Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1
Ultrasonic Testing
Bottom / Backwall
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of
the flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material
Defect
60 mm
30 46 68
Principles of Sound
Glass
High Frequency
5 K Hz
DRUM BEAT
Low Frequency Sound
40 Hz
What is Ultrasonic?
Very High Frequency sound – above 20 KHz
20,000 cps
20 KHz = 20 000 Hz
5 M Hz = 5 000 000 Hz
λ The distance
taken to
wavelength complete one
cycle
V
λ=
f
Frequency
1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz
LONGEST SMALLEST
λ =v/f
F λ F λ
Which probe has the smallest wavelength?
5,900,000
λ= = 1.18mm
5,000,000
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd
• Which of the following compressional
probe has the highest sensitivity?
• 1 MHz
• 2 MHz
• 5 MHz
• 10 MHz
10 MHz
NZ FZ Main
Beam
Intensity
varies
Exponential Decay
Near
Side Lobes
Zone
The main beam or the centre
beam has the highest
intensity of sound energy
2
D
Near Zone =
4λ
V
λ=
f
2
D f
Near Zone =
4V
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd
Near Zone
• What is the near zone length of a 5MHz
compression probe with a crystal diameter
of 10mm in steel?
2
D f
Near Zone =
4V
10 ×5,000,000
2
=
4 ×5,920,000
= 21.1mm
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Near Zone
2 2
D D f
Near Zone = =
4λ 4V
• The bigger the diameter the bigger the
near zone
• The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
• The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high
or low frequency?
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
θ/2
θ
θ Kλ KV
Sine = or
2 D Df
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Beam Spread
θ Kλ KV
Sine = or
2 D Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08
6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis
or Main Beam
KV θ
Sine =
2 Df
1.08 ×5920
=
5000 ×10
= 0.1278 = 7.35 o
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz