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Abstract: We report on the vibration characteristics, and a piezoelectric generator for harvesting electrical energy
to power wireless sensor nodes, inside railway tunnels. Extensive investigations have shown that the railway
sleeper is favorable for placing a vibration harvester concerning vibration levels and mounting space. A shock
resistant double-side suspended piezoelectric harvester has been tested with true train vibrations. In average
260 µWs have been scavenged per train, which is sufficient energy for simple wireless communication. To avoid a
deadlock of the sensor node, we have designed a new ultra low power interface circuit.
INTRODUCTION Arlberg-Tunnel
The structural integrity of traffic tunnels after The Arlberg railway tunnel is an old and historic
harmful incidents is a decisive factor for all further building. It is situated between Klösterle and St. Anton
measures, e.g. the dispatch of rescue forces. It would am Arlberg in Austria and operated by the Austrian
be extremely helpful to retrieve on-site information on rail agency (ÖBB).
the status of the building via a distributed sensor
Lötschbergbasis-Tunnel
system [1]. However, a full-scale monitoring of civil
The Lötschbergbasis-Tunnel is the youngest long
underground infrastructure requires a large number of
distance and high speed tunnel in Europe and connects
embedded sensors [2]. Equipping a tunnel with a
Frutigen with Raron in Switzerland. The tunnel is
monitoring sensor grid requires a large effort due to
operated by the BLS AG.
the hardly accessible location. Thereby, the sensor
nodes might be embedded completely into the host Tab. 1: Details of the investigated tunnels.
structure, so that no wired connection is possible. Arlberg Lötschbergbasis
Scavenging ambient energy to charge or replace built-
in batteries [3] opens up the application of autonomous Length 10.65 km 34.56 km
wireless sensors in such remote locations. Completion 1884 2007
In addition to the alternative power supply an Walls Natural stones Concrete
extremely economic handling of the available energy Tracks Ballast, fixed track Fixed track
is indispensible. Modern ICs and MCUs can operate Traffic 2 rails, opposing Partial alternating
with voltages down to 1.8 V. Nevertheless when the Speed Limit 100 km/h 200 km/h
supply voltage drops down to the threshold range, Traffic volume 70-90 trains/day 80-110 trains/day
CMOS devices are draining uncontrolled current.
Thereby, the power consumption can exceed the Of major interest for micro-generators is the rate
generators output and the system becomes deadlocked. of vertical acceleration induced by passing trains to the
Hence, a faultless start from 0 V is required. rail track or deck, and the propagation of the vibration
To address the demand on structural health to the tunnel walls. Acceleration sensors from Kistler
monitoring (SHM) of traffic tunnels, we have (8704B-series and 8636C5) were mounted to the rail,
investigated the traffic induced vibrations as an the sleeper, the base and the tunnel wall.
alternative power source. For scavenging the electrical
energy, a robust piezoelectric generator is utilized.
Equipped with a novel power interface the presented
power unit can operate from 0 V.
VIBRATION IN TUNNELS
Tunnels are frequently the bottlenecks in
transportation infrastructure and therefore very busy.
Thus, they are hardly accessible for measurements and
the systematic characterization of numerous tunnels is
almost impossible. The vibrations in two railway
tunnels have been investigated for the purpose as
alternative power source. A brief introduction of the
tunnels is given and Table 1 summarizes their main Fig. 1: Acceleration sensors mounted at the track in
features. the Lötschbergbasis-Tunnel.
The AC signals were recorded with a DT9836 induced vibrations at the railway sleeper are subjected
module from Data Translation, featuring simultaneous to the stimulation vehicle, i.e. the wagon type, the axle
16-bit resolution at 225 kHz per channel. In the weight and the quality of the wheels, which causes
railroad tunnel, a sensor mounted at the rail was used variations in frequency spectrum. However, the
as a trigger to start the data recording. Thus, each superimposition in Figure 3 shows increased
passing train was detected individually. The overall acceleration levels for frequencies around 600 Hz.
detection period in each tunnel was in range of 20-24 h
and the induced vibrations of approx. 70 trains were VIBRATION HARVESTER
recorded respectively. Figure 1 shows the acceleration A generator with an inertial mass-spring design is
sensors on the railway track in the Lötschbergbasis- used to harvest energy from the accelerations up to
Tunnel. 0.35 m/s2 around 600 Hz. Concerning maximum
output power, a harvester with a low damping
coefficient would be preferable. But low damping
causes a small bandwidth, which will often lead to a
frequency mismatch. As a compromise a generator
with moderate a Q-factor facilitates a suitable
bandwidth and performance.
The design of the harvester is depicted in Figure 4.
The generative piezoelectric composite is suspended
on both sides with solid-state hinges. This double-side
suspension provides a uniform curvature of the entire
piezoceramics which maximizes the power output.
Fig. 2: Acceleration of the railway sleeper in the Furthermore, the design features a high shock
Arlberg-Tunnel during the passage of a freight train. resistance which is important to sustain the high
impact peaks as shown in Figure 2. The seismic mass
The AC signals and the frequency spectrum from
is attached to the center of the oscillator and is utilized
each sensor were processed with Matlab. The
to adjust the resonance frequency of the harvester to
comparative investigations of all sensors in both
the major peak at 600 Hz.
tunnels have shown that only minor vibrations
(< 0.04 m/s2) occur at the tunnel walls. This is due to
the good vibration damping of the railway. Hence,
vibration harvesting at the tunnel wall will provide
insufficient energy for the intended application.
However, the railway sleeper is a promising location
for a micro-generator because of sufficient mounting
Fig. 4: Schematic of the double-side suspended
space. Figure 2 shows the acceleration of the railway
piezoelectric generator.
sleeper in the Arlberg-Tunnel when a freight train
passes. Accelerations larger than 100 m/s2 are induced The harvester is fabricated as a piezo-polymer-
by the train. Figure 3 shows the superimposed composite. Two PZT ceramics, the spring steel hinges
frequency spectrum of the vibrations from 67 passed and the electrical contacts are integrated in a single
trains. It can be seen that almost every frequency is casting step of a two compound epoxy. Cubic magnets
present in the spectrum. Therefore the frequency are used as proof mass. The dimensions of the
specific accelerations are by orders smaller than the piezoceramics are 20x5x0.26 mm3 and the outline of
acceleration in the time domain (Figure 2). The train- the packaged prototype measures 36x21x17 mm3.