Lmdit T File

Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Index
Index................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Resolved = Firm Stance T...............................................................................................................................................................3
Resolved – Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................................4
United States Federal Government = 3 Branches - T......................................................................................................................5
Should – Definitions.........................................................................................................................................................................6
Substantially – Definitions................................................................................................................................................................7
Substantially - Definitions................................................................................................................................................................8
Substantially – Definitions................................................................................................................................................................9
Increase – T...................................................................................................................................................................................10
Increase – Definitions....................................................................................................................................................................11
Social Services - Definitions..........................................................................................................................................................12
Social Services – Definitions.........................................................................................................................................................13
For Persons in Poverty - T.............................................................................................................................................................14
Persons are Not Corporations – T.................................................................................................................................................15
Persons – Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................................16
Persons are and are not Corporations – Definitions......................................................................................................................17
Living – Definitions.........................................................................................................................................................................18
Poverty is Absolute – T..................................................................................................................................................................19
Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human Needs – Definitions..........................................................................................................20
Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human Needs – Definitions..........................................................................................................21
Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions.......................................................................................................................................22
Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions.......................................................................................................................................23
Poverty is Social Exclusion - Definitions........................................................................................................................................24
Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definitions.................................................................................................................................25
Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definition..................................................................................................................................26
Poverty is Absolute – Definitions...................................................................................................................................................27
Poverty is Absolute - Definitions....................................................................................................................................................28
Poverty is Relative – Definitions....................................................................................................................................................29
Poverty is Relative - Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................30
Poverty Income Measure Bad – Definitions...................................................................................................................................31
Poverty Income Measures Bad – Definitions.................................................................................................................................32
Poverty Excludes – Definitions......................................................................................................................................................33
Poverty – Spiritually Poor Definitions.............................................................................................................................................34
Poverty – Not Spiritiual..................................................................................................................................................................35
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Quantitative Definitions Bad..........................................................................................................................................................36

Quantitative Definitions Bad..........................................................................................................................................................37
A2: Quantitative Definitions Bad....................................................................................................................................................38
United States – Definitions............................................................................................................................................................39
United States Includes Military Bases - Definition..........................................................................................................................40
United States Includes Military Bases - Definition
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Resolved = Firm Stance T

A. Definition: Resolved means to make a firm decision.
American Heritage Dictionary 2009
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in
2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company
To make a firm decision about.
B: Violation: The affirmative team has a conditional element in their plan text which means that they do not
stand resolved that the USFG should increase social services to persons living in poverty.
C. Standards:
1. Moving Target: When part of the aff is conditional there is no predictable ground for the negative. They can always argue
that the conditional part of plan goes away making it impossible to generate stable links to the 1AC. Even if they say they won’t
shift our 1NC strategy was predicated off of the information in plan which means the harm has already been done.
2. Education: It is impossible to understand how social services truly impact persons living in poverty if we cannot be sure that
their plan will be enacted. We have to have stable points of clash to generate topic specific education about their policy.
3. There is a topical version of their aff: They could run their aff without the conditional parts of plan text and still have
the same educational value that exists in their aff currently. This guts all of their offense about why their aff is uniquely valuable on
this topic.
D. Voters: Competitive Equity and Education

Topicality should be evaluated through competing interpretations
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Resolved – Definitions
Resolved is a firm decision.
To make a firm decision about.
Resolved means you must solve.

To find a solution to; solve.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
United States Federal Government = 3

Branches - T
A. Definition: The USFG includes all three branches.
Dictionary LaborLawTalk.com
http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/United_States_Federal_Government
The government of the United States, established by the Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states,
a few territories and some protectorates. The national government consists of the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches. The head of the executive branch is the President of the United
States. The legislative branch consists of the United States Congress, while the Supreme Court of the
United States is the head of the judicial branch.
B. Violation: The affirmative only uses one branch of the USFG.
C. Standards:
1. Ground: In order to generate generic federal government ground like politics the aff must use all three branches of
the USFG. When they limit their plan to one branch it deprives the negative of the most fundamental ground in the topic
that of the 3 branches of the USFG working on the same plan. Generic ground is key to defeating small and new cases
which is key to checking aff bias.
2. Education: Some of the best education on a domestic topic comes from debating about which parts of the
government have the best available resources to solve for plan. These debates are key to real world policy education
and help us determine which parts of the government are best suited to helping persons in poverty.

Topicality should be evaluated via competing interpretations.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Should – Definitions
Expresses condition.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th Edition 1993.
1 -- used in auxiliary function to express condition <if he should leave his father, his father would die -- Genesis 44:22 (Revised Standard
Version)>
Expresses obligation.
2 -- used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency <'tis commanded I should do so -- Shakespeare> <this is as it
should be -- H. L. Savage> <you should brush your teeth after each meal>
Express the future.

3 -- used in auxiliary function to express futurity from a point of view in the past <realized that she should have to do most of her farm
work before sunrise -- Ellen Glasgow>
Expresses probability.
4 -- used in auxiliary function to express what is probable or expected <with an early start, they should be here by noon>
Expresses politeness.
5 -- used in auxiliary function to express a request in a polite manner or to soften direct statement <I should suggest that a guide...is the first
essential -- L. D. Reddick>
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Substantially – Definitions
Essentially, without material qualification.
Black's Law Dictionary 1428(6th ed. 1990).
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=nc&vol=appeals99/appeals1005/&invol=parisi as retrieved on Jul 9, 2005
19:58:12 GMT
Substantially is defined as"[e]ssentially; without material qualification[.]"
In substance.
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989 (2Ed. XIX); pg. 68
Substanially—1. In substance; in one’s or its substantial nature or existence; as a substantial thing or being.
Essentially or intrinsically.
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989 (2Ed. XIX); pg. 68
Substantially---b. essentially, intrinsically
To a great degree.
WordNet 2.1 2005
http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=substantially
Adverb
S: (adv) well, considerably, substantially (to a great extent or degree) "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room
white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value"; "the price went up
substantially"
S: (adv) substantially (in a strong substantial way) "the house was substantially built"
Having substance.
The American Heritage® Dictionary 2000
of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=substantially
Of, relating to, or having substance; material.
True or real; not imaginary.
Solidly built; strong.
Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.
Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.
Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.
n.
An essential. Often used in the plural.
A solid thing. Often used in the plural
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Substantially - Definitions
75 Percent
Office of NYS Attorney General
http://www.oag.state.ny.us/investors/investor/part13.html as retrieved on Jul 5, 2005 16:29:10 GMT
Section 13.1 Definitions.
a) For purposes of these regulations the term "commodity" shall not include stamps or numismatic coins whose fair market value is at
least 20% higher than the value of the metal they contain where such numismatic coins or stamps are sold by any person or firm
whose income from the sale of such numismatic coins or stamps derives substantially from retail sales in face-to-face transactions
with purchasers in retail stores.
b) The term "substantially" shall mean seventy-five percent or more of such income.
c) The term "person" shall mean an individual, firm, company, partnership, corporation, trust or association.
Change of at least 30 percent

Thabex 23 February 2003
South African Investment Firm
http://www.thabex.com/news/JSE_SENS_Announcements/SENS/SENS_Exercise_PTX.html as retrieved on Jul 7, 2005 09:56:07 GMT
As a result of the disposal of Platinexco (the exercise of the option referred to above), the details of which are fully described in the
Circular to Shareholders dated 13 April 2004, Thabex advises that it expects earnings and headline earnings for the six-month period
ended 31 August 2004 to be substantially above the earnings for the six-months ended 31 August 2003. In terms of the JSE Securities
Exchange South Africa (“the JSE”) Listings Requirements substantially is defined as a movement equal to or greater than 30%.
Greater than 51 percent

