization.
Short Retention Time Clarifier
Function: For the neutralization of the acid-sugar solution
Type of Material: Type 304 Stainless Steel
No of Units: 1
Capacity: 462,694.28 kg/day
Volume of tank: 555.2331 m3
Dimension:
44
Height of tank: 8.9083m
Diameter of Tank: 8.9083m
Impeller Diameter: 2.9694 𝑚
Operating Temperature: 30 oC
Cooling Jacket for neutralization.
Cooling Fluid: Water
Height of Jacket: 8.55m
No. of spirals: 15
Mass flow rate of water: 2611.4 kg/hr
Spacing between jacket and vessel wall: 0.3m
Pitch: 0.5938 m
Cross sectional area of channel: 0.17814m2
Length of channel: 391.807 m
Distillation.
Function: To separate ethanol from the fermented beer.
Type: Bubble Cap Tray Distilling Column
Capacity:
45
No. of Units: 1
Height of Tower: 28.05 𝑚
Diameter of Tower: 1.87 m
Tray Spacing: 0.5
No. of Stages: 11 stages (including reboiler)
Feed Tray: 8th tray
Condenser.
Function: To condense the vapor containing by 95% volume ethanol.
Materials of Construction: Carbon steel except for plates
No. of units: 1
Materials of Construction for the plates: 304 Stainless Steel
Dimensions:
Area: 128.55 m2
Length of tubes: 8m
Diameter of tubes:
7
Outside diameter: 8 𝑖𝑛 =22.23mm
Inside diameter: 0.652 in = 16.56mm
Surface area of one tube = 0.5587 m2
Number of tubes: 230
Pitch: Square pitch at 27.79 mm
Bundle Diameter: 537.04 mm
No. of tubes in Center row: 19

46
Reboiler.
Function: To generate vapors in the bottoms which are returned to the column.
No. of Units: 1
Materials of Construction: Carbon Steel
Materials of Construction for Tube: 317 Stainless Steel
Type: Kettle Type (Shell and Tube)
Dimensions:
Area: 21.56 m2
Nominal length (One U tube): 10 m
Number of U tubes: 46
Outside Diameter: 50 mm
Inside diameter 45 mm
Pitch: Square pitch at 62.5 mm
Bundle diameter: 0.57m
Shell diameter: 1.14m
Liquid level from base: 1 m
Freeboard: 0.14 m
Molecular Sieve Dehydrator.
Function: To further remove the water in the water-ethanol solution of the
distillate
No. of Units: 1
Capacity: 48,580.8 kg/day = 48.3333 kmol/hr

47
Type of Vessel: Pressure Swing Adsorption
Height of Vessel: 3 m
Diameter of Vessel: 1 m
Absorbent Used: Zeolite 3Ǻ
Pore Size: 3Ǻ
Moisture Adsorption Capacity: 20%
Pressure: 25 atm max with 3.673 atm H2O partial pressure
2 atm min with 1.90 atm H2O partial pressure
Storage Tanks.
Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) Powder Storage (Ready-Made).
Function: Will be used in the storage of mango seed kernel powder
Type of material: Stainless Steel
No. of units: 2
Capacity: 200 tons
Tank Diameter: 3.6 m
Tank Height: 13.6 m
Total Height: 18.6 m

48
Ethanol Storage Tank.
Function: Serves as a container for the 99.99% ethanol from the molecular sieve
dehydration section for the whole day production. The product will be
stored for several days until distributed to the loading trucks.
Number of units: 3
Capacity (per unit): 175.933 m3
Diameter of the tank: 4.47 m
Height of the tank: 11.175 m
Hydrolysate Storage Tank.
Function: To store the hydrolysate produced from the acid hydrolysis process
Volume: 118.36 m3
Diameter: 4.49 m
Height: 7.48 m
70% H2SO4 Storage Tank.
Function: To store the 70% blend of sulphuric acid which will be used in the 1st
stage hydrolysis
Number of units: 1
Capacity: 477.035 m3

49
Height of the Tank: 11.9 m
30% H2SO4 Storage Tank.
Function: To store the 30% blend of sulphuric acid which will be used in the 2nd
stage hydrolysis
Number of units: 1
Capacity: 162.71 m3
Height of the Tank: 8.32 m
H2SO4 Recovery Tank.
Function: To store the recovered sulphuric acid from electrodialysis
Number of Units: 1
Type of material: Carbon Steel
Capacity: 363.6 m3
Water Treatment Plant.
Anaerobic Digester.
Function: Anaerobic digestion is a process in which microorganisms break down
organic materials into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide. This is accomplished in
50
the absence of oxygen therefore the anaerobic digester tank is capped to prevent
oxygen from coming in and to capture the methane and carbon dioxide produced.
The produced methane will be fed in the boiler for fuel consumption while the
carbon dioxide is sold to bottling companies.
Number of Units: 3
Capacity: 390 m3
Diameter of tank: 6.92 m
Height of tank: 10.38 m
Impeller Diameter: 2.31
Height of impeller from ground: 2.31 m
No. of Impellers: 2
Process Water Tank.
Function: To store the groundwater from the source that will be used in the process
Number of units: 1

51
Demineralized Water Tank.
Function: To stock the demineralized water after the reverse osmosis process
Number of units:1
Capacity: 95m3
Clarifier.
Type: Circular Clarifier
Material of Construction: Carbon Steel
Operating Conditions
Suspended Solids<25 ppm
Turbidity<25 NTU
Basis: 1 hour
Diameter: 4 m
Volumetric flow rate: 190 m3/h
Clarifier (from MAK Water Lamella Clarifier).
Function: Separation of solid contaminants from liquids in effluent streams
Number of units: 2
52
Lamella Clarifier flow rate: 150 m3/hr
Settling area: 150 m2
Settling rate: 75.15 m3/hr
Efficiency: 95%
Treated Water Turbidity: 1-3
Dimensions (clarifier only): 5.8 x 3.0 X 6.5 m
Degasser.
Function: Recovery of the methane gas from the anaerobic digester.
Number of units: 2
Materials in contact with solvent: Polytetrafluoroethylene, polyether, ether ketone
Maximum flow rate: 10 ml/min per channel
Number of channels: 4
Internal volume per channel: typically 12 ml per channel
Analog Output (AUX): for pressure monitoring, range 0-3 V
Lagoon.
Function: Receive, hold and treat wastewater for a period of time before disposal.
Number of Units: 3
Capacity (per unit): 3000 m3
Dimensions: 30 x 20 x 5 m
53
Cooling Tower.
Function: To cool the water from the condenser and boiler and return it back to
the process.
Number of Units: 1
Capacity: 972 m3/hr
Length: 18 m
Height: 9 m
Width: 6 m
Diameter of each fan: 2 m
Motor output: 1 kW
Type: Counter Current Flow
Reverse Osmosis.
1st Stage Osmosis: 11 Pressure Vessels
2nd Stage Osmosis: 5 pressure vessels
Type of material: polyamide layer, polysulfone layer, polyester base
Thickness of membrane: 1 mm
Number of membrane in a pressure vessel: 1000 layers
Activated Carbon Filter.
Filtering Media: Activated Carbon
54
Regeneration: Every 24 hours
Replacement of Filtering Media: Every 120 days
Turbidity< 5 NTU
Diameter = 4 m
Volumetric Flow Rate = 188.65 m3/hr
Softening Unit.
Resin: Tulsion T-40
Polymer matrix: Polystyrene copolymer
Physical form: Moist spherical beads
Ionic form: Na+
Hardness: 5ppm CaCO3 maximum
Diameter = 5 m
Volumetric Flow Rate = m3/hr
Power Plant.
Turbine.
Function: Produces Mechanical Energy using steam produced from the boiler
Type: Steam Turbine
Number of Units:
Power Generation
55
Operating Parameters:
Inlet Pressure: 4000 kPa
Outlet Pressure: 30 kPa
Inlet Temperature: 500 deg C
𝑘𝑔
Steam Requirement: 29,376.06 ℎ𝑟
Boiler.
Functions: Produces steam from demineralized water for power co-generation
Type: Water Tube Boiler
Number of units: 1
𝑘𝑔
Fuel Steam Capacity:29,376.06 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
Amount of fuel: 36,969.77 ℎ𝑟
56
Plant Location
The plant will be located in Brgy. Carmen, Toledo City, Cebu. The land that will
be bought will be 200219.38 square meters of land area. The plant area will occupy 75%
of land that which will include the administrative building, production facilities,
laboratory, wastewater treatment facility, water treatment facility, storage facilities and
other facilities essential for operation. While the remaining 25% of the land around will
be utilized as buffer zone.
Figure 7. Proposed Plant Location as viewed in the map
The plant is enclosed by four points which is specifically located at the following
points:
Latitude: Longitude:
 10° 22' 55.11'' N 123° 40' 0.48'' E
 10° 22' 59.376'' N 123° 40' 12'' E

57
 10° 22' 45.9912'' N 123° 40' 20.604'' E
 10° 22' 39.72'' N 123° 40' 8.4'' E
The reasons for selection the location are as follows:
Availability of raw materials.
The main raw material for the proposed plant is mango seed. There are
three leading mango processing industry: Profood, M’Lhuillier Food Products, and FPD
Food International that generate tons of mango seed waste from their manufacturing of
dried mangoes and other products that operates on Cebu city, the supply of raw materials
is ensured for production.
Accessibility to the Market.
Fuel use is predicted to increase as the population and economy continue
to expand. This means that the proposed bioethanol plant will supply the local market
specifically the Central Visayas area. The plant is one and seventeen hours away to the
Cebu international port and less than one hour away to the Toledo port in which the
product is distributed to different locations in the Visayas.
Water Supply.
The plant will have its own water supply through deep well injection that
collects water and distributes it throughout the plant.
Power Supply.
The plant will generate its own electricity by steam powered turbine. The
boiler will use a combination of methane gas, which is generated by the plant through
anaerobic digestion and biomass as fuels. In case of emergency situations, the plant will
connect to the local power grid as a contingency plan.

58
Community.
The plant is approximately 3.5 km away from Toledo City making it
accessible to hospitals, church, shopping districts and basic needs. The company will give
priority to workers from the community to work inside the plant. The workers will have
benefits such as SSS, PhilHealth & etc.

59
Plant Layout
Figure 8 shows the plant layout of the proposed plant. The plant was arranged and
designed with high regard to the efficiency of the production and overall safety of the
personnel. The production will start near the receiving area of the plant where raw
materials are received and prepared for milling. The center of the plant will be designated
as the main area operation where fermentation and distillation facilities and control room
will be located. The supporting facilities such as the warehouse will be located on the
right side of the plant, the water treatment house will be near the power plant station and
the laboratory will be located near the control room. The fire house and clinic will be
situated near the production are in case of accidents or emergencies. The administration
building will be located near the entrance making it accessible for visitors. The
wastewater treatment plant will be situated on the lower right side of the plant.
Scheduling of deliveries for raw material and other materials needed for
production will be observed to avoid traffic congestion

60
Figure 8. Plant Layout

61
Buildings and Facilities
Administrative Building.
This will be the office for the Plant Manager, Human Resource Staffs and
Finance Personnel of the plant. The building will be located near the canteen for an easy
access of the employees of the plant. Per OSH requirements, each floor should be at least
2.7 meters from floor to ceiling with maximum number of persons employed in a
workroom area shall not exceed one person per 11.5 cubic meters. This is to avoid
stampede whenever emergency situations happen and also to provide an optimum
environment for the workers. Exposed sides of a Stairway floor opening should be
guarded on to avoid accidents.
Power Plant Station.
It will be found near the administrative building. It will also near the
distillery plant since it will be commonly used in this area and also in case of a power
shut down, personnel in the distillery plant can have and easy access to the power
generator operators to minimize production loss. Control room for this equipment will be
found near the area. Where mechanical handling equipment is used, safe clearance is
required to avoid contact of the worker to the rotating equipment. Power boiler should be
equipped by at least one safety valve if the heating surface is 500 square feet and two
safety valves for more than 500 square feet. Suitable manholes or other openings for
frequent inspection, examination and cleaning should not be less than 70 mm x 90 mm.
Canteen.
The area for the employees to have their lunch breaks and snacks. It will
be located besides the administrative building for an easy access to the employees. Under
62
the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2004, employers are required to provide
hygienic facilities for preparing and eating meals while at work. It is a must that the
canteen and even the one’s preparing the foods are checked from time to time to avoid
contamination of foods which may result to large number of employees being sick.
Clinic.
The clinic shall have a licensed nurse and a physician throughout the plant
operation. The office will be equipped with the first aid kits, oxygen tanks, transport
materials, beds and other equipment that would be beneficial in case of emergency. It will
be found inside the control room. An addition of personal ambulance to transport patients
which cannot be healed by mainly first aid kits is also used as a safety precaution.
Distillation Plant.
Distillation columns, condensers, cooling towers, molecular sieve
dehydrator and heat exchangers will be found in this region. It will be located near the
fermentation plant for an easy access transport of material that will be distilled. Interlocks
all over the distillation area are provided so that when the sensors read differently from
the required values, it will automatically inform the DCS or at worst case scenario, shut
the process off to avoid further damages or accidents.
Fermentation Plant.
The area will be located near the distillation plant. Mango seeds kernel
powder storage tank, vats, and heat exchangers are found in this area. The control room
for this area is the one used in the distillery plant since both process are co-located to
each other. Plenty of safety signs are also required for each tanks defining the hazards it
may present.
63
Parking Lot.
The parking lot must have a standby ambulance and fire trucks for
emergency purposes. This area will be located on the upper side of the plant.
Quality Control Laboratory.
A building set for scientific research where all the tests for quality analysis
of raw materials and product, chemicals used and other materials that need quality
assurance. This will be located between near the control room. The laboratory will have
its own ventilation and exhaust equipment to provide continual inflow of fresh air to keep
the concentration of contaminants within safe limits. Hazardous processes shall also be
carried out in a separate rooms, and shall be carried out in an air-tight enclosure to
prevent personal contact with harmful substances and the escape of dusts, fibers, fumes
gases and mists into the air on the room which the person works. Labelled containers and
organization also play a big role to avoid confusion of chemicals in the quality control
laboratory. Personal disposal facility for laboratories are provided since disposed
materials might be contaminated with various chemicals.
Storage Room.
Final product will be stored in this area using vats. The storage room will
be located near the distillation plant for an easy transport. The tanks should be supported
so that leakage from any part of the tank will be noticeable. An addition of bund walls to
hold overflows during maximum operations. Tanks used for storing corrosive or caustic
liquids should have a permanent open wet pipe not less than 5 cm, in diameter at highest
point of the tank and a drain connection at the lowest point in the tank discharging in a
safe place such as a bund wall.

64
Warehouse.
The warehouse will be located near the ancillary process of the plant for
an easy transfer of materials that will be bought by the company and for an easy checking
of inventories. Roadways for automobiles, trucks and other vehicles shall be constructed
with good wearing surfaces.
Wastewater Treatment Plant.
This plant will consist of the demineralized water production, process
water storage, raw water storage, and aeration tanks. It will be situated near the disposal
area of the treated water. Interlocks all over the effluent area are used to avoid disposal of
below standard values wastewater effluent which may be toxic to the environment.
Values for BOD, COD, pH and temperature are monitored to ensure that the effluent
water will conform to the DENR’s standard for wastewater treatment.
Raw Materials and Supplies
Raw Material.
The globalization of mango production and consumption is a relatively
new phenomenon that is experiencing rapid growth. Over the past ten years, trade in
mango products has tripled; in 2005 the total exports were just US$ 696 million, while in
2015 it had increased to almost US$ 2.1 million. Mango products include fresh mango
and processed ones such as dried, frozen, puree and juice. The mango export market is
quite concentrated and dominated by developing countries located in the Tropics. The
Philippine holds a relatively significant position in the mango GVC (Global Value
Chain), and in 2015, the country ranked seventh amongst exporters of fresh and dried
65
mango, with US$ 91 million in exports and a 4% share of the global market
(UNComtrade, 2016).
For the third quarter of 2018, mango production was 4.3 percent higher
compared to the production in the same period of previous year, from 55.44 thousand MT
to 57.85 thousand MT. Central Visayas, with 19.10 thousand MT share, was the highest
producer of mango during the period, sharing 33.0 percent to national production.
Northern Mindanao ranked next with 20.1 percent share and third was Caraga with 12.0
percent share. Carabao variety reached 46.46 thousand MT during the period,
contributing 80.3 percent to total mango production (Philippines Statistics Authority,
2018).
Waste Disposal
Gypsum from Neutralization.
Gypsum is a by-product of the neutralization process and will be separated
by a centrifuge. The separated gypsum will be sold by the company.
Bottoms Products (Slops).
Distillery slop is the waste from alcohol manufacture, as from breweries or
distilleries, which produce highly organic pollutants (Thares, 2011).
Slops will directly proceed to the anaerobic digester in order to produce
methane (CH4) gas to be used as an additional fuel and the liquid that is left behind will
then be used as a fertilizer by the farmers.
Sludge.
Sludge will be removed after centrifugation is complete. It has a high
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

66
It is advisable to dewater the sludge. The same with the slops it will also
undergo anaerobic digester to produce methane gas and to be used as a fertilizer
by the farmers
Carbon Dioxide from Fermentation.
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of fermentation together with water. To
eliminate its environmental effects, it will be utilized by condensing it to produce liquid
carbon dioxide and will be sold to bottling companies.
Biomass.
Biomass from the 2nd stage acid hydrolysis will be collected. It will not
undergo anymore anaerobic digester but will be given together with the slops to the
farmers.
Flue Gases from Combustion of Fuel.
Flue gases are the by-products of the combustion of the biomass and
methane gas in the boiler. These air pollutants should be treat first before discharging
because of its great threats to the environment. To remove harmful particles and gases
from the exhaust stream, wet scrubbers will be used.
Labor Requirement
The plant requires a range of labor in order to function efficiently. The following
are the labor needed to ensure the quality and quantity of product produced. All the cited
labors, except for the administrative section, are required to use or be in their Personal
Protective Equipment before going out into the field. Some PPE’s needed are the hard
hats for any debris that may fall, goggles for eye protection against particulate matters,
gloves whenever there is a need to be in contact with a chemical or slurry, or hold

67
something that may cause wounds, and respirators, to avoid inhaling particulate matter
and odorous substances emitted in every tanks of the processes involved.
Chemical Engineers.
Chemical engineers are responsible in designing various plant equipment
and supervising the processes involved in the production to ensure efficient manufacture
and yield high quality of the bioethanol.
Civil Engineers.
Civil engineers are responsible in constructing the plant and its facilities.
They plan, design and oversee construction and maintenance of building structures and
infrastructure.
Electrical Engineers.
Electrical engineers are responsible for power generation and electrical
equipment of the plant.
Mechanical Engineers.
Mechanical engineers are responsible for the repair and maintenance of
equipment of the plant. They plan and design tools, engines, machines, and other
mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and
repair of such equipment.
Environmental Engineers.
Environmental engineers are responsible for all the pollution being
produced in the plant to ensure that the standards set by the Department of Environmental
and Natural Resources will be met. They are involved in efforts to improve recycling,
waste disposal, public health, and water and air pollution control.
68
Plant Manager.
Plant manager is responsible in supervising the operation of the entire
plant. He is responsible in managing the workforce in the plant. They will oversee all
daily operations of the plant from production and manufacturing to ensuring policies and
procedures are followed. They develop processes that will maximize stewardship, safety,
quality and productivity.
Plant Operators.
Plant operators are responsible in manning all the equipment in the plant.
They monitor reactors, turbines, generators, and cooling systems, adjusting controls as
necessary. Operators also start and stop equipment and record the data.
Office Personnel.
Office personnel are responsible for the inspection of products for quality
control and assurance.
Maintenance Personnel.
Maintenance personnel are responsible in maintaining and repairing
equipment, facilities and other industrial machinery.
Organizational Structure
Figure 9 shows the organizational chart which summarizes the hierarchy of the
company
69
Owner
(Corporation)
General
Manager
(1)
Plant Administrative
Manager (1) Head (1)
Human Sales and

Production Maintenance Engineering Resource Accounting Logistics
Marketing
Head (1) Head (1) Head (1) Head (1) Head (1)
Head (1) Head (1)
Physician (1)
Safety Quality Production Maintenance Power Plant
Officer (1) Control Supervisor Staff (6) Supervisor
Human Sales and
Officer (1) (3) (3) Accounting Logistics
Resource Marketing Staff (4)
Nurse (3) Staff (3)
Staff (2)
Staff (2)
Quality Production Power Plant
Control Operators Operators
Analyst (6) (27) (6) Security
Guards
(12)
Samplers Helpers
(6) (14)
Figure 9. Organizational Chart

70
Chapter 3
Financial Study
Increase of bioethanol production is one of the most important issue that the
Philippine industry is currently facing. Rampant increase of transportation vehicles which
uses E10 as its fuels drive the demand of the bioethanol the highest in the past years.
Department of Energy also has set to implement the E20 or the 20% ethanol blend of
fuels used by the year 2020. For this purpose, Biofuels Act of 2006 was made to cater the
increasing demand of bioethanol in the Philippines.
Evaluating the economic viability of an investment is done using an analytical
tool which is the financial study analysis. This consists of the evaluation of the financial
condition and operating performance of the investment as well as forecasting its future
condition and performance. Expected return and expected risk are the two specific factors
in order to come up with the financial decision, which financial feasibility analysis can be
of used to examine those two factors (Fabozzi and Peterson, 2003). This chapter will
determine if the project proposed is financially feasible.
Total Capital Investment
The total capital investment for the implementation of MaKernel Bioethanol Plant
is estimated to reach 813,352,250.43.

71
Table 7.
Total Project Cost

Direct Cost
a. Purchased Equipment 257,681,763.76
b. Purchased Equipment Installation 77,304,529.13
c. Instrumentation and Control 77,304,529.13
d. Pipings 103,072,705.50
e. Electrical Equipment Installation 25,768,176.38
f. Buildings and Structures 46,382,717.48
g. Land Improvement 7,730,452.91
h. Service Facilities 51,536,352.75
i. Land 46,382,717.48
Total Direct Cost 595,244,874.29
Indirect Cost
a. Engineering and Supervision 51,536,352.75
b. Construction Fee 23,191,358.74
c. Contractor Fee 12,884,088.19
d. Contingency 25,768,176.38
Total Indirect Cost 113,379,976.05
Total Direct And Indirect Cost 708,624,850.34
Office and Transportation Equipment 4,842,036.00
Fixed Capital Investment 713,466,886.34
Working Capital 99885364.09
Total Project Cost 813,352,250.43
Total Project Cost = Fixed Capital Investment + Working Capital
Fixed Capital Investment = Total Direct Cost + Total Indirect Cost + Office and
Transportation Equipment
Working Capital = Fixed Capital Investment x 0.14
Financing Scheme
To finance the proposed project and operation of the plant, the researchers will
borrow 40% of the total project cost needed from the land bank of the Philippines
amounting to Php 325,340,900.2 with an interest of 8% per year and is payable in 10
years. The purchased land title along with the buildings and equipment, will be the
72
collateral for the loan. The remaining amount of 488011350.3 will come from the
shareholder’s venture.
Major Assumptions
1. Main product, bioethanol will be sold at Php 45 per liter.
2. By-product CO2 will be sold by 500 per metric ton.
3. Raw material, Mango Seed will have a price of Php 725/ton.
4. Company will have a land of 20 hectares. The cost of land will 120 per square
meter.
5. Construction period will be (2) years and production starts on the third year.
6. Freight cost is 20% of purchased equipment cost.
7. Working Capital will be 15% of the total capital investment.
8. Cost of Electrical Installation will be 10% of the purchased product equipment
price
9. Cost of Land Improvement will be 3% of the purchased land lot.
10. Engineering Costs, which includes home office cost or contractor charges,
engineering services required to carry out the project, will be 20% of the purchase
equipment cost.
11. The Construction expenses will be 9% Purchased Equipment cost.
12. Contractor’s fee will be 5% of the Purchased Equipment cost.
13. Purchased Equipment Installation 30% of Purchased Equipment cost.
14. Instrumentation and control will be 30% of Purchased Equipment cost.
15. Piping are 40% of Purchased Equipment cost.
16. Electrical Equipment and materials 10% of Purchased Equipment cost.

73
17. Buildings and structure 18% of Purchased Equipment cost.
18. Service Facilities are 20% of Purchased Equipment cost.
19. Contingency is 10% indirect plant cost
20. Construction Expense is 6% Purchased Equipment cost.
21. Product sales will increase 4% annually for first five years
22. Fourth and fifth year of production will be at full capacity.
23. Sales for CO2 shall remain constant at Php 6,000,000 per month, regardless of
production capacity per year.
24. All of the produced bioethanol will be sold.
25. Money loaned from the bank is 40% of the total project cost.
26. Bank Loans Payable Php 381,773,086.68 paid at the end of the 3rd year or 1st year
of operation and a stated interest rate of 8% is to be paid annually for 10 years.
27. Interest in the loan during Pre-operational Phase will be paid immediately in those
years.
28. An increase of 3% annually of the initial salary in the employees’ salary for the
first five years of operations.
29. Income tax is 30%.
30. The contribution table for PhilHealth is based on the PhilHealth. Premium
Contribution Table.
31. The contribution table for SSS is based on the SSS 2018 schedule of contribution.
32. Employee’s Healthcare is Php 8,000/employee per year and will remain the same
for the first five years.

74
33. Accident Insurance of employee is Php 250 per employees per year and will
remain the same for the first five years of operation.
34. Depreciation is calculated using straight line method.
35. Factory Equipment & Machineries and office and Transportation.
36. Depreciation starts at the first year of operation. Salvage value is 10% of the fixed
cost.
37. There are 300 working days in a year.
38. Maintenance and `s 2% of the total purchased equipment cost.
39. Sales are paid 95% cash upon delivery and the 5% is paid the following year
40. Dividends are 5% of the net Income.
41. Service life of building, structures, and land improvement, equipment/office
supply, and equipment and machineries and services facilities are 30, 10, 15 and
10 years respectively.
42. Purchase of indirect materials is paid 70% cash upon purchased and the remaining
30% is paid the following year.
43. Advertising and marketing are Php 500,000.00 in the first year of operations and
will decrease 5% every year for the next four years of operations.
44. Under Section 3 of Biofuels Act of 2006, sales tax is 0%.
45. The surplus cash shall be invested in money market and with an option to pay off
loans.
46. Raw material cost will increase 1.5% every year.

75
Financial Statements
Financial statement or financial report is a structured representation which
provides information about the company’s financial activities and performance that are
essential for making economic decisions
The financial statements are made of Income Statement, Cash Flow and the
Balance Sheet. These statements are made from year 2021 – 2025 and are based on the
assumptions made by the authors to financially show the company’s progress.

76
Table 8.
Income Statement
Operation
1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Sales 805,822,500.00 838,055,400.00 871,577,616.00 906,440,720.64 942,698,349.47
Cost of Sales 383,838,101 394,544,334 405,549,143 416,861,485 428,490,585
Total Gross Profit 421,984,399.00 443,511,066.00 466,028,473.00 489,579,235.64 514,207,764.47
Operating Expenses 56,137,864.32 56,516,309.59 67,917,842.80 57,276,886.54 57,658,896.31
Operating Income 365,846,534.68 386,994,756.41 398,110,630.20 432,302,349.10 456,548,868.16
Interest Expense 26,026,956 24,230,573 22,290,187 17,931,369 26,897,054
Income before Tax 339,819,578.68 362,764,183.41 375,820,443.20 414,370,980.10 429,651,814.16
Income Tax (30%) 101,945,873.60 108,829,255.02 112,746,132.96 124,311,294.03 128,895,544.25
Net Income 237,873,705.08 253,934,928.39 263,074,310.24 290,059,686.07 300,756,269.91

77
Table 9.
Balance Sheet (Assets)
Pre – Operational Operational
Year 1 Year 2 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Current Assets
50,090,862.1 354,640,151.5 881,709,648.9 1,172,193,729.7 1,470,601,605.6
Cash 431,721,556.28 614,791,333.46
2 7 0 6 6
Accounts
- - 40,291,125.00 41,902,770.00 43,578,880.80 45,322,036.03 47,134,917.47
Receivable
50,090,862.1 394,931,276.5 925,288,529.7 1,217,515,765.7 1,517,736,523.1
Current Assets 431,721,556.28 656,694,103.46
2 7 0 9 3
Non – Current Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment (Schedule 13)
Land 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60 24,026,325.60
Buildings,
Structures and
141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07 141,724,970.07
Land
Improvement
Office and
Transportation 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00 4,842,036.00
Equipment
Total Cost of
Factory
541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89 541,131,703.89
Equipment &
Machineries
Service
51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75 51,536,352.75
Facilities
Less:
Accumulated - - (41,793,705.95) (83,587,412.67) (125,381,118.59) (167,174,825.11) (208,968,531.23)
Depreciation
78
Non-Current
763,261,388.31 763,261,388.31 721,467,682.36 679,673,975.64 637,880,269.72 596,086,563.20 554,292,857.08
Assets
Total Assets 1,194,982,944.59 813,352,250.43 1,116,398,958.93 1,336,368,079.10 1,563,168,799.42 1,813,602,328.99 2,072,029,380.21

79
Table 10.
(Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity)
Pre – Operational Operational
nd
Year 1 Year 2 1st Year 2 Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Liabilities
Current Liability:
Account Payable 381,630,694.16 - 99,525,120.3 102,510,873.9 105,586,200.1 108,753,786.1 112,016,399.7
Non-Current Liability
Loans Payable 325,340,900.2 325,340,900.2 302,882,468.5 278,627,653.1 252,432,452.5 224,141,694.3 193,587,675.5
Total Liabilities 706,971,594.36 325,340,900.2 402,407,588.80 381,138,527.00 358,018,652.60 332,895,480.40 305,604,075.20
Shareholders’ Equity
Ordinary Capital 488,011,350.
488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3
3
Retained Earnings:
Beginning
- - - 225,980,019.83 467,218,201.80 717,138,796.52 992,695,498.29
Balance
Net Income
- - 237,873,705.08 253,934,928.39 263,074,310.24 290,059,686.07 300,756,269.91
Less: Dividends - - (11,893,685.25) (12,696,746.42) (13,153,715.51) (14,502,984.30) (15,037,813.50)

Retained
- - 225,980,019.83 467,218,201.80 717,138,796.52 992,695,498.29 1,278,413,954.71
earnings, ending
Total
Shareholders’ 488,011,350.3 488,011,350.3 713,991,370.13 955,229,552.10 1,205,150,146.82 1,480,706,848.59 1,766,425,305.01
Equity
Total Liabilities
& Shareholders’ 1,194,982,944.59 813,352,250.43 1,116,398,958.93 1,336,368,079.10 1,563,168,799.42 1,813,602,328.99 2,072,029,380.21
Equity
80
Table 11.
Statement of Cash Flow
Pre-Operation Operational
Year 1 Year 2 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
1. Cash Flow from Plant Operation Activities
Net Income - - 237,873,705.08 253,934,928.39 263,074,310.24 290,059,686.07 300,756,269.91
Increase/Decrea
se in Accounts - - (40,291,125.00) (1,611,645.00) (1,676,110.80) (1,743,155.23) (1,812,881.44)
Receivable
Increase/Decrea
se in
- - 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32
Depreciation
(Table …)
Increase/Decrea
se in Accounts - - 99,525,120.3 2,985,753.6 3,075,326.2 3,167,586 3,262,613.6
Payable
Net Cash
provided by
- - 338,901,406.70 297,102,743.31 306,267,231.96 333,277,823.16 343,999,708.39
Operating
Activities
2. Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Purchase of
Land (Schedule (12,013,162.8) (12,013,162.8) - - - - -
14)
Purchase of
Buildings,
Structures and
(70,862,485) (70,862,485) - - - - -
Land
Improvements
(Schedule 14)
81
Purchase of
Factory
Equipment & (270,565,852) (270,565,852) - - - - -
Machineries
(Schedule 14)
Purchase of
Office and
(2,421,018) (2,421,018) - - - - -
Transportation
Equipment
Purchase of
Service (25,768,176.4) (25,768,176.4) - - - - -
Facilities
Net Cash
provided by
(381,630,694) (381,630,694) - - - - -
Investing
Activities
3. Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Proceeds of 10
Year Bank 325,340,900.2 - - - - - -
Loan
Issuance of
488,011,350.3 - - - - - -
Capital
Payment of
Loan - - (22,458,432) (24,254,815) (26,195,201) (28,290,758) (30,554,019)
(Schedule 17)
Payment of
- - (11,893,685.25) (12,696,746.42) (13,153,715.51) (14,502,984.30) (15,037,813.50)
Dividends
Net Cash
provided by
813,352,250.43 - (34,352,117.25) (36,951,561.42) (39,348,916.51) (42,793,742.30) (45,591,832.50)
Financing
Activities
82
Increase in
431,721,556.28 (381,630,694) 304,549,289.45 260,151,181.89 266,918,315.45 290,484,080.86 298,407,875.89
Cash
Cash Balance,
- 431,721,556.28 50,090,862.12 354,640,151.57 614,791,333.46 881,709,648.90 1,172,193,729.76
Beginning
Cash Balance,
431,721,556.28 50,090,862.12 354,640,151.57 614,791,333.46 881,709,648.90 1,172,193,729.76 1,470,601,605.66
End
83
Financial Ratios
The following ratios shown are computed from the figures in the financial
statement:
Test of Liquidity.
Current Assets
Current Ratio=
Current Liabilities
Years of Operation Ratio
Year 1 3.97
Year 2 6.41
Year 3 8.76
Year 4 11.20
Year 5 13.55
The current ratio increases annually. The company is in a sound financial
position since the ratios calculated are better than 1:1 ratio, thus can pay their short-term
obligations.
84
Test for Profitability.
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Margin =
Sales
Year 1 0.52
Year 2 0.53
Year 3 0.53
Year 4 0.54
Year 5 0.55
Income Before Taxes

Pre - Tax Profit Margin =
Sales
Year 1 0.42
Year 2 0.43
Year 3 0.43
Year 4 0.46
Year 5 0.46
85
Income Before Taxes

Return on Assests =
Total Assets
Year 1 0.30
Year 2 0.27
Year 3 0.24
Year 4 0.23
Year 5 0.21
Income Before Taxes

Return on Equity =
Equity
Year 1 0.70
Year 2 0.74
Year 3 0.77
Year 4 0.85
Year 5 0.88
86
Sales
Sales to Assets =
Total Assets
Year 1 0.73
Year 2 0.63
Year 3 0.55
Year 4 0.49
Year 5 0.44
Payback Period.
Year Net Cash Flow Accumulated Total
0 Year
(813,352,250.43) (813,352,250.43)
Pre - Operation
1st Year
(381,630,694.16) (1,194,982,944.59)
Pre – Operation
0 Year
304,549,289.45 (890,433,655.14)
Operation
1st Year
260,151,181.89 (630,282,473.25)
Operation
2nd Year
266,918,315.45 (363,364,157.80)
Operation
3rd Year
290,484,080.86 (72,880,076.94)
Operation
4th Year
298,407,875.89 225,527,798.95
Operation
87
The payback period for the total project cost of Php 813,352,250.43 is
approximately 3 years and 6 months after the start of operation.
Breakeven Analysis.
Total Fixed Cost
Breakeven Point (BEP) in Volume =
(Selling Price per L-Variable Cost per L)
Fixed Cost = Operating Expenses + Interest Expenses

Variable Cost = (Cost of Sales + Income Tax)/Total Annual Production
Selling Price Variable Cost

Total Fixed Cost BEP in Liters
per Liter per Liter
Year 1 82,164,820.32 45 27.92 4,810,197.81
Year 2 80,746,882.59 46.8 28.93 4,518,449.83
Year 3 90,208,029.80 48.67 29.79 4,777,230.05
Year 4 75,208,255.54 50.62 31.10 3,853,253.82
Year 5 84,555,950.31 52.64 32.03 4,103,399.99
Based from the computation above, more than the calculated
Breakeven Point of Bioethanol, which is the main product, must be sold in order for the
company to start earning profit. The effect of tax is not includes in this analysis.
Financial Analysis
The financial study gives emphasis on the feasibility of the plant which will
produce 17,400,000 liters of bioethanol annually. It is expected that the cost for the
project is high but factors like the current demand of bioethanol in the market, the selling
88
of by-products and the generation of own power for the production affects the financial
performance of the company.
The plant’s financial performance in determined through calculating the financial
ratios which indicates the company’s financial liquidity, profitability and insolvency.
Using the current ratio it is determined the liquidity of the company. From the values
calculated above, the current ratio increases annually and has high values therefore, the
company is will be able to meet its short term obligations and will be able to pay for its
liabilities.
The profitability of the company on the other hand, is determined by the Gross
Profit Margin, Pre – Tax Profit Margin, Return on Assets (ROA), Sales to Assets (STA)
and Return on Equity (ROE). From the values calculated above, the current ratio is
increasing for the first five years of operation due to the increasing current assets. For the
gross profit margin, the ratios for the three year of operation are increasing and on its
fourth year the ratio decreases due to the decrease in total gross profit. This only shows
that the company was not able to use its assets to efficiently generate profit. Return on
Equity (ROE) increases also because on the increasing sales during the period and that is
because there is an increase in profit before tax every year but on the fourth year it
decreases.
The payback period for the company is approximately 3 years and 3 months
which indicates the length of time when the business can recover its investment. The
company’s short payback period indicates that the investments are recovered sooner and
available for future investments and further use.

89
Summary
The main objective of this feasibility study is to come up with a plant design for
the production of bioethanol from mango seed kernel biomass.
Furthermore, the specific objectives of this study are:
6. To generate a process that will be able to produce bioethanol from mango seeds
kernel using two stage acid hydrolysis
7. Conduct a market study which includes the evaluation of the local market
production of bioethanol
8. Select a plant location that provides proximity to the source of raw material,
provides good target market and is easily accessible.
9. To provide the necessary design of all the equipment needed for the production of
bioethanol and the treatment of the waste produced based on the material balances
attained.
10. Prepare financial statements for the first five years of operation of the plant.
The plant will be situated at Brgy. Carmen, Toledo City, Cebu. The land that will
be bought will be 200219.38 square meters of land area. The main raw material for the
proposed plant is mango seed. There are three leading mango processing industry:
Profood, M’Lhuillier Food Products, and FPD Food International that generate tons of
mango seed waste from their manufacturing of dried mangoes and other products that
operates on Cebu city, the supply of raw materials is ensured for production. This fact
supports the decision to put up the plant at the previously mentioned location.
90
As stated in the product and demand analysis, increasing motor vehicle sales,
accelerating construction activities, a growing population and continued expansion of the
Philippine economy, all translate to increased fuel consumption in the next 3 - 5 years.
According to GAIN report, as of year 2018 the fuel consumption is 605 ML which is
composed of the fuel production and fuel imports of 280 ML and 325 ML, respectively.
The present distilleries can supply 431.12 ML of bioethanol leaving a 173.88 ML market
gap.
The plant will supply 17.4 ML of bioethanol per year contributing to about 10%
of the market gap. It will therefore cut down the market gap to about 156.49 ML in the
year 2019. It will be sold at Php 45.00 per liter.
Equipment design and specification have been calculated based on literatures such
as Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 8th Edition, Chemical Engineering Principles
by Towler and Sinnot, Heuristics in Chemical Engineering and Chemical Process
Equipment – Design and Selection by Walas. The cost of equipment and assumptions
used in the financial study on direct costs, indirect costs and other costs were based on
the Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters and Timmerhaus.
91
Conclusions and Recommendation
The proposed bioethanol plant has an annual production of 17.4 ML liters by using
mango seed kernel as raw material. The proposed project shows that it can meet the
bioethanol demand of the country and can compete with other bioethanol plant available
locally. The plant site gives an advantage on the economic sustainability of the plant due
to its high availability of the raw materials, its accessibility of water supply and
distribution or marketing finished products. The plant location was strategically located
away from the residential area.
The financial study shows that the proposed plant’s projected performance will be
stable based on the projected liquidity, profitability and project leverages which gave
reasonable and acceptable values.
The plant layout was designed to the plant’s efficiency and 30% safety factor. The
plant layout includes all the equipment, buildings and facilities arranged and designed to
fulfil the production capacity set for the plant.
The following are the recommendations offered by the researchers for the
improvement of the production of bioethanol from mango seed kernels:
1. Use of an alternative process to be able to be able to promote a zero waste plant;
2. Improve the financial assumption on the prices of goods, equipment, services and
materials purchased to avoid too much deviation from actual financial values;
3. Use of enzymatic hydrolysis instead of acid hydrolysis to improve the yield of
alcohol; and
92
4. The by-product CO2 can be captured and sold as liquid CO2 as food grade for
beverages and industrial grade.

