g s

iin
ld
B u t
Performance-Based Seismic
a ll i a
Design:
t
International Practices
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u
Tongji University, Shanghai,U
Professor Guo-Qiang Li,
C nd China
© a
Ron Klemencic, President
Magnusson Klemencic Associates, USA
 CTBUH Seismic Workshop
gs
Eight Countries Participated
i n
 Australia/New Zealand
u i ld
 Chile
ll B a t
 China
Ta b i t
 Indonesia
o n H a
Japan il
c rba n

Korea ou
n

C nd U

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Philippines
 USA
 Code-Based Seismic Design
g s

ld i
All countries have codes that cover basicn
seismic design requirements
u i
ll B a t
T a b i t
o n H a
c l
i strength
–
an
Minimum acceptable lateral
u n r b and stiffness
o
C nd Minimum –U acceptable detailing
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Performance-Based Seismic Design
g s
Required for Tall/Irregular
ld i
Alternate Designn Approach
Buildings u i
ll B a t
Ta b i t
o n H a
il
c rba n
n
u U
o
C nd
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China and Japan Indonesia,
Philippines, USA
 Consistent Goals of PBSD
g s
 A “decision maker” states a desire that
ld i n a
building be able to “perform” u i
in a certain way:
l l B a t
 Protect life safety
T a b i t
o n
 Minimize potential repair cost
H a
il
c rba
 Minimize disruption n
of use
u Un
o
C nd uses his or her skill to provide
©
 The “engineer”
a
a design that will be capable of achieving
these objectives
 Seismic Demand Definition
g s
i ld in
• Frequent B u t
l
Performance-

l aperiod,
Design

T
– Commonly around 50a b i
year returnt
o n H a
l
• ExtremelycRare an
i
Based

n
u 1,000 r b
o
– Commonly
C nd U to 2,500 year return period
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• Intermediate (Design Level)
Code

– Commonly around 500 year return period

 Performance Objectives
g s
i ld in
+
B u t
Ground
a ll i t a
Motion

n T a b
o H
x% - 50 years Performance

il
c rba n
Level

n
u U
o
 Design Ground Shaking

C nd

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Acceptable Performance Level
(maximum acceptable damage, given that shaking occurs)
 Performance Levels
g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
Operational Immediate Life Collapse

© a
Occupancy Safety Prevention

Frequent Intermediate Extremely

EQ EQ Rare EQ
 Computer Models
g s
• Frequent and Intermediate
i ld in
(Design Level) EQ B u t
– 3D linear elastic modela ll i t a
n T a b
o
– Used to initially proportion
elements cil n H
n r b a
o u U
C nd
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 Computer Models
• Extremely Rare g s
EQ i ld in
B u t
– 3D non-linear
a ll i t a
model
n T a b
– Dynamic Time
il o n H
n c
History Analysis
r b a
used
o u U
– StaticC n d
© (Push-over)
a
also used in Chile,
China and Japan
■ Japan Requirements
Current Japanese Code Procedure

g s
in
Building Height

i ld
≦ 60m No

Yes

B u t
a ll i t a
Alternative Methods

(1)

n T (2)

a b (3) (4)

Allowable stress and

il o n H Time-history

c rba
Response and limit Other methods equal or dynamic response
horizontal load-carrying

n
capacity calculation superior to (1) or (2) analysis
capacity calculation

o u U ·

(1), (2) andC d

·Design review and

nelasto-plastic pushover
evaluation by the

based© a
(3) are the seismic design methods panel members,
on static and/or and special
permission are
analysis. required.

Masayoshi Nakai
■Definition of Seismic Demand Level (Japan)
Design input motions for horizontal direction
( Example of Notification motions)
g s
in
2000

1750
(1.5×ERE)

u i
(ground surface)
ld Amplification factor (:Gs) of acceleration

B t
for the standard surface ground (:soil type 2)

ll a
is considered. (: the abbreviated calculation)

a i t
1500

b
Acceleration (cm/sec2)

1250

n T a
Extremely Rare Earthquakes (ERE)
Return Period:

o H
(ground surface)

il n
1000 RE: 50 years

n c rba ERE: 500 years

u U
750 (exposed bedrock)

500
o
C nd
(5 times)

© a
Rare Earthquakes (RE)
250
(ground surface)
(exposed bedrock)
0
0.1 0.5 1 5 10
Period (sec.)
Acceleration response spectra for the Notification motions ( h=5% )

Masayoshi Nakai
■Performance Objectives (Japan)

Summary of performance objectives / minimum requirements

g s
i ld
Demand levels
in
u
Extremely Rare Earthquakes
Rare Earthquakes (RE)