Thomason, 2004
Gary Purchasing Manager March 22 http://www.gcsnp.org/bidinfo/B-4053_BREAD.pdf.
Substantially' is defined as: over 51 percent of the final processed product consists of agricultural
commodities grown domestically
At least 74 percent
Words and Phrases, 2000,
Minn.App. 1984. Ex-husband's 74% increase in net income since .1977 constituted a "substantial increase" in income for purposes
of determining whether child support order should be modified. M.S.A. § 518.64, subd. 2.-Scott v. Scott, 352 N.W.2d 62.-Divorce
309.2(3).
At least 20 percent
Words and Phrases 02
Words and Phrases, Vol. 40A, 2002, p. 456-7
S.D.N.Y. 1945. Maintenance employees in building seeking to recover overtime compensation and liquidated damages under Fair
Labor Standards Act had burden of proving that a substantial number of tenants were engaged in production of goods for commerce,
the word "substantial" meaning that at least 20 per cent. of building be occupied by tenants engaged in production of goods for
commerce. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, §16(h), 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(h).-Ullo v. Smith , 62 F.Supp. 757, affirmed 177 F.2d 101,
12 A.L.R.2d 1122.-Labor I511. I; Mast & S 80(6),
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Substantially – Definitions
Enough that an expert can tell the difference
United States Patent and Trademark Office 2005
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100_2173_05_b.htm as retrieved on Jul 5, 2005 16:53:22 GMT
The term "substantially" is often used in conjunction with another term to describe a particular characteristic of the claimed invention. It is a broad term. In
re Nehrenberg, 280 F.2d 161, 126 USPQ 383 (CCPA 1960). The court held that the limitation "to substantially increase the efficiency of the compound as a copper
extractant" was definite in view of the general guidelines contained in the specification. In re Mattison, 509 F.2d 563, 184 USPQ 484 (CCPA 1975). The court held
that the limitation "which produces substantially equal E and H plane illumination patterns" was definite because one of
ordinary skill in the art would know what was meant by "substantially equal." Andrew Corp. v. Gabriel Electronics, 847 F.2d 819, 6 USPQ2d
2010 (Fed. Cir. 1988).
Not a numerical value, but enough change that you can tell
Judge Arthur J. Tarnow November 14, 2002
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=fed/011417.html as retrieved on Jul 8, 2005 13:32:29 GMT
Expressions such as "substantially" are used in patent documents when warranted by the nature of the invention, in order to accommodate the minor variations that may
be appropriate to secure the invention. Such usage may well satisfy the charge to "particularly point out and distinctly claim" the invention, 35 U.S.C. §112, and indeed
may be necessary in order to provide the inventor with the benefit of his invention. In Andrew Corp. v. Gabriel Elecs. Inc., 847 F.2d 819, 821-22, 6 USPQ2d 2010,
2013 (Fed. Cir. 1988) the court explained that usages such as "substantially equal" and "closely approximate" may serve to describe the invention with precision
appropriate to the technology and without intruding on the prior art. The court again explained in Ecolab Inc. v. Envirochem, Inc., 264 F.3d 1358, 1367, 60 USPQ2d
1173, 1179 (Fed. Cir. 2001) that "like the term 'about,' the term 'substantially' is a descriptive term commonly used in patent claims to 'avoid a
strict numerical boundary to the specified parameter,'" quoting Pall Corp. v. Micron Separations, Inc., 66 F.3d 1211, 1217, 36 USPQ2d 1225, 1229
(Fed. Cir. 1995).
It is well established that when the term "substantially" serves reasonably to describe the subject matter so that its scope would be
understood by persons in the field of the invention, and to distinguish the claimed subject matter from the prior art, it is not indefinite.
Understanding of this scope may be derived from extrinsic evidence without rendering the claim invalid. The summary judgment record offered no basis for departing
from these general rules. Thus the usage "substantially constant wall thickness" does not of itself render the claims of the '315 patent indefinite. The summary judgment
on this ground is vacated; we remand for further proceedings, including any appropriate recourse to extrinsic evidence concerning the usage and understanding of the
term "substantially" in relevant context.
85 Percent
Internal Revenue Service 1976
Revenue Ruling
http://www.taxlinks.com/rulings/1976/revrul76-208.htm as retrieved on Jul 11, 2005 00:16:16 GMT.
Although the term "substantially all" is not defined in the regulations under section 509 of the Code, it is defined in the Foundation Excise Tax Regulations issued under
sections of the Code which were promulgated under the Tax Reform Act of 1969 as was section 509.
Section 53.4942(b)-1(c) of those regulations provides that for the purposes of section 4942(j)(3)(A) of the Code (relating to qualifying distributions by private operating
foundations) the term "substantially all" shall mean 85 percent or more.
For purposes of the integral part test, the term "substantially all" is considered to have the same meaning of 85 percent or more that it has
in section 53.4942(b)-1(c) of the regulations. Accordingly, because the trust described above distributes less than 85 percent of its income to or for the use of one or
more publicly supported organizations, it does not satisfy the "substantially all" requirement of the integral part test set forth in section 1.509(a)-4(i)(3)(iii)(a) of the
regulations and is not a supporting organization within the meaning of section 509(a)(3) of the Code.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Increase – T
A. Definition: Increase-make greater / progressively greater
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2005-06 http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Increasing
intransitive verb
1 : to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity
B. Violation: The affirmative removes an impediment to access of a social service instead of actually making a
social service greater. Removing a block so that immigrants can get access to health care is not the same thing
as increasing a social service.
C. Standards:
1. Ground: just removing a barrier gives the aff instant offense against any of our arguments about
governmental authority being bad because they can say they are removing a government policy
instead of taking a positive action. Increasing a social service should entail passing a law that
directly increases social services for persons living in poverty rather than increasing a social service
by default. The creation of positive policy that create or increase the availability of a social service
directly is crucial to generating uniqueness for our Disads.
2. Education: in order to have the best clash and education we have to talk about direct increases in social
services. In order to have direct education about social services we should not shift to indirect methods of
increasing social services.
D. Voters: competitive equity and education.

Topicality should be evaluated using competing interpretations.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Increase – Definitions
Increase is distinct from create
Words and Phrases, 1960, 381.
“Increased,” as used in West’s Ann.Cal. Const. art. 12, s.11 providing that the stock and bonded indebtedness of corporations shall not
be increased without the consent of the person holding the larger amount of the stock, does not include or apply to the first creation of
bonded indebtedness. To give it such meaning would be to inject into the provision the word “create.”
Increase-make greater / progressively greater

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2005-06 http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Increasing
intransitive verb
1 : to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)
Greater in quality.
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (Second edition), 2000
increase (v. in krest; n. hi/1as), v., -crossed, -creeping, n. —v.t. 1. to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment: to increase
one's knowledge. —
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Social Services - Definitions
Social services are welfare services

Free Online Dictionary No Date Given
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/social+services)
Welfare services provided by local authorities or a state agency for people with particular social
needs
Social services are services provided by the government to improve the living standard
Learning modulates.com No Date Given
(http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/TLSF/theme_c/mod13/www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/modules/glossary.htm)
Services generally provided by the government that help improve people's standard of living;
examples are public hospitals and clinics, good roads, clean water supply, garbage collection,
electricity, and telecommunications.
Social services are organized welfare efforts by trained personnel

Dictionary.com No Date Given
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/social%20services)
Organized welfare efforts carried on under professional auspices by trained personnel.
Social services is a service by the government to disadvantaged citizens

Christopher Leonesio (Managing Editor) 2007
American heritage high school dictionary , 4th Ed, 1314.
*Social Services: A service, such as free school lunches, provided by a government for its
disadvantaged citizens.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Social Services – Definitions

Social services provide meaningful opportunities for social and economic growth in the disadvantaged sector
NCB No Date Given
(http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-SOC.HTM)
Social services designated to provide meaningful opportunities for social and economic growth of the disadvantaged sector of
the population in order to develop them into productive and self-reliant citizens and promote social equity. Basic social
services of the government includes Self-employment Assistance and Practical Skills Development Assistance, among others.
Social services improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society

World Web No Date Given
(http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/SOCIALSERVICE)
An organized activity to improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society
Social services promote social well-being

Merriam-webster.com No Date Given
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20services)
An activity designed to promote social well-being ; specifically : organized philanthropic assistance (as of the disabled or
disadvantaged.)
Social services are services provided to those having difficulty meeting there physical needs
Boone County, NC, Dec. 07
Boone County Community Services Advisory Commission social services funding policy www.gocolumbiamo.com
Social services are those services provided to individuals or families experiencing difficulty in meeting their basic human
needs: physical survival (i.e. food, shelter, and clothing); adequate preparation for and help in sustaining gainful employment
(i.e. employment and training programs, child care, and transportation); assistance in addressing conditions related to mental
health and substance abuse, especially in times of personal or family crises (rehabilitation and counseling); prevention services
for at-risk children and youth (education, enrichment, and opportunity); services specifically for seniors and/or disabled
residents (i.e. in-home services, adult day care, and care coordination); and help in gaining access to available appropriate
services (i.e. transportation and information & referral services).
Social services are benefits that improve life and living conditions
BUSINESS DICTIONARY.COM, No Date Given
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/social-services.html
Social Services: Benefits and facilities such as education, food subsidies, health care, and subsidized housing provided by a
government to improve the life and living conditions of the children, disabled, the elderly, and the poor in the national
community.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
For Persons in Poverty - T

