Meaning of Operating System

 It is general thing that we are using software and

physical parts of computer like word, excel, power-
point, printer, scanner etc.

 These all are software and physical parts of

computer but we should think about that while we are
booting computer at that time windows or any other
software load itself, we are not able to load word,
excel or any other application or developing
software directly.
 Meaning of Operating System

 Yes this is true because user can not deal directly

with any physical parts of computer for that user
requires a control programs which will control all
physical parts of computer and also supporting to
load other software and tools as per user
requirement.

 Such a control program is known as operating system.

 Meaning of Operating System

 An operating system is one kind of software it is

system software, which will support us to use
hardware component and also providing us a
platform to launch application software,
developing software and system software too
which will support us to perform some specific
operation.

 It is a bridge between user and physical parts of

computer.
 What is Operating System(OS)?

 An Operating System is an interface between a

computer user and computer hardware, and
controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

 An Operating System is a software which performs

all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling
input and output, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers.
functions of an operating System.

1. Memory Management
2. Processor Management
3. Device Management
4. File Management
5. User interface
6. Application interface
functions of an operating System.
 1. Memory Management

 Memory management refers to management of Primary

Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is a large array
of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own
address.

An Operating System does the following activities for

memory management
1. Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it
are in use by whom, what part are not in use.
 1. Memory Management

2. In multiprogramming (the OS decides which

process will get memory when and how much.)
3. Allocates the memory when a process requests it to
do so.
4. De-allocates the memory when a process no longer
needs it or has been terminated.
 2. Processor Management

 In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which

process gets the processor when and for how much time. This
function is called process scheduling.

 An Operating System does the following activities for

processor management −

1. Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The

program responsible for this task is known as traffic
controller.
2. Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
3. De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
 3. Device Management

 An Operating System manages device communication

via their respective drivers.

 It does the following activities for device management

1. Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible
for this task is known as the I/O controller.
2. Decides which process gets the device when and for
how much time.
3. Allocates the device in the efficient way.
4. De-allocates devices.
 4. File Management

 A file system is normally organized into directories for

easy navigation and usage. These directories may
contain files and other directions.

 An Operating System does the following activities for file

management −

1. Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc.

The collective facilities are often known as file system.
2. Decides who gets the resources.
3. Allocates the resources.
4. De-allocates the resources.
 5. User Interface
 As mentioned above, users generally use either the command
line interface or the GUI to interact with the operating system.

1. Command Interpreter
 Some operating systems include the command interpreter in the
kernel. Some, such as the popular Windows and Linux
operating systems, use the command interpreter as a special
program that runs when a user logs on or a job is initiated.

 in Windows, this is the MS-DOS prompt.

 Linux has more options. The command interpreter in Linux is

known as a shell.
 5. User Interface
2. Graphical User Interfaces
 A GUI provides a mouse-based windows and menu

system as an interface.
 Users of Windows are more likely to use the GUI

rather than the command line interface of MS-DOS,

while UNIX users generally prefer using the command
line interface of the shell rather than the GUI.
6. Application interface
 An application software is a specific software which
is used to perform specific task. In GUI operating
systems such as Windows and macOS, applications
run within a consistent, graphical desktop
environment.
 Other Important Activities

Following are some of the important activities that an Operating

System performs −

 Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it

prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays between
request for a service and response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by
various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and users −
Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,
assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF
OPERATING SYSTEM?
features of an operating System.

1. Hardware Management
2. Program Control
3. Data Access
4. System Resource Management
5. Network Communication
 1. Hardware Management

1. Hardware Management
 One of the most important functions of an operating system
is the management of all the computer's internal and
external hardware.

 The operating system controls all connected devices, telling

them how to operate and interact. The results of said
operations and interactions are the basic performance of the
computer.

 Some examples of the hardware that the operating system

controls include the hard disk, optical drives, video cards and
external port controllers, such as USB and Firewire.
 2. Program Control

2. Program Control
 Operating systems also run programs, enabling them to
operate and function as designed.

 Programs have to be designed to run with a particular

operating system in order to function, as the operating system
needs to display any interfaces and facilitate communications
among the programs and your computer's connected
hardware.

 Without the operating system to run it, programs can't perform

their tasks.
 3. Data Access

3. Data Access
 The operating system is also in charge of accessing,
storing and retrieving data on the computer's hard drive.
It also manages data stored temporarily in the computer's
RAM memory.

 The data stored and retrieved can include document files,

picture data, videos and music.

 While the hard drive itself reads and writes the data, the
operating system tells it what to write and how to read it.
 4. System Resource Management

4. System Resource Management

 The operating system manages a computer's resources,
allocating them as needed.

 Which tasks the CPU processes in what order, which functions

or programs are assigned processing power or memory first,
and many other important resource allocation tasks are
controlled by the operating system.

 Crucial operations are given priority based on presets inside

the operating system that determine the importance of a
process or program.
 5. System Resource Management

5. Network Communication
 The operating system also facilitates network communication
by enabling connected network devices to communicate with
the computer and with any programs that require them.

 Network cards, such as Ethernet ports and wireless LAN cards,

have the tools to connect with networks but need the operating
system to direct their communication correctly so information
can be exchanged.

 The operating system also interprets the information that

comes in and determines which installed program can best
display it for you.