B t
(ERE)
Performance
General

a ll i t aDamage Limit Collapse Limit

T b
objectives

n a
or minimum

H
Drift story angle 1/200 or less 1/100 or less

o
requirements

il n
Story ductility

c rba
2.0 or less
factor

n
u U
o
Stresses in each Short-term allowable stress

C nd
structural elements or less

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Ductility factor of
each structural
elements
4.0 or less

Masayoshi Nakai
 Korean Seismic Performance Objectives

g s
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B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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2) Seismic Design Code CHANG MINW OO

 Design Earthquake Level （Korea）

g s
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B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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2) Seismic Design Code CHANG MINW OO

 g s
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B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
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 The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
g s
ld i n
Chile has several loading and design codes,
u i
ll B
differentiated by their function or structural
t
system.
a
The loading codes are:
T a b i t
o nIsolated H
 NCh433 for Residential a
and Office Buildings
il
 NCh2745 for Base
c Industrial a n Buildings
n
 NCh2369 for
u r b Facilities
o Based U
C
Performance
d
n number of special projects,
Design: Not in the Codes
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 On a limited
 Non-linear analysis models (push-over, time history)
 To identify failure mode and performance level

CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
renelagos
engineers
 The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
g s
in
Elastic demands of Chilean Codes: (PE: 10% in 50 years)

i ld
NCh 2745 Of 2003 for Base Isolated Buildings

u
B
NCh 433 Of 2009 for Residential and Office Buildings

ll a t
NCh 2369 Of 2003 for Industrial Facilities

t
Ta b i
o n H a
il
c rba n
n
u U
o
C nd
NCh 2745 NCh 2745

© a NCh 433
NCh 433
NCh 2369

CTBUH 2012 Acceleration Spectra renelagos

9th World Congress engineers
 The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
g s
d
NCh 433 Of 2009 Chilean Seismic Code for Buildings:
l i n
Modal spectrumu
i
 Type of analysis:
ll B reducedt by R*
a
analysis - Linear elastic
 Design loads:
a
Elastic response
T b i t
Center a
 Base Shear: ≥ Minimum Base shear
 Drift control:
o n
At the
H of Mass and at perimeter

il
c rba n
n
Elastic Spectrum: Sa (seismic zone 3) Design Earthquake: are reduced forces by R*

o u U
C nd
© a

CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
renelagos
engineers
 The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
g s
d i
NCh 433 Of 2009 Chilean Seismic Code for Buildings:
l n
u i
Base shear limitations:
ll B
SIA P/gita
t
T
 IA P/6g ≤ Base shear ≤ 0.35 a b
 If Base Shear is outn a
o o

l
displacements imusto be scaled H
of range, forces
n
and

n c b a to the exceeded limit.

base shearr for normal buildings:
u
oseismicdZone
 Minimum
- VCin U 2 is 5.0%P
an Zone 3 is 6.7%P
©- V in seismic
bs
bs

CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
renelagos
engineers
Seismic Design Procedure Specified
By AS1170.4 (2007) s
i n g
i ld
• Life safety and collapse prevention are the primary
u
B
performance objectives
ll t a t
T a
• Force-based design approach depending
b
on:i
o n
– building importance level
H a
c il
– level of seismic hazard
a n
u n r b
o
– site condition
C nd
– building height U
© a
• Concrete and steel codes specify detailing requirements
depending on the level of ductility demand

Kourosh Kayvani
 Performance-based Measures in
AS1170.4 (2007) s g
i in
ld
•
B u
Largely a prescriptive code, with some performance-based
collapsetprevention.
ll
measures in the context of life safety and
a i t a
Recognition of four levels n
T a b
•
il o n H
of importance with seismic hazards

n c
corresponding to return
r b a
periods typically between 500 to 2500
years.
o u U
C n d
• © statica(push-over)
Nonlinear analysis allowed for obtaining
Structural Performance factor (S ) and ductility factor (µ)
p

Kourosh Kayvani
 Performance-based Measures in
AS1170.4 (2007) s g
i l in
d
•
B
Serviceability limit state (SLS) performanceu objective is
t
a
considered only for buildings of the ll highest
i t a
importance level
T shaking.a
(of 4) to remain serviceable immediately
n b
after lower return

il o
period (500 years) earthquake
n H
n c r
Limits storeyudrift, typicallyb a
•
C o d U to 1.5% of story height, primarily

an
for maintaining structural integrity rather than limiting
©
damage.