A. Definitions:
1. For means in regards to a person or group of people and is used to limit the actions to that group of
people.
The Oxford English Dictionary, 1989. J.A. Simpson & E.S.C. Weiner, Second Edition, Vol. VI, (pg. 25)
b. So far as concerns (a person or thing). Used with a limiting or restrictive force. (cf. 23). For all or aught I know, I know
nothing to the contrary. (he may do it) for me, i.e. with no opposition from me
c. Introducing the intended recipient, or the thing to which something is intended to belong, or in connection with which it is to be
used.
2. Poverty is defined by income

Absolute Astronomy, No Date, “Poverty Threshold,” http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Poverty_threshold
In 2007, in the United States of America, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was US $10,787; the threshold for
a family group of four, including two children, was US $21,027.
B. Violation: topical affirmatives should increase social services ONLY for people living in poverty as opposed
to increasing social services for a broader population that will also effect people in poverty.
C. Standards:
1. Topic Education: we are supposed to be learning about persons living in poverty and when their policy
effects more than just persons living below the poverty line they are depriving us of vital topic education about
a group of people that is usually invisible both in policy debates and in society as a whole. This topic is a
unique opportunity to debate about how best to help the impoverished – and denying that opportunity only
ensures that people living below the poverty line will remain invisible.
2. Ground: they are extra topical. All of the advantages they claim based on the fact that their policy
influences more than just people living in poverty are beyond the scope of the resolution and therefore
unpredictable. The literature base about persons living in poverty is talking about people living below the
poverty line not about other populations. Extra topical parts of affs give the affirmative extra offense that is
not predictable in the literature base as outlined by the topic and thus should rejected. And because their
choice to make their plan extra topical skews our 1NC strat – you should reject the aff.

Topicality should be viewed via competing interpretations.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Persons are Not Corporations – T

A. Definition: Corporations are not persons
John Bouvier, 1856. Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States.
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Person
2. It is also used to denote a corporation which is an artificial person . 1 Bl. Com. 123; 4 Bing. 669; C. 33 Eng. C. L R.
488; Woodes. Lect. 116; Bac. Us. 57; 1 Mod. 164
3. But when the word "Persons" is spoken of in legislative acts, natural persons will be intended, unless something appear in
the context to show that it applies to artificial persons. 1 Scam. R. 178.
B. Violation: The affirmative should give social services to the groups of people and not to corporations.
C. Standards:
1. Ground: the bulk of the literature surrounding persons living in poverty is about actual people – not about
businesses or corporations. When they form a case around providing social services to corporations they are
depriving us of all of the links we have about providing social services to poor people, which should be the
heart of the topic. They could claim advantages about helping corporations through stimulating the economy
by passing plan which means there is a topical version of their aff.
2. Topic Education: we are supposed to be learning about persons living in poverty and when their policy
effects corporations instead of people they are depriving us of vital topic education about a group of people
that is usually invisible both in policy debates and in society as a whole. This topic is a unique opportunity to
debate about how best to help the impoverished – and denying that opportunity only ensures that people living
below the poverty line will remain invisible.
D. Voters: competitive equity and education

Topicality should be evaluated through competing interpretations.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Persons – Definitions
Persons are things capable of making decisions
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009, “Metaphysics”
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377923/metaphysics/15817/The-mind-body-relationship
No metaphysical problem is discussed today more vigorously than that of mind and body. Three main positions are held.
First, there are still writers (e.g., H.D. Lewis in his work The Elusive Mind [1969]) who think that Descartes was
substantially right: mind and body are distinct, and the “I” that thinks is a separate thing from the “I” that weighs 170
pounds. The testimony of consciousness is invoked as the main support of this conclusion; it is alleged that all men
know themselves to be what they are, or at least who they are, apart from their bodily lives; it is alleged again that their
bodily lives present themselves as experiences—i.e., as something mental. The existence of mind, as Descartes
claimed, is certain, that of body dubious and perhaps not strictly provable. Second, there are writers such as Gilbert Ryle
who would like to take the Aristotelian theory to its logical conclusion and argue that mind is nothing but the form of the
body. Mind is not, as Descartes supposed, something accessible only to its owner; it is rather something that is obvious
in whatever a person does. To put it crudely, mind is simply behaviour. Finally, there are many philosophers who,
although more generally sympathetic to the second solution than to the first, wish to provide for an “inner life” in a way in
which Behaviourism does not; P.F. Strawson is a typical example. To this end they try to assert that the true unit is
neither mind nor body but the person. A person is something that is capable of possessing physical and mental
predicates alike. This is, of course, to say that the “I” that knows simple arithmetic and the “I” that has lost weight
recently are the same. How they can be the same, however, has not so far been explained by supporters of this view.
Person means individuals and quasi

Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, no date www.bea.gov/regional/docs/spi2001/glossary.cfm
Persons consists of individuals and quasi–individuals that serve individuals or that act on behalf of individuals.
Quasi–individuals consists of nonprofit institutions that primarily serve individuals, private noninsured welfare funds, and
private trust funds.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Persons are and are not Corporations –

Definitions
Legislature only allows persons to be humans
John Bouvier, 1856. Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States.
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Person
3. But when the word "Persons" is spoken of in legislative acts, natural persons will be intended, unless something appear in
the context to show that it applies to artificial persons. 1 Scam. R. 178.
Corporations are artificial persons

John Bouvier, 1856. Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. http://legal-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Person
2. It is also used to denote a corporation which is an artificial person . 1 Bl. Com. 123; 4 Bing. 669; C. 33 Eng. C. L R. 488;
Woodes. Lect. 116; Bac. Us. 57; 1 Mod. 164.
Corporations, countries, and cities are persons

Gerald N. Hill and Kathleen T. Hill. No Date, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Person
person n. 1) a human being. 2) a corporation treated as having the rights and obligations of a person. Counties and cities can be
treated as a person in the same manner as a corporation. However, corporations, counties and cities cannot have the emotions of
humans such as malice, and therefore are not liable for punitive damages.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Living – Definitions
Living is the passing of one’s life in a particular manner
The Oxford English Dictionary, 1989. J.A. Simpson & E.S.C. Weiner, Second Edition, Vol. VIII, (pg. 1057)
c. the action of passing or conducting one’s life in a particular manner, whether with reference to moral considerations or to
food and physical conditions; matter of life. Also, a particular (monastic) rule of life.
Living distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter

Koshland Jr, Daniel E. March 22, 2002. "The Seven Pillars of Life". Science Vol. 295. (no. 5563): pp. 2215 -
2216. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5563/2215. Retrieved on 2009-05-25.
In the science of biology, "life" (cf. biota) is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter,
including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.[3][4] A diverse array of living
organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi,
protists, archaea, and bacteria — are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic
information. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli,
reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms
can communicate through various means.[1][5]
Living means still in existence

Princeton Wordnet, No date, wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
S: (adj) surviving, living (still in existence) "the Wollemi pine found in Australia is a surviving specimen of a conifer thought to have
been long extinct and therefore known as a living fossil"; "the only surviving frontier blockhouse in Pennsylvania"
Living is the action of senses

1.a. the action of the vb. Live in various senses; the fact of being alive; the fact of dwelling in a specified place; the faculty or
function of life; course of life; continuance of life.
Living means existing

2. attrib. that lives or has life
a. said of the Deity (after Biblical use)
b. of human beings, animals, and plants, or their parts. In mod. Use sometimes used for ‘now (or at the time spoken of) existing
or living’, ‘contemporary’
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Topicality
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Poverty is Absolute – T
A. Definition: Poverty is defined by income
B. Violation: Defining poverty in abstract terms or not defining who is impoverished at all is not talking about
people living in poverty or below the poverty line.
C. Standards:
1. Topic Education:
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human

Needs – Definitions
Poverty is deprivation of basic human needs
Reddy, McHugh, Gilbert, Bell, A Dollar a Day, “What is Poverty?” No date,
http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/over_whatis.htm
Some people describe poverty as a lack of essential items – such as food, clothing, water, and shelter – needed for proper
living. At the UN’s World Summit on Social Development, the ‘Copenhagen Declaration’ described poverty as “…a
condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.” When people are unable to eat, go to school, or have
any access to health care, then they can be considered to be in poverty, regardless of their income. To measure poverty in
any statistical way, however, more rigid definitions must be used.
Poverty is the deprivation of resources that hinders the attainment of rights
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, No date,
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/social/intldays/IntlDay/2008intlday.html
Poverty can be seen as a human condition of deprivation of resources, capabilities, choices, security and power
necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and
social rights.
Poverty is the deprivation of human needs, not measured by income
According to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in
1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs,
including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It
depends not only on income but also on access to services." David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty &
Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic
needs: Food: Body Mass Index
•
The body mass index , or Quetelet index, is a statistical measurement which compares a person's weight and height. Though it
does not actually measure the Body fat percentage, it is a useful tool to estimate a healthy body weight based on how tall a person
is....
must be above 16. Safe drinking water: Water must not come from solely rivers and ponds, and must be available
nearby (less than 15 minutes' walk each way). Sanitation facilities: Toilets or latrine
A latrine is a structure for defecation and urination. Latrines allow for safer and more hygienic disposal of human waste than open
defecation....
s must be accessible in or near the home. Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and
pregnancy. Shelter: Homes must have fewer than four people living in each room. Floors must not be made of
dirt, mud, or clay. Education: Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read. Information: Everyone
must have access to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at home. Access to services:
This item is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education, health, legal,
social, and financial services
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human