93
Appendix A
Material Balance
Different manufacturing plants, mainly dried mango and mango juices
manufacturing plant, are considered as source of the raw material with the basis of 50
tons per day per manufacturing plant, of waste generated during off season and is
expected to increase during peak season (Profood Corp., 2016). As of present time, a total
of 46 manufacturing plants for the production of dried mango and mango juices exists in
the country.
The desired production per year is the 10% of the present market gap of the
bioethanol industry here in the Philippines for the year 2018 which is 17.4 Million Liter.
A total of 58,000 L per day of bioethanol is used as the basis.
The mass of mango seeds to be processed is based on the capacity of Profood,
which is one of the main exporter of processed mango which contributes to around 85%
of the total mango processed products produced in Cebu, with an operating capacity of
1140 metric tons of mango per day (Galolo, 2017) along with nine more mango
processing plants which is also based on Cebu.
Calculations based on the processes involved in the production of bioethanol from
mango seeds kernel yields around 0.1041 L of ethanol for every 1 kg of mango seeds
kernel used, while mango seed kernel is on average, 60% of the whole seed.
Raw material = 58,000 L
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑙 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛

( ) (0.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑙) (1000 𝑘𝑔) = 928.43 kg/day
0.1041 𝐿
94
However, the presumptive amount of mango seeds calculated needed per day to
provide the required 58,000 L of ethanol have a small discrepancy due to other processes
added and the loss per process undergone by the raw material compared to the study of
Cristina et. al which causes some variations in the yield of the bioethanol.
Breaking Rolls
The breaking of the mango seeds into mango kernel and its outer shell.
928.43 Ton 928.43 Ton

Mango Seeds Mango Kernel
and Outer Shell
Sieving
The separation of the Mango Kernel and Outer Shell with the use of sieving. By average,
60% of the entire mango seed is the kernel.
Mango Seed Kernel = 0.6 (928,431) = 557,058.99 kg/day
Mango Seed (Outer Shell)= 557,058.99-928,431= 371,372.7 kg/day
928.431 Ton 557.05899 Ton

Mango Kernel and Mango Kernel
Outer Shell
Outer Shells
371.3727 Ton
Drying
Mango seed kernel contains approximately 44.4% moisture. The initial 44.4% moisture
content will be reduced to 12% moisture content.
95
Before drying: 557,058.99 kg/day

Using the mango seed kernel balance: (1-0.444)(557.05899)=X(1-0.12)
X=After drying mass = 351,960 kg/day
Water Evaporated= 351,960-557,058.99= 205,098.99 kg/day
205.09899 Ton
557.05899 Ton 351.96 Ton

44.4% moisture 12% moisture
Milling
Based on the assumption that 6% of the mango seeds are losses during milling.
Loss= 351,960(0.06)
= 21,117.6 kg/day
MSK Pwder after milling = 351,960 - 21,117.6 = 330,842.4 kg/day
351.96 Ton 330.84 Ton

Dried Mango Seeds MSK Powder
21.12 Tons (Loss)

96
1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis
413.55 Ton
70% H2SO4
330.84 Ton Biomass

MSK Powder 112.85 Ton
Fermentable Sugar
242.2Ton
631.55 Ton
Sugar-Acid-H2O
Solution
Characterization of the Mango seed kernel:

Cellulose (C) = 25.2%
Hemicellulose (H) = 34.06%
Lignin (L) = 15%
Soluble Sugar = 15.29%
Other solids= 10.45%
MCHL= (MSK)(Cellulose + Hemicellulose + Lignin)
= (330,842.4 kg/day)(0.252+0.3406+0.15)
= 245,683.5662 kg/day
According to literature, 78% of CHL will be converted as Fermentable sugars
MCHL Converted= 0.78 (245,683.5662 kg/day)
=191,633.1817 kg/day
For soluble sugars:
MSOLUBLE SUGARS=0.1529(330,842.4 kg/day)
= 50,585.8 kg/day
For Fermentable sugars:
97
MFERMENTABLE SUGAR= MCHL Converted + MSOLUBLE SUGARS

= 191,633.1817 kg/day + 50,585.8 kg/day
= 242,218.98 kg/day
Using the Arkenol process as the basis, acid to biomass ratio is 1.25:1
70% H2SO4 = 1.25 (330,842.4) kg/day
70% H2SO4 = 413,553 kg/day
Approximately 90% of the fermentable sugars are recovered during the acid hydrolysis
FS of biomass= 0.1 (242,218.98 kg/day)
= 24,221.9 kg/day
Biomass= 330,842.4 – 242,218.98 + 24,221.9
= 112,845.32 kg/day
Sugar-acid-water solution= 330,842.2+ 413,553 – 112,845.32
= 631,549.88 kg/day

Biomass: 112,845.32 kg/day
30% H2SO4: (1.25)( 112,845.32 kg/day) = 141,056.65 kg/day
Approximately 90% of the fermentable sugars are recovered during the acid hydrolysis
Fermentable Sugar of Hydrolysate = 0.1 (24,221.9 kg/day) = 2,422.19 kg/day
Biomass= 112,845.32 - 24,221.9 + 2,422.19
= 91,045.61 kg/day
Sugar-Acid-Water solution= 112,845.32 + 141,056.65 - 91,045.61
= 162,856.36 kg/day
Total Sugar-Acid-H2O solution from both stages:

631,549.88 + 162,856.36 =794,406.24 kg/day
Total H2SO4: 0.7(413,553) + 0.3(141,056.65) = 331,804.1 kg/day
Total Fermentable Sugar: 242,218.98 (0.9)+ 24,221.9 (0.9)= 239,796.79 kg/day
98
141.01 Ton
30% H2SO4
112.85 Ton Biomass

MSK Powder 91.045 Ton
162.86 Ton
Sugar-Acid-H2O
Solution
Electrodialysis
Assuming 95% of the sulfuric acid was recovered
C= 0.95 (331,804.1) = 315,213.9 kg/day
OMB: F= C + D
Solving for D (Sugar Solution)
794,406.24 = 315,213.9 + D
D= 479,192.34 kg/day
Sugar-Acid-H2O
794.41 Ton Solution
Sugar-Acid-H2O 479.19 Ton

Solution
315.2 Ton
Recycle H2SO4
99
Neutralization
Ca(OH)2 will be used to neutralize the sulfuric acid.
The neutralization reaction between Ca(OH)2 and H2SO4 is
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 · 2H2O (Gypsum)
1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2SO4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 Ca(OH)2 74 𝑘𝑔 Ca(OH)2

MCa(OH)2= (0.05)(331,804.1) kg H2SO4 ( )( ) (1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 Ca(OH)2)
98𝑘𝑔H2SO4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2SO4
=12,527.3 kg/day
Mgypsum =
1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 Ca(OH)2 1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 CaSO4 ● 2H2O 172 𝑘𝑔 CaSO4 ● 2H2O
12,527.3 kg Ca(OH)2 ( 74 𝑘𝑔 Ca(OH)2 ) ( ) (1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 CaSO4 ● 2H2O)
1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙Ca(OH)2
CaSO4 ● 2H2O (gypsum) = 29,117.5 kg/day
MSugar-H2O-acid= 479,192.34 +12,527.3 - 29,117.5 = 462,602.14 kg/day
12.53 Ton
Ca(OH)2
Sugar-Acid-H2O
Solution Gypsum
479.19 Ton 29.12 Tons
462.6 Ton
Sugar-Acid-H2O
Solution
Fermentation
239,796.79 𝑘𝑔
Brix= ( 462,602.14+X ) = 0.19
X= Additional water= 799,486.23 𝑘𝑔

Feed= 799,486.23 + 462,602.14 = 1,262,088.4 kg/day
100
According to Cristina et.al (2017), a ratio of 1:6, 1 kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for

every 6 kg of mango seeds kernel, is used for the optimum activity of the yeast in the
solution.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) = 330,842.4 kg mango seed kernel/6 = 55,140.4 kg/day
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝐿
DAP =(1𝑔/𝐿) (1000 𝑔) (799,486.23 + 462,602.14 )(1 𝑘𝑔) = 1262.0884 kg/day
𝑑𝑎𝑦
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝐿
Urea =(16.67 𝑔/𝐿) (1000 𝑔) (799,486.23 + 462,602.14 ) (1 𝑘𝑔) =
𝑑𝑎𝑦
21,039.01313 kg/day
Yeast + Urea + DAP = 77,471.5 kg/day
Yeast + Urea +
DAP
799.5 Ton
77.5 Ton
Water
462.6 Ton 1295 Ton

H2O-Sugar Mixed Liquor
Solution
44.6 Ton
CO2
Centrifugation
After fermentation, suspended solids which include nutrients and dead yeasts are
separated using the centrifuge.
1295 Ton 1217.5 Ton

Mixed Liquor 6.64% v/v C2H5OH
77.5 Ton
Suspended Solids
101
Distillation
Feed Condition: 6.64% (v/v) ethanol @ T= 320C
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th Edition, Table 2-32:
Density of ethanol: 16.9224 mol/L = 779.5811 g/L
Density of water: 55.4454 mol/L = 998.8489 g/L
Based from Baya et.al (2018) assumptions, a good distillation produces 95% (v/v)
ethanol and bottoms containing 2% (v/v) ethanol
Solving for X𝐹 with the feed 6.64% (v/v) ethanol,

0.0664(16.9224)
X𝐹 =
0.09(16.9224) + 0.91(55.4454)
X𝐹 = 0.0212
MWF = 0.0212 (46 kg/kmol) + (1-0.0212)(18 kg/kmol)
= 18.5936 kg/kmol
kmol 1000mol
F= 1.2175 x 106 kg/day (18.5936 kg) ( )= 65.4781 x 106 mol/day
1kmol
For distillate using 95% (v/v) ethanol,

0.95(16.9224)
X𝐷 =
0.95(16.9224) + 0.91(55.4454)
X𝐷 = 0.8529
MW of the Distillate = 46(0.8529)+18(1-0.8529) = 41.88 kg/kmol
For bottoms using 2% (v/v) ethanol,

0.02(16.9224)
X𝐵 =
0.02(16.9224) + 0.98(55.4454)
X𝐵 = 0.0062
MWB = 0.0062(46 kg/kmol) + (1-0.0062)(18 kg/kmol)
= 18.189 kg/kmol
102
Overall Material Balance

F=D+B
65.4781 x 106 mol = D + B (eq.1)

Ethanol Balance
FX𝐹 = DX𝐷 + BX𝐵
65.4781 x 106 mol (0.0212) = D(0.8529)+B(0.0062) (eq.2)
1𝑘mol 41.88 kg
D = 1.16 x 106 mol/day (1000 mol) ( ) = 48, 580.8 kg/day
1kmol
1𝑘mol 18.189 kg
B=64.3181 x 106 mol/day (1000 mol) ( ) = 1.1699 x 106 kg/day
1kmol
L D= 48, 580.8 kg/day

XD=
0.8529
F = 1.2175 x
106 kg/day
XF = 0.0212
B= 1.1699 x 106 kg/day
XB= 0.0062
LM
103
Dehydration
MW of the Distillate = 41.88 kg/kmol
kg 1000 mol mol
D=48580.8 ( ) = 1.16 × 106
day 41.88 kg day
Ethanol in D=(0.8529)(1.16×106 )
=991.38×103 mol
Water in D=(1.16×106 ) − (991.38 × 103 )
= 170,987.3 mol
Assume 99% recovery
Ethanol in gas product=(0.99)(991.38×103 )

46 g 1 kg
= 981.45 × 103 mol/day( )( )
1 mol 1000 g
= 45, 146.7 kg/day
Assume 99.99% purity
1 − 0.9999
Water in product = (981.45 × 103 mol)
0.9999
mol 18 𝑔 1 kg
= 98.15 ( )( )
day 1 mol 1000 g
= 1.7667 kg/day
kg kg
45, 146.7 1.7667
day day
Ethanol production rate = +
kg kg
0.7796 L 0.99885 L
L Kg
= 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 (0.7787 )
day L
= 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟔 𝐤𝐠/𝐝𝐚𝐲
104
Feed= 48, 580.8 kg/day
Product=
58,000 L/day
= 45,164.6
kg/day
105
Appendix B
Energy Balance
Roll Crusher (Ready Made)
From the data of FW 812
Power requirement: 122 kW * 3 units = 366 kW
Sieving (Ready Made)
From the data of LDS1-2700-7.2
Power requirement: 55 kW* 3 units = 165 kW
Dryer
1.) Vaporization temperature
𝑇𝑣 = 100 °C
2.) Sensible heat to raise temperature of solid from initial (30°C) to vaporization
temperature (100°C)
𝑞1 = 𝑀𝑠(𝐶𝑝, 𝑠)(𝑇𝑣 − 𝑇𝑠𝑖)
𝑞1 = 4,301.73 × 4.25 × (100 − 30)
𝑘𝐽
𝑞1 = 1,279,765.66
ℎ
3.) Sensible heat to raise temperature if water from initial (30°C) to vaporization
temperature (100°C)
𝑞2 = 𝑀𝑤(𝐶𝑝, 𝑤)(𝑇𝑣 − 𝑇𝑠𝑖)

106
𝑞2 = 3,435.20 × 4.186 × (100 − 30)
𝑘𝐽
𝑞2 = 1,006,581.456
ℎ
4.) Latent heat to vaporize the moisture
𝑞3 = 𝑉𝜆v
𝑘𝐽
𝜆v=2260
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑞3 = 2848.60 × 2260 = 6,442,244.789
ℎ
5.) Sensible heat to raise temperature of the bone dry solid from vaporization
temperature (100°C) to final product temperature (50°C)
𝑞4 = 𝑀𝑠(𝐶𝑝, 𝑠)(𝑇𝑠𝑓 − 𝑇𝑣)
𝑞4 = 4,301.73 × 4.25(50 − 100)
𝑘𝐽
𝑞4 = −914,118.3287
ℎ
6.) Sensible heat to raise temperature of water remaining in the material from
vaporization temperature (100) to final product temperature (50°C)
𝑞5 = 𝑀𝑤𝑓(𝐶𝑝, 𝑤)(𝑇𝑠𝑓 − 𝑇𝑣)
𝑞5 = 586.60 × 4.186(50 − 100)
𝑘𝐽
𝑞5 = −122,775.3794
ℎ
7.) Total heat requirement of the system
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 + 𝑞5
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1,279,765.66 + 1,006,581.456 + 6,442,244.789 − 914,118.3287
− 122,775.3794
107
𝒌𝑱
𝒒𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟕, 𝟔𝟗𝟏, 𝟔𝟗𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟕
𝒉
Milling (Ready Made)
From the data of Simpactor Pin mill
Power Requirement: 18.64 kW * 3 units = 55.92 kW
Electrodialysis (Ready Made)
Power Requirement: 8-24 kW = 10.88 – 32.63 hp
Fermentation
The chemical reaction involved in producing ethanol from glucose is
C6H12O6(s) 2CO2(g) +2C2H5OH(g)
The heat of reaction at T= 32oC is,
Q= ΔHr = ΔHo298 + mCp,mΔT
For CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physiscs,
ΔHof [CO2] = -393.5 kL/mol
ΔHof [C2H5OH] = -278 kJ/mol
ΔHof [C6H12O6] = -1273.3 kJ/mol
ΔHo298 = Σ ΔHof [products] - Σ ΔHof [reactants]
ΔHo298 = [ 2(-393.5) + 2(-278) ] – (-1273.3) kJ/mol
ΔHo298 = -69.7 kJ/mol
Cp,m= (xH2O)(Cp, H2O) + (xsugar)(Cp, sugar)

108
Mass (sugar) = 239,796.79 kg/day = 1,332,204.39 mol/day
Mass (water) = 799,486.23 kg/day
= 44.42 x106 mol/day
44.42 x106
( )
18
xH2O = ( 44.42 x106 1,322,204.39 ) = 0.99
( )+( )
18 180
Xsugar = 1-0.99 = 0.01
Cp, H2O = 75.35 J/mol K
Cp, sugar = 218.6 J/mol K
Cp,m = 0.99(75.35) + 0.01(218.6)
Cp,m = 76.781 J/mol K = 0.076781 kJ/mol K
Q = (-69.7 kJ/mol)( 1,322,204.39 mol/day) + (1,322,204.39 mol/day + 44.42 x106
mol/day) (0.076781 kJ/mol K) (32-30)K
Q= -85,133,381.6 kJ/day
Dehydration
TD= 78.5oC
D= 48.3333 kmol/hr
But superheating feed at 80oC,
Qs = D[CpΔTλ]
Assume that properties of feed are of ethanol because of 95% ethanol,
From Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th Edition:
@ T= 78.5oC
109
λethanol = 44,252 kJ/mol
Cp ethanol = 137.54 kJ/mol. K
Qs ethanol = 48.3333 [137.54(353.15 – 351.45) + 44,252]
Qs ethanol = 2,150,133.04 kJ/hr
From Molecular Sieve:
Product of sieve= 981.548 kmol/day
Temperature of ethanol at the molecular sieve is at T= 80oC
With water entering at 25oC and assuming tht condensation of ethanol is completed at
50oC
Qc = P(CpΔT + λ)
Ethanol Properties @ T= 80oC
λ= 38,872 kJ/kmol.K
Cp= 84.059 kJ/kmol.K
Qc= 981.548 [ (84.059) (78.5-50) + ( 38,872) ]
Qc = 40,506,210.24 kJ/day
110
Distillation Energy Balance:
From Geankoplis (3rd ed). Appendix 3-23
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
XF = 0.0212 %EtOH = 6.7% F = 65.4781 x 106 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
xD = 0.8529 %EtOH = 95% D = 1.16𝑥106 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
xB = 0.0062 %EtOH = 2% B = 64.3181 x 106 𝑑𝑎𝑦
TF = 80 deg C
TBP = 94.98 deg C
Ropt = 2.02
From McCabe, Smith & Harrison (6th Ed).
FHf + qr = DHD + BHB + qc
VHv = LnHLn + DHB + qc
Since Ln and D have same compositios,
HLn = HD
111
From Geankoplis (3rd Ed). App 3-23
Enthalphy (liquid) Enthalphy (vapor) Mass Fraction
KJ/Kg KJ/Kg
418.9 2675 0
371.7 2517 0.1
314 2193 0.3
285.9 1870 0.5
258.4 1544 0.7
224.7 1223 0.9
207 1064 1
𝜌 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 779.58 g/L
𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 998.85 g/L
(0.067)(779.58)
XF = (0.067)(779.58)+(1−0.067)(998.8489) = 0.053
(0.95)(779.58)
XD = (0.95)(779.58)+(1−0.95)(998.8489) = 0.937
(0.02)(779.58)
XB = (0.02)(779.58)+(1−0.02)(998.8489) = 0.016
Using linear interpolation
𝑘𝐽
HF = 396.72
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
HV = 2649.72 𝑘𝑔
112
𝑘𝐽
HB = 215.87 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
HLn = HD = 391.87 𝑘𝑔
Average molecular weight of distillate:
MWave = (0.8529 x 46kg/kmol) + ((1-0.8529) x 18 kg/kmol)
MWave = 41.88 kg/kmol
𝑚𝑜𝑙
At reflux ratio (R) = 3.02, D = 1.16𝑥106 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑜𝑙
L = 3.02 (1.16𝑥106 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
L = 3.50x106 mol/day
V = L+D =3.50x106 mol/day + 1.16𝑥106 mol/day
V= 4.66x106 mol /day
VHv = LnHLn + DHB + qc
mol 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝑔
(4.66x106 day ) (41.88 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) (2649.72 ) (1000𝑔) =
𝑘𝑔
mol 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 1𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙

(3.50x106 day ) (391.87 ) (41.88 ) (1000𝑔) + (1.16𝑥106 )( 215.87
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝐽 41.88𝑘𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
)( ) (1000𝑔) + 𝑞𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
KJ 𝒌𝑱
Reboiler duty: 𝑞𝑟 = 4.49x108 day = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒉𝒓
Feed xf= 0.0212
FHf + qr = DHD + BHB + qc

113
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
(𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑)𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 = (0.0212 × 46 ) + ((1 − 0.0212) × 18 ) = 18.59
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 = (0.0062 × 46 ) + ((1 − 0.0062) × 18 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 18.17
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝑔
(65.4781 x 106 ) ( 18.59 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) ( 396.72 ( )) +
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝐽 41.88𝑘𝑔 1𝑘𝑔

𝑞𝑟 =(1.16𝑥106 ) (391.87 )( ) (1000𝑔) +
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
mol 1𝑘𝑔 kg 𝑘𝐽 KJ
(64.3181 x 106 day )(1000𝑔)(18.17 kmol)( 215.87 ) + 4.49x1011 day
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝒌𝑱
Condenser duty: 𝑞𝑐 = 2.37𝑥108 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒉𝒓
Neutralization with cooling jacket
The neutralization tank needs to be maintained at 30 degrees Celsius therefore a
cooling jacket must be installed to regulate the exothermic reaction in the tank.
Calculation for the amount of water needed to regulate the temperature of the
neutralization tank is shown below.
∆𝐻𝑅 = Σ 𝐻𝑓(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑) − Σ 𝐻𝑓(𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡)
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 · 2H2O (Gypsum)
From table 2-178 Perry’s ChE Handbook 8th ed,
∆𝐻𝑓(𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ) = −193.69 kCal/mol
∆𝐻𝑓(𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑒) = −235.58 kCal /mol
∆𝐻𝑓(𝐺𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚) = −479.33 kCal/mol

114
Substituting Values
∆𝐻𝑅 = (−479.33) − ((−235.58) + (−193.68))
𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
∆𝐻𝑅 = −50.06 = −50,060.00
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
For the latent heat of water, λs
λs = ∆𝐻𝑉 − ∆𝐻𝐿
Where: ∆𝐻𝑉 =enthalphy of saturated vapour
∆𝐻𝐿 =enthalphy of liquid water
From Appendix 2-9 of Geankoplis
ΔHv = −2676.1 kJ/kg
kJ
ΔHL = 419.04
kg
kJ kJ 1kg 18.0154g
λs = (2676.1 kg − 419.04 kg) (1000g) ( )
1mol
kJ Cal
λs = 40.66 mol = 539,168.1644 kg
The values obtained shows that ΔHf is greater than λs, the cooling water in the cooling
jacket will undergo phase change with a maximum temperature of 120 deg C. Assuming
there is no heat added or released in the system,
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 0
−𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
−(𝑚𝐶∆𝑇)𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (𝑚𝐶∆𝑇)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑙𝑖𝑞) + (𝑚𝐶∆𝑇)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚) + (𝑚λs )𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
From Perry’s ChE Handbook (8th ed),
𝐶𝑝𝑚 = ∑𝐶𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖

115
75+30
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 52.5℃
2
Where:
xi= mass fraction of substance in I mixture
Cpi = specific heat capacity of substance I when pure
Tpure = reference temperature for Cp
From table 2-174 of Perry’s ChE 8th ed.
Cal
𝐶𝑝𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 794.3 kg ℃
Cal
𝐶𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 794.3 kg ℃
Cal
𝐶𝑝𝑔𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 0.259 kg ℃
Cal
𝐶𝑝𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 334.0055 kg ℃
Cal
𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 997.77 kg ℃
The mass fractions will be taken from appendix (material balance)
12,527.30 29,117.5
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 925,388.56 = 0.0135 𝑋𝑔𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 925,388.56 = 0.1675 𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
222805.55
= 0.2408
925,388.56
16,590.20 242,218.98
𝑋𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 925,388.56 = 0.0179 𝑋𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = = 0.2617
925,388.56
116
Cpm = 794.3(0.0179) + 794.3(0.0135) +
0.259(0.1675)+ 334.0055(0.2617)+ 997.77(0.2408)
Cal
Cpm = 352.6567 kg ℃
The reference temperature for water would be the mean temperature of the initial and
final temperature of the water before it vaporizes, which is 25 deg C and 100 deg C
respectively.
25+100
Tmean = = 62.5 ℃
2
From table 2-153 of Perry’s ChE Handbook 8th ed,
𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑝𝐻2 𝑂 = 998.99
𝑘𝑔 ℃
The reference temperature for steam would be the mean temperature of the initial and
final temperature of the water after it vaporizes, which is 100 deg C and 120 deg C
respectively.
120+100
Tmean = = 110℃
2
From table 2-153 of PCEH 8th ed.,
𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑝H2O = 1011.4120
kg ℃
Substituting Value
925,388.56𝑘𝑔 1day 352.6567cal cal

-( ( 24hr)( )(30 − 52.5)℃ = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ((539,168.1644 kg ) +
𝑑𝑎𝑦 kg ℃
cal
(1011.4120 kg ℃ (120 − 100)℃)
mwater = 546.92kg/hr
117
Neutralization
3.9 ℎ𝑝
Power per unit volume = 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑙
3.9 ℎ𝑝 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑤
Power = 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑙 (3.78 𝑥10−3 𝑚3 )(0.746 ℎ𝑝 )( 555.2331𝑚3 )
Power = 427.35 kW
Pumps
Pump 1 (From 70% H2SO4 Storage Tank to 1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis Reactor)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 413,553 kg/day = 4.786 kg/s
Viscosity: 3.42 x 10-3 Pa-s
Density: 1,127 kg/m3
4.786 m3
Volumetric flow rate: = 4.247 x 10-3
1127 s
Mechanical Energy Balance:
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
Assume negligible velocity at point 1 and 2, and P1 = P2 = atmospheric pressure
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
From Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Max S. Peters et al.,
Optimum Diameter is given by the following expression:
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
where mv ( s ) and ρ= m3
0.45
Di =0.363(4.247 x 10-3 ) (1127)0.13
Di = 0.0775 m
118
4.247 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.9
( 4 )(0.0775)2 s
∑ F= ∑ Flength + ∑ Ffittings
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.0775)(0.9)(1127)
NRe = = = 22,985 ≈ Turbulent flow
μ 3.42 x 10 − 3
From Table 6-1 PCEH 8th
ϵ (commercial steel)= 0.0457 mm
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 5.897x10-4
D 0.0775
From Fig. 6-9 PCEH 8th

ϵ
@NRe =22,985 and D = 5.897x10-4
f = 0.0068
2(0.0068)(8)(0.9)2
∑ Flength = = 0.142 J/kg
0.0775
Fittings: 2 – 90o elbow, standard
Kf (90o ell, standard) = 0.75
Kf (gate valve, open) = 0.17
v2
∑ Ffittings = ∑ Kf ( )
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.9)2
∑ Ffittings = =0.676 J/kg
2
∑ F = 0.142 + 0.676 = 0.818 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 0.818 = 49.818 J/kg
gc 1
119
W = 49.818 J/kg (4.786 kg/s)
W = 238.43 Watts
Using 70% efficiency for pump:
238.43
Wactual = = 340.61 Watts
0.70
Pump 2 (From 1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis Reactor to @nd Stage Acid Hydrolysis)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 112,850 kg/day = 1.31kg/s
Viscosity: 2.81x10-4 Pa-s
Density: 990 kg/m3
1.31 m3
990 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(1.32 x 10-3 ) (990)0.13
Di = 0.12 m
120
1.32 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.12
( 4 )(0.12)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.12)(0.12)(990)
μ 2.81 x 10−4
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.81x10-4
D 0.12

ϵ
@NRe =50,733 and D = 3.81x10-4
f = 0.0055
2(0.0055)(8)(0.12)2
0.12
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.12)2
2
∑ F = 0.011+ 0.012 = 0.023 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 0.023 = 49.023 J/kg
gc 1
121
W = 49.023 J/kg (1.31 kg/s)
W = 64.22 Watts
64.22
0.70
Pump 3 (From 30% H2SO4 Storage Tank to 2nd Stage Acid Hydrolysis Reactor)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 141,056.65 kg/day = 1.6326 kg/s
Density: 1221.2 kg/m3
1.6326 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1221.2 =1.337 x 10-3 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(1.337 x 10−3 ) (1221.2)0.13
Di = 0.0466 m
122
1.337 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.7839
( 4 )(0.0466)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.0466)(0.7839)(1221.2)
μ 1.9 𝑥 10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 9.807x10-4
D 0.0466

ϵ
@NRe = 23,479 and D = 9.807x10-4
f = 0.0069
2(0.0069)(8)(0.7839)2
0.0466
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.7839)2
2
∑ F = 1.456 + 0.513 = 1.969 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.969 = 50.969 J/kg
gc 1
123
W = 50.969 J/kg (1.6326 kg/s)
W = 83.21 Watts
83.21
0.70
Pump 4 (From 2nd Stage Hydrolysis Reactor to Neutralization Reactor)
Data:
Viscosity: 0.055 Pa-s
Density: 1265 kg/m3
9.19 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1000 = 9.19 x 10-3 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(9.19 x 10-3 ) (1265)0.13
Di = 0.11 m
124
9.19 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.97
( 4 )(0.11)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.11)(0.97)(1265)
NRe = = = 2454.1≈ Turbulent flow
μ 0.055
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 4.15x10-4
D 0.11

ϵ
@NRe = 2454.1 and D = 4.15x10-4
f = 0.0086
2(0.013)(5)(0.97)2
0.11
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.97)2
∑ Ffittings = = 0.79 J/kg
2
∑ F = 0.38+ 0.79 = 1.17 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.17 = 50.17 J/kg
gc 1
125
W = 50.17 J/kg (9.19 kg/s)
W = 461.06 Watts
461.06
0.70
Pump 5 (From Neutralization to Culture Vessel)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 462,602.14 kg/day = 5.35kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 0.066 Pa-s
5.35 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1063.6 = 5.03 x 10-3 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(5.03 x 10-3 ) (1296.8)0.13
Di = 0.085 m
126
5.03 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.89
( 4 )(0.085)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.085)(0.89)(1296.8)
NRe = = = 1486.41 ≈ Laminar flow
μ 0.066
f = 16/Re
f=16/(1486.41)
f=0.011
2(0.011)(5)(0.89)2
0.085
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.89)2
2
∑ F = 0.66 + 1.02 = 1.68 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(3)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.68 = 31.08 J/kg
gc 1
W = 31.10 J/kg (5.35 kg/s)
W = 166.28 Watts

127
166.38
0.70
Pump 6 (From Neutralization to 1st fermenter)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 462,602.14 kg/day = 5.35kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 0.066 Pa-s
5.35 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1063.6 = 5.03 x 10-3 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(5.03 x 10-3 ) (1296.8)0.13
Di = 0.085 m
5.03 x 10-3 m
v= π = 0.89
( 4 )(0.085)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
128
Dvρ (0.085)(0.89)(1296.8)
NRe = = = 1486.41 ≈ Laminar flow
μ 0.066
f = 16/Re
f=16/(1486.41)
f=0.011
2(0.011)(5)(0.89)2
0.085
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.89)2
2
∑ F = 0.66 + 1.02 = 1.68 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(3)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.68 = 31.08 J/kg
gc 1
W = 31.10 J/kg (5.35 kg/s)
W = 166.28 Watts
166.38
0.70
Pump 7 (From 3rd Culture Vessel to 1st Prefermenter)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 1,295,000 kg/day = 15 kg/s

129
Viscosity (32oC): 2.06x10-3 Pa-s
15 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1037.2 = 0.014 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.014)0.45 (1037.2)0.13
Di = 0.13 m
0.014 m
v= π = 1.05
( 4 )(0.13)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.13)(1.05)(1037.2)
μ 2.06x10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.51x10-4
D 0.13
130

ϵ
@NRe = 68,727 and D = 3.54x10-4
f = 0.005
2(0.005)(9)(1.05)2
0.13
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.05)2
2
∑ F = 0.82 + 0.92 = 1.74 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(6)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.34 = 60.14 J/kg
gc 1
W = 60.14 J/kg (15 kg/s)
W = 902.1 W
902.1
Wactual = = 1288 Watts
0.70
Pump 8 (From 3rd Pre-fermenter to 1st main fermenter)
Data:

131
15 m3
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.014)0.45 (1037.2)0.13
Di = 0.13 m
0.014 m
v= π = 1.05
( 4 )(0.13)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.13)(1.05)(1037.2)
μ 2.06x10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.51x10-4
D 0.13

132
ϵ
@NRe = 68,727 and D = 3.54x10-4
f = 0.005
2(0.005)(5)(1.05)2
0.13
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.05)2
2
∑ F = 0.42 + 0.92 = 1.34 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(11)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.34 = 109.14 J/kg
gc 1
W = 109.14 J/kg (15 kg/s)
W = 1637.1 W
1637.1
Wactual = = 2,338 Watts
0.70
Pump 9 (From 5th main fermenter to Centrifuge)
Data:

133
15 m3
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.014)0.45 (1037.2)0.13
Di = 0.13 m
0.014 m
v= π = 1.05
( 4 )(0.13)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.13)(1.05)(1037.2)
μ 2.06x10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.51x10-4
D 0.13

ϵ
@NRe = 68,727 and D = 3.54x10-4
134
f = 0.005
2(0.005)(5)(1.05)2
0.13
v2
2g c
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.05)2
2
∑ F = 0.42 + 0.92 = 1.34 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(8)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.34 = 79.74 J/kg
gc 1
W = 79.74 J/kg (15 kg/s)
W = 1196.1 W
1196.1
0.70
Pump 10 (From Centrifuge to Distillation)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 1,217,500 kg/day = 14.09 kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 1.0 x 10-3 Pa-s
14.09 m3
135
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.014)0.45 (989.25)0.13
Di = 0.13 m
0.014 m
v= π = 1.05
( 4 )(0.13)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.13)(1.05)(989.25)
μ 1x10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.51x10-4
D 0.13

ϵ
@NRe = 135,032 and D = 3.54x10-4
f = 0.005
136
2(0.005)(9)(1.05)2
0.13
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.05)2
2
∑ F = 0.76 + 0.92 = 1.68 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(8)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.68 = 80.08 J/kg
gc 1
W = 80.08 J/kg (14.07 kg/s)
W = 1126.72 W
1126.72
0.70
Pump 11 (From Distillation to Dehyrdation)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 48, 580.8 kg/day = 0.56 kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 1.07 x 10-3 Pa-s
0.56 𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate: 807.05 = 6.94𝑥10−4 𝑠

137
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(6.94𝑥10−4 ) (807.05)0.13
Di = 0.03 m
6.94x10−4 m
v= π = 0.98
( 4 )(0.03)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.03)(0.98)(807.05)
μ 1.07 x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 1.52x10-3
D 0.03

ϵ
@NRe = 23,036 and D = 1.52𝑥10−3
f = 0.007
2(0.007)(9)(0.98)2
0.03
138
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.98)2
2
∑ F = 4.03 + 0.80 = 4.83 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(8)
W= + ∑ F= + 4.83 = 83.23 J/kg
gc 1
W = 83.26 J/kg (0.56 kg/s)
W = 46.6256
46.6256
0.70
Pump 12 (From Dehydration to Ethanol Storage tank)
Data:
Density: 781 kg/m3
0.52 𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate: = 6.66𝑥10−4
781 𝑠
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
139
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
where mv ( ) and ρ=
s m3
0.45
Di =0.363(6.66𝑥10−4 ) (781)0.13
Di = 0.03 m
6.66x10−4 m
v= π = 0.94
( 4 )(0.03)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.03)(0.94)(781)
μ 9.81 x 10 − 4
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 1.52x10-3
D 0.03

ϵ
@NRe = 23,036 and D = 1.52𝑥10−3
f = 0.007
2(0.007)(10)(0.94)2
0.03

140
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.94)2
2
∑ F = 3.71 + 0.73 = 4.44 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(8)
W= + ∑ F= + 4.44 = 82.84 J/kg
gc 1
W = 82.84 J/kg (0.56 kg/s)
W = 46.39 Watts
46.39
0.70
Pump 13 (From Electrodialysis to Recovery Tank)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 315,213.9 kg/day= 3.65 kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 20x10-3 Pa-s
3.65 𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate: 1840 = 1.98𝑥10−3 𝑠
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ

141
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
0.45
Di =0.363(1.98𝑥10−3 ) (1840)0.13
Di = 0.06 m
1.98𝑥10−3 m
v= π =0.70
( 4 )(0.06)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.06)(0.70)(1840)
NRe = = = 3,864 ≈ Laminar flow
μ 20x 10 − 3
f=16/Re
f=16/(3864)
f = 0.0041
2(0.0041)(10)(0.70)2
0.06
v2
2gc
142
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.70)2
2
∑ F = 0.67 + 0.41 = 1.08 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.08 = 50.08 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.08 J/kg (3.65 kg/s)
W = 182.79 W
182.79
0.70
Pump 14 (From Lime Slurry Storage Tank to Neutralization Reactor)
Data:
0.145 m3
2240 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
143
0.45
Di =0.363(6.47 x 10-5 ) (2240)0.13
Di = 0.0129 m
6.47 x 10-5 m
v= π = 0.495
( 4 )(0.0129) 2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.0129)(0.495)(2240)
μ 1.03 𝑥 10−3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 3.54x10-3
D 0.0129

ϵ
@NRe = 13,886 and D = 3.54x10-3
f = 0.0095
2(0.0095)(8)(0.495)2
0.0129
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.495)2
2
144
∑ F = 2.89 + 0.2 = 3.09 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 23.009 = 72.01 J/kg
gc 1
W = 72.01 J/kg (0.145 kg/s)
W = 10.44 Watts
10.44
0.70
Pump 15 (From Condenser to Biodigester)
Data:
𝑘𝑔
Mass flow rate: 94,505 ℎ𝑟 = 26.25 kg/s
Viscosity (32oC): 1x 10-3 Pa-s
Density: 1000 kg/m3
26.25 𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate: = 0.03
1000 𝑠
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.03)0.45 (1000)0.13
145
Di = 0.18
0.03 m
v= π = 1.18
( 4 )(0.18)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.18)(1.18)(1000)
μ 1x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 2.54x10-4
D 0.18

ϵ
@NRe = 212,400 and D = 2.54x10-4
f = 0.004
2(0.004)(10)(1.18)2
0.18
v2
2g c
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.18)2
2
∑ F = 0.62 + 1.16 = 1.78 J/kg

146
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.78 = 50.78 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.78 J/kg (26.25 kg/s)
W = 1282.70 W
1282.70
0.70
For Water Treatment Plant
Pump 1 (From Deep well to raw water storage)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 58,301 kg/hr = 16.19 kg/s
Viscosity: 1x10-3 Pa-s
Density: 1000 kg/m3
16.19 m3
1000 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= 2gc α
+ gc
+ ρ
+∑F
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.02)0.45 (1000)0.13
147
Di = 0.15 m
0.02 m
v= π = 1.13
( 4 )(0.15)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.15)(1.13)(1000)
NRe = = = 169500 ≈ Turbulent flow
μ 1x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 1.99x10-4
D 0.15

ϵ
@NRe =169500 and D = 1.99x10-4
f = 0.0045
2(0.0045)(6)(1.13)2
0.15
v2
2g c
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.13)2
2
∑ F = 0.08 + 1.07 = 1.15 J/kg

148
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1..50 = 50.50 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.20 J/kg (16.19 kg/s)
W = 817.60 Watts
817.60
0.70
Pump 2 (From Raw water storage to clarifier)
Data:
Density: 1000 kg/m3
50.84 m3
Volumetric flow rate: = 0.05|
1000 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
where mv ( ) and ρ=
s m3
Di =0.363(0.05)0.45 (1000)0.13
Di = 0.23 m
149
0.05 m
v= π = 1.20
( 4 )(0.23)2 s
∑ F= ∑ Flength + ∑ Ffittings e
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.23)(1.20)(1000)
μ 1 x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 1.99x10-4
D 0.23

ϵ
@NRe = and D = x10-4
f = 0.004
2(0.004)(8)(1.20)2
0.23
v2
2g c
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.12)2
2
∑ F = 1.05+ 0.40 = 1.45 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.45= 50.45 J/kg
gc 1
150
W = 50.45 J/kg ( 50.84kg/s)
W = 2564.88 Watts
2564.88
0.70
Pump 3 (From Activated Carbon filter to raw water storage)
Data:
5.56 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1000 = 5.56x10^-3 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= gc
+ ∑F
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di = 0.363(5.56x10^-3 )0.45 (1000)0.13
Di = 0.086m
5.56𝑥10 − 3 m
v= π = 0.96
( 4 )(0.086)2 s
151
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.086)(0.96)(1000)
μ 1x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 5.31x10^-4
D 0.086
f = 0.005
2(0.005)(8)(0.96)2
0.086
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.96)2
2
∑ F = 0.77 + 0.86= 1.63 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.63 = 50.63 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.63 J/kg (5.56kg/s)
W = 281.50 Watts

152
281.50
0.70
Pump 4 (From Distillation to cooling tower)
Data:
Mass flow rate: =828 kg/hr=0.23 kg/s
0.23 m3
Volumetric flow rate: 1000 = 2.3x10-4 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(2.3x10^-4)0.45 (1000)0.13
Di = 0.02 m
2.3𝑥10−4 m
v= π = 0.73
( 4 )(0.02)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
153
Dvρ (0.02)(0.73)(1000)
μ 1 x 10 − 3
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 5.897x10-4
D 0.02

ϵ
@NRe =22,985 and D = 5.897x10-4
f = 0.008
2(0.008)(8)(0.73)2
0.0775
v2
2gc
[2(0.75)+0.17)](0.72)2
2
∑ F = 0.43+0.88 = 1.31 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.31 = 50.31 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.31 J/kg (0.23 kg/s)
W = 11.57 Watts
11.57
Wactual = = 16.53Watts
0.70
154
Pump 5 (From Reboiler and boiler to cooling tower)
Data:
Mass flow rate: 123,881kg/hr = 34.41 kg/s
Viscosity: 1 x 10-3 Pa-s
Density: 1000 kg/m3
34.41 m3
1000 s
v22 -v21 g∆z ∆ρ

W= + + +∑F
2gc α gc ρ
g∆z
W= + ∑F
gc
m3 kg
Di =0.363 m0.45
v ρ
0.13
Di =0.363(0.03)0.45 (1000)0.13
Di = 0.18 m
0.03 m
v= π = 1.18
( 4 )(0.18)2 s
2fLv2
∑ Flength =
Dgc
Dvρ (0.18)(1.18)(1000)
μ 1 x 10 − 3

155
ε 0.0457×10-3
= = 2.54x10-4
D 0.18
f = 0.004
2(0.004)(8)(1.18)2
0.18
v2
2g c
[2(0.75)+0.17)](1.18)2
2
∑ F = 0.50 + 1.16 = 1.66 J/kg
g∆z 9.8(5)
W= + ∑ F= + 1.66 = 50.66 J/kg
gc 1
W = 50.66 J/kg (14.41 kg/s)
W = 1743.21 Watts
1743.21
0.70
Total Power requirement
P=7741.08 W
156
Conveyors
Conveyor 1 & 2 (Entering to Breaking Rolls & Sieving)
Type: Belt Conveyor 45o Troughed
With Safety factor of 30%:

𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠
Capacity = 50.28 ℎ𝑟
Belt width = 18 in = 0.46 m
Length = 6 m = 19.68 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
PowerTotal= Phorizontal +PVertical +Pempty
𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.4 + ( )( )
300 100
19.68 50.28
300 100
𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.43 ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.001(𝐻)(𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.001(4.92)(50.28)
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0 ℎ𝑝
From Table 5.5 C, Chemical Process Equipment by Walas
𝑃𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 = 0.4ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.43 + 0 + 0.4
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.83 ℎ𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑾
Conveyor 3 (Entering to Rotary Dryer)

157
𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠
Approximately:
Length = 5 m = 16.40 ft
Height (lift) = 1.5 m = 4.92 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
300 100
16.40 20.12
300 100
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.001(𝐻)(𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.001(4.92)(20.12)
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.10 ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.41 + 0.10 + 0.4
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.91 ℎ𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝒌𝑾
Conveyor 4 (From Sieving)

𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠
Belt width = 14.41 in = 0.37 m
Length = 4 m = 13.21 ft
158
Velocity = 90 m/hr
300 100
13.21 30.17
300 100
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0 hp
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.41 + 0 + 0.4
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.81 ℎ𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑾
Conveyor 5 (From Rotary dryer to Mill)

𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠
Length = 5 m = 16.4 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
300 100
16.4 17.92
300 100
159
𝑃𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0 hp
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.41 + 0 + 0.4
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.81 ℎ𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑾

160
Appendix C
Equipment and Design Calculations
Conveyors
Conveyor 1 & 2 (Entering to Breaking Rolls & Sieving)
Tons 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠
Capacity: 928.43 = 38.64
day ℎ𝑟
Capacity = 38.68 (1.30) = 50.28
hr ℎ𝑟
From Chemical Process Equipment by Walas, Table 5.5
@ 0o Inclination (horizontal)
Belt Width Capacity
(in) (Tons/hr
16 38.70
? 50.28
18 51
Approximately:
Length = 6 m = 19.68 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
Conveyor 3 (Entering to Rotary Dryer )
Capacity: 371.37 = 15.47
day ℎ𝑟
161
Capacity = 15.47 (1.30) = 20.12
hr ℎ𝑟
@ 20o Inclination
Belt Width Capacity
(in) (Tons/hr
? 20.12
14 38.40
16 52.50
Approximately:
Length = 5 m = 16.40 ft
Height (lift) = 1.5 m = 4.92 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
Conveyor 4 (From Sieving)
Capacity: 557.06 = 23.21
day ℎ𝑟
Capacity = 23.21 (1.30) = 30.17
hr ℎ𝑟
162
Belt Width Capacity
(in) (Tons/hr
14 27.99
? 30.17
16 38.70
Approximately:
Length = 4 m = 13.21 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
Conveyor 5 (From Rotary dryer to Mill)
Capacity: 330.84 = 13.78
day ℎ𝑟
Capacity = 13.78 (1.30) = 17.92
hr ℎ𝑟
Belt Width Capacity
(in) (Tons/hr
? 17.92
14 27.99
16 38.70
163
Approximately:
Length = 5 m = 16.4 ft
Velocity = 90 m/hr
Rolling Mill (Ready Made)
Solving for Torque
𝑃 50 33000
T= = = 0.0612ℎ𝑝 × = 2020.04 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋(130) 1
Where:
P= 50 hp
N= 130 rpm
Solving for Force required
𝑇 2020.04𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
𝐹= = = 1539.28 𝑙𝑏 = 6 845.81 N
𝑟 1.31234 𝑓𝑡
Dryer (by Feeco International Inc.)
Process Conditions
Feed Air
Component Mango Kernel H2O
Mass Flow rate 4,301.73 kg/hr 3435.20 kg/hr 147,23.34 kg/hr
Inlet temperature 30 °C 105 °C
Outlet Temperature 50 °C 50 °C
164
Heating System: Steam-heated air
Gas Flow Pattern in Dryer: Co-current gas flow
Feed to the dryer:
Initial moisture = 0.444
Desired final moisture = 0.12
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000 𝑘𝑔
557.05899 𝑡/𝑑𝑎𝑦 ( ) ( 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ) 𝑘𝑔
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
Feed = = 7,736.93
3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑟
Water removed by the dryer = 2,848.60 kg/hr
Water in product = 586.60 kg/hr
Condition of inlet air:
Ambient air temperature = 30°C
RH = 79.0% (The average annual percentage of humidity in Cebu, Philippines,
2019)
Humidity = 0.0213 kg H2O/ kg dry air (From Psychometric chart of Perry’s
Handbook)
Calculation of heat duty:
Using Ambient Temperature of 30 °C and RH = 79.0% From Psychometric chart
of Perry’s Handbook: Humidity = 0.0213 kg of water per kg of dry air Taking the humid
heat of Air:
165
𝐶𝑠 = 1.005 + 1.88𝐻 = 1.005 + 1.88(0.0213)
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑠 = 1.045
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Calculating for the amount of air needed:
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 7,691,698.20 (from appendix B) 𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑎 = = = 133,821.22
𝐶𝑠∆𝑇 1.045 ×(105−50) ℎ
Allotting an allowance of 10%, for the possible heat losses and due to startup,
shutdown and cleaning. (van’t Land, 2012)
𝑀𝑎 = (1.10)(133,821.22)
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎 = 147,203.34
ℎ𝑟
Calculation of Inside Diameter & Length
The allowable mass velocity of the air ranges from 2000 kg/hr-m2 up to 25,000 kg/hr-m2
(McCabe, Harriot, & Smith, 1993). Assuming that the mass velocity of air =24,000
kg/hr-m2 Then, the area of dryer,
𝑀𝑎 147,203.34
𝐴= = = 6.13 𝑚2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 24,000
𝜋
5.2 = (𝐷)2
4
𝐷 = 2.80 𝑚
Drying diameter ranges from 1 to 3 m (McCabe, Harriot, & Smith, 1993), thus the
computed drying diameter is accepted.

166
The following empirical equation is used to calculate for the overall heat transfer
coefficient from Perry’s Handbook with the index n = 0.67 (McCormick, 1962). The k
value falls in the range 3.75 ≤ k ≤ 5.25 as suggested by AICHE for SI unit (van’t Land,
2012). Assuming k = 4.5
𝑘𝐺 𝑛
𝑈𝑎 =
𝐷
4.75(24,000)0.67
𝑈𝑎 =
2.80
𝑘𝐽
𝑈𝑎 = 1385.63
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑚3 − 𝐾
For the calculation of wet bulb temperature, the most economical operation of rotary
dryer can be achieved for Nt is in general between 1.5 and 2.5 (Mujumdar, 2014).
Assuming the value of Nt = 1.5
378.15 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏
1.5 = ln ( )
323.15 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑇𝑤𝑏 = 307.35 𝐾
Calculating the logarithmic mean temperature difference:

167
(378.15 − 307.35) − (323.15 − 307.35)

∆𝑇 =
443.15 − 367.98
ln
378.15 − 367.980
∆𝑇 = 36.67 𝐾
To calculate the length of the drier:
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑎 𝐴𝐿(∆𝑇)𝑙𝑚
𝑄 7,691,698.197
𝐿= = = 24.68 𝑚
𝑈𝑎 𝐴(∆𝑇)𝑙𝑚 1,385.65 (6.13)(36.67)
Checking L/D ratio:
𝐿 24.68
= = 8.814
𝐷 2.8
L/D ratio is most efficient between 4 and 10 for industrial dryers (Mujumdar, 2014),
therefore the above diameter and length can be accepted
Calculation of RPM and Flight Design
Speed values ranges 0.1 to 0.5 m/s (van’t Land, 2012). Assuming the peripheral speed of
rotation to be 0.18 m/s.
To calculate the speed of rotation of the drier:

𝑚 60𝑠
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.18 ×
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑃𝑀 = = = 3.86 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2.8 𝑚
The revolution of a drier varies between 2-5 rpm. Therefore, the above value can be
accepted.
Flight Design:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 = 3𝐷, (𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)

168
3.28 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 = 3 (2.8𝑚 × ) = 27.5 ≈ 28
1𝑚
Flight Depth:
𝐷 2.8 𝑚
𝐹𝑑 = = = 0.35 𝑚
8 8
Using the following empirical equation for the residence time (in minutes) in dryer as
recommended by AICHE (van’t Land, 2012):
Calculation of Residence Time
From (Banerjee et.al., 2016)
Drying time: 4hrs
(initial moisture content) Xi=0.545 (critical moisture content) Xc=0.34
(equilibrium moisture content) Xe=0.02 (final moisture content) Xf=0.075
Figure: Conventional hot air drying of mango kernels (D denotes drying temperature in
°C)
169
𝑀𝑠 4ℎ𝑟𝑠
=
𝐴𝑅𝑐 (0.545 − 0.34 + (0.34 − 0.02) ln 0.34 − 0.02 )
0.075 − 0.02
𝑀𝑠
= 5.205
𝐴𝑅𝑐
Time to dry from 44.4% to 12% moisture
𝑀𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑅=
𝐴 𝑑𝜃𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑐
𝜃𝑐
𝑀𝑠
𝑅 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = − (𝑋𝑐 − 𝑋𝑖)
0 𝐴𝑅𝑐
𝜃 = −5.205(0.12 − 0.444)
𝜃𝑡 = 1.69 ℎ𝑟𝑠
1st Stage Acid Hydrolysis
Mass Flow Rate: 744,395.4 kg/day = 31,016.475 kg/hr
Operating time: 30 mins.
(31,016.475 kg/hr)(0.5 hr)

V= = 15.657 m3
990.53 kg/m3
Using 30% safety factor
V = (15.657 m3)(1.3) = 20.3541 m3
πD2i (1.5Di )
V=
4
H(height)
=1.5
Di (inside diameter)
170
πD2i (1.5Di )
20.3541=
4
Di = 2.585 m
H = 3.8775 m
Solving for maximum allowable pressure to get the wall thickness:
ρgH
Static Pressure, Ps =
1000
990.53×9.81×3.8775
Ps = = 37.678 kPa
1000
Working pressure is equal to 137.895 kPa
For total pressure, Pt = Ps + working pressure
Pt = 37.678 kPa + 137.895 kPa
Pt = 175.573 kPa
Using 1.33 as to measure the maximum allowable pressure:
Maximum allowable pressure, P = 175.573 (1.33) = 233.512 kPa
Using data from Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by McGraw-Hill.
Working Stress, S, at 121 oC is equal to 94,458.175 kPa
Assume to have a joit efficiency, εf = 0.85 and corrosion allowance equals to 0.002
P (ri )
Thickness, tw = + Cc
Sεf-0.6P
171
2.585
(233.512) (
tw = 2 ) + 0.002
(94,458.175×0.85)-(0.6×233.512)
tw = 5.7656x10-3 m
Outside diameter, Dt = 2.585 + 5.7656x10-3 = 2.591 m
Agitator Design
From Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriot (7th ed.),
page 247
Dt 2.585
Da = = = 0.862 m
3 3
Ha = Da ; Ha =0.862 m
Da 0.862
L= = = 0.2155 m
4 4
Da 0.862
W= = =0.1724 m
5 5
Dt 2.585
J= = = 0.2154 m
12 12
From Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas, page 288,
having a maximum level H/Dt approximately equal to 1.6, the number of impellers is
equal to 2.
Upper clearance = (2/3)H = (2/3)(3.8775) = 2.585 m
Lower clearance = Dt/3 = 2.585/3 = 0.862 m

172
Mass Flow Rate: 253,901.97 kg/day = 10,579.25 kg/hr
Operating time: 30 mins
Density: 1000 kg/m3
(10,579.25 kg/hr)(0.5 hr)

V= =5.2896 m3
1000 kg/m3
Using 30% safety factor
V = (5.2896 m3)(1.3) = 6.876 m3
πD2i (1.5Di )
V=
4
H(height)
=1.5
Di (inside diameter)
πD2i (1.5Di )
6.876 =
4
Di = 1.8 m
H = 2.7 m
Solving for maximum allowable pressure to get the wall thickness:
ρgH
Static Pressure, Ps =
1000
1000×9.81×2.7
Ps = = 26.487 kPa
1000
Working pressure is equal to 137.895 kPa
For total pressure, Pt = Ps + working pressure
Pt = 26.487 kPa + 137.895 kPa

173
Pt = 164. 382 kPa
Using 1.33 as to measure the maximum allowable pressure:
Maximum allowable pressure, P = 164.382 (1.33) = 218.628 kPa
Using data from Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by McGraw-Hill.
Working Stress, S, at 121 oC is equal to 94,458.175 kPa
Assume to have a joit efficiency, εf = 0.85 and corrosion allowance equals to 0.002
P (ri )
Thickness, tw = + Cc
Sεf-0.6P
1.8
(218.628) (
tw = 2) + 0.002
(94,458.175×0.85)-(0.6×218.628)
tw = 4.4547x10-3 m
Outside diameter, Dt = 1.8 + 4.4547x10-3 = 1.804 m
Agitator Design
From Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriot (7th ed.),
page 247
Dt 1.8
Da = = = 0.6 m
3 3
Ha = Da ; Ha =0.6 m
Da 0.6
L= = = 0.15 m
4 4
Da 0.6
W= = =0.12 m
5 5
174
Dt 1.8
J= = = 0.15 m
12 12
From Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas, page 288,
having a maximum level H/Dt approximately equal to 1.6, the number of impellers is
equal to 2.
Upper clearance = (2/3)H = (2/3)(2.7) = 1.8 m
Lower clearance = Dt/3 = 1.8/3 = 0.6 m
Nomenclature
V = volume of the tank
Di = inside diameter
H = height of the tank
Ps = static pressure
Pt = total pressure
tw = thickness
Dt = outside diameter
Da = impeller diameter
W = width of impeller blade
L = length of impeller blade
Ha = height of impeller from ground
J = width of baffle
175
Neutralization
Capacity = 450,074.5 + 12,619.78 = 462,694.28
Volume of tank (V) = 462.6943 m3 (1.20) = 555.2331 m3
H = height of tank
D = Diameter of the tank
𝜋𝐷 2 𝐻
V= H=D
4
𝜋𝐷 2 𝐻
555.2331m3 = 4
D = 8.9083m
H = 8.9083m
From the Unit process in Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Hariott
Da = Impeller Diameter
Ha = Impeller height above the vessel floor
L = Impeller blade length
W = Width of the impeller blade
J = Width of the baffle

𝐷𝑡 8.9083 𝑚
Da = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟒 𝒎
3 3
Ha = Da = 2.9694 m
𝐷𝑡 8.9083 𝑚
L= = = 2.2271 m
4 4
𝐷𝑡 8.9083 𝑚
W= = = 1.7817 m
5 5
𝐷 8.9083 𝑚
J = 12𝑡 = = 0.7424 m
12
176
Cooling Jacket for neutralization
Cooling Fluid : Water
Jacket Height is to be at 8.55 m of the height of the tank
Inlet temperature of the cooling water is assumed to be 20 C and the outlet temperature is
28 C.
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑚 =
∆𝑇
ln ∆𝑇1
2
∆𝑇1 = 30 − 10 = 10℃
∆𝑇2 = 30 − 28 = 2℃
10 − 2
∆𝑇𝑚 = = 4.97 𝐾
10
ln
2
Mass flow rate = 546.92 kg/hr
Using formula from Towler and Sinnot 5th edition:
Diameter of the pipe used for coils,
𝐷𝑣 (𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) 8.9083 𝑚

Dp = = = 0.2969 m
30 30
Pitch = 2Dp
Pitch = 2(0.2969) = 0.5938 m
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
No. of Spiral = 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
8.9083 𝑚
No. of Spiral = 0.5938 𝑚 = 14.90 approx 15
Spacing between jacket vessel wall for large vessel is equal to 0.3m
Cross Sectional area of channel = spacing * pitch
Cross Sectional area of channel = 0.3m * 0.5938m
Cross Sectional area of channel = 0.17814m2

177
Length of channel = 14 * 𝜋 * 8.9083
Length of channel = 391.807 m
Fermenter
Operating Temperature: 32OC
Working Pressure: 180 kPa
Density of the feed is assumed to be the density of the water at 32OC, from Perry’s
Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th Edition, Table 2-32:
Density of the feed= 998.8489 kg/m3
1,262,088.4 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 52,587.02 𝑘𝑔

Mass flow rate: ( ) ( 24 ℎ𝑟 ) = ( )
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑟
Yeast + Urea + DAP= 55,140.4 + 1262.0884 + 21,039.01313
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 77,471.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ( 24 ℎ𝑟 ) = 3,227.98 kg/hr
Overall Mass flow rate: 52,587.02 + 3,227.98 = 55,815 kg/hr

55,815 𝑘𝑔
𝑥 52 ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟
Working Volume: (998.8489 )= 2905.72 m3
𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Since the working volume is too large, it will be divided into five fermenters
2905.72 m3
( ) = 581.14 m3
5
From Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry Silla, a safety
factor 30% will be used, 30% of the volume as the free space in the fermenter
Vfinal= 581.14 (1.3)
= 755.49 m3
From Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas, the
approximate height to diameter ratio is 2:1

178
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
But, H/D = 2
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
755.49 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D= 7.83 m
H= 2(7.83) = 15.66 m
Height of the Dished Bottom (from literature) = 1 meter
Total Height= 15.66 + 1 = 16.66 m
Mechanical Design:
Total Pressure at base: Ps(static pressure) + Pw(working pressure)
= (998.8489 x 9.81 x 15.66)/1000 + 180 kPa
= 153.45 kPa + 180 kPa
= 333.45 kPa
Maximum Allowable Pressure = 1.33 (333.45 kPa)
= 443.49 kPa
Working Pressure (Carbon Steel) = 94, 408 kPa
Assumed joint efficiency is 0.85 and corrosion allowance of 2 mm

7.83
443.49( )
2
tw= (94,408(0.85)−0.6(443.49)) + 0.002 𝑚
= 0.0217 + 0.002
= 0.0237 m
Therefore,
Outside diameter, Do = 7.83 + 2(0.0237) = 7.877 m

179
For reactor head, torispherical will be used since operating pressure of the vessel
is less than 150 psi or less than approximately 1034 kPa.
1.104𝑃𝐷
th= (2Ɛ𝑆−0.2𝑃) + 𝐶
1.104(443.49)(7.83)
= (2(0.85)(94408)−0.2(443.49)) + 0.002 m
= 0.0259 m
Agitator Design:
𝐷𝑡 7.83
Impeller Diameter, Da= ( 3 ) = ( ) = 2.61 m
3
Impeller Height above Vessel Floor, Ha= Da = 2.61 m
Da 2.063
Length of Impeller Blade, L = ( )= ( ) = 0.6525 m
4 4
Da 2.063
Width of Impeller Blade, W= ( )= ( ) = 0.522 m
5 5
𝐷𝑡 7.83
Width of Baffles, J= ( 12 ) = ( ) = 0.6525 m
12
From Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas,
Maximum Level Number of Impeller Clearance
H/Dt Impellers Lower Upper
1.4 1 H/3
2.1 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
0.8 1 H/3
1.6 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
𝐻 16.66
( )=( ) = 2.13
𝐷𝑡 7.83
Based from the table above, the number of impellers is 2.