Kourosh Kayvani
 PEER TBI Guidelines in US
g s
in
• The Goal:
– to provide guidance for
u i ld
l
the seismic design and
l B a t
a
review of tall buildings
T b i t
n H a
– to streamline the design
o
il
c rba
and review processn
n
u U
– to lead to consensus on
o
C nd
best practices that’s
© a
widely supported
• It’s a rule book to a game
with no rules
PEER TBI Guidelines – Service Level
g s
• Service Earthquake:
i ld in
– 43-year return period
B u t
– 2.5% damped spectra l
a l i t a
n T a b
PerformancecGoal:il o n H
•
n r b a
u compromise
– Doesonot U structure’s safety
C notnrequired
d
©– Repair
a for occupancy
– Essentially elastic response
 PEER TBI Guidelines – MCE Level
g s
• Maximum Considered Earthquake in
i ld
– 975 year-return period
B u t
a ll i t a
• Performance Goal
T
– Minor risk of collapsen(~10%) Ha
b
l o n
– Modest residuali drift (< 1%)
n c rba
o u responseU
•
C nd
3-D nonlinear history analysis (Perform)
• © acceptance
Different a criteria for
– Deformation-controlled elements
– Force-controlled elements
Performance-Based Seismic Design in China

g s
Three levels of earthquakes
i lin
d
B u t
a ll
• the minor earthquake: 50 years return period
i t a
n T
• the moderate earthquake: 475
a b
years return period

il o n H
c rba
• the severe earthquake: 1600～2400 years return period
n
u U
o
C nd
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If I Ir
Performance-Based Seismic Design in China

g s
Target performances of Buildings
ld i n
u i
ll B a t
T a
 No damage under minor earthquakes
b i t
o n H a
il
 Repairable under moderate
c anearthquakes

u n r b
C ndo
 No collapse
U
under severe earthquakes

© a
 Performance-Based Seismic Design in China

g s
in
Building performance objectives under various earthquakes
Performance
1
u i ld 2 3 4

B t
objective level

a ll i t a
T b
Minor earthquake No damage No damage No damage No damage

o n H a
il n
Slight damage Minor damage Minor to moderate
No damage

c rba
Moderate damage

n
Usable after normal Usable after

u U
earthquake for normal use

o
maintenance slightly repair Deformation <3[ ∆U e]

C nd
© a
Slight damage Moderate
Minor to moderate Serious damage
damage
damage
Severe earthquake Usable after
Usable after heavy
normal Usable after
Usable after repair repair
maintenance strengthening
 Inter-story drift requirements of various performance objectives

g s
in
Performance
Minor earthquake Moderate earthquake Severe earthquake

d
objective level

u i l
ll B a t
1
a
far less than [θe]

T b i t less than [θe] slightly larger than [θe]

o n H a
il
c rba n
n
2 far less than [θe] slightly larger than [θe] less than 2 times of [θe]

o u U
C nd
3 © a
much less than [θe] less than 2 times of [θe] less than 4 times of [θe]

less than [θe] less than 3 times of [θe] less than 0.9 times of [θp]
4
Provisions of PBSD in code 2010

g s
Limit of relative inter-story driftsin
u i ld
ll B a t
t
[θe] [θp]

a i
Structural material Type of structure

n T a b
Frame 1/550 1/50

il o n H
c rba
Frame-Shear wall,

n
Reinforced concrete 1/800 1/100

u U
Frame-Core tube

o
C nd Shear wall, Frame tube-Core tube 1/1000 1/120

© a
Steel Multi-story and tall structures 1/250 1/50
 Convention Centro for
Shanghai Expo 2010
g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
© a
 Architecture of Convention Centro

g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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 Structure of Convention Centro

g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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Mega-frame (span: 54m)

 Under construction

g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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Application of buckling restrained braces (BRB)
in Shanghai Expo Center
g s
i ld in
B u t
a ll i t a
n T a b
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
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 Target seismic performance
g s
in
Minor Moderate Severe
earthquake

u i ld
earthquake earthquake

ll B a t
a i t
Global behavior No damage Repairable Collapse

n T a b prevention

o H
Limit of inter-story 1/300 1/100 1/50
drift
il
c rba n
Columns
n
u U
Elastic Elastic Limited plastic

o
deformation

C nd
Beams Elastic Elastic Limited plastic

© a
Ordinary braces Elastic Elastic
deformation
Limited plastic
deformation
BRB Elastic Plastic Plastic
 Steel consumption
g s
i ld in
B u t
Structural
Braces Beams
a l l
Columns
i t a
Trusses Total

T b
system

o n H a
BRBF 431t

c il 2341t

an
3063t 1959t 7794t

u n r b
CBF
o 1120t
C nd U
2458t 3271t 1959t 8808t

© a
 Summary
• Performance-based Seismic Design allows
g s
d i n
for cost-savings and better understanding
l of
the building’s performance. u i
ll B a t
Ta bi t
o n H a Shanghai

l
Center Tower

i
c rba n Global 632m

n
u U
Financial

o
C nd
Tower 492m
Jinmao

© a
Tower 420m
 g s
i in
ld
B u t
a ll i t a
n T
Thank you for your b
attention!
a
il o n H
n c rba
o u U
C nd
© a