Needs – Definitions
Poverty is deprivation of basic needs
Dr. Michael Bernard Beckwith, Spring 2009, “Physical Poverty vs. Spiritual Poverty: Lifting the Veil of
Ignorance” Africa Unbound, http://africaunbound.com
MBB: We’re looking at two types of poverty—physical or economical, and spiritual. Let’s begin with economic inequality. Poverty is
a deprivation of basic human needs to support life. The causes of poverty among different nations are multi-dimensional in that
they include geographical, historical, cultural and political causes— in other words, whether or not a nation’s people have equal access
to water, education, medicine, the distribution of economic assets, geographical isolation, hazards, religious beliefs, gender biases,
civil conflicts, greed and so on.
Poverty is insufficient nutrition, shelter, health, or education

Filip Spagnoli (PhD), May 6, 2008, “Human Rights Facts (5b): Poverty, Types, Causes, and Measurement,” P.A.P Blog,
http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/05/06/poverty/
Insufficient resources to meet basic needs, such as nutrition, shelter, health, and education. This insufficiency can result in the
following material symptoms of poverty.
• Low income or consumption levels
• Low average calorie intake levels
• High infant mortality rates
• Low life expectancy rates
• High illiteracy rates
• High unemployment
• Widespread diseases, especially curable ones
• Famine or high risk of famine
• High rates of economic migration.
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Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions

Understanding poverty as social exclusion is key to topic ed and research innovations
Brady (Duke University) 3
(DAVID, Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty, Social Forces, March 2003, 81(3):715-752, MUSE)
Recently, poverty analysts have grown dissatisfied with narrow theoretical conceptualizations and measures of poverty. In fact,
narrow perceptions of poverty may fundamentally underestimate the extent and severity of poverty (Townsend 1980).
European scholars have advanced the concept of social exclusion as an attempt to broaden the conceptualization of poverty and
to facilitate measurement innovations (Cantillion 1997; Ormerod 1998; Paugam 1998; Procacci 1998; Wacquant 1995).
Conceptualizing poverty as social exclusion can provide a novel and beneficial direction for the U.S. sociology of poverty.
Potentially, the concept of social exclusion will suggest new sets of interesting sociological questions and provide different theoretical
interpretations of old findings. Therefore, conceptualizing poverty as social exclusion is a criterion for an ideal measure of
poverty.
Social exclusion best accounts for the notion of “living” in the resolution
Bhalla and Lapeyre (David Thomson Senior Research Fellow, University of Cambridge; Member, Instinae of Development
Studies Catholic University of Louvain) 99
(A.S., Frederic, Poverty and Exclusion in a Global World, pg. 11)
Sen (1992a) has also developed a comprehensive approach to poverty which goes beyond economics. At the heart of Sen’s theory
is the notion of individuals’ ‘capabilities’, which are opportunities to achieve valuable ‘functionings’ or ‘states of being’. Thus ‘living
may be seen as consisting of a set of interrelated ‘functionings’, consisting of beings and doings’ (p. 38). In addressing poverty
issues, Sen focuses on valuable functionings which represent different factors of well- being. Functionings may include both
physical elements such as being adequately fed and sheltered, and ‘more complex social achievements, such as taking part in
the life of the community, being able to appear in public without shame, and so on’. (Sen, 1992a, p. 110). Taking women as a
disadvantaged group, Sen adds that disadvantages may apply to the capability of being nourished (for example, because of the
demands of pregnancy and neonatal care), achieving security (for example, in single-parent families), having fulfilling work (for
example, because of stereotyping of women’s jobs), establishing one’s professional reputation early on in one’s career (for example,
because of the asymmetric demands of family life). (p. 113)
Considering poverty as social exclusion is better for education and research

To conclude, we can argue that social exclusion is a new approach to the analysis of social issues. It has stimulated the
development of longitudinal research for a better understanding of the multi- dimensional processes causing vulnerability and
deprivation for an increasing portion of the population not previously affected by this phenomenon. In the latter part of the
1980s, research in the social sciences has shifted from the static definition of poverty, based on a monetary approach, to the
processes leading, at least in some cases, to the extreme situation of social exclusion through the cumulation of disadvantages and a
progressive rupture of social bonds. As Mingione (1996b) explains, it is necessary to look at dynamic processes and their perception
within changing systems of social integration. From this perspective, the notion of exclusion both promotes the debate and motivates
social science research. Further, there has occurred in the 1990s a new phase of research programmes guided explicitly or implicitly
by the concept of social exclusion, so that in France, for instance, a large consensus exists on the actual framework for analysing
social exclusion and questioning social issues and policy.
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Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions

Social exclusion solves determinist analysis
Washington et al. 2k
(JOHN WASHINGTON, IAN PAYLOR and JENNIFER HARRIS, Poverty Studies in Europe and the Evolution
of the Concept of Social Exclusion, in Researching Poverty, Eds. JONATHAN BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg.
279)
Social exclusion, we are claiming is a recently developed concept which has been used politically. But has it heuristic value in those
disciplines and practices whose domain is in the area of social living? The Poverty Programmes have evidenced that there are sections
of European society whose deprived condition cannot be solely explained in tenus of lack of income resources. Conversely, the lack of
income resources can primarily berelated to the deprived and marginalised condition in which these sections of society are located.
Social exclusion as a concept begins to develop an understanding of this deprived human condition and place it within a social
context. In this century most interpretations of this condition have either been influenced by Marxist class structured
exploitative perspectives or by neo liberal interpretations of the primacy of individual self help as a means of human
betterment. Social exclusion has the potential to be a concept that can be used to develop an understanding of deprivation and
marginalisation that avoids a deterministic structural or philosophical individualist a priori analysis.
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Topicality
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Pre-camp Set
Poverty is Social Exclusion - Definitions

Social exclusion solves objectification of the poor
Lister and Bereford 2k
(RUTH LISTER and PETER BERESFORD, Where are 'the Poor' in the Future of Poverty Research?, in
Researching Poverty, Eds. JONATHAN BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg. 285-6)
One of the advantages of the concept of social exclusion is that it encourages a focus on processes and not just outcomes.
Poverty research that simply treats poor people as objects can serve to reinforce a process of exclusion rather than to
challenge it, however valuable its insights about the exclusionary effects of poverty. As the UK Coalition Against Poverty puts it,
“being poor is about being excluded. Fighting poverty is about being inclusive’ (1997, pA). Thus, for instance, an inclusive analysis
of poverty based on a piece of research would incorporate the views and perspectives of those interviewed and not simply their
descriptions of the effects of poverty.
Social exclusion just considers more aspects of poverty

(A.S., Frederic, Poverty and Exclusion in a Global World, pg. 16-7)
It follows from the above discussion that both distributional (economic) and relational (social) issues lie at the heart of the
concept of social exclusion (see Chapter 2). The concept goes beyond the economic and social aspects of poverty. It also
embraces the political aspects such as civil and political rights and citizenship that determine a relationship between
individuals and the state as well as between the society and the individual. Besides rights and citizenship, the emergence of new
social organizations and groups can also indicate a new relationships between individuals (through, their social group) and the state.
This is best Illustrated with examples from such transition economies as the Chinese. Under the economic reforms - decollectivization,
decentralization of planning and production, and the growth of different forms of ownership (state, collective, private, joint ventures
and joint stock companies, and so on) - State control and the old social organizations have been weakened. A number of new social
organizations (shetuan) have emerged, some spontaneously and others encouraged by the State and the single party.’
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Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definitions