180
Impeller clearance:
𝐷𝑡 7.83
Lower: ( 3 ) = ( ) = 2.61 m
3
2 2
Upper: (3 𝐻) = (3 𝑥16.66) = 11.11 m
No. of Baffles = 4
Height of baffle = 15.66 m
Pre fermenters
V(pre-fermenter) = 0.1V(fermenter)
= 0.1(755.49)
= 75.55 m3
But, H/D = 2
𝑉(𝑝𝑟𝑒 − 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
75.55 𝑚3 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D= 3.64 m
H= 2(3.64) = 7.28 m
3.64
443.49( )
2
tw= (94,408(0.85)−0.6(443.49)) + 0.002 𝑚
= 0.0121 m
Outside Diameter: Do= 3.64 + 2(0.0121) = 3.6642 m
Height of the dished bottom (from literature) = 1 m
Total Height= 7.28 + 1 = 8.28 m
Agitator Design:
From Unit processes in Chemical Engineering by Mccabe, Smith and Harriot

181
𝐷𝑡 3.64
3
Da 1.213
4 4
Da 1.213
5 5
𝐷𝑡 3.64
12
𝐻 8.28
( )=( ) = 2.27
𝐷𝑡 3.64
Number of impellers = 2
Impeller clearance:
𝐷𝑡 3.64
Lower: ( ) = ( ) = 1.2133 m
3 3
2 2
Upper: (3 𝐻) = (3 𝑥8.28) = 5.52 m
No. of Baffles = 4
Height of baffle = 7.28 m
Culture Vessels
3rd
Vcv3=Vpf =75.55 m3
But, H/D=2
V(cv3)= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
V(cv3)= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
75.55 m3= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D=3.64 m
182
H= 2(3.64) = 7.28 m
2nd and 1st
V(cv1)=Vcv2 = 0.1(75.55 m3) = 7.56 m3
V(cv2)= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
V(cv2)= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
7.56 m3= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D= 1.69 m
Distillation
At 95% (v/v) Ethanol
Converting mass flowrate to molar flowrate:
Average molecular weight from Appendix A(Material Balance):
kg
MWF =18.5936 kmol
𝑘𝑔
MWD =41.88 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
kg
MWB = 18.189 kmol
kg 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹 = 1.2175 x 106 day = 65.4781 x 106 xF = 0.0212
𝑑𝑎𝑦
kg 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐷 = 48, 580.8 day = 1.16x 106 xD = 0.8529
𝑑𝑎𝑦
kg 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵 = 1.1699 x 106 day = 64.3181 x 106 xB = 0.0062
𝑑𝑎𝑦
From McCabe 7th ed Appendix 15
@ T=78 °C = 351.15 K
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
Cp = 1.014 𝑔 𝐾 =195.446 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
183
q-line:
𝑞 𝐹𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥 − 𝑞−1
𝑞−1
Cp(𝑇𝐵 −𝑇𝐹 )
q = 1+ 𝜆𝐹
TB = Boiling Temperature of F
TF = Temperature of F
𝜆𝐹 = Latent heat of Vaporization
From Ethanol and water Diagram
@ x = 0.0212
TB = 94.98°C =368.13K
TF = 80°C
Cp(𝑇𝐵 −𝑇𝐹 )
q = 1+ 𝜆𝐹
𝜆F = XF(Hv Ethanol) + (1-XF)(Hv Water)
Hv = Heat of Vaporization
From Table 2-141 and 2-150 of perry’s chemical engineering Handbook (PCEH) 8th ed
Water Ethanol
Tc 647.096 K 514 K
Tb 373.15 K 353. 15K
Tr=Tb / Tc 0.5766 0.6871
Hv 40799.91 J / mol 38919.20 J / mol

184
𝜆F = 0.0293(40,799.91) + (1-0.0293) (38919.2)
𝐽
𝜆F = 38,974.30 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solving for q:
𝐽
195.446 (94.98−80)K
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
q = 1+ 𝐽 = 1.0751
38,974.30
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solving for slope:
𝑞 1.0751
𝑚= = = 14.31
𝑞−1 0.0751
𝐹 𝑥 0.0212
Y intercept = 𝑞−1 = 0.0751 = 0.28
q line equation : 𝑦 = 14.31𝑥 − 0.28
By graphing :
Pinch Points (0.04, 0.31) = (xp, yp)
By graphing :
Pinch Points (0.04, 0.31) = (xp, yp)
Minimun Reflux Ratio (Rm)
𝑅𝑚 𝑥𝐷 −𝑦𝑝 0.8529−0.31
=𝑥 =0.8529−0.04
𝑅𝑚+1 𝐷 −𝑥𝑝
Rm = 2.01
Ropt= 1.5(2.33) = 3.02
Calculating the Minimum number of stage
By Frenske Equation
𝑥𝐷 1−𝑥𝐵
ln( )
1−𝑥𝐷 𝑥𝐵
𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛∝
185
𝑃𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∝=
𝑃𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
From the Table 13-4 Perry’s ChE Handbook
Using the Antoine Equation:

𝐵
log 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐴 − 𝑇+𝐶
@T=78.5 C
A B C
Ethanol 8.11220 1592.864 226.184
Water 8.07131 1730.630 233.426
PEthanol= 765.73 mmHg
Pwater= 333.50 mmHg
765.74
∝= = 2.30
333.50
Substituting to the frenske Eqn:

0.8529 1−0.0212
ln( )
1−0.8529 0.0212
𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ln(2.30)
𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6.71 ≈ 7 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7 + 1 = 𝟖 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒓
From Sinnott Towler (5th ed), Efficiency of 70% can be assumed

8
𝑁𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜 = 0.70 = 11.43 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔
Using Kirkbride Eq’n
𝑁𝑅 1−𝑥𝐹 𝑥 𝐵 0.206
=( (1−𝑥𝐵 ) 𝐷)
𝑁𝑠 𝑥𝐹 𝐷
186
𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.206
𝑁𝑅 1−0.0212 0.0062 2.68×106
ℎ𝑟
=( (1−0.8529) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
𝑁𝑠 0.0212 48,333.33
ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑅
= 2.62 (Eq. 1)
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑅 + 𝑁𝑠 = 13 (Eq. 2)
Solving Simultaneously:
𝑁𝑅 = 9.40
𝑁𝑠 = 3.59
Feed entry:
𝑁𝑅 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 𝟖𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚
@ TDistillation=78.5°C
From Perry’s HB 8th ed
𝜌𝑉 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 15.960 𝜌𝐿 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0.04223
𝐿 𝐿
𝜌𝑉 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 55.359 𝜌𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.01771
𝐿 𝐿
Average MW of D:
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐷 = (0.8529) (46.068 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) + (1 − 0.8529)(18.015)
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐷 = 41.935 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜌𝐿 = [(0.95) (15.960 )+
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝐿

(0.05) (54.359 )] (41.935 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) (1000𝑚𝑜𝑙) ( 1𝑚3 )
𝐿
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐿 = 749.71 𝑚3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜌𝑉 = [(0.95) (0.04223 )+
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝐿

(0.05) (0.0177 )] (41.935 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) (1000𝑚𝑜𝑙) ( 1𝑚3 )
𝐿
187
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐿 = 1.7221 𝑚3
From Towler and Sinott 5th ed
Plate Spacing =0.5 m

𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣 0.5
𝑢̂𝑣 = [−0.17𝑙𝑡2 + 0.27𝑙𝑡 − 0.047]( )
𝜌𝑣
749.71−1.7221 0.5
𝑢̂𝑣 = [−0.17(0.5𝑚)2 + 0.27(0.5𝑚) − 0.047]( )
1.7221
𝑚
𝑢̂𝑣 = 0.915 𝑠
For column diameter:
̂
4𝑉
Dc = √𝜋𝜌 𝑤𝑢̂
𝑉 𝑣
𝐿
= 2.02
𝐷
𝑘𝑔
𝑉̂𝑤 = 𝐿 + 1 = 2.02 + 1 = 3.02 𝑠 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑘𝑔
4(3.02 )
𝑠
Dc = √ 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 = 1.56 𝑚
𝜋(1.7221 3 )(0.915 )
𝑚 𝑠
For 20% safety factor:
Dc = (1.2)(1.56m)
Dc = 1.87 m
Height of the column:
Taking H to D ratio as 15 (Towler and Sinnott 5th ed)

𝐻
= 15
𝐷
𝐻 = 𝐷15 = 1.87(15𝑚)
𝑯 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎
188
Condenser:
Based on coulon, Richardson, Sinnott 3rd ed
q = mwCp∆T
Assuming ∆T = 25°C
𝑘𝐽 kJ
9.89𝑥106 ℎ𝑟 = 𝑚𝑤 (4.186 kg K)(25K)
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒘 = 𝟗𝟒, 𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝒉𝒓
from table 12.1 of Coulson, Richardson, Sinnott (4th ed):
For Condensers:
𝑊
𝑈 = 1000
𝑚2 °𝐶
Temperature ratio,
𝑇 −𝑇
R = 𝑡1−𝑡2
2 1
78.5−50
R= 50−25
R = 1.14
For one shell pass, two tube pass, Ft = 0.8
(78.5−50)−(50−25)
∆𝑇m = [ 78.5−50 ] 0.8
𝑙𝑛
50−25
∆𝑇m = 21.37°C
𝑞
A = 𝑈∆𝑇
𝑚
𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
9.89𝑥106 ( )( )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝐽 3600𝑠
A= 𝑊
1000 2 (21.37°C)
𝑚 𝐾
189
A = 128.55 m2
From Table 11.12 of Perry’s Handbook (8th ed)

7
OD = 8 𝑖𝑛 =22.23mm
ID = 0.652 in = 16.56mm
Using L = 8m,
Surface area of one tube = (22.23x10-3 m)(𝜋)(8m)
Surface area of one tube = 0.5587 m2
128.55 m2
# of tubes = 0.5587 𝑚2 = 230.08 ≈ 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑻𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔
Using square pinch
Pt = 1.25(22.23mm)
Pt = 27.79 mm
Tube bundle Diameter

1
𝑁 𝑛
Db = do((𝐾1 ) 1
1
From Sinnott and Towler (5thed.)
Using 2 Passes:
K1 = 0.156
n1= 2.291
1
230 2.291
Db = 22.23 (0.156)
Db = 537.04 mm
Number of tubes in a row:
𝐷𝑏 537.04 𝑚𝑚
NT = =
𝑃𝑡 27.79 𝑚𝑚
190
NT = 19.32
NT ≅ 19
Reboiler (Kette Type)
From Coulson, Richardson, Sinnot (3rd ed)
@ Xw = 0.0062, Tw = 95.91 deg C
𝑘𝐽
qr= 1.87 × 106 ℎ
Ts in = 120 deg C
Ts out = 90 deg C
qs=ms(Cp∆𝑇+𝜆)
For Steam:
KJ
Cp = 1.88 kg K
𝜆 = 2202 kJ / kg
qr = qs
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
1.87 × 106 ℎ𝑟 = ms ((1.88 𝑘𝑔 𝐾)(120-90)K + (2202𝑘𝑔))
𝒌𝒈
ms =828.02 𝒉𝒓
From Table 12.1 of Coulson, Richardson, Sinnott (3rd ed).

𝑊
U = 1000𝑚2 °𝐶
191
∆𝑇m = (120-95) °𝐶=25°𝐶
qr= UA∆𝑇m
𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽 1ℎ𝑟 𝑊
1.87 × 106 ℎ𝑟 ( )(3600𝑠)= 1000𝑚2 °𝐶(A)(24.09°𝐶)
1𝑘𝐽
A =21.56 m2
Select 50 mm outside diameter, 45 mm inside diameter, plain U Tubes
Nominal length 3 m (One U Tube)
21.56 m2
# of U – Tubes = 50
(𝜋)(3)
1000
# of U – Tubes = 45.75 = 46 tubes
Using square pitch arrangement:
Pitch = 1.25Do
Pitch = 1.25(50mm) = 62.5 mm
Bundle Diameter:
1
𝑁 𝑛1
Db = do((𝐾1 )
1
For 4 tube Passes
K1=0.158
N1=2(U-tubes)
n1= 2.263
1
2(46) 2.617
Db = 50mm (0.158)
Db = 569.60 mm = 0.57m
Shell Diameter = 2Db = 1.14m
Liquid Level as 1m from base,

192
Freeboard = 1.14m -1 =0.14m
𝑘𝑔
ms= 828.02 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
C p=1.8837 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
∆𝑇m = (120-95.91)=24.99 deg C
Power Requirement = msCp∆𝑇m
𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝐽
Power Requirement = 828.02 ℎ𝑟 (3600 𝑠) (1.8837 ) (24.99𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Power Requirement = 10.83kW
Dehydration
The fermented solution undergoes distillation process to remove the water present
on it but water removal of the distillation process has a limit which requires the use of an
additional process before it blends with pure ethanol with gasoline due to the ethanol-
water azeotrope. In contrast, use of adsorption decreases the amount of energy
consumption incurred by the distillation process. Adhesion of liquid molecules to the
surface can be achieved in a column packed with adsorbents (zeolite 3A).
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm suffice the equilibrium relation of the
adsorption system. Zeolite 3A as the adsorbent and equilibrium model of water-vapor
ethanol mixture is used.
Table 1. Thermodynamic Constants for Zeolite 3A as a Function of Temperature
Temperature Q(g H2O/ g absorbent) K(g soln/ g adsorbent)
25 0.249 0.317
40 0.238 0.153
193
50 0.220 0.090
60 0.200 0.052
Source: Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
The Arrhenius equation explains the variation of Langmuir equation isotherm constant
with respect to the temperature:

∆𝐻
K= 𝐾𝐿 𝑅𝑇
Linearizing the equation, in the form of y=mx+b
∆𝐻 1
ln|K| = (𝑅𝑇 ) (𝑇) + 𝑙𝑛 |𝐾𝐿 | (eq.1)
Where:
y= ln|K|
∆𝐻
m= (𝑅𝑇 )
1
x= (𝑇)
b= 𝑙𝑛 |𝐾𝐿 |
Table 2. Langmuir Constants with varying temperature
Temperature Temperature 1 Q K ln|K|

𝑇
(oC) (K)
25 298.15 0.003354 0.249 0.317 -1.14885
40 313.15 0.003193 0.238 0.153 -1.87732
50 323.15 0.003095 0.220 0.090 -2.40795
60 333.15 0.003002 0.200 0.052 -2.99573
Plotting using MS Excel, 1/T vs ln|K|

194
1/T vs. ln|K|

0
0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335 0.0034
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
Obtaining the slope using linear regression:
∆𝐻
m= (𝑅𝑇 ) = 5204.5867
b= 𝑙𝑛 |𝐾𝐿 | = −18.5592
𝐾𝐿 = 8.7064x 10-9
Finding the operating K if ethanol-water vapour mixture superheated at 80oC or 353.15 K

∆𝐻 (5204.5867)
𝐾𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾𝐿 𝑅𝑇 = (8.7064x 10-9)𝑒 353.15 = 0.02189
Taking a linear relationship between Q and T in Kelvin:
m= -0.001
b= 0.670
Q(T)= (-0.001)(80 + 273.15K)= 0.317
Using Langmuir Model:
(𝑄)(𝐾)(𝐶∗)
q*= + Kc*
1
(0.317)(0.0218)(𝐶∗)
q*= + 0.0218c*
1
195
At equilibrium, partial pressures can be expressed as mole fractions. The molecules of A
adsorbed on the surface are in equilibrium with those in the gas phase is:
6.9106x10−3𝑃
q*= + 0.0218P
1
Concentration of the adsorbed phase can be calculated using zeolite 3A to purify 95mol%
ethanol to 99.99mol% in a two bed pressure swing adsorption process with feed gas and
off gas at 25 atm and 2 atm, respectively. Adsorption time is 300 seconds and beds are
85% loaded at the end of adsorption step (based from literature)
Partial Pressures of Water:
In feed (25 atm) = (25)(0.1469) = 3.67 atm
Off-gas (2 atm)= 2(0.95) = 1.9 atm
In feed:
(3.852x10−3)(3.67)
Molecules of A adsorbed on the surface = 1+(0.02189𝑥3.67)
𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 0.0131 𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡
Off-gas:
(3.852x10−3)(1.9)
Molecules of A adsorbed on the surface = 1+(0.02189𝑥1.9)
𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 0.00703 𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡
(F1y1 – F2y2)Mwta= (m1-m2)MafL
300
[(48.3333x0.1471)-( 48.3333x0.0001)](18.015)( (3600) = (0.0131 − 0.00703)Ma(0.85)
Ma=2067.33 kg
Bulk density of the adsorbent= 779.5811 kg/m3

196
2067.33
Volume of adsorbent bed= (779.5811) = 2.65 m3
By 20% safety factor,
(1.2)(2.65) = 3.182 m3
Assumption, based on Shell’s “Basic design rules and operational requirements of
molecular sieve units”, L/D ratio of the vessel should not be below 2. Therefore, an
assumption of L/D ratio of 4 is made.
L/D=4
3.182= 𝝅(𝑫𝟐 /𝟒)(𝟒𝑫)
D= 1.00 m
H= 4.00 m
Depth of Dished Bottom: 1 meter
Final H= 4.00-1=3.00 m
Ethanol Storage Tank
Number of units: 3
Basis: 1 week operation
L 7 days
Capacity of each tank=58,000 ( ) =406,000 L/wk
day 1 week
Multiplying the volume by 30% safety factor
1 m3 1.30
V=406,000 L ( )( ) =175.933 m3 /unit
1000 L 3
πD2 H
V= (1)
4
197
2H = 5D
5
πD2 ( 2 D)
175.933 =
4
D = 4.47 m
H = 11.175 m
Hydrolysate Storage Tank
No of units: 1
1 𝑚3
Capacity = 91,045.61 kg/day (1000 𝑘𝑔)
= 91.05 m3
Multiplying the volume by 30% safety factor,
V= 91.05(1.3) = 118.36 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
But, 3H=5D
118.36 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(5/3𝐷)
D= 4.49 m
H= 7.48 m
70% H2SO4 Storage Tank
Number of Units: 1
Density: 1127 kg/m3
Capacity: (413,553 kg/day) / (1127 kg/m3)
= 366.9503 m3/day
198
Multiplying volume by 30% safety factor,
V= 366.95 (1.3)= 477.035 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
With a basis of, 3H=5D
477.035 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(5/3𝐷)
D= 7.14 m
H= 11.9 m
30% H2SO4 Storage Tank
Number of Units: 1
Density: 1127 kg/m3
Capacity: (141,056.65kg/day) / (1127 kg/m3)
= 125.1611 m3/day
Multiplying volume by 30% safety factor,
V= 125.1611 (1.3)= 162.71 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
With a basis of, 3H=5D
162.71= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(5/3𝐷)
D= 4.99 m
H= 8.32 m
H2SO4 Recovery Tank
No. of Units: 1
199
1 𝑚3
Capacity = 315,213.9 kg/day ((1127 𝑘𝑔) = 279.69 m3/day
Multiplying the volume by 30% safety factor,
V = 279.69(1.3) = 363.6 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
But, 3H=5D
363.6 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(5/3𝐷)
D= 6.52 m
H= 10.87 m
Anaerobic Digester
Number of Units: 5
V= 1500 m3
Multiplying the volume by 30% safety factor
1.3
V= 1500 (5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) = 390 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
But 3D=2H,
𝜋(𝐷 2 ) 3
390 = [(2) 𝐷]
4
D= 6.92 m
H= 10.38 m
Agitator Design
From Unit Process in Chemical Engineering by Mccabe, Smith and Hanott (7th ed) p.247
𝐷𝑡 6.92
3
200
Da 2.31
4 4
Da 2.31
5 5
𝐷𝑡 6.92
12
From Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas,
Maximum Level Number of Impeller Clearance
H/Dt Impellers Lower Upper
1.4 1 H/3
2.1 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
0.8 1 H/3
1.6 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
𝐻 10.38
( )=( ) = 1.5
𝐷𝑡 6.92
Using H/D = 1.6, the number of impellers is 2.
Impeller clearance:
𝐷𝑡 6.92
Lower: ( 3 ) = ( ) = 2.31 m
3
2 2
Upper: (3 𝐻) = (3 𝑥10.38) = 6.92 m
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Requirements
From Demineralized Water Tank to Boiler: 94,505 kg/hr

201
From Softened Water to Condenser: 828 kg/hr
From Softened Water Tank to process: 40,000 kg/hr
From Processed Water Tank to Fermentation: 33,313 kg/hr
From Raw Water Tank and Processed Water Tank to utilities: 20,000 kg/h
Raw Water Tank
Basis: 1 hr
Volume: 190 m3
Using 20% safety factor:
V= 190 (1.2) = 228 m3
H=2D
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
228= 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D= 5.26 m
H= 10.51 m
Process Water Tank
Basis: 1 hr
Volume: 55 m3
Using 20% safety factor,
V= 55 (1.2) = 66 m3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
But, H=2D
202
66 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D=3.48 m
H= 6.95 m
Softened Water Tank
Basis: 1 hr
Volume: 45 m3
V=45(1.2) = 54 m3
But, H=2D
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(𝐻)
54 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
D=3.25 m
H= 6.5 m
Demineralized Water Tank
Basis: 1 hour
Volume: 95 m3
V= 95(1.2) = 114 m3
But, H=2D
95 = 𝜋(𝐷2 /4)(2𝐷)
203
D= 3.93 m
H= 7.85 m
204
Appendix D
Power Requirement
Pumps
PTotal=340.61+91.74+118.87+658.66+237.54+237.54+1288+2338+1708+1609.6
1+66.61+261.13+14.92+1832.43+66.27+1168+3664.11+402.14+16.53+24.903
PT=16,145.61 W = 16.15 kW
Conveyor
Conveyor 1=0.62
Conveyor 2=0.62
Conveyor 3=0.68
Conveyor 4=0.60
Conveyor 5=0.60
Ptotal= 3.12 kW
Roll Crusher
0.746kW
𝑃 = 7.1hp ( )
hp
𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝐤𝐖
Sieving
0.746kW
𝑃 = 60.35hp ( )
hp
205
𝑷 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝐤𝐖
Dryer
𝑘𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
𝑃 = 7,691,698.197 ( )
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝐤𝐖
Mill
0.746kW
𝑃 = 300hp ( )
hp
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝐤𝐖
Electrodialysis:
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟒𝐤𝐖
1st Stage hydrolysis
ft
D = 3.246 m (3.28 1m) = 10.65 ft
𝑃 3.8ℎ𝑝
=
𝑉 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙
3.8ℎ𝑝 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿 0.746kW

𝑃 = 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙 ∗ 3.78𝐿 ∗ ∗ 31.008 m3 ∗
1𝑚3 1hp
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑾
2nd Stage hydrolysis
ft
D = 2.48 m (3.28 1m) = 8.13 ft
206
𝑃 4.7ℎ𝑝
= 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉
4.7ℎ𝑝 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿 0.746kW

