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BIOLOGY PROJECT

GEMENT
RAJHANS VIDYALAYA
I thank our Principal Mrs. D. Srivastava for
her overall
ANDHERI support and guidance
(WEST), MUMBAI and
providing excellent facilities to enable me
to put up the project. CERTIFICATE I would like to place
on record my sincere gratitude to my
This is to certify that Mr. Girish D. Rasam of Std. XII – B,
physics teacher Mrs. Vrushali Panchal in
helping me identify
Roll No.________, hasthe topic completed
successfully for my the
ProjectPROJECT
BIOLOGY work “titled
To Study
“BEE –Effect
KEEPING of Intensity of
/ APICULTURE.”
Light on an L.D.R.
in partial fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary

Education leading to the award of All India Senior School Certificate

Examination for the academic year 2014-2015.

Internal Examiner External


Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my biology teachers Mrs. Shaila Prabhu &
Mrs. Kala Gangadharan and to our Principal
Mrs. D. Srivastava for their vital support,
guidance and encouragement without which
this project would not have come forth from
my side.
I would like to express my special gratitude
and thanks to the staff and people at
Keshav Srushti for giving me such valuable
information and an opportunity to learn.
Special thanks of mine goes to my project
members who helped me a lot in completing
the project. I wish to thanks my parents for
their undivided support & interest who
inspired me & encouraged me to go my own
way, without which I would be unable to
complete my project.
INDEX
Sr. Topic Page No.
No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Biogas plant 2

3 Vermicomposting 3

4 Irrigation Techniques 4

5 Agriculture 5

6 Greenhouse 6

7 Medicinal Plants 7

8 Cattle Farming 8

9 Apiculture 9

10 Paper Recycling 13

11 Bibliography 14
KESHAV SRUSHTI
It is a vibrant and breathing tribute to the memory of
one of the greatest Indian visionaries of the 20th
Century, Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar. To fulfil the
vision of Dr.Hedgewar, that of a self-reliant, proud and
strong Bharat, Keshav Srushti is being developed as a
hub of social service projects covering diverse aspects
of integrated development.
Keshav Srushti is situated in the lap of Mother Nature,
about 35 km. from Mumbai airport. The campus spread
over 200 acres of lush green valley with agricultural
land, fruit bearing trees, herbal plants and forest
wealth, carries an unimaginable aura of peace. This
campus encompasses vast swathes of green rolling
hills, natural and man-made gardens, mango, coconut
plantation, streams and, fresh water pond.
Facilities

 Fruit Bearing Trees


 Forest Wealth
 Bio Diversity
 More than 200 information
 Herbal Plants display boards. Displaying
birds, reptiles, animal,
 Eco System

The management of Rajhans Vidyalaya organized an


educational trip to Keshav Srushti at Bhayendar on
20thSeptember 2014 for std. XII students. After having
some snacks, the students started off with a nature trail
followed by a presentation on Keshav Srushti. They
noted down some important points and also spoke to
the volunteers there. They were made aware of
concepts like vermicomposting, biogas plant and
apiculture in a practical way. After lunch, they ended
with a paper recycling workshop. They experienced the
world beyond the classroom acquired knowledge from
nature and learnt skills that helped bridge the gap
between education and life.

BIOGAS PLANT
 Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different
gases produced by the breakdown of many organic
matters in the absence of some oxygen. Biogas
can be produced from regionally available raw
materials such as recycled waste. It is a renewable
energy source and in many cases exerts a very
small carbon footprint.
 Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with
anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of
biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage,
municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and
crops. It is primarily methane (CH4) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of
hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes.
 The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon
monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with
oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be
used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating
purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a
gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into
electricity and heat.
VERMICOMPOSTING
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting
using various worms, usually red wigglers, white
worms, and other earthworms to create a
heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or
food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
Vermicast, also called worm castings, worm humus or
worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of
organic matter by an earthworm. These castings have
been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants
and a higher saturation of nutrients than do organic
materials before vermicomposting.
Containing water-soluble nutrients, Vermicompost is an
excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil
conditioner. This process of producing Vermicompost is
called vermicomposting.
IRRIGATION
TECHNIQUES
Irrigation refers to the supplying water to the dry land
as a supplementation of rain water. It is mainly aimed
for cultivation. There are various types of systems of
irrigation practices in different parts of India. Irrigation
in India is carried on through wells, tanks, canals,
Perennial canal, Multi-purpose river valley projects etc.
Irrigation System in India is carried on in the following
ways:
1. Well Water Irrigation system:
There are various types of wells—shallow wells, deep
wells, tube wells, artesian wells etc. Deep wells are
more suitable for the purpose of irrigation as water
from them is available throughout the year. Tube wells
are also used for irrigation purposes.
2. Tank Water Irrigation system:
In the Deccan, reservoirs are made by constructing
dams. In Northern India also, tanks are constructed for
storing water. From all these tanks, water is carried to
the fields through canals.
3. Perennial canals Irrigation System:
In order to supply water throughout the year, reservoirs
are constructed for storing water. From these
reservoirs, water can be supplied to the fields whenever
there is demand for it.
4. Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects:
In recent years, multi-purpose
river valley projects are helping
agriculture. These projects offer
facilities for irrigation, flood
control, soil conservation etc.

AGRICULTURE
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the
largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast
rural areas. It also contributes a significant figure to the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sustainable agriculture,
in terms of food security, rural EMPLOYMENT, and
environmentally sustainable technologies such as soil
conservation, sustainable natural resource
management and biodiversity protection, are essential
for holistic rural development. Indian agriculture and
allied activities have witnessed a green revolution, a
white revolution, a yellow revolution and a blue
revolution.
GREENHOUSE
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a building or
complex in which plants are grown. These structures
range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized
buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold
frame.
Commercial glass greenhouses are often high tech
production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass
greenhouses are filled with equipment like screening
installations, heating, cooling and lighting and also may
be automatically controlled by a computer to maximize
potential growth.
A greenhouse is a structural building with different
types of covering materials, such as a glass or plastic
roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up
because incoming visible sunshine is absorbed inside
the structure. Air warmed by the heat from warmed
interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof
and wall; the air that is warmed near the ground is
prevented from rising indefinitely and flowing away.

MEDICINAL PLANTS
Indian Ayurveda and herbal medicines are world's
oldest and most well documented knowledge-based
healing systems. To make this medicinal system
acceptable as per current global norms with backing of
current tools of research, the vanaushadhi trust has
been doing some commendable work in this field.
There are nearly 500 herbal plants within the large
campus of Keshav Srushti, some of them being rare
species. The herbarium takes care of classifying and
storing the data about these herbal plants. This
herbarium and the data it has, is being used for study
and research by the trust and is also made available to
Ayurveda and Botany students who visit the laboratory
on study tours.

CATTLE FARMING
At present, the gaushala has around 4 acres of
land, which is well developed and fenced. There
are various cow shelters, fodder and dry grass
godowns, an office building, a manufacturing unit
to make products based on cow dung and cow
urine (gomutra), a small R&D centre and a gobar
gas plant along with arrangements to make
vermin compost. Presently, the gaushala has
around 200 cows. All of them are Indian breed.
On an average, 42-45 cows are in lactation
throughout the year, yielding around 200-220
litres of milk each day. The gaushala's mission is
to protect and save the govansha of Bharatiya
origin from the butcher's knife and make the
same economically viable by making use of cow
dung and urine.
APICULTURE
Introduction:-
Honey and beekeeping have a long history in India.
Honey was the first sweet food tasted by the ancient
Indian inhabiting rock shelters and forests. He hunted
bee hives for this gift of god. India has some of the
oldest records of beekeeping in the form of paintings by
prehistoric man in the rock shelters. With the
development of civilization, honey acquired a unique
status in the lives of the ancient Indians. They regarded
honey as a magical substance that controlled the
fertility of women, cattle, as also their lands and crops.
The recent past has witnessed a revival of the industry
in the rich forest regions along the sub-Himalayan
mountain ranges and the Western Ghats, where it has
been practiced in its simplest form.

