Vibrations and waves

z Maxima and nodes

z Frequency and period
z Hertz (Hz) = 1 per second
z Speed = wavelength × frequency (v = λυ)
z demonstration

Wavelength, frequency and

velocity

z Maxima and nodes

z Frequency and period
z Hertz (Hz) = 1 per second
z Speed = wavelength × frequency (v = λυ)

1
Longitudinal and transverse
waves

z Transverse waves
z Longitudinal waves

Compressions and rarefactions in

(longitudinal) sound waves

z The speed of sound depends on density

z demonstration

2
Waves can be reflected
z Demonstration

Waves refract: why?

demonstration

3
Resonance is caused by
forced vibrations

z Finding the resonant frequency

z Resonance in musical instruments
z Resonance in structures
z Demonstration

Wave superposition
z Constructive
interference

z Demonstration

z Destructive interference

4
Two-speaker interference

Beats

z Caused by waves with different frequencies

z demonstration

5
What is a “standing wave”?

transverse
longitudinal
in musical instruments

Standing waves and

harmonics

z Fundamental

z Second harmonic
z Octave

z Third harmonic
z octave + fifth

z Fourth harmonic
z two octaves

6
If several harmonics are
produced simultaneously…

pure tone
composite tone

Different instruments
have different timbres

7
The Doppler effect

What’s going on?

z Stationary sound
source

8
What’s going on?
z Moving sound source

What’s going on?

z Moving sound source
z At the speed of sound

9
What’s going on?
z Moving sound source
z Past the speed of sound

Bow waves and shock waves

10