Social exclusion is broader than poverty
(A.S., Frederic, Poverty and Exclusion in a Global World, pg. 13-4)
Sen’s concept of capabilities can be extended to cover social inter- action and political expression, besides standard of living.
However, while social exclusion has characteristics similar to those of poverty broadly defined, it goes beyond its economic and
social dimensions. While poverty and social exclusion are interrelated, we will argue that the latter is a distinct concept,
emphasizing new social problems. Using a social exclusion approach, rather than a poverty one, implies focusing not only on
distributional but also on relational aspects of exclusion. Thus, we need to assess ‘social-relations deprivation’ (Penz, 1986),
including structural (rather than cyclical) aspects of exclusion besides material deprivation. Most recent studies on exclusion
(particularly in developing countries, for example, Kaijage and Tibaijuka, 1996; Appasamy et al., 1996) are, however, concerned
mainly with material deprivation. A study on Thailand (Phongpaichit et al., 1996) is perhaps the only one to consider social
exclusion explicitly as different from poverty and to define it in terms of claims of rights and citizenship instead (for a detailed
analysis of exclusion in the context of developing societies, see Chapter 5). Poverty may not always be a good indicator of
exclusion of people from goods and services. People can be poor and not be excluded from certain basic needs; they may continue to
enjoy some access to the labour market, to some physical resources and to political rights and obligations. The same levels of
achievement in life expectancy and access to social services can be attained by countries with widely varying incomes per capita (Sen,
1983a). For example, China and Sri Lanka have performed well in the improvement of living standards despite a relatively low GNP
per capita (Dasgupta, 1993). In 1992, Sri Lanka had a life expectancy at birth of over 71 years, whereas the Republic of Korea, which
is more than three .times richer in terms of GNP per capita, has not yet overtaken this level (see UNDP, 1994). Thus social change
seems to be highly dependent on the particular pattern of development chosen. Implementation of social policies within the framework
of a people-centred development strategy is more likely to lead to an increase in the capabilities of disadvantaged people than is a
rapid growth strategy based on a trickledown effect. . The state of poverty is not a condition for exclusion from certain social
networks. In developing countries, an increasing number of organizations of the poor support our contention that poverty does not
necessarily mean exclusion from social relations. These organizations may actually offer bargaining strength to the poor ~nd ensure
social cohesion and solidarity instead of accentuating exclusion, as a number of authors on ‘social clubs’ have argued (for a discussion
of the role of exclusive groups, see Buchanan, 1965; Olson, 1965). The dimension of civil and political rights and citizenship (a
political asset) further distinguishes exclusion from poverty. The traditional concept of poverty is restricted to a lack of disposable
income, whereas the more comprehensive concept of social exclusion refers also to a breakdown or malfunctioning of the
major social systems that should guarantee full citizenship (Berghman, 1995). This is not to exclude the possibility that economic
status (being rich or poor) may influence the extent of exclusion from or access to certain political rights. (Economic clout
undoubtedly influences access to political goods and rights.) But some developing societies, like that of India provide constitutional
rights. The ‘fundamental rights’ provision in the Indian constitution guarantees to all citizens nondiscriminatory access to legal
process, education, and public employment, as well as basic civil liberties. The constitution goes even further, and provides for
compensatory discrimination (affirmative action) in favour of the particularly disadvantaged social groups (‘scheduled castes and
tribes’), religious and cultural minorities (see Appasamy et a/., 1996). However, while the constitution can legally enforce these
‘negative’ rights and freedoms, it cannot legally ensure ‘positive freedoms’ or economic welfare in the form of guaranteed
employment and a guaranteed minimum income.
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Topicality
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Pre-camp Set
Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definition

Poverty is not the same as social exclusion
Lister and Bereford 2k
(RUTH LISTER and PETER BERESFORD, Where are 'the Poor' in the Future of Poverty Research?, in
Researching Poverty, Eds. JONATHAN BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg. 285)
The academic and political discourse on poverty is increasingly being couched in the language of social exclusion. Although poverty
and social exclusion are not synonymous (see, for example, Room, 1995) and there is a tendency to define exclusion in narrow,
eeonomistic, terms (Levitas, 1996, 1998), part of the concern about poverty is a concern about exclusion from a range of social
activities (Golding, 1986).
Poverty means having a standard of living that is socially unacceptable, not social exclusion
Bosch (Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp) 1
(KAREL VAN DEN, Identifying the Poor: Using subjective and consensual measures, pg. 412)
Can subjective information help in answering those questions? The answer is that it can not only help, but is in fact indispensable for
this purpose. In my view the defining characteristic of the poor is that they have a material standard of living that is socially
regarded as unacceptable; the poor do not share any other characteristic or combination of characteristics that distinguishes them
from the non-poor. The poor are not necessarily excluded in the sense of having low status or being restricted in their social
contacts. They cannot be identified on the basis of behavior, or any other observable characteristic only. We can measure their
standard of living ‘objectively’, but in order to know what is socially regarded as unacceptable we have to ask people about
their views or feelings on this point.
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Poverty is Absolute – Definitions

Poverty is an income of $2 a day or less
Reddy, McHugh, Gilbert, Bell, A Dollar a Day, “What is Poverty?” 2005
http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/over_whatis.htm
The most commonly used definition of global poverty is the absolute poverty line set by the World Bank. Poverty is set
at an income of $2 a day or less, and extreme poverty is set at $1 a day or less. This line was first created in 1990 when
the World Bank published its World Development Report and found that most developing countries set their poverty lines at
$1 a day. The $2 mark was created for developing nations with slightly better income levels than their $1 a day
counterparts. More developed countries are permitted to set their poverty lines elsewhere (it would be silly to assume a
statistically significant group of people in the U.S. made less than $1 a day, though there are obviously many impoverished
people living there). For highly industrialized countries, such as Britain, Japan, and the U.S., the absolute poverty line is
usually set higher (for example, the line has been set at $14.40 in the past). The 2005 poverty line for single individuals in
the United States is set at $26.19 a day.
Poverty is defined by income
Poverty is lack of goods and services taken for granted by mainstream society
Schwartz, J. E. (2005). Freedom reclaimed: Rediscovering the American vision. Baltimore: G-University Press.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States
The most common measure of poverty in the United States is the "poverty line" set by the U.S. government. This
measure recognizes poverty as a lack of those goods and services commonly taken for granted by members of
mainstream society
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Poverty is Absolute - Definitions

The risk or belief in risk of poverty is poverty
Filip Spagnoli (PhD), May 6, 2008, “Human Rights Facts (5b): Poverty, Types, Causes, and Measurement,” P.A.P Blog,
http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/05/06/poverty/
A third kind of poverty is vulnerability, the actual or perceived risk of future poverty. This vulnerability can result in the
following psychological symptoms of poverty:
• Fear, stress
• Feelings of insecurity
• Irrational precaution measures
• Family planning decisions
• Migration.
Poverty is the deprivation of resources that inhibits normal participation in society

Gordon 2k
(David, The Scientific Measurement of Poverty: Recent Theoretical Advances, in Researching Poverty, Eds. JONATHAN
BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg. 39)
This ‘scientific’ concept of poverty can be made universally applicable by using the broader concept of resources instead of
just monetary income. It can then be applied in developing countries where barter and ‘income in kind’ can be as important as cash
income. Poverty can then be defined as the point at which resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average
individual or family that the poor are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities. As resources
for any individual or family are diminished, there is a point at which there occurs a sudden withdrawal from participation in
the customs and activities sanctioned by the culture. The point at which withdrawal escalates disproportionately to falling
resources can be defined as the poverty line or threshold (Townsend, 1979; Townsend and Gordon, 1989).
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Poverty is Relative – Definitions

The US should view poverty relatively.
For many years, a vigorous debate persisted over relative versus absolute definitions of poverty (see A. Sen 1979, 1983; Madden
2000). Relative and absolute definitions of poverty tap into fundamentally divergent notions of difference and deprivation (Shanahan
& Tuma 1994). Also, absolute and relative standards produce different policy implications and accounts of the experience of poverty,
and somewhat differ in the extent of poverty determined (Townsend 1980). Despite this historically contentious debate, poverty
scholars increasingly conclude that in advanced capitalist democracies, a relative definition is more appropriate (Atkinson
1998a; Gordon 1972; Hagenaars 1991; Madden 2000; Ravallion 1998; A. Sen 1992). Relative measures usefully capture changes
in necessities over time and place, which is particularly relevant to such nations. Scholars also conclude that a relative
measure more effectively gauges comparative historical variation across comparable nations in a historical period.
Alternatively, absolute measures of “basic needs” are most useful in developing countries vulnerable to famine and
underdevelopment. By reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of absolute and relative measures, this section establishes a relative
standard as a criterion for an ideal measure of poverty. Absolute measures involve a cross-nationally and historically constant and
fixed threshold, which distinguishes poor from nonpoor. For example, except for inflationary adjustments, the U.S. measure is
absolute over time, regions, and family types. Absolute measures assume that a certain material level purchases an essential
bundle of goods necessary for well-being. For example, the World Bank defines poverty absolutely as living on less than one
dollar per day. Thus, in developing countries, absolute measures can also be tied to absolute definitions of well-being, such as infant
mortality, life expectancy, and caloric intake (see Y. Bradshaw et al. 1993). A. Sen (1992, 1999) argues that when studying
developing countries, absolute measures should be retained. Nevertheless, absolute measures suffer from serious limitations that
render them inappropriate for advanced capitalist democracies. Importantly, scholars have grown skeptical about whether a
fixed bundle of goods or absolute threshold of well-being can capture the complexity of poverty. This is exacerbated when an
absolute standard is employed regardless of historical and national contexts (Atkinson 1998a; Smeeding, O’Higgins & Rainwater
1990).7 Smeeding, the director of LIS, and his colleagues (1993:246) avoid an absolute measure because it “conveys an unwarranted
objectivity.” Further, they argue that it has become the “widely held view among scholars working in this arena that a poverty
standard cannot be established independently of the economic and social context within which needs arise and are defined” (247). Due
to these reasons, poverty measurement debates have moved away from absolute measures. Though absolute measures effectively
assess poverty in developing countries, relative measures are more appropriate in advanced capitalist democracies. Relative
poverty measures cannot capture the absolute deprivation of households but more accurately grasp the notion of relative deprivation.
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Poverty is Relative - Definitions

Absolute notions of poverty inevitably break down
Although a growing consensus of poverty analysts prefers a relative measure, the debate between absolute and relative measures
persists. Advocates of absolute measures concentrate on basic needs, because if those are unmet — in terms of physiological
subsistence and safety — poverty is truly present. Despite the persuasiveness of this claim, advocates of relative measures
respond that the concept of “need” is actually relative itself — reflecting contextual norms of what is a “need” (Harrington
1981:188). Ruggles (1990) argues that consumption patterns have changed so dramatically over the past 40 to 50 years that defining
the basic needs of American families is quite elusive. Other scholars go even further in problematizing the concept of basic needs.
Ravallion (1998:21) notes that perceptions of “well-being” are contingent on the reference group’s circumstances and argues,
“There is an inherent subjectivity and social specificity to any notion of ‘basic needs.’” Hagenaars (1991:141) stresses that even
nutritionists cannot agree about levels of calories needed for various ages, sexes, occupations and living conditions, and
contends “the resulting estimates are not as absolute and objective as they are claimed to be.” While most scholars agree that
a desperate absolute level of deprivation does exist under which families are definitely poor, discerning an appropriate standard
above that level remains ambiguous. Because such a minimal standard has limited utility in advanced capitalist democracies,
most scholars argue that basic needs standards are less useful. Townsend (1980:300) argues, “any rigorous conceptualization of
the social determination of need dissolves the idea of ‘absolute’ need.” Overall, relative measures emerge as superior.
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Poverty Income Measure Bad – Definitions

Reliance of the US income measure destroys the efficacy of research and creates bad education
This article seeks to advance the sociological measurement of poverty. Unfortunately, much of sociology still relies on the U.S.
measure despite serious methodological problems. These methodological limitations are crucial and probably limit sociology’s
collective contribution to the understanding of the causes and effects of poverty. As an alternative, I argue that scholars should
cultivate measures of poverty that meet five criteria. First, scholars should use measures of poverty that effectively gauge comparative
historical variation. Second, analysts should measure poverty as relative rather than absolute. Third, poverty should be
conceptualized as social exclusion. Fourth, poverty indices should measure the depth and inequality among the poor. Finally, analysts
should incorporate taxes, transfers, and state benefits when calculating household resources. These criteria reflect theoretical and
methodological developments that will be useful for sociology. For sociological research on poverty to advance, it is essential that
scholars embrace and incorporate these developments. This article also provides an empirical analysis of patterns with three
alternative measures: the Interval, Ordinal, and Sum of Ordinals. The empirical analysis with the LIS data demonstrates that the
amount and the cross-national ranking of poverty fluctuate with the particular measure used. Further, simple headcount measures
produce limited and potentially less accurate information about comparative and historical variation in poverty. In an analysis of
poverty in the United States since the early 1970s, the U.S. measure clearly provides inaccurate results about trends. With state-
mediated poverty, the Interval, Ordinal, and Sum of Ordinals measures display important declines in poverty that are not captured with
the U.S. measure. Further, the U.S. measure misdiagnoses the increase in poverty since the early 1970s. To understand the causal
mechanisms driving poverty, it would be valuable for scholars to consider multiple measures and utilize one of these more
sophisticated measures. If sociologists seek to make scientific inferences and inform public policy, it is imperative that new
measures of poverty be developed and integrated into the discipline. At present, the contribution of U.S. sociology is probably
limited by the reliance on the U.S. measure and, in the few comparative studies, on a simple headcount measure. While the
sociology of poverty has grown considerably over the past few decades, the discipline remains unfortunately out of step with advances
in poverty measurement. Further, in the 1990s, the sociology of poverty cultivated increasingly sophisticated statistical analyses of
poverty, yet left the more fundamental issue of measurement largely neglected. Plausibly, the sociology of poverty would benefit
more by first scrutinizing the basic and primary methodological concern of measurement before proceeding with increasingly
sophisticated statistical analyses of the causes and consequences of poverty. Altogether, these criteria and alternative measures of
poverty create a potentially fruitful new direction for research in sociology. With this redirection, it is possible that sociology could
experience a second reinvigoration of research on poverty. This article seeks to facilitate this second reinvigoration and to encourage
sociology to benefit from more sophisticated measures of poverty that are grounded in theoretical and methodological advances.
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Poverty Income Measures Bad – Definitions

US Measure doesn't account for multiple factors that undermine topic ed
One of the most persuasive critiques of the U.S. measure of poverty is that it neglects taxes, financial transfers, and in-kind
benefits. Of course, taxes and transfers make a significant impact on a family’s finances. In fact, the deteriorating value of
transfers is the main reason for the worsening of child poverty in recent decades in the U.S. (Lichter 1997). Further, taxes on
poor families in the U.S. have steadily risen, making their financial standing actually weaker than that of prior equivalent families.
This neglect of taxes and transfers in configuring income violates A. Sen’s (1976:219) Transfer axiom, “Given other things, a pure
transfer of income from a person below the poverty line to anyone who is richer must increase the poverty measure.” Ignoring these
financial costs and benefits when measuring poverty is a fundamental theoretical and empirical problem (Ravallion 1998). Thus, ideal
poverty measures must incorporate taxes and transfers and measure poverty before and after taxes and transfers (Danziger, Haveman
& Plotnik 1981). Though taxes and transfers most often are financial, the contribution of in- kind and near-cash benefits like housing
assistance and food-stamps is essential (Townsend 1980). Poverty analysts often ignore state benefits when assessing family income
because problems in measurement, valuation, and imputation of near- and non-cash income to individual households are quite
formidable. This is troubling since these benefits affect the distribution of well-being between households; and ignoring these benefits
yields misleading inferences about the relative well-being of various types of households (Smeeding et al. 1993). Under the
assumption that the most comprehensive definition of income is optimal for assessing familial welfare, the LIS analysts have made
significant strides in incorporating taxes and transfers into their measures of income. Smeeding and his colleagues (1993) have
assessed the value of, and imputed near-cash income to a variety of benefits. These benefits provide significant resources for families;
and cumulatively, they have significant equalizing consequences by raising living standards and reducing poverty. While national
differences exist in the nature and extensiveness of these benefits, their importance to the income distribution is universal.
Importantly, these benefits accrue from both the government and the private sector. Though government benefits typically provide
larger consequences for the overall income distribution, private benefits are nontrivial. To be most effective, poverty should be
examined both as it is generated in the private sector, and as it is mediated by the state.14 To the extent possible, private ben-
efits should be considered as part of market income, and state benefits should be considered as part of ultimate state-mediated
income. Both types of income before and after taxes and transfers — are important to understanding the complex nature of
poverty.
Poverty not limited to income

In the context of rich countries defined in terms of GNP per capita (for example, the United States), Sen (1992a) notes that low
income is merely one factor among others that influence poverty. The diverse social circumstances and characteristics
(inadequate health facilities, violence in inner cities, and the absence of social care as factors in the social environment that influence
poverty) also need to be taken into aecount. In an effort to apply Sen’s concept of capabilities empirically, Meghnad Desai (1995)
adds the dimension of resource requirements for guaranteeing capabilities, which will vary from society to society depending on social
norms and practices. These requirements need to be considered along with the availability of resources at the disposal of
individuals.
- 32 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty Excludes – Definitions