Resources and Potential:-


The raw materials for the beekeeping industry are
mainly pollen and nectar that come from flowering
plants. About 500 flowering plant species, both wild and
cultivated, are useful as major or minor sources of
nectar and pollen.
India has a potential to keep about 120 million bee
colonies. In terms of production, these bee colonies can
produce over 1.2 million tons of honey and about
15,000 tons of beeswax. Organized collection of forest
honey and beeswax using improved methods can result
in an additional production of at least 120,000 tons of
honey and 10,000 tons of beeswax. This can generate
income to about 5 million tribal families.

Production process:-
Honey bees can be raised in boxes at the farm or home.

1. Species of honey bees


There are four species of honeybees in India. They are:

 Rock bee (Apis dorsata): They are good honey


gathers with an average yield of 50-80 kg per
colony.

 Indian bee (Apis cerana indica): They yield an


average honey yield of 6-8 kg per colony per year.

 European bee (Apis mellifera): The average


production per colony is 25-40 kg.

2. Equipment requirements for bee


keeping
Smoker: We use the smoker to protect ourselves from
bee stings and to control the bees.
Cloth: to protect our eyes and nose from stings at the
time of work near the apiary.
Knife: It is used to loosen the top bars and to cut of the
honey bars.
Feather: To sweep the bees from the comb.
Queen Excluder
Match Box

3. Establishment of hives
 The apiary must be located in well-drained open
area, preferably near orchards, with profuse source
of nectar, pollen and water.

 Protection from sunlight is important in order to


maintain an optimum temperature in the hive.

 Ant wells are fixed around the hive stand. The


colonies must be directed towards east, with slight
changes in the directions of the bee box as a
protection from rain and sun.

4. Establishing a bee colony


 To establish a bee colony, bees can be obtained by
transferring a wild nesting colony to a hive or
attract a passing swarm of bees to occupy it.

 Before putting a swarm or even a colony in a


prepared hive, it would be beneficial to make the
hive smell familiar by rubbing old brown comb
pieces or some bee wax. If possible, the Queen bee
can be captured from a natural swarm and placed
under a hive to attract the other bees.
 Feed the hived swarm for a few weeks by diluting a
half cup of white sugar in half a cup of hot water as
this will also help in building the comb along with
the bars rapidly.

5. Management of colonies and


harvesting honey
 Inspect the beehives at least once in a week during
the honey-flow seasons preferably during the
morning hours. Clean the hive in the following
sequence, the roof, super/supers, brood chambers
and floorboard.

 Observe the colonies regularly for the presence of


healthy queen, brood development, storage of
honey and pollen, presence of queen cells, bee
strength and growth of drones.

 Harvest the honey by smoking the bees off the


parts which needs to be harvested and cut the
combs carefully.

 Harvests are normally possible during and shortly


after the two main flowering seasons, namely
October/November and February-June.

 A ripe comb is light in color and filled with honey.


More than half of the honey cells on both the sides
are sealed with wax.

Advantages of beekeeping as an
income generation activity:-
 Bee keeping requires less time, money and
infrastructure investments

 Honey and beeswax can be produced from an area


of little agricultural value

 Beekeeping has positive ecological consequences.


Bees play an important role in the pollination of
many flowering plants, thus increasing the yield of
certain crops such as sunflower and various fruits.

 Honey is a delicious and highly nutritious food. By


the traditional method of honey hunting many wild
colonies of bees are destroyed. This can be
prevented by raising bees in boxes and producing
honey at home.

 The market potential for honey and wax is high.

PAPER RECYCLING
Paper can be recycled at home by the following
steps:

 Find recyclable paper


 Tear the paper into small pieces
 Soak the paper in water
 Turn the paper into pulp
 Fill the basin about halfway with water
 Add pulp to the basin and stir
 Immerse the frame in the mixture
 Lift the screen from basin
 Remove excess water from paper with a
sponge
 Once dry, remove paper from screen.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.keshavsrushti.com
 www.gorai.com/keshav-shrushti.html
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost
 home.howstuffworks.com
 http://india.gov.in/topics/agriculture/irrigation
 india.gov.in/topics/agriculture
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
 www.indianmedicinalplants.info/
 www.hatsun.com/dairy-farming.htm
 www.nhm.nic.in
 Google Images

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