𝑃 = 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙 ∗ 3.78𝐿 ∗ ∗ 13.82 m3 ∗
1𝑚3 1hp
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝒌𝑾
Main Fermenter
ft
D = 7.83 m (3.28 1m) = 25.68 ft
𝑃 1.7ℎ𝑝
=
𝑉 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙
1.7ℎ𝑝 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿 0.746kW

𝑃 = 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙 ∗ 3.78𝐿 ∗ ∗ 755.49 m3 ∗ ∗5
1𝑚3 1hp
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑾
Pre-Fermenter
ft
D = 3.64 m (3.28 1m) = 11.94 ft
𝑃 3.8ℎ𝑝
= 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉
3.8ℎ𝑝 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿 0.746kW

𝑃 = 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙 ∗ 3.78𝐿 ∗ ∗ 75.55 m3 ∗ ∗3
1𝑚3 1hp
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑾
Neutralization
ft
D = 8.91 m (3.28 1m) = 29.22 ft
𝑃 1.3ℎ𝑝
= 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉
1.3ℎ𝑝 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿 0.746kW

𝑃 = 1000𝑔𝑎𝑙 ∗ 3.78𝐿 ∗ ∗ 555.2331 m3 ∗
1𝑚3 1hp
207
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑾
Centrifuge
𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐖
Cooling Tower
P=35.16 kW
Reboiler
𝑘𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
𝑃 = 1.87 × 106 (3600𝑠)
ℎ
𝑷 = 𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝐤𝐖
Total Power Requirement = 16.15 + 3.12+ 5.30 + 45.02 +2136.58 + 223.80 + 24+ 23.26
+ 12.82 + 1267.34 +169.98 + 142.45 + 60 + 519.44 +36.16+35.16
Total Power Requirement = 4,720.48 kW =4.72 MW

208
209
Appendix E
Bund Area
Ethanol Storage Tank

V =175.933 m3 /unit
D = 4.47 m
H = 11.175 m
Net Capacity of the Bund = 175.933 m3 x 1.33 = 233.99 m3

Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2 x 3 units
𝜋
AB = 4 (4.47)2 x 3 = 47.08 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(47.08)= 94.16 m2
Total area = Tank Area + Operational Allowances
= 94.16 + 2
Total Area = 96.16 m2
Height of the Bund area = Bund Capacity / Total Area
= 233.99 / 96.16 = 2.43 m
Acid Storage tank

70% H2SO4:
V= 477.035 m3
H= 11.9 m
D= 7.14 m
Bund area:
210
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (7.14)2 = 40.04 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(40.04)= 80.08 m2
= 80.08 + 2
= 634.46 / 82.08 = 7.84 m
30% H2SO4:
V= 162.71 m3
H= 8.32 m
D= 4.99 m
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (4.99)2 = 19.56 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(19.56)= 39.12 m2
= 216.40 + 2
= 216.40 / 218.40 = 0.99 m
211
H2SO4 Recovery Tank

V= 363.6 m3
H= 10.87 m
D= 6.52 m
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (6.52)2 = 33.39 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(33.39)= 66.78 m2
= 66.78 + 2
= 483.59 / 68.78 = 7.03 m
Hydrolysate Storage Tank

V= 118.36 m3
H= 7.48 m
D= 4.99 m
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (4.99)2 = 19.56 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
212
AE=2(19.56)= 39.12 m2
= 39.12 + 2
= 157.42 / 41.12 = 3.83 m
Raw water Tank

V= 288 m3
H= 10.51 m
D= 5.26 m
Net Capacity of the Bund = 288 m3 x 1.33 = 383.04 m3
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (5.26)2 = 21.73 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(21.73)= 43.46 m2
= 43.46 + 2
= 383.04 / 45.46 = 8.43 m
Processed Water Tank

V= 66 m3
H= 10.51 m
D= 3.48 m
213
Net Capacity of the Bund = 66 m3 x 1.33 = 87.78 m3

Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (3.48)2 =9.51 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(9.51)= 19.02 m2
= 19.02 + 2
= 87.78 / 21.02 = 4.18 m
Softened Water Tank

V= 54 m3
H= 3.25 m
D= 6.5 m
Net Capacity of the Bund = 54 m3 x 1.33 =71.82 m3
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (6.5)2 =33.18 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(33.18)= 66.36 m2
= 66.36 + 2
214

= 66.86 / 71.82 = 0.93 m
Demineralized water Tank

V= 114 m3
H= 7.85 m
D= 3.93 m
Net Capacity of the Bund = 114 m3 x 1.33 =151.62 m3
Bund area:
𝜋
AB = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
AB = 4 (3.93)2 =12.13 m2
Area for Expansion:

AE= 2AB
AE=2(12.13)= 24.26 m2
= 24.26 + 2
= 151.62 / 26.26 = 5.77 m
215
Appendix F
Supporting Tables and Schedules
Schedule 1. Purchased Equipment Cost

Machinery No. of Units Cost per unit Freight Cost Subtotal
Production
Conveyor 5.00 1,337,245.79 267,449.16 8,023,474.74
Rolling Mill 3.00 1,950,000.00 390,000.00 7,020,000.00
Sieving 3.00 1,168,082.30 233,616.46 4,205,096.28
Rotary Drum
3.00 2,044,797.90 408,959.58 7,361,272.44
Dryer
Pin Mill 3.00 1,559,041.15 311,808.23 5,612,548.14
Hydrolysis
Tank Reactor 1.00 1,470,000.00 294,000.00 1,764,000.00
(1st Stage)
Hydrolysis
Tank Reactor 1.00 1,127,000.00 225,400.00 1,352,400.00
(2st Stage)
Hydrolysate
1.00 3,321,685.00 664,337.00 3,986,022.00
Storage Tank
Electrodialysis 1.00 4,546,777.00 909,355.40 5,456,132.40
Main Fermenter 5.00 13,276,882.03 2,655,376.41 79,661,292.18
Pre-fermenter 3.00 3,527,688.20 705,537.64 12,699,677.52
Culture Vessel
1.00 450,075.00 90,015.00 540,090.00
(3rd)
Culture Vessle
1.00 235,300.00 47,060.00 282,360.00
(1st and 2nd)
Cooling Tower 1.00 270,071.93 54,014.39 324,086.32
BD-95 Disk
Stack 1.00 490,000.00 98,000.00 588,000.00
Centrifuge
Neutralization
1.00 2,818,220.00 563,644.00 3,381,864.00
Tank Reactor
Distilling
1.00 8,366,540.00 1,673,308.00 10,039,848.00
Column
Condenser 1.00 1,070,174.00 214,034.80 1,284,208.80
Reboiler 1.00 1,502,580.00 300,516.00 1,803,096.00
Molecular
Sieve 1.00 2,042,200.00 408,440.00 2,450,640.00
Dehydrator
Anaerobic
3.00 15,534,840.00 3,106,968.00 55,925,424.00
Digester
216
Decanter
1.00 990,000.00 198,000.00 1,188,000.00
Centrifuge
Rotary Vacuum
1.00 1,300,000.00 260,000.00 1,560,000.00
Centrifuge
Subtotal: 219,377,532.82
Storage Tank
Ethanol Storage
3.00 3,390,065.00 678,013.00 12,204,234.00
Tank
Sulfuric Acid
1.00 3,026,133.50 605,226.70 3,631,360.20
Recovery Tank
70% Sulfuric
Acid Storage 1.00 3,222,296.00 644,459.20 3,866,755.20
Tank
30% Sulfuric
Acid Storage 1.00 2,829,971.00 565,994.20 3,395,965.20
Tank
Lime Storage
1.00 3,800,130.00 760,026.00 4,560,156.00
Tank
Subtotal: 27,658,470.60
Power Plant
Furnace 1.00 501,000.00 100,200.00 601,200.00
Turbine 1.00 2,025,600.13 405,120.03 2,430,720.16
Boiler 1.00 1,690,000.00 338,000.00 2,028,000.00
Subtotal: 5,059,920.16
Water Treatment Plant
Raw Water
1.00 609,802.44 121,960.49 731,762.93
Tank
Processed
1.00 400,135.00 80,027.00 480,162.00
Water Tank
Softened Water
1.00 360,200.30 72,040.06 432,240.36
Tank
Demineralized
1.00 280,220.00 56,044.00 336,264.00
Water Tank
Clarified Water
1.00 388,700.00 77,740.00 466,440.00
Tank
Clarifier 1.00 350,200.00 70,040.00 420,240.00
Degasser 2.00 208,716.90 41,743.38 500,920.56
Activated
1.00 350,089.00 70,017.80 420,106.80
Carbon Filter
Dual Media
1.00 350,089.00 70,017.80 420,106.80
Filter
Reverse
1.00 239,777.00 47,955.40 287,732.40
Osmosis
Softening Unit 1.00 280,500.28 56,100.06 336,600.34
217
Subtotal: 4,832,576.18
Raw Material Cold Storage

MSK Powder
2.00 313,860.00 62,772.00 753,264.00
Storage
TOTAL: 257,681,763.76
Table 1. Direct Cost

Percentage
Purchased Equipment Cost (Php)
(%)
Purchased
Equipment 257,681,763.76 30 77,304,529.13
Installation
Instrumentation and
257,681,763.76 30 77,304,529.13
Control
Pipings 257,681,763.76 40 103,072,705.50
Electrical
Equipment 257,681,763.76 10 25,768,176.38
Installation
Buildings and
257,681,763.76 18 46,382,717.48
Structures
Land Improvement 257,681,763.76 3 7,730,452.91
Service Facilities 257,681,763.76 20 51,536,352.75
TOTAL DIRECT COST: 389,099,463.28
Table 2. Land Cost

Land Area (m2) Cost per sq. m Total Cost
(Php)
Land 200,219.38 120 24,026,325.60
Table 3. Indirect Cost

Purchased
Equipment Cost Percentage (%) Cost (Php)
(Php)
Engineering and
257,681,763.76 20 51,536,352.75
Supervision
Construction Fee 257,681,763.76 9 23,191,358.74
218
Contractor Fee 257,681,763.76 5 12,884,088.19

Contingency 257,681,763.76 10 25,768,176.38
TOTAL INDIRECT COST: 113,379,976.05
Note. From “General Process Plant Cost Estimating (Engineering Guideline)” by K.
Kolmetz, 2014
Schedule 2. Office and Transportation Equipment

Equipment/Item No. of Unit Unit Cost (Php) Total Cost (Php)
Fire Truck 1 ₱1,000,536.00 ₱ 1,000,536.00
Ambulance and
1 ₱1,550,000.00 ₱ 1,550,000.00
Medical Equipment
Service Vehicle 1 ₱620,000.00 ₱ 620,000.00
Forklift 3 ₱70,000.00 ₱ 210,000.00
Delivery Truck 1 ₱1,000,000.00 ₱ 1,000,000.00
Computer Units 6 ₱15,000.00 ₱ 90,000.00
Air Conditioner 5 ₱25,000.00 ₱ 125,000.00
LCD Projector 2 ₱20,000.00 ₱ 40,000.00
Fire Extinguisher 20 ₱650.00 ₱ 13,000.00
Office Table Chair 15 ₱12,000.00 ₱ 180,000.00
Water Dispenser 4 ₱1,500.00 ₱ 6,000.00
Telephone and
4 ₱1,500.00 ₱ 6,000.00
Internet
Two way Radio 2 ₱750.00 ₱ 1,500.00
Schedule 3. Cost of Sales

Total Cost of Raw Materials
(Schedule 4)
Direct Labor Salaries (Schedule 6) 7,554,384
SSS Contribution –ER (Schedule 8) 556,758.1
PhilHealth Contribution – ER (Schedule
103,872.8
9)
HealthCare (Schedule 10) 536,000
Accident Insurance (Schedule 11) 16,750
13th Month Pay (Schedule 12) 629,532
Total Direct Labor 9,397,297
Manufacturing Overhead
Fuel (Schedule 13) 26,963,649
Indirect Materials (Schedule 14) 331,750,401.00
Indirect Labor (Schedule 6) 1 ,353,024
219
PhilHealth Contribution – ER (Schedule

18,604.08
9)
Repair and Maintenance 5,153,635.28
Depreciation of Equipment, Buildings and 8,890,020.85
Service Facilities (Schedule 15)
Total Manufacturing Overload 374,440,804
TOTAL COST OF SALES: 383,838,101
Schedule 4. Raw Material Cost

Quantity Price/Unit Total
1st Year 6,684,696.00 725 4,846,404,600.00
2nd Year 6,684,696.00 735.875 4,919,100,669.00
3rd Year 6,684,696.00 746.913125 4,992,887,179.04
4th Year 6,684,696.00 758.1168219 5,067,780,486.72
5th Year 6,684,696.00 769.4885742 5,143,797,194.02
Total: 24,969,970,128.78
220
Table 4. Five Year Projection of Cost of Sales

Total of Raw
4,846,404,600.00 4,919,100,669.00 4,992,887,179.04 5,067,780,486.72 5,143,797,194.02
Material
Labor Salaries
7,554,384 7,781,015.52 8,007,647.04 8,234,278.56 8,460,910.08
(Table 6)
SSS Contribution
556,758.1 573,460.84 590,163.6 606,866.3 623,569.1
(Table 8)
PhilHealth
Contribution 103,872.8 106,989 110,105.2 113,221.4 116,337.5
(Table 9)
Health Insurance
536,000 552,080 568,160 584,240 600,320
(Schedule 10)
Accident
Insurance 16,750 17,252.5 17,755 18,257.5 18,760
(Schedule 11)
13th Month Pay
629,532 648,418 667,303.9 686,189.9 705,075.8
(Schedule 12)
TOTAL DIRECT
9,397,297 9,679,215.86 9,961,134.74 10,243,053.66 10,524,972.48
LABOR
Manufacturing
Overhead
Fuel (Schedule
26,963,649 26,963,649 26,963,649 26,963,649 26,963,649
13)
Indirect Materials
(Schedule 14) 331,750,401.00 341,702,913.03 351,954,000.42 362,512,620.43 373,387,999.05
Indirect Labor
1,353,024 1,393,614.72 1,434,205.44 1,474,796.16 1,515,386.88
(Table 6)
SSS Contribution
99,717.86 102,709.40 105,700.9 108,692.5 111,684
(Table 8)
221
PhilHealth
Contribution 18,604.08 19,162.2 19,720.32 20,278.45 20,836.57
(Table 9)
Health Insurance
96,000 98,880 101,760 104,640 107,520
(Schedule 10)
Accident
Insurance 3,000 3,090 3,180 3,270 3,360
(Schedule 11)
13th Month Pay
112,752 116,134.6 119,517.1 122,899.7 126,282.2
(Schedule 12)
Repair and
5,153,635 5,308,244 5,462,853 5,617,462 5,772,072
Maintenance
Depreciation of
8,890,020.85 9,156,721 9,423,422 9,690,123 9,956,823
Equipment
Total
Manufacturing 374,440,804 384,865,118 395,588,008 406,618,431 417,965,613
Overhead
TOTAL COST
383,838,101 394,544,334 405,549,143 416,861,485 428,490,585
OF SALES
222
Schedule 5. Annual Product Sales

Product Annual Production Unit Price Total (Php)
Anhydrous Alcohol (L) 17,400,000.00 45.00 783,000,000.00
CO2 13,320.00 500.00 6,660,000.00
Gypsum 8,735.25 2,000 17,470,500.00
TOTAL PRODUCT SALES: 805,822,500.00
Table 5. Five Year Projection of Product Sales

Anhydrous
Alcohol 783,000,000.00 814,320,000.00 846,892,800.00 880,768,512.00 915,999,252.48
(L)
CO2 5,352,000.00 5,566,080.00 5,788,723.20 6,020,272.13 6,261,083.01
Gypsum 17,470,500.00 18,169,320.00 18,896,092.80 19,651,936.51 20,438,013.97
Total: 805,822,500.00 838,055,400.00 871,577,616.00 906,440,720.64 942,698,349.47
Schedule 6. Salaries and Wages

Salary/
No. of
Department Position Month/ Annual Salary
Personnel
Employee
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 9,396.00 1,691,280
Helper
Operator 24 9,396.00 2,706,048
Drivers 7 9,396.00 789,264
Security Guard 12 9,396.00 1,353,024
WWTP Operators 6 9,396.00 676,512
Instrumentation Operators 3 9,396.00 338,256
Subtotal: 67 7, 554, 384
Indirect Labor
Powerplant
6 9,396.00 676,512
Operator
Maintenance
6 9,396.00 676,512
Staff
Subtotal: 12 1,353,024
Administration
223
Plant Manager 1 50,000 600,000

Administrative
1 30,000 360,000
Head
Human
1 25,000 300000
Resource Head
Human
1 9,396.00 112,752
Resource Staff
Administration
Physician 1 20,000 240,000
Nurse 3 9,396.00 338,256
Accounting
and Finance 1 25,000 300,000
Head
Accounting and Accounting
Finance and Finance 2 9,396.00 225,504
Staff
Sales and
Marketing 1 25,000 300,000
Head
Sales and Sales and
Marketing Marketing 1 9,396.00 112,752
Staff
Logistics and
Purchasing 1 25,000 300,000
Logistics and Head
Purchasing Logistics and
Purchasing 3 9,396.00 338,256
Staff
Engineering
1 46,224.00 554,688
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 25,000 900,000
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 46,224.00 554,688
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 25,000 900,000
Supervisor
Quality
1 25,000 300,000
Control Officer
Quality
Control 6 9,396.00 676,512
Analysts
Quality Control
Laboratory
6 9,396.00 676,512
Sampler
Production
1 46,224.00 554,688
Head
Production Production
3 25,000 900,000
Supervisors
224
Electrical Supervisor 3 25,000 900,000

Instrumentation Supervisor 3 25,000 900,000
Pollution
Pollution 1 15,000 180,000
Control Officer
Control/ Safety
Safety Officer 1 15,000 180,000
Subtotal: 50 11,704,608
TOTAL 129 20,612,016
Source: nwpc.dole.gov.ph
Table 6. Five Year Projection of Salaries and Wages

Direct Labor 7 554 384 7 781 015.52 8 007 647.04 8 234 28.56 8 460 910.08
Indirect Labor 1 353 024 1 393 614.72 1 434 205.44 1 474 796.16 1 515 386.88
Administration 11 704 428 12055560.84 12406693.68 12757826.52 13108959.36
TOTAL: 20,611,836 21,230,191.08 21,848,546.16 15,056,051.24 23,085,256.32
Schedule 7. SSS Contribution (Employee)

No. of Salary/
Monthly Annual
Department Position Perso Month/
Contribution Contribution
nnel Employee
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 9,396.00 5 116.12 61 393.44
Helper
Operator 24 9,396.00 8 185.8 98 229.6
Drivers 7 9,396.00 2 387.52 28 650.24
Security Guard 12 9,396.00 4 092.9 49 114.8
WWTP Operators 6 9,396.00 2 046.45 24 557.4
Instrumentation Operators 3 9,396.00 1 023.22 12 278.64
Subtotal: 67 274 224.12
Indirect Labor
Powerplant
6 9,396.00 2 046.45 24 557.4
Operator
Maintenance
6 9,396.00 2 046.45 24 557.4
Staff
Subtotal: 12 49 114.8
Administration
Plant Manager 1 50,000 1 815 21 780
225
Administrative
1 30,000 1 089 13 068
Head
Human
1 25,000 907.5 10 890
Resource Head
Administration Human
1 9,396.00 341.07 4 092.9
Resource Staff
Physician 1 20,000 726 8 712
Nurse 3 9,396.00 1 023.22 12 278.7
Accounting
and Finance 1 25,000 907.5 10890
Head
Finance and Finance 2 9,396.00 341.0748 8185.795
Staff
Sales and
Marketing 1 25,000 907.5 10890
Head
Sales and Sales and
Marketing Marketing 1 9,396.00 341.0748 4092.898
Staff
Logistics and
Purchasing 1 25,000 907.5 10890
Logistics and Head
Purchasing 3 9,396.00 341.0748 12278.69
Staff
Engineering
1 46,224.00 1677.931 20135.17
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 25,000 907.5 32670
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 46,224.00 1677.931 20135.17
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 25,000 907.5 32670
Supervisor
Quality
1 25,000 907.5 10890
Control Officer
Quality
Control 6 9,396.00 341.0748 24557.39
Analysts
Quality Control
Laboratory
6 9,396.00 341.0748 24557.39
Sampler
Production
1 46,224.00 1677.931 20135.17
Head
3 25,000 907.5 32670
Supervisors
Electrical Supervisor 3 25,000 907.5 32670
226
Instrumentation Supervisor 3 25,000 907.5 32670

Pollution
Pollution 1 15,000 544.5 6534
Control Officer
Control/ Safety
Safety Officer 1 15,000 544.5 6534
Subtotal: 50 424 877.3
TOTAL: 129 748216.22
Table 7. Five Year Projection of SSS Contribution

Direct Labor 274 224.12 282 450.84 290 677.57 298 904.29 307 131.01
Indirect Labor 49 114.8 50 588.24 52 061.69 53 535.13 55 008.58
Administration 424 877.3 437 623.62 450 369.94 463 116.26 475 862.58
TOTAL: 748216.22 770662.7 793109.2 815555.68 838002.17
Schedule 8. PhilHealth Contribution (Employer)