Persons under the age of 15 with no family and persons living in college dormitories or institutional quarters
are not measured by USfg poverty stats
U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, No Date,
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/definitions.html
Poverty universe --- Persons for whom the Census Bureau can determine poverty status (either "in poverty" or "not in
poverty"). For some persons, such as unrelated individuals under age 15, poverty status is not defined. Since
Census Bureau surveys typically ask income questions to persons age 15 or older, if a child under age 15 is not related
by birth, marriage, or adoption to a reference person within the household, we do not know the child's income and
therefore cannot determine his or her poverty status. For the decennial censuses and the American Community
Survey, poverty status is also undefined for people living in college dormitories and in institutional group
quarters. People whose poverty status is undefined are excluded from Census Bureau poverty tabulations. Thus, the
total population in poverty tables--the poverty universe--is slightly smaller than the overall population.
Persons in Institutional Quarters are Ignored, College Dorms are Included in Poverty
Measures
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program. No Date,
http://www.data.gosap.governor.virginia.gov/GOSAP_App/DocumentsUploaded/20050606132236.Poverty%20All%20Ages.pdf
Definition: The total number of people in poverty.

Limitations: Estimates exclude all persons living in military families and the population residing in institutional
group quarters. Some examples of institutional group quarters are correctional facilities, juvenile institutions,
and nursing homes. However, the estimates do include persons residing in noninstitutional group quarters,
such as college dormitories, fraternity, and sorority houses.
- 33 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty – Spiritually Poor Definitions

Spiritual poverty is a state of incompleteness before “God.”
Drs. Henry Cloud & John Townsend, Zondervan 2001, “Spiritual Poverty,” How People Grow.
http://www.cloudtownsend.com/library/articles/printarticles/HPG_9_Spiritual_Poverty.htm
Spiritual poverty is really about living in reality. A good way to understand this is to think of spiritual poverty as experiencing
our state of incompleteness before God. This can be due to weaknesses, unfulfilled needs, emotional injuries and hurts at the
hands of others, or our own immaturities and sins. It has to do with those parts of ourselves that are not what they should be and
that we cannot repair in our own strength. When people experience at a deep level their neediness, incompleteness and dependency—
the way they actually are—they are often overwhelmed. Spiritual poverty is really the cure for things like narcissism, self-
righteousness, and a host of other problems. When our eyes are opened to our brokenness, we do not "feel better about ourselves";
rather, we feel that something is terribly wrong
Spiritual Poverty is not realizing we are a global family

Dr. Michael Bernard Beckwith, Spring 2009, “Physical Poverty vs. Spiritual Poverty: Lifting the Veil of
Ignorance” Africa Unbound, http://africaunbound.com
MBB: Well, I’d describe it like this: Spiritual poverty is a state of not realizing that we are one global family. It is a veil of
ignorance that obscures the truth that we all, all humanity and all creation, are interdependent and interconnected. Spiritual
wealth is the opposite of individual greed and corruption. The coin of the spiritual realm is a conscious realization of oneness and the
compassion to want for another what one wants for him/herself.
Spiritual Poverty is good

Prof. Finney, 1844, “Blessed Are the Poor in Spirit,” The Gospel Truth
This state of spiritual poverty is a very healthful state of mind. It is healthful to be laid in the dust, to be emptied, and stripped, and
made naked and bare; to be laid in the dust and kept there. It is the only state of mind that is safe. Of a man who is kept in such a
state, I have great hopes.
Economic Wealth Creates Spiritual Poverty

Prof. Finney, 1844, “Blessed Are the Poor in Spirit,” The Gospel Truth
Interestingly, the economic poor are often spiritually rich. For many poor people, their faith may be their greatest, and
sometimes, only asset. Conversely, the economically wealthier have to deal with unique spiritual challenges such as materialism,
consumerism, greed, and even the exploitation of the poor.
- 34 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Poverty – Not Spiritiual

Need to draw lines between moral and scientific understandings of poverty – conflation destroys research
Gordon 2k
BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg. 37-8)
Poverty is a widely used and understood concept but its definition is highly contested. The term ‘poverty’ can be considered to
have a cluster of different overlapping meanings depending on what subject area or discourse is being examined (Gordon and
Spieker, 1998). For example, poverty like evolution or health, is both a scientific and a rooral concept. Many of the problems of
measuring poverty arise because the moral and scientific concepts are often confused. In scientific terms, a person or household
in Britain is ‘poor’ when they have both a low standard of living and a low income. They are not poor if they have a low income and a
reasonable standard of living or if they have a low standard of living but a high income. Both low income and low standard of living
can only be accurately measured relative to the norms of the person’s or household’s society.
- 35 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Quantitative Definitions Bad

Quantitative interps of poverty recreate flawed forms of knowledge that makes addressing poverty impossible
Eadie (School of Politics, University of Nottingham) 5
(PAULINE, Poverty and the Critical Security Agenda, pg. 2)
The idea of the poor as passive object has been reinforced by the quantitative approaches adopted by positivist methodologies
of poverty research, This is what Tooze and Murphy are referring to when they discuss ‘the production of knowledge’. If research
into poverty is guided by the hegemonic norms of the positivist research agenda within IR, or the nee-liberal agenda within
market economics, then the research produced cannot avoid being a mere reflection of the scope and limitations of these norms.
Part of the problem with poverty research is that there are many conflicting ideas of what actually constitutes the condition of poverty
or being poor. Similarly causal factors which impact upon lack of well-being may be multi-dimensional and synergistic, adding to the
complex nature of the problem. Researchers have tended to pin down poverty by developing ever-more sophisticated ways of counting
the poor as a means of at least quantifying the problem (Boltvinik; Ravallion and Chen, 1997). However critical researchers (McGee
and Brock) claim that this search for quantitative perfection serves merely to disguise the fact that researchers are incapable of
developing any meaningful ideas on how to address poverty. Therefore a critique of methodological problems in poverty research
is a key theme of this book.
Quantitative research is a form of academic displacement that makes finding solutions impossible
Mere quantification and atomistic analysis is insufficient; ‘business cycles, the economic structure, regional development, politics
and international relations’ (0yen, Miller and Syed, 1996, p. 48) are all relevant variables to poverty analysis. The world does not
lack resources, it only maldistributes them and statistical analysis that takes little account of the international social
environment is illequipped to contribute to any progressive policy to counter poverty. Perhaps because these problems are so
difficult, ‘one is tempted to see the search for yet more facts to measure an ever more precise definition of poverty as a form of
displacement activity by academics, whose concern to reduce the poverty they find is outweighed only by their powerlessness
to do anything effective about it’ (0yen, Miller and Syed, 1996, p. 20). Calls for the egalitarian distribution of resources, especially
globally, are utopian. Following from this, agency becomes a central causal concern for poverty research.
- 36 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
Quantitative Definitions Bad

New statistical models can’t tell what poverty is
Bosch (Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp) 1
(KAREL VAN DEN, Identifying the Poor: Using subjective and consensual measures, pg. 413)
In my view, more sophisticated econometric techniques and models are unlikely to resolve those uncertainties. What we need
to know is what material standard of living - In terms of realized functionings - corresponds to those income amounts, both in
the perception of respondents as well as, most Importantly, In actual fact. This implies that we cannot rely on the shortcut, but
have to follow the long and difficult road of first specifying a set of minimum functionings” and secondly determining the income
requirements of this set for persons with various abilities and in various circumstances. ‘Subjective’ or ‘consensual’ information is
likely to be most useful in the first part of this task.
Quantitative definitions of poverty set a doomed research agenda

The latter part of this chapter deals with critical theory and argues that it is here that poverty research may fmd a natural home. This
book will argue that qualitative, nonnative and emancipatory forms of poverty research are more meaningful, in practice and
theoretically, than the current positivist, empiricist and quantitative forms that tend to dominant the agenda and support the
preferences of the already rich. Critical theory engages with the idea of moving the theoretical agenda forward and therefore
introducing radical change rather than producing and reproducing research within the confmes of positivist discourse. These are
themes that will be picked up and expanded upon in the methodological discussion in Chapter Two. Rather than poverty research
operating on the margins of lR and security discourses, or being relegated to the confines of development or feminist theory this
chapter argues that poverty research, in terms of its aim being to enhance the quality of human life, should be central to the political
agenda of lR. However, whilst this may be an argument for a ‘redefinition’ of the IR security agenda to include issues such as
poverty, it will also be argued in the later chapters of this book that the state remains central to this debate. Therefore a position
somewhere between The Copenhagen School and the ‘redefmers’ will be established. If poverty is not addressed as a key security
issue then the majority are marginalised and ignored and inequalities become more extreme. The state, as a provider of security, must
adapt to cope with the new demands that global economic modernity creates in terms of the ‘well-being’ of citizens. As Dasgupta
argues ‘There are no mere academic matters. If welfare and development economics, and more generally political philosophy,
are not about the circumstances in which people ace born and the manner in which they are able to live and die, they are
about nothing’ (1993, p. 9).
- 37 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
A2: Quantitative Definitions Bad