Salary/
No. of Monthly Annual
Department Position Month/
Personnel Contribution Contribution
Employee
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 9,396.00 1937.925 23255.1
Helper
Operator 24 9,396.00 3100.68 37208.16
Drivers 7 9,396.00 904.365 10852.38
Security Guard 12 9,396.00 1550.34 18604.08
WWTP Operators 6 9,396.00 775.17 9302.04
Instrumentation Operators 3 9,396.00 387.585 4651.02
Subtotal: 67 103872.8
Indirect Labor
Powerplant
6 9,396.00 775.17 9302.04
Operator
Maintenance
6 9,396.00 775.17 9302.04
Staff
Subtotal: 12 18 604.08
Administration
Plant Manager 1 50,000 687.5 8250
Administrative
1 30,000 412.5 4950
Head
Human
1 25,000 343.75 4125
Resource Head
227
Administration Human
1 9,396.00 129.195 1550.34
Resource Staff
Physician 1 20,000 275 3300
Nurse 3 9,396.00 387.585 4651.02
Accounting and
1 25,000 343.75 4125
Finance Head
Accounting and Accounting and
2 9,396.00 258.39 3100.68
Finance Finance Staff
Sales and
1 25,000 343.75 4125
Marketing Head
Sales and Sales and
1 9,396.00 129.195 1550.34
Marketing Marketing Staff
Logistics and
Purchasing 1 25,000 343.75 4125
Logistics and
Head
Purchasing
Logistics and
3 9,396.00 387.585 4651.02
Purchasing Staff
Engineering
1 46,224.00 635.58 7626.96
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 25,000 1031.25 12375
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 46,224.00 635.58 7626.96
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 25,000 1031.25 12375
Supervisor
Quality Control
1 25,000 343.75 4125
Officer
Quality Control
6 9,396.00 775.17 9302.04
Analysts
Quality Control Laboratory
6 9,396.00 775.17 9302.04
Sampler
Production
1 46,224.00 635.58 7626.96
Head
3 25,000 1031.25 12375
Supervisors
Electrical Supervisor 3 25,000 687.5 8250
Instrumentation Supervisor 3 25,000 412.5 4950
Pollution
Pollution 1 15,000 343.75 4125
Control Officer
Control/ Safety
Safety Officer 1 15,000 129.195 1550.34
Subtotal: 50 131238.4
TOTAL 129 253 715.28
228
Table 8. Five Year Projection of Philhealth Contribution

Direct Labor 103872.8 106989 110105.2 113221.4 116337.5
Indirect Labor 18 604.08 19162.2 19720.32 20278.45 20836.57
Administration 131238.4 135175.6 139112.7 143049.9 146987
TOTAL: 235111.2 261326.8 268938.22 276549.8 284161.1
Schedule 9. Health Insurance

No. of
Department Position Monthly Annual
Personnel
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 8,000 120000
Helper
Operator 24 8,000 192000
Drivers 7 8,000 56000
Security
12 8,000 96000
Guard
WWTP Operators 6 8,000 48000
Instrumentation Operators 3 8,000 24000
Subtotal: 67 536,000
Indirect Labor
Powerplant
6 8,000 48000
Operator
Maintenance
6 8,000 48000
Staff
Subtotal: 12 96 000
Administration
Plant
1 8,000 8000
Manager
Administrativ
1 8,000 8000
e Head
Human
Resource 1 8,000 24000
Head
Human
Administration Resource 1 8,000 8000
Staff
Physician 1 8,000 16000
Nurse 3 8,000 8000
229
Accounting
and Finance 1 8,000 8000
Head
Finance and Finance 2 8,000 8000
Staff
Sales and
Marketing 1 8,000 24000
Head
Sales and Sales and
Marketing Marketing 1 8,000 8000
Staff
Logistics and
Purchasing 1 8,000 24000
Logistics and Head
Staff
Engineering
1 8,000 24000
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 8,000 8000
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 8,000 48000
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 8,000 48000
Supervisor
Quality
Control 1 8,000 8000
Officer
Quality
Control 6 8,000 24000
Quality Control Analysts
Laboratory
6 8,000 24000
Sampler
Production
1 8,000 24000
Head
3 8,000 8000
Supervisors
Electrical Supervisor 3 8,000 8000
Instrumentation Supervisor 3 8,000 24000
Pollution
Pollution Control 1 8,000 8000
Control/ Safety Officer
Safety Officer 1 8,000 16000
Subtotal: 50 384000
TOTAL: 129 1 016 000
230
Schedule 10. Accident Insurance

No. of
Department Position Monthly Annual
Personnel
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 250 3750
Helper
Operator 24 250 6000
Drivers 7 250 1750
Security Guard 12 250 3000
WWTP Operators 6 250 1500
Instrumentation Operators 3 250 750
Subtotal: 67 16,750
Indirect Labor
Powerplant
6 250 1500
Operator
Maintenance
6 250 1500
Staff
Subtotal: 12 3 000
Administration
Plant Manager 1 250 250
Administrative
1 250 250
Head
Human
1 250 250
Resource Head
Human
1 250 250
Resource Staff
Administration
Physician 1 250 250
Nurse 3 250 750
Accounting
and Finance 1 250 250
Head
Finance and Finance 2 250 500
Staff
Sales and
Marketing 1 250 250
Head
Sales and Sales and
Marketing Marketing 1 250 250
Staff
Logistics and
Logistics and
Purchasing 1 250 250
Purchasing
Head
231
Logistics and
Purchasing 3 250 750
Staff
Engineering
1 250 250
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 250 750
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 250 250
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 250 750
Supervisor
Quality
1 250 250
Control Officer
Quality
Control 6 250 1500
Analysts
Quality Control
Laboratory
6 250 1500
Sampler
Production
1 250 250
Head
3 250 750
Supervisors
Electrical Supervisor 3 250 750
Instrumentation Supervisor 3 250 750
Pollution
Pollution 1 250 250
Control Officer
Control/ Safety
Safety Officer 1 250 250
Subtotal: 50 12000
TOTAL 129 31 750
Schedule 11. 13th Month Pay

No. of 13th Month Pay /
Department Position Total
Personnel Employee
Direct Labor
Production
Production 15 9,396.00 140940
Helper
Operator 24 9,396.00 225504
Drivers 7 9,396.00 65772
Security Guard 12 9,396.00 112752
WWTP Operators 6 9,396.00 56376
Instrumentation Operators 3 9,396.00 28188
Subtotal: 67 629532
Indirect Labor
232
Powerplant
6 9,396.00 56 376
Operator
Maintenance
6 9,396.00 56 376
Staff
Subtotal: 12 112 752
Administration
Plant Manager 1 50,000 50000
Administrative
1 30,000 30000
Head
Human
1 25,000 25000
Administration Resource Head
Human
1 9,396.00 9396
Resource Staff
Physician 1 20,000 20000
Nurse 3 9,396.00 28188
Accounting
and Finance 1 25,000 25000
Accounting and Head
Finance Accounting
and Finance 2 9,396.00 18792
Staff
Sales and
Marketing 1 25,000 25000
Sales and Head
Marketing Sales and
Marketing 1 9,396.00 9396
Staff
Logistics and
Logistics and Head
Purchasing 3 9,396.00 28188
Staff
Engineering
1 46,224.00 46224
Head
Engineering
Powerplant
3 25,000 75000
Supervisor
Maintenance
1 46,224.00 46224
Head
Maintenance
Maintenance
3 25,000 75000
Supervisor
Quality
1 25,000 25000
Control Officer
Quality Control Quality
Control 6 9,396.00 56376
Analysts
233
Laboratory
6 9,396.00 56376
Sampler
Production
1 46,224.00 46224
Head
Production
Production
3 25,000 75000
Supervisors
Electrical Supervisor 3 25,000 75000
Instrumentation Supervisor 3 25,000 75000
Pollution
Pollution 1 15,000 15000
Control Officer
Control/ Safety
Safety Officer 1 15,000 15000
Subtotal: 50 975384
TOTAL 129 1 717 668
Table 9. Five Year Projection of 13th Month Bonus

Direct Labor 629532 648418 667303.9 686189.9 705075.8
Indirect Labor 112 752 116134.6 1393615 122899.7 126282.2
Administration 975384 1004646 12055746 1063169 1092430
TOTAL: 1604916 1769199 14116664.9 1872259 1923788
Schedule 12. Fuel

Amount/Year Unit Price/ton Total Cost
Fuel
Napier Grass 59919.22 ₱450.00 ₱26,963,649.00 59919.22
TOTAL: 59919.22
234
Schedule 13. Cost of Indirect Materials
Indirect Amount Price per

Unit Total Cost
Materials per Year Ton
Year 2021 Year 2022 Year 2023 Year 2024 Year 2025
Sulfuric
Acid 35,904 Ton 4900 175,929,600.00 181,207,488.00 186,643,712.64 192,243,024.02 198,010,314.74
Lime 3,759.00 Ton 4,000 15,036,000.00 15,487,080.00 15,951,692.40 16,430,243.17 16,923,150.47

Yeast 16,542.12 Ton 5,300 87,673,236.00 90,303,433.08 93,012,536.07 95,802,912.15 98,676,999.52
DAP 378.63 Ton 4,500.00 1,703,835.00 1,754,950.05 1,807,598.55 1,861,826.51 1,917,681.30
Urea 6,311.70 Ton 4,500.00 28,402,650.00 29,254,729.50 30,132,371.39 31,036,342.53 31,967,432.80

Calcium
Hydroxide 3,759.00 Ton 6120 23,005,080.00 23,695,232.40 24,406,089.37 25,138,272.05 25,892,420.21
Total 331,750,401.00 341,702,913.03 351,954,000.42 362,512,620.43 373,387,999.05

235
Schedule 14. Property, Plant and Equipment

A. Land
TOTAL: 24,026,325.60
B. Building, Structures, and Land Improvement
Cost of Buildings and Structures 46,382,717.48
Engineering and Supervisions 51,536,352.75
Construction Fee 23,191,358.74
Contractor's Fee 12,884,088.19
Land Improvement 7,730,452.91
TOTAL: 141,724,970.07
C. Office & Transportation Equipment
TOTAL: 4,842,036.00
D. Total Cost of Equipment & Machiniers 257,681,763.76
Purchased Equipment Machineries 77,304,529.13
Installation Cost 77,304,529.13
Instrumentation and Controls 103,072,705.50
Pipes 25,768,176.38
Electrical Equipment Installations 257,681,763.76
TOTAL: 541,131,703.89
E. Service Facilities
TOTAL: 51,536,352.75
Schedule 15. Depreciation

Salvage Value Service Depreciable Cost
Assets Fixed Cost (Php)
(Php) Life (Php)
Buildings,
Structures, and
141,724,970.07 14,172,497.01 30 4,251,749.10
Land
Improvement
Office &
Transportation 4,842,036.00 484,203.60 10 435,783.24
Equipment
Purchased
Factory
541,131,703.89 54,113,170.39 15 32,467,902.23
Equipment and
Machineries
Service Facility 51,536,352.75 5,153,635.28 10 4,638,271.75
TOTAL DEPRECIATION: 41,793,706.32
P-S
Depreciation=
n
P = Actual Cost; S = Salvage Value; n = # of years
236
Table 10. Five Year Projection (Depreciation)

Pre-Operational Operational Phase
Depreciable Cost Year 1 Year 2 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Buildings,
Structures, and 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10 4,251,749.10
Land Improvement
Office &
Transportation - - 435,783.24 435,783.24 435,783.24 435,783.24 435,783.24
Equipment
Purchased Factory
Equipment and - - 32,467,902.23 32,467,902.23 32,467,902.23 32,467,902.23 32,467,902.23
Machineries
Service Facility 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75 4,638,271.75

TOTAL
8,890,020.85 8,890,020.85 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32
DEPRECIATION:
237
Table 11. Five Year Projection (Accumulated Depreciation)

Pre-Operational Operational Phase
Depreciable Cost Year 1 Year 2 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Buildings,
Structures, and 4,251,749.10 8,503,498.20 12,755,247.31 17,006,996.41 21,258,745.51 25,510,494.61 29,762,243.71
Land Improvement
Office &
Transportation - - 435,783.24 871,566.48 1,307,349.72 1,743,132.96 2,178,916.20
Equipment
Purchased Factory
Equipment and - - 32,467,902.23 64,935,804.47 97,403,706.70 129,871,608.93 162,339,511.17
Machineries
Service Facility 4,638,271.75 9,276,543.50 13,914,815.24 18,553,086.99 23,191,358.74 27,829,630.49 32,467,902.23
TOTAL
8,890,020.85 17,780,041.70 (41,793,705.95) (83,587,412.67) (125,381,118.59) (167,174,825.11) (208,968,531.23)
DEPRECIATION:
238
Schedule 16. Operating Expenses
Depreciation (Schedule 15) 8,890,020.85
Salaries (Schedule 6) 11,704,428
PhilHealth Contribution (Schedule 9) 131,238.4
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES: 22,734,178.85

239
Table 12. Five Year Projection of Operating Expenses

Pre-operation Phase Operational Phase
Year 1 Year 2 st
1 Year nd
2 Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
Administrative Expenses
Depreciation 8,890,020.85 8,890,020.85 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32 41,793,706.32
Salaries - - 11,704,428.00 12,055,560.84 12,406,693.68 12,757,826.52 13,108,959.36

SSS
- - 637,107.60 656,220.83 675,334.10 694,447.30 713,560.50
Contribution
Phil Health
- - 131,238.40 135,175.60 139,112.70 143,049.90 146,987.00
Contribution
Health Care - - 384,000.00 384,000.00 384,000.00 384,000.00 384,000.00
Accident
- - 12,000.00 12,000.00 12,000.00 12,000.00 12,000.00
Insurance
13th month
- - 975,384.00 1,004,646.00 12,055,746.00 1,063,169.00 1,092,430.00
pay
Total Admin
8,890,020.85 8,890,020.85 55,637,864.32 56,041,309.59 67,466,592.80 56,848,199.04 57,251,643.18
Expenses:
Selling Expenses
Advertising & - - 500,000.00 475,000.00 451,250.00 428,687.50 407,253.13
Total Selling
- - 500,000.00 475,000.00 451,250.00 428,687.50 407,253.13
Expenses:
TOTAL
OPERATING 8,890,020.85 8,890,020.85 56,137,864.32 56,516,309.59 67,917,842.80 57,276,886.54 57,658,896.31
EXPENSES:
240
Schedule 17. Amortization Table
Year Annuity Principal Interest Balance
1 48,485,388 22,458,432 26,026,956 302,882,468.5
2 48,485,388 24,254,815 24,230,573 278,627,653.1
3 48,485,388 26,195,201 22,290,187 252,432,452.5
4 48,485,388 28,290,758 20,194,630 224,141,694.3
5 48,485,388 30,554,019 17,931,369 193,587,675.5
6 48,485,388 32,998,340 15,487,048 160,589,335.1
7 48,485,388 35,638,208 12,847,180 124,951,127.5
8 48,485,388 38,489,264 9,996,124 86,461,863.23
9 48,485,388 41,568,405 6,916,983 44,893,878
10 48,485,388 44,893,878 3,591,510 0
i(1+i)n
Annuity=P (
(1+i)n -1
P = Money loaned from the bank at t = 0
i = interest
n = # of years to pay the loan
241
Appendix G
Financial Ratios
Test of Liquidity
Current Assets
Current Ratio=
Current Liabilities
394,931,276.57
Current Ratioyear 1 = = 3.97
99,525,120.3
656,694,103.46
102,510,873.9
925,288,529.7
105,586,200.1
1,217,515,765.79
108,753,786.1
1,517,736,523.13
112,016,399.7
Test of Profitability
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Margin =
Sales
421,984,399
Gross Profit Marginyear 1 = = 0.52
805,822,500
443,511,066
838,055,400
466,028,473
871,577,616
242
489,579,235.64
906,440,720.64
514,207,764.47
942,698,349.47
Income Before Taxes

Pre - Tax Profit Margin =
Sales
339,819,578.68
Pre - Tax Profit Marginyear 1 = = 0.42
805,822,500
362,764,183.41
838,055,400
375,820,443.2
871,577,616
414,370,980.1
906,440,720.64
429,651,814.16
942,698,349.47
Income Before Taxes

Return on Assets =
Total Assets
339,819,578.68
Return on Assestsyear 1 = = 0.30
1,116,398,958.93
362,764,183.41
1,336,368,079.10
375,820,443.20
1,563,168,799.42
414,370,980.10
1,813,602,328.99
429,651,814.16
2,072,029,380.21
243
Income Before Taxes

Return on Equity =
Equity
339,819,578.68
Return on Equityyear 1 = = 0.70
488,011,350.30
362,764,183.41
488,011,350.30
375,820,443.20
488,011,350.30
414,370,980.10
488,011,350.30
429,651,814.16
488,011,350.30
Sales
Sales to Assets =
Total Assets
805,822,500
STAyear 1 = = 0.73
1,096,515,780.26
838,055,400
STAyear 2 = = 0.63
1,330,006,657.04
871,577,616
STAyear 3 = = 0.55
1,572,662,412.25
906,440,720.64
STAyear 4 = = 0.49
1, 840,023,498.98
942,698,349.47
STAyear 5 = = 0.44
2,125,609,678.4
Payback Period
72,880,076.94
Payback Period = 3 + = 3.24 (operation phase only)
298,407,875.89
244
Breakeven point analysis
Breakeven point for Year 1:

82,164,820.32
BEP in liters = = 4,810,197.81
(45-27.92)

80,746,882.59
BEP in liters = = 4,518,449.83
(46.8-28.93)

90,208,029.80
BEP in liters = = 4,777,230.05
(48.67-29.79)

75,208,255.54
BEP in liters = = 3,853,253.82
(50.62-31.10)

84,555,950.31
BEP in liters = = 4,103,399.99
(52.64-32.03)
245
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Introduction

exporter of processed mango products.

consumption (Couto et.al, 2017).

the mango seeds (Feedipedia, 2016).

wastes can be of used as a raw material in producing bioethanol.

increase of temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere so to cut down greenhouse gases

emissions, experts, scientists, researchers and the government aimed to switch to

Bioethanol Plant. The logo of the company is

Objectives of the Study

production of bioethanol from mango seeds kernel.

Furthermore, the specific objectives of this study are:

kernel using two stage acid hydrolysis

provides good target market and is easily accessible.

Scope and Limitations

Chemical Engineering books and other reliable internet sites.

Significance of the Study

great benefit to the following:

Production of bioethanol from a new source of raw material which is

bioethanol increases, the demand for renewable sources also increases.

Due to the increasing consumption of fossil fuel every year, generation

spills. By-product gases produced by bioethanol is much cleaner compared to petroleum

building of a bioethanol plant in their place.

Mango Processing Industries.

Mango seed is an industrial waste generated from the mango processing

industries. It is considered as a waste material of dried mango manufacturers that causes

accumulation on the surroundings. Utilization of the mango seeds by using it as a raw

manufacturers in their storage problem and cost for disposal.

Ethanol, C2H5OH is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules

sun, ethanol is also considered as a renewable, environment-friendly fuel that is

inherently cleaner than gasoline.

done by fermentation of glucose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing high grade

reduction of bioethanol importation to about half of the total bioethanol requirement.

bioethanol requirement at E10, based on the assumed local bioethanol distilleries

corresponds to a rise in bioethanol supply requirement from 605M L in 2018 at E10 to a

45% of the bioethanol supply requirement in 2020 implementing E20.

ethanol blend to be promoted voluntarily by 2025. (* aspirational and voluntary goal)

Percent Ethanol Blend of Gasoline for the Past years

List of Accredited Bioethanol Producers

San Carlos 40 San Carlos City, Sugarcane

Bioenergy Corp. Negros Occidental

Leyte Agri Corp. 9 Ormoc City, Leyte Molasses

Roxol Bioenergy 30 La Carlota City, Molasses

Corp. Negros Occidental

Green Future 54 San Mariano, Sugarcane

Innovations, Inc Isabela

Balayan Distillery, 30 Calaca, Batangas Molasses

Far East Alcohol 15 Apalit, Pampanga Molasses

Kooll Company 14.12 Talisay City, Molasses

Inc. Negros Occidental

Universal Robina 30 Bais City, Negros Molasses

Absolute Distillers 30 Lian, Batangas Molasses

Progreen Agricorp 30 Nasugbu, Batangas Molasses

Certificate Registration with Notice to Proceed

Cavite Biofuels 38 Magallanes, Cavite Sugarcane

Canlaon Alcogreen 45 Bago City, Negros Sugarcane

Agro Industrial Occidental

Emperador 66 Gimalas, Balayan, Sugarcane/

Distillers, Inc. Batangas Molasses

Source: Department of Energy

currently 13 bioethanol plants registered in the crop year 2017-2018. Meanwhile,

according to the Sugar Regulatory Administration, the country’s ethanol production

bioethanol production (Demafelis et.al, 2017).