Scientific definition is key to solvency
Gordon 2k
BRADSHAW and ROY SAINSBURY, pg. 39)
The’ scientific’ measurement of poverty is both achievable and desirable. Scientific definitions of poverty are of great
importance. We can only eradicate poverty quickly if we can accurately measure the effectiveness of anti-poverty policies and
this requires scientific measurement of poverty. To paraphrase the old ‘Marxist’ adage ‘the purpose of poverty research is not
just to understand the world, but to change it’.
New models solve their offence

Non-economists generally believe that the economists’ concept of poverty is focused too narrowly on material aspects such as the
level, size or distribution of incomes. While this may have been true in the 1970s, it is no longer the case in the 199Os.Lipton and
Maxwell (1992) show how the new conceptualization of poverty embraces such elements as the importance of civil society
(besides just NGOs) and security of livelihood. To quote them: There has been significant change ... since the 19705 - less weight is
put in the current literature on income and consumption and more on the complex, multi-dimensional concepts of livelihood
and livelihood security ... the perceptions of poor people themselves are also prominent in this definition. ,. This new
perspective allows us to measure and evaluate the level of vulnerability - and freedom from bias by gender and age - of
individuals’ access to privately and publicly provided goods and services and to common property. (pp. 6 and 10)
- 38 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
United States – Definitions

Geographic definition and history.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004, 2000 by
Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
A country of central and northwest North America with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It includes the noncontiguous
states of Alaska and Hawaii and various island territories in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The area now occupied by the
contiguous 48 states was originally inhabited by numerous Native American peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by
Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England. Great Britain eventually controlled most of the Atlantic coast and, after the French and Indian
Wars (1754–1763), the Northwest Territory and Canada. The original Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in
1776 and formed a government under the Articles of Confederation in 1781, adopting (1787) a new constitution that went into effect after
1789. The nation soon began to expand westward. Growing tensions over the issue of Black slavery divided the country along geographic
lines, sparking the secession of the South and the Civil War (1861–1865). The remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased
westward expansion, industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. The United States entered World War II after the Japanese
attack (1941) on Pearl Harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. Washington, D.C., is the capital and New York the largest city.
Population: 296,000,000.
Geographic definition and demographics.

The American College Dictionary 1966
United States, a republic in North America. consisting of 50 States and the District of Columbia. :'lu 323,175 pop. (1960); Continental
United States, 3 b:w,
787 sq. mi; United States and possessions, 3,680,114 mi. Cap.: Washington, D.C. Abbr.: U.S. Also, tiai~
States of America (abbr.: U.S.A.), America, tft States.
Capable of attaining things and capable of conducting foreign policy.

Ballentine’s Law Dictionary 3rd edition. Editor: William S Anderson. 1969
United States. The Union of several states, each equal in power, dignity, and authority, brought into being by the Constitution,
emanating from and adopted by the people in whom the sovereignty resides. M'Culloch v Maryland (US) 4 Wheat 316, 4 L Ed 579. A
body politic and corporate, capable of attaining the objects for which it was created, by the means which are necessary for their attainment.
Van Brocklin v Tennessee, 117 US 151, 29 L Ed 845, 6 S Ct 670. A person for the purpose of a pretrial deposition under Federal Rule 26(a)
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 23 Am J2d Dep § 242. Inclusive in reference to transactions with foreign nations of all territories
subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, wherever located. Downes v Bidwell, 182 US 244, 45 L Ed 1088, 21 S Ct 770.
A Federal government was created in 1777 by the union of thirteen colonies of Great Britain in "certain articles of confederation and
perpetual union," the first one of which declared that "the stile of this confederacy shall be the United States of America." Each member of
the confederacy was denominated a "state." The confederacy, owing to well-known historical reasons, having proven a failure, a new
Constitution was formed in 1787, by "The people of the United States" "fur the United States of America," as its preamble declares.
Downes v Bidwell, 182 US 244, 249, 45 L Ed 1088, 1092, 21 S Ct 770.
See expressions following which begin with "United States," also terms and expressions beginning "federal" or "national."
Excludes territories.
Black’s Law Dictionary 7th Edition. Bryan A. Garner Editor.1999.
United States of America. A federal republic formed after the War of Independence and made up of 48 conterminous
states, plus the state of Alaska and the District of Columbia in North America, plus the state of Hawaii in the Pacific.
- 39 -
Topicality
LMDIT2009
Pre-camp Set
United States Includes Military Bases -

Definition
Military bases are territories
The Law Library, No Date
(http://law.jrank.org/pages/10741/Territories-United-States.html)
The United States holds three territories: American Samoa and Guam in the Pacific Ocean and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the
Caribbean Sea. Although they are governed by the United States, the territories do not have statehood status, and this lesser legal and
political status sets them apart from the rest of the United States. The three U.S. territories are not the only U.S. government land
holdings without statehood status. These various lands fall under the broad description of insular political communities affiliated with
the United States. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean belong to the United
States and have the status of commonwealth, a legal and political status that is above a territory but still below a state. The
United States also has a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are called variously territories and possessions. U.S. possessions
have the lowest legal and political status because these islands do not have permanent populations and do not seek self-determination
and autonomy. U.S. possessions include Baker, Howland, Kingman Reef, Jarvis, Johnston, Midway, Palmyra, and Wake Islands.
Finally, land used as a military base is considered a form of territory. These areas are inhabited almost exclusively by military
personnel. They are governed largely by military laws, and not by the political structures in place for commonwealths and
territories. The United States has military bases at various locations around the world, including Okinawa, Japan, and
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. A precise definition of territories and territorial law in the United States is difficult to fashion. The U.S.
government has long been in the habit of determining policy as it goes along. The United States was established through a defensive
effort against British forces and then through alternately defensive and offensive battles against Native Americans. From this chaotic
beginning, the United States has struggled to fashion a coherent policy on the acquisition and possession of land.
- 40 -

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Topicality

Quantitative Definitions Bad..........................................................................................................................................................36

Resolved = Firm Stance T

D. Voters: Competitive Equity and Education

Resolved means you must solve.

United States Federal Government = 3

B. Violation: The affirmative only uses one branch of the USFG.

D. Voters: Competitive Equity and Education

Express the future.

Substantially is defined as"[e]ssentially; without material qualification[.]"

Change of at least 30 percent

Greater than 51 percent

D. Voters: competitive equity and education.

Increase-make greater / progressively greater

Social Services - Definitions

Social services are welfare services

Social services are organized welfare efforts by trained personnel

Organized welfare efforts carried on under professional auspices by trained personnel.

Social services is a service by the government to disadvantaged citizens

Social Services – Definitions

Social services improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society

An organized activity to improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society

Social services promote social well-being

For Persons in Poverty - T

2. Poverty is defined by income

D. Voters: Competitive Equity and Education

Persons are Not Corporations – T

D. Voters: competitive equity and education

Person means individuals and quasi

Persons are and are not Corporations –

Corporations are artificial persons

Corporations, countries, and cities are persons

Living distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter

Living means still in existence

Living is the action of senses

Living means existing

Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human

Poverty is Deprivation of Basic Human

Poverty is insufficient nutrition, shelter, health, or education

• Low average calorie intake levels

• High infant mortality rates

• Low life expectancy rates

• High illiteracy rates

• Widespread diseases, especially curable ones

• Famine or high risk of famine

• High rates of economic migration.

Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions

Considering poverty as social exclusion is better for education and research

Poverty is Social Exclusion – Definitions

Poverty is Social Exclusion - Definitions

Social exclusion just considers more aspects of poverty

Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definitions

Poverty is Not Social Exclusion – Definition

Poverty is Absolute – Definitions

Poverty is Absolute - Definitions

• Irrational precaution measures

• Family planning decisions

Poverty is the deprivation of resources that inhibits normal participation in society

Poverty is Relative – Definitions

Poverty is Relative - Definitions

Poverty Income Measure Bad – Definitions

Poverty Income Measures Bad – Definitions

Poverty